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7. Explain differential meaning. Consider the following minimal pair: masseur masseuse.
State the distinguishing meaning component in question.
Masseur masseuse: first word has the male marker and the second one has the female marker.
The semantic component that serves to distinguish one word from all others containing identical
morphemes is referred to as differential meaning.
8. The figure of speech antipodal to litotes is hyperbole.
9. Illustrate homonymy using examples of the ly suffix in adjective and adverb formation.
Adverbs: slowly, nicely, warmly, quickly, happily, stupidly
Adjectives: lively, costly, leisurely, motherly, cowardly, scholarly
10. Illustrate the principal kinds of alteration in approximate conversion.
Voicing: adviceadvise, househouse, abuseabuse, sheathsheath, teeth teethe, halfhalve,
reliefrelieve
Vowel modification: bloodbleed, breathbreathe, foodfeed
Shift of stress: (in V to N con.) abstract, conduct, conflict, contrast, compound, discount, escort,
import, insult produce, rebel, refund, remake, transform, transport
11. Identify the type of conversion in the following examples: (1) He will repair it, the how
you leave to him; (2) It is the why of the crime that interests the police.
Adverb to noun conversion
12. Rephrase the following so that you use compound adjectives with present participle: a
job that consumes a lot of time, a car which is moving fast
a timeconsuming job, a fastmoving car
13. Assign the appropriate semantic marker (purpose, habitual, habitual and
profession and species) to the following words:
gobetween habitual and profession
bookbinder habitual and profession
happygolucky habitual
sneezeweed species
tuningfork purpose
14. Pinpoint and explain the example of word play in the following joke: Two vultures
board an airplane, each carrying two dead raccoons. The stewardess looks at them and says:
Im sorry, gentleman, only one carrion allowed per passenger!
Rules state that every passenger can have only one carryon (a small bag or case) on the plane
and these vultures have two carrions (decaying flesh of a dead animal) each.
15. Give an example of a pun involving sound similarity.
Two peanuts were walking in a tough neighborhood and one of them was asalted.
16. Give two examples illustrating Cockney rhyming slang and provide their stylistically
neutral counterparts.
Adam and Eve believe
bees and honey money
butcher's hook a look
custard and jelly telly (television)
dog and bone phone
frog and toad road
north and south mouth
tea leaf thief
trouble and strife wife
whistle and flute suit (of clothes)
17. What do we mean by bilateral concord? Explain and illustrate.
Bilateral concord is the kind of concord where of two forms showing concord one necessitates
the use of the other. I am in present tense, this and singular noun
18. Translate the following Serbian idioms into English:
U svakoj corbi mirodjija
Tresla se gora, rodio se mis
19. Identify the word formation processes that produced the following words:
dovetail (v.) conversion
FEBRUARY 2013
1. Identify the morphemes in the following text. She was inexperienced and needed a
guiding hand.
{she}, {was}, {in-}, {experience}, {-ed2}, {and}, {need}, {-ed1}, {a}, {guide}, {-ing1}, {hand}
2. What is a lexeme in comparison to a word? (State the difference between a word and a
lexeme.)
A lexeme is an abstract unit of vocabulary arbitrarily chosen to stand for the whole paradigm and
can be represented by items that consist of more than one word-form while words are (even
though it is hard to define what word exactly is) usually concrete occurrences of the lexeme.
3. Compare the following affixes as to their degree of productivity: pre and dom
Pre and dom: pre is more productive than dom (precook, preheat, predetermine,
precaution, prewar and kingdom, princedom, freedom)
4. In what way does the approximate proportion of native to foreign words vary in
reference to language register and style?
Scientific and literary registers use more foreign words and so does formal style. Informal style
uses less formal words and native words. Urinate originates from Latin and is used in the
scientific register. Pee is of English origin and is used in a less formal style.
5. Analyze the following dictionary definition of the word and state the category, property
and function features: gibbon: a small ape with long arms that lives in SE Asia
category: [APE] property: [SMALL], [LONG ARMS] function: [LIVES IN SE ASIA]
6. Analyze the English word cabin in its assimilated Serbian form:
Cabin kabina fully assimilated; on the phonological level, Serbian orthography follows
English spelling, morphologically it belongs to third degree adaptation because it is fully
integrated into the morphological system of the Serbian language, semantically its meaning is
widened.
