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AlbertusMagnus
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

AlbertusMagnus,[3]O.P.(c.1200November15,1280),
alsoknownasSaintAlberttheGreatandAlbertof
Cologne,wasaGermanDominicanfriarandCatholic
bishop.LatercanonisedasaCatholicsaint,hewasknown
duringhislifetimeasdoctoruniversalisanddoctorexpertus
and,lateinhislife,thetermmagnuswasappendedtohis
name.[4]ScholarssuchasJamesA.WeisheiplandJoachim
R.SderhavereferredtohimasthegreatestGerman
philosopherandtheologianoftheMiddleAges.[5]The
CatholicChurchdistinguisheshimasoneofthe36Doctors
oftheChurch.

Contents
1 Biography
2 Writings
3 Alchemy
4 Astrology
5 Matterandform
6 Music
7 Metaphysicsofmorals
8 Naturallaw
9 Friendship
10 Culturalreferences
11 Influenceandtribute
12 Bibliography
12.1 Translations
13 Seealso
14 References
15 Sources
16 Furtherreading
17 Externallinks

SaintAlbertusMagnus,O.P.

SaintAlbertusMagnus, afrescobyTommasodaModena
(1352),ChurchofSanNicol,Treviso,Italy

Religious,Bishop,andDoctoroftheChurch
Born

c.1200
Lauingen,DuchyofBavaria

Died

November15,1280
Cologne,HolyRomanEmpire

Veneratedin CatholicChurch
Beatified

1622,Rome,PapalStates,byPope
GregoryXV

Canonized

1931,VaticanCity,byPopePiusXI

Majorshrine St.Andrew'sChurch,Cologne,
Germany
Feast

November15

Patronage

Cincinnati,Ohiomedical
techniciansnaturalsciences
philosophersscientistsstudents

Biography
ItseemslikelythatAlbertwasbornsometimebefore1200,
givenwellattestedevidencethathewasagedover80onhis
deathin1280.MorethanonesourcesaysthatAlbertwas87
onhisdeath,whichhasled1193tobecommonlygivenas
thedateofAlbert'sbirth.[6]Albertwasprobablybornin
Lauingen(nowinBavaria),sincehecalledhimself'Albertof
Lauingen',butthismightsimplybeafamilyname.Most
probablyhisfamilywasofministerialclasshisfamiliar
connectionwith(beingsonofthecount)Bollstdtnoble
familywasa15thcenturymisinterpretationthatisnow
completelydisproved.[6]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus_Magnus

AlbertusMagnus
Born

c.1200
Lauingen

Died

1280
Cologne

Othernames AlbertusTeutonicus,Albertus
Coloniensis,AlberttheGreat,Albert
ofCologne
Almamater UniversityofPadua
Era

Medievalphilosophy
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AlbertwasprobablyeducatedprincipallyattheUniversityof Region
Westernphilosophy
Padua,wherehereceivedinstructioninAristotle'swritings.
School
Scholasticism
AlateaccountbyRudolphdeNovamagiareferstoAlbertus'
Medievalrealism[1]
encounterwiththeBlessedVirginMary,whoconvincedhim
Influences
toenterHolyOrders.In1223(or1229)[7]hebecamea
memberoftheDominicanOrder,andstudiedtheologyat
Influenced
Bolognaandelsewhere.Selectedtofillthepositionof
lectureratCologne,Germany,wheretheDominicanshada
house,hetaughtforseveralyearsthere,aswellasinRegensburg,Freiburg,Strasbourg,andHildesheim.
DuringhisfirsttenureaslectureratCologne,AlbertwrotehisSummadebonoafterdiscussionwithPhilipthe
Chancellorconcerningthetranscendentalpropertiesofbeing.[8]In1245,Albertbecamemasteroftheology
underGuericofSaintQuentin,thefirstGermanDominicantoachievethisdistinction.Followingthisturnof
events,AlbertwasabletoteachtheologyattheUniversityofParisasafulltimeprofessor,holdingtheseatof
theChairofTheologyattheCollegeofSt.James.[8][9]DuringthistimeThomasAquinasbegantostudyunder
Albertus.[10]
Albertwasthefirsttocommentonvirtuallyallofthewritingsof
Aristotle,thusmakingthemaccessibletowideracademicdebate.The
studyofAristotlebroughthimtostudyandcommentontheteachings
ofMuslimacademics,notablyAvicennaandAverroes,andthiswould
bringhimintotheheartofacademicdebate.

BustofAlbertusMagnusby
VincenzoOnofri,c.1493

In1254AlbertwasmadeprovincialoftheDominicanOrder,[10]and
fulfilledthedutiesoftheofficewithgreatcareandefficiency.During
histenurehepubliclydefendedtheDominicansagainstattacksbythe
secularandregularfacultyoftheUniversityofParis,commentedonSt.
John,andansweredwhatheperceivedaserrorsoftheIslamic
philosopherAverroes.

In1259AlberttookpartintheGeneralChapteroftheDominicansat
ValenciennestogetherwithThomasAquinas,mastersBonushomoBritto,[11]Florentius,[12]andPeter(later
PopeInnocentV)establishingaratiostudiorumorprogramofstudiesfortheDominicans[13]thatfeaturedthe
studyofphilosophyasaninnovationforthosenotsufficientlytrainedtostudytheology.Thisinnovation
initiatedthetraditionofDominicanscholasticphilosophyputintopractice,forexample,in1265attheOrder's
studiumprovincialeattheconventofSantaSabinainRome,outofwhichwoulddevelopthePontifical
UniversityofSaintThomasAquinas,the"Angelicum"[14]
In1260PopeAlexanderIVmadehimbishopofRegensburg,anoffice
fromwhichheresignedafterthreeyears.Duringtheexerciseofhis
dutiesheenhancedhisreputationforhumilitybyrefusingtoridea
horse,inaccordwiththedictatesoftheOrder,insteadtraversinghis
hugedioceseonfoot.Thisearnedhimtheaffectionatesobriquet"boots
thebishop"fromhisparishioners.In1263PopeUrbanIVrelievedhim
ofthedutiesofbishopandaskedhimtopreachtheeighthCrusadein
Germanspeakingcountries.[15]Afterthis,hewasespeciallyknownfor
actingasamediatorbetweenconflictingparties.InCologneheisnot
Romansarcophaguscontainingthe
onlyknownforbeingthefounderofGermany'soldestuniversitythere,
relicsofAlbertusMagnusinthecrypt
butalsofor"thebigverdict"(derGroeSchied)of1258,whichbrought
ofSt.Andrew'sChurch,Cologne,
anendtotheconflictