Petro case study solution

Team Name

: PetroDrop

Team Members
Eng.)

: Gurjar Yash Shirishkumar, Yash Saragiya (M.Tech Petroleum

College
Dhanbad

: Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines),

E-mail ID

: ys.gurjar@gmail.com

Contact No.

: 7600470056, 7273859659

Aim:
i)
ii)

To calculate Orifice flow constant

rate of flow (for one hour) at base conditions

ISO 5167-2 states International standards for measurement of fluid flow by means of pressure
differential devices inserted in circular cross sectional conduits , and hence used for calculation
and theory in the following discussion.
Given: meter is equipped with flanged taps
It means upstream pressure tapping is 1 (25.4 mm) away from upstream face of the orifice plate
and downstream pressure tapping is 1 (25.4 mm) away from downstream face of the orifice plate.
This arrangement is shown in figure below.

Given: Base Pressure= 14.65 psia, Base Temperature= 50 oF

Base Temp :

Tb 55 460 510 o R

Base Pressure:

Pb 14.65 psia

This condition is very near to standard pressure and temperature condition.

Hence gas deviation factor (at base P and T ),

Zb 1

Given: Operating Pressure = 370 psig and Operating Temp. = 65 oF

Absolute operating pressure:

Pf 370 14.65 384.65 psia

Operating Temperature:

T f 65 460 525 o R

Given: Sp. Gravity of gas= 0.570, mole fraction of N2= 0.011, mole fraction of CO2=0
Here, it is important to note that specific gravity of ethane is 0.572. So we can consider mole
fraction of ethane in our gas stream is more than 0.9 and consequently properties of the gas
stream is governed by it.

Operating
P&T

From the phase diagram, we can confirm that, our flowing stream is in gaseous phase at operating
P&T condition.
Also note that operating P is below critical Pressure, hence it can be treated as incompressible
fluid
Calculating Z-factor for flowing condition (operating condition) using Suttons Correlation along
with Wichert and Aziz corrections (for N2), we get
Gas Deviation factor (at flowing P&T):

Z f 0.947

Orifice coefficient of discharge (Cd) : It is ratio of the true flow to theoretical flow and is
applied to theoretical flow equation to obtain the actual flow.
Given: line size= 8.071 and orifice size=1
Hence,

D 8.071 d 1 d / D 0.1239 0.124

We know that,

Cd f ( , location of pressure tapping , R e D )

In this example, Location of pressure taps and

function of ReD.

value is fixed. Hence Cd will be derived as

As per section 5.3.1 of ISO 5167, we can use following equation [Reader-Harris/Gallagher
(1998)] for calculating Cd if

R e D 500 0 and R e D 170 2 D

(Both of the conditions are satisfied)

106
Cd 0.5961 0.0261 0.216 0.000521

ReD
2

0.7

10 6
(0.0188 0.00063 A)

R e D
3.5

0.3

(0.043 0.080e 10 L1 0.123e 7 L1 )(1 0.11A)

4
0.031(M 2 0.8M 21.1 ) 1.3
4
1

Where ,

L1 L2

M2

25.4
25.4

0.1239 0.124
D
8.071 X 25.4

2 L2
0.283
1

19000
A

ReD

0.8

498.516
( ReD ) 0.8

Simplifying Cd in terms of ReD ,

Cd 0.5961 0.0004013

1.9153
0.314 0.0423
54.83
0.0188 0.8
0.0145 1 0.8 (3.428 X 10 6 ) 0.00836
0.7
0.3
ReD
ReD
ReD
ReD

Neglecting very small terms,

Cd 0.5881

1.9153
0.314 0.0423
0.0188 0.8
0.7
0.3
ReD
ReD
ReD

<eq1>
Now, Orifice Gas flow equation is given by

T P gZ gh
Qv 218.527 gCd gEv gY1 gd g b g f 1 b w

Pb Gr gZ f gT f

0.5

.<eq2>
Where,

Qv

Cd
Ev

= Standard volumetric flow rate, SCF/hr

= Coefficient of discharge ( as a function of Reynolds Number)

= Velocity approach factor

1
=

Y1

1 4

= expansion factor (downstream tap) and is given as

Y1 1 (0.41 0.35 4 )
k

Pf 1Z f 2
Pf 2 Z f 1

orifice differential pressure (p )

1.8068 psia

0.00467
(conversion factor ) x (donstream pressure at tapping ) p 384.65 1.8068 psia

(50in water head = 1.8068 psia)

K= Isentropic ratio=1.22 (considering ethane, as major constitute, as justified before)
Pf =Absolute pressure at upstream and downstream pressure tap (here assuming P f1=Pf2)
Z= compressibility factor at upstream and downstream pressure tap ( assuming Z f1=Zf2)

Y1 0.9984

Hence

d= Orifice bore dia, inches = 1

Tb, Tf, Pb,Pf,Zb,Zf values are as discussed before
Gr= gas specific gravity= 0.570
hw= orifice differential pressure in inches of water = 50

Substituting all this values in <eq2> gives

1.9153
0.314 0.0423
384.65gg
1 50
510
Qv 218.527g 0.5881 0.7 0.0188 0.8
g0.9984g
g

0.3
ReD
ReD
ReD
14.65 0.570g0.947g525

1.9153
0.314 0.0423
Qv 62570.27g 0.5881 0.7 0.0188 0.8
0.3
ReD
ReD
ReD

1.9153
0.314 0.0423
Qv 1772.027 0.5881 0.7 0.0188 0.8
0.3
ReD
ReD
ReD

0.5

SCF/hr

M3/hr

.<eq3>
Or

Qv 1772.027 Cd

M3/hr

<eq4>
(1 M3= 35.31 ft3)

Comments

In this example, gas viscosity is not given, which is useful to determine Reynolds Number
based on Pipe diameter.
However, gas viscosity for given gas mixture can be calculated using correlations and
corrected for N2 mole fraction.
As, you can observe the nature of the equation, we need to obtain iterative solution.
If the gas viscosity is fixed, we choose one velocity of gas stream and calculate
corresponding Cd and Qv. If they are matched by the relation stated by <eq. 4>, that is the
correct Value of flow rate and Orifice constant.

Calculation of Critical properties based on Sutton Correlation (which is fairly valid for natural gas):

Ppc 756.8 131.0 g 3.6 g2

Tpc 169.2 349.5 g 74.0 g2

Which gives, Ppc = 680.96 psia and Tpc = 344.37 oR

Our operating Pressure is 384.65 (below Ppc) psia and Operating Temperature is 525 oR (above Tpc).
Hence we can say that our mixture is in gaseous phase and can be treated as incompressible fluid
and Reynolds Number can be calculated as

ReD

vD

Approximating gas viscosity using correlations, at given P and T:

Using following graph,
1 Pa.s)

g 0.0102 cp

D= 8.071=0.6833 m and Density

ReD
Hence

+ 0.001 (N2 correction) =0.0103 cp =0.0001 Pa.s ( 100 cp =

1.22 0.570 0.6954

kg/M3 ( i.e. density of air x sp. Gravity)

0.6954g0.6833gv
4751.66v
0.0001

Also Flowrate

Q Agv 0.3667v

M3/s

1320.12v

M3/hr

Substituting this values of Reynolds number and Flowrate back into <eq4> gives

0.00511
0.000359 0.00336
v 1.3423 0.5881
0.0188

0.7
v
v 0.8
v 0.3

This can be rewritten as

0 0.5881

0.00511
0.000359 0.00336
v
0.0188

0.7
0.8
0.3
v
v
v
1.3423

This equation can be treated as y= f(x) (where y=0 and x=v) and plotted as shown in figure
below.

Solving this equation to get the value of x when y=0, we get x=0.7975

Hence we can say

Flow-rate

Orifice Constant:

Qv 1320.12 0.7975 1052.79 m3 / hr

Cd 1052.7957 /1772.027 0.5941