7. Explain differential meaning. Consider the following minimal pair: sultan sultana.
State the distinguishing meaning component in question.
First word has the male marker and the second one has the female marker. The semantic
component that serves to distinguish one word from all others containing identical morphemes is
referred to as differential meaning.
8. State to which figure of speech the following definition refers: the use of the name of one
object or concept for that of another which it is related, or of which it is a part
Metonymy.
9. Illustrate homonymy using examples of the ly suffix in adjective and adverb formation.
Colloquial speech is the same as informal, it is a language that shows familiarity with other
speakers. Slang is a functional variety which a certain group of people use and it is considered
substandard.
17. Give two examples illustrating Cockney rhyming slang and provide their stylistically
neutral counterparts.
Adam and Eve believe
bees and honey money
butcher's hook a look
custard and jelly telly (television)
dog and bone phone
frog and toad road
north and south mouth
tea leaf thief
trouble and strife wife
whistle and flute suit (of clothes)
18. What do we mean by bilateral concord? Explain and illustrate.
Bilateral concord is the kind of concord where of two forms showing concord one necessitates
the use of the other. I am in present tense, this and singular noun
19. Translate the following Serbian idioms into English:
U svakoj corbi mirodjija
Tresla se gora, rodio se mis
20. Identify the word formation processes that produced the following words:
dovetail (v.) conversion
hopeful (n.) conversion
hope-not (n.) conversion
singularity (n.) derivation
21. Suffixes ist, -an and ian are used to form nouns associated with people. Provide
examples.
-ist: soloist, atheist, dentist, violinist, plagiarist, abortionist, idealist, novelist
JUNE 2013
1. Identify the morphemes in the following text:
Litotes is a deliberate understatement which is generated by denying the opposite or contrary of
the word which otherwise would be used.
{litotes}, {is}, {a}, {deliberate}, {under-}, {state}, {-ment}, {which}, {generate}, {-ed2}, {by},
{deny}, {-ing2}, {the}, {opposite}, {or}, {contrary}, {of}, {word}, {other}, {-wise}, {would},
{be}, {use}
2. Words can be semantically, phonologically, morphologically and syntactically
lexicalized. Provide examples.
Semantically: forgiveness, likeness
Phonologically: strong strength, sing sang sung
Morphologically: department, basement
Syntactically: cutpurse, disbelieve
3. How many affixes are there in English? Prefix, Suffix
4. Compare the following affixes as to their degree of productivity:
Quasi and dom: quasi is more productive than dom (quasiAmerican, quasi adult, quasi
accepted, quasidefinition and kingdom, princedom)
5. Pinpoint idiosyncrasy in word formation in the following text: Your looks are laughable,
unphotographable.
The word unphotographable does not exist but it is created for the occasion. Speaker has an
immediate need to explain that the other person has a bad look which is not appropriate for
taking photos (and cant remember the word photogenic).
6. In what way does the approximate proportion of native to foreign words vary in
reference to language register and style?
Scientific and literary registers use more foreign words and so does formal style. Informal style
uses less formal words and native words. Urinate originates from Latin and is used in the
scientific register. Pee is of English origin and is used in a less formal style.
7. What are the major source languages of English?
Greek, Latin, French, Danish (Scandinavian)
8. Analyze the following dictionary definition of the word and state the category, property
and function features: likelihood: the chance of something happening
category: [chance] property: [of something] function: [happening]
9. Analyze the English word in its assimilated Serbian form:
Establishment establiment fully assimilated; on the phonological level it is based on the
original soundform, morphologically it belongs to zero adaptation because it fully conforms to
morphological rules that govern native wordformation, semantically its meaning is widened.
10. What do we mean by associative meaning? Explain and illustrate.
The upper term related to and including all the following types of meaning: social, affective,
connotative, collocative, reflected is associative meaning.
11. Provide a formal-style equivalent of the word mercy-killing. Euthanasia
12. The figure of speech antipodal to dysphemism is euphemism
13. Ethnic slurs occur in every language. Provide four examples of ethnic slurs in English
and Serbian.
French leave, Irish bull, Roman holiday, Chinese wall, Dutch courage, French disease
pansko selo, francuski poljubac, jadan onaj koga Rus brani, a Grk hrani, duzan kao Grcka
It is ironic that her last name is Faithfull (faithful) and she was involved in a love affair (which
denotes the absence of faithfulness).
20. Give an example of a pun involving sound similarity.
Two peanuts were walking in a tough neighborhood and one of them was a-salted.
21. Give two examples illustrating Cockney rhyming slang and provide their stylistically
neutral counterparts.
Adam and Eve believe
bees and honey money
butcher's hook a look
custard and jelly telly (television)
dog and bone phone
frog and toad road
north and south mouth
tea leaf thief
trouble and strife wife
whistle and flute suit (of clothes)
22. Provide linguistic explanation of the humour in the following blooper (on a shop
window): Why go elsewhere to be cheated when you can come here!
To be cheated, interpolated the way it is, makes the clause when you can come here refer to it
instead of the intended why go elsewhere
23. What do we mean by unilateral concord? Explain and illustrate.
It is a case of concord in which one element can be combined with several other elements. Are
combines with you, we and they.
24. Translate the following Serbian idioms into English:
Drveni advokat Bacati biser pred svinje - cast/throw pearls before swine
Ubiti nekoga u pojam Podviti rep
25. Identify the word formation processes that produced the following words:
JULY 2013
1. How many affixes are there in English? 1250
2. Compare the following affixes as to their degree of productivity:
Semi and demi: semi is more productive than demi (semiproductive, semicircular,
demigod)
3. Prefixes semi- and half- are synonymous; however they are not interchangeable in all
contexts. Provide examples.
Half- is not used with Latin words; semi-circular, semi-idiom, semi-final
4. Qua is a preposition the colloquial substitute of which is as something. What is a
stylistically formal synonym of about as in the example: He was born circa 150 BC.
Supply the missing word.
5. Apply immediate constituent analysis to the following word:
good-neighbourliness IC: good-neighbourly, -ness, good neighbour, -ly, good, neighbour
-UC: good, neighbour, -ly, -ness
6. What do we mean by nominalization in lexicology? Provide examples.
By nominalization we refer to nouns derived from what can function as a verb or an adjective or
to the process of forming such nouns. Ex: development- develop, imagination-imagine, equalityequal, popularity-popular
7. Pinpoint idiosyncrasy in word formation in the following text: Your looks are laughable,
unphotographable.
The word unphotographable does not exist but it is created for the occasion. Speaker has an
immediate need to explain that the other person has a bad look which is not appropriate for
taking photos (and cant remember the word photogenic).
8. What are the major source languages of English?
Greek, Latin, French, Danish (Scandinavian)
9. Give four examples of clich rhymes in English including both individual words and
phrases.
Namby-pamby, eager beaver, ants in your pants, arty crafty, big wig, true blue, chalk and talk, by
hook or by crook, make or break, put up or shut up
10. Give two examples of enclitics in English
Hell do it anyway, Id rather not to.
11. When two or more words collocate they often come together. Sometimes they dont.
Provide examples.
Make both ends meet, make the best of something, make a name for yourself, make the time up
12. Hypocorism is a pet name. Provide examples. Bobby, Charlie, Liz, Betty
13. Antonymy is an inclusive term for complementarity, converseness and incompatibility.
Insert the missing word.
14. Analyze the following dictionary definition of the word and state the category, property
and function features: shampoo: a liquid soap that is used for washing your hair
category: [SOAP] property: [LIQUID] function: [FOR THE WASHING OF HAIR]
15. Analyze the English word in its assimilated Serbian form:
Fancy fensi fully assimilated; On the phonological level it is based on the original soundform, morphologically it belongs to zero adaptation it fully conforms to morphological rules that
govern native word-formation, semantically its meaning is at zero level, the loan word keeps its
original meaning
16. What do we mean by associative meaning? Explain and illustrate.
The upper term related to and including all the following types of meaning: social, stylistic,
reflected, emotional is associative meaning. Insert the missing word.
17. The upper term related to and including all the following types of meaning: social,
stylistic, reflected, emotional is associative meaning.
18. Consider the following set of words: under-capacity, undergrowth, undersea,
underarm, underclothes, underground, understatement, under-production. The set falls
into two sub-sets according to the difference of meaning of their members. Separate sheep
from goats.
Below- undergrowth, undersea, underarm, underclothes, underground
Lower- under-capacity, understatement, under-production
19. Name the figure of speech that is the hypernym of synecdoche metonymy.
20. Illustrate historical change of meaning through elevation.
Knight from cniht (boy, manservant) from knecht
Marshal from mareschal (servant)
Queen from cwen (woman)
Steward (a man who takes care of pigs)
21. Assign the appropriate semantic marker (purpose, habitual, habitual and
profession and species) to the following words:
parent- species
book-keeper- habitual and professon
merry-go-round
cake- species
22. Give an example of a pun involving sound similarity.
Two peanuts were walking in a tough neighborhood and one of them was asalted.
23. Give two examples illustrating back slang and provide their stylistically neutral
counterparts.
Top o reb- pot of beer
Say-yes
Tekram-market
Emag-game
24. Provide linguistic explanation of the humour in the following blooper (on a shop
window): Why go elsewhere to be cheated when you can come here!
To be cheated, interpolated the way it is, makes the clause when you can come here refer to it
instead of the intended why go elsewhere
25. What do we mean by unilateral concord? Explain and illustrate.
It is a case of concord in which one element can be combined with several other elements. Are
combines with you, we and they.
26. Translate the following Serbian idioms into English:
Radio Mileva
Okruglo pa na cose
Dva losa ubise MilosaDrveni advokat27. Identify the word formation processes that produced the following words:
sundial- compound
transformation- derivation
child-mind (v.) back-formation
backbencher- derivation
mish-mash- reduplication
SEPTEMBER 2013
1. What is a lexeme in comparison to a word? (State the difference between a word and a
lexeme)
A lexeme is an abstract unit of vocabulary arbitrarily chosen to stand for the whole paradigm and
can be represented by items that consist of more than one word-form while words are (even
though it is hard to define what word exactly is) usually concrete occurrences of the lexeme.
2. What do words and morphemes have in common?
They both represent a correlation between form and meaning.
3. What is lexicography in comparison with lexicology?
They both study the vocabulary of the language. Lexicography is concerned with formal,
functional and semantic description of the words which constitute the explicit lexicon of a
particular language. Lexicology is a branch of linguistics which studies words, word-forming
morphemes and word-groups.
4. What are multilingual dictionaries?
They are dictionaries in which the explanations are given in a different language or languages
from the explained words.
5. Define synecdoche as a figure of speech. Illustrate.
Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole or the whole for a part, the
special for the general or the general for the special. Handle for beer glass, big smoke for big
town (both Australian English)
6. What is lexicostatistics?
It is the statistical study of the vocabulary of a language or languages for historical purposes.
7. What is lexically bound meaning. Illustrate.
It is the meaning of a word conditioned by the lexical context.
8. Explain and illustrate morphological motivation.
MOPHOLOGICAL MOTIVATION is the synchronic relationship between morphemic structure
and meaning. All one-morpheme words: man, bag, stop are not motivated. It the words consist of
more than one morpheme their meaning is the sum of the meaning of the component morphemes
and the meaning of the component morphemes and the meaning of the structural morphological
pattern of the word: flower-pot and pot-flower the meaning of the constituent morphemes is the
same, but the difference in meaning of these two words can be accounted for by the difference in
the structural pattern.
9. Alternative term for morphosyntactic words is GRAMMATICAL WORDS
10. What is a lexical paradigm? Provide examples.
Lexical paradigms refer to sets of words which share the same root morpheme (like, liking,
likely, unlikely, likelihood, unlikelihood) or which share the same derivational suffix (booklet,
coverlet, cutlet, droplet, starlet). The minimal number of members which constitute a paradigm is
two (let-letting, cut-cutting, orange-oranges, toy-toys).
11. Give four examples of suffixal derivatives.
darken, widen, glorify, personify, nationalize, institutionalize, princedom, brightness,
reconciliation, kitchenette, froglet, duckling, assistant, assistance, slavery;
12. Give four examples of suffixal derivatives of the adj. + n + er type
13. Give four examples of words including semibound morphemes.
Under in under the circumstances (compared to underestimate); out in out of preference
(compared to outstmart), over in over the river (compared to overhead); up in up the stairs
(compared to uphill)
14. Provide examples of paradigms illustrating suppletion.
Go went, go gone, bad worse, good better
15. Lexical verbs are alternatively called full verbs or content verbs. Provide example.
16. Give four examples of endocentric noun compounds.
Gold-fish; wedding-ring; doghouse; slaughterhouse; darkroom; Smalltalk
17. Give four examples of exocentric noun compounds
Pickpocket; spoilsport; white-collar; barefoot; skinhead; paleface
18. Give four examples of compound conjunctions.
25. Say if the following words are transparent or opaque: egg-slicer, non-existent, lately,
Viking
Egg-slicer transparent
Non-existent transparent
Lately opaque
Viking opaque
26. Apply immediate constituent analysis to the following words.
Interplanetary IC: inter-, planetary, planet, -ary
-UC: inter-, planet, -ary
Bullfighter IC: bull, fighter, fight, -er
-UC: bull, fight, -er
27. Pinpoint and explain the example of word play in the following joke: Uneasy is my easy
chair
Easy chair is a large, comfortable, well-upholstered chair. Its ironic that ones easy chair is
uneasy.
28. Explain the following words in Serbian rent-a-car and rent-a-camci from the point of
view of assimilation.
Rent-a-car rent-a-amci the first part rent-a hasnt been morphologically, phonetically and
graphically assimilated, the second part was formed by analogy - amci is a native-word inserted
instead of car, thus widening the meaning onto another semantic field
29. Analyze the following dictionary definition of the word and state the category, property
and function features. lasso: a long rope with one end tied into a loop that is used for
catching horses
category: [ROPE] property: [LONG], [ONE END TIED INTO A LOOP] function: [USED FOR
CATCHING HORSES]
OCTOBER 2013
1. Opaque words stand in contract to transparent words. Explain and illustrate.
Opaque refers to the analyzability of a word. A word which is not clearly analyzable into its
constituent morph is said to be opaque. E.g. carriage, bondage, dosage, barrage.
A word is transparent if it is clearly i.e. unambiguously analyzed into its constituent morphs. E.g.
washable, analyzable, irreplaceable.
2. What are neo-classical compounds? Provide examples.
Neo-classical compounds are those formed from elements of the classical languages and even the
root is not native, e.g. scientology, biosphere, nanotechnology, cryptography, cryptogenic
3. Narrowing refers to the shrinking of denotation. Provide examples.
1) The Modern English word meat had an earlier meaning of food.
2) Skyline formerly referred to any horizon, but now in the USA it has narrowed to a horizon
decorated by skyscrapers.
3) The word "fowl is now usually restricted to the farmyard hen, but it retains its old meaning of
'bird' in expressions like the fowls of the air and wild fowl".
4) The word litter, for example, meant originally 'a bed,' then gradually narrowed down to
'bedding,' then to 'animals on a bedding of straw,' and finally to things scattered about, odds
and ends.
5) The word deer, which originally had the general meaning 'animal.
6) The word girl, which meant originally 'a young person.
4. Why is statistical analysis in morphology important?
Statistical analysis in morphology is important because of its precision and its relevance to
information theory, communication engineering, speech recognition, machine translation,
lexicography, theoretical linguistics, applied linguistics etc. In language study there is a need for
the collection of quantitative data. Statistics is indispensable in any kind of automatic language
and speech processing,
5. The study of historical linguistic change, especially as applied to individual words is
referred to as diachronic analysis.
6. What do we mean by complementary distribution in morphology?
Complementary distribution refers to the situation when two morphs never occur in the same
position in certain contexts. These morphs are contextually conditioned, and the occurrence of
one morph excludes the occurrence of the other in the same condition.
There are varieties according to education and social standing known as social dialects; educated
English is referred to as Standard English and uneducated English is often called substandard.
Stylistic varieties are most often talked about in terms of the dichotomy: formal and informal
English. Standard English is by definition the language of educated people; certain combinations
of varieties can be incompatible (e.g. the subject of courtship and formal style or a parliament
debate on the subject of fox-hunting and informal style). E.g. ain't (instead of: am not, isn't,
aren't) is substandard and am not, is not is standard.
15. Apply transformational analysis to the following sets of words and see if they embody
the same logical pattern: jugful, boastful, graceful, shameful, hopeful
They do not embody the same logical pattern, graceful, shameful, hopeful can be rephrased as
full of grace, shame and hope respectively and boastful and jugful cannot.
16. Apply immediate constituent analysis to the following word:
Disdainful IC/UC: disdain, -ful
Trivialization IC: trivialize, -ation, trivial, -ize
-UC: trivial, -ize, -ation
17. Semantically prefixes can be monosemous and polysemous. Explain and illustrate.
The prefix like- has only one meaning of 'things that are similar to whatever the noun refers to' as
in animal-like, baby-like, childlike, clown-like, dreamlike - on the other hand, the prefix -ery has
four meanings: the meaning of 'actions' as in bribery, delivery, robbery, recovery, the meaning of
'behaviour' as in bravery, savagery, snobbery, foolery, the meaning of 'place' as in bakery,
cannery, fishery, winery, and the meaning of 'groups' as in artillery, greenery, imagery, jewellery,
machinery.
18. The prefix mis- generally means that something has been incorrectly preformed.
Provide examples.
Misunderstanding; misfortune; misspelling; mistreat; mislead, mistrust, mistake, misunderstand
19. Self- is very productive in forming nouns from nouns or adjectives from present and
past participles. Provide examples.
Self-abasement, self-absorption, self-abuse, self-acceptance, self-advancement, self-analysis
Self-deprecate, Self-perpetuating, Self-standing, Self-fulfilling
Bureau of Investigation> FBI. Vicky < Victoria, Aussie < Australian, hanky < handkerchief,
maths < mathematics, specs < spectacles, bike < bicycle, mike < microphone.
25. Comment on the English word pirouette from the point of view of assimilation.
Pirouette came from French, its partly assimilated, semantically it has been assimilated and its
meaning widened, it has been assimilated morphologically and naturalized (has English plural),
its not completely phonetically assimilated it keeps the stress is on the last syllable (French), and
it is not completely assimilated graphically (the original spelling is the same)
26. Some words in English are inherently marked for definiteness of indefiniteness. Provide
examples.
E.g. some kinds of pronouns and determiners (me is definite, oneself is indefinite; my is definite,
whichever is indefinite), also personal and geographical names (which are all definite).
27. Illustrate the relationship of reverse antonyms that holds between prefixal derivatives
and the bases they are derived from.
E.g. lace inlace; associate disassociate, dress undress, tie untie, obey disobey
JUNE 2014
1. Compare the following pairs of affixes as to their degree of productivity:
Cyber- is more productive as it yields more new words, e.g. cyber-alert, cyber-bully, cybercaf,
cyber-chase, cybercrime, cyber-dating, cyber fraud, cybergoth, cyberhate, cyberhomes, cyber
nationalism, cyber law, cyber light, cybernetics, cyberpilgrimage, cyberpower, cyberpunk, cyber
racism, cyber-safety, cybersecurity, cybersex, cyberspace, cyberterrorism, cyberwarfare, cybersafe,
Self- is less productive, e.g. self-confidence, self-esteem, self-pity, self-critical, self-centered,
self-image
2. In what way does the approximate proportion of native to foreign words vary in
reference to language register and style?
Scientific and literary registers use more foreign words and so does formal style. Informal style
uses less formal words and native words. Urinate originates from Latin and is used in the
scientific register. Pee is of English origin and is used in a less formal style.
3. Analyse the following dictionary definition of the word geometry The branch of
mathematics that deals with measurements of relationships of lines, angles, surfaces and
solids. State the category, property and function features.
Category: mathematics, property: branch, function features: deals with measurements of
relationships of lines, angles, surfaces and solids
4. Analyse the English word fan in its assimilated Serbian form.
Fan fan fully assimilated; on the phonological level Serbian orthography follows English
spelling, morphologically it belongs to zero adaptation it fully conforms to morphological rules
that govern native wordformation, semantically its meaning is narrowed
5. Explain differential meaning. Consider the following minimal pair: managementmismanagement. State the distinguishing meaning component in question.
The semantic component that serves to distinguish one word from all others containing identical
morphemes is referred to as differential meaning. The distinguishing meaning is that
management is positive in its meaning and mismanagement has the opposite meaning due to the
mis- prefix.
6. Figure of speech antipodal to euphemism is? Dysphemism
7. Illustrate homonymy using the examples of the ly suffix in adjective and adverb
formation.
Adverbs: slowly, nicely, warmly, quickly, happily, stupidly
Adjectives: lively, costly, leisurely, motherly, cowardly, scholarly
8. Illustrate the principal kinds of alternation in approximate conversion.
Voicing: adviceadvise, househouse, abuseabuse, sheathsheath, teeth teethe, halfhalve,
reliefrelieve
Vowel modification: bloodbleed, breathbreathe, foodfeed
Shift of stress: (in V to N con.) abstract, conduct, conflict, contrast, compound, discount, escort,
import, insult produce, rebel, refund, remake, transform, transport
9. Rephrase the following so that you use compound adjectives with present participle: a
job that consumes a lot of time, a car which is moving fast
Fast-moving car, time-consuming job
10. Assign the appropriate semantic marker (purpose, habitual, habitual and profession
and species ) to the following words: lilac, teacher, cheese cutter, wet blanket
Lilac - species
Teacher habitual and profession
Cheese cutter purpose
Wet blanket - species
11. Give an example of a pun involving sound similarity
Two peanuts were walking in a tough neighborhood and one of them was asalted.
How does NASA organize a company party? They planet.
12. Give two examples illustrating Cockney rhyming slang and provide their stylistically
neutral counterparts.
Adam and Eve believe
bees and honey money
butcher's hook a look
custard and jelly telly (television)
dog and bone phone
frog and toad road
north and south mouth
tea leaf thief
trouble and strife wife
whistle and flute suit (of clothes)
13. Converseness refers to contrastive lexical relations involving logical reciprocity. Provide
examples.
The words are said to be reciprocal correlates = husband-wife; buy-sell, send receive, up down
14. What do we mean by unilateral concord? Explain and illustrate.
It is a case of concord in which one element can be combined with several other elements. Are
combines with you, we and they.
15. Translate the following Serbian idioms in English:
zlata vredan the salt of the earth
na sta ti ja licim what do you take me for
16. If something curls your hair or make your hair curl it makes you very.... ?
Frightened
17. The new prefixes cyber and e- both meaning relating to electronic communication
networks produce many words. Provide examples.
e.g. cyber-alert, cyber-bully, cybercaf, cyber-chase, cybercrime, cyber-dating, cyber fraud,
cybergoth, cyberhate, cyberhomes, cyber nationalism, cyber law, cyber light, cybernetics,
cyberpilgrimage, cyberpower, cyberpunk, cyber racism, cyber-safety, cybersecurity, cybersex,
cyberspace, cyberterrorism, cyberwarfare, cyber-safe,
e-mail, e-commerce, e-business, e-text
18. One new combination sometimes inspires another (after road rage there has come air
rage and phone rage). This kind of word formation process is referred to as?
Word formation by analogy
19. Identify the word formation process that triggered the following words: infomercial,
edutainment
Blending
20. Give two examples of Anglo-Serbian blends.
et soba, ritejl odeljak
21. Suffixes ist and an and ian are used to form nouns associated with people. Provide
examples
-ist: soloist, atheist, dentist, violinist, plagiarist, abortionist, idealist, novelist
-an: Libran, European, African, Asian
-ian: Bostonian, Brazilian, Shakespearian, mathematician, Algerian
22. ism is found in nous referring to beliefs or to behavior related to such belief. Provide 4
examples.
Buddhism, Hinduism, sophism, positivism
23. Give a list of verb forming suffixes and provide examples.
Verb-forming suffixes, e.g. -en, -ify, -ize, as in darken, glorify, monopolize
24. Clich formations fall into different categories. State which they are and provide
examples.
Individual words (e.g. backhander, cradle-snatcher, cliff-hanger), phrases (e.g. crme de la
crme, to have the last laugh, off the beaten track), proverbs and sayings (e.g. absence makes
the heart grow fonder, life is not a bed of roses), lively metaphors (e.g. blind alley, red hering,
monkey business), catchy rhymes based on assonance (e.g. namby-pamby, eager beaver), and
alliteration (e.g. too little, too late; live and learn)
25. Analyse the following words by means of Immediate Constituent analysis:
unsurpassably, noncomformity
Unsurpassably: unsurpassable, ly
Un, surpassable
Surpass, able
Nonconformity: nonconform, ity
Non, comform
26. What is a word geography concerned with?
Word geography is concerned with the regional distribution of words for various notions = cowhouse, cow-shed, breast-house
27. The book English Word-Formation by L. Bauer was published by Cambridge University
Press Before or after? Before the year 2000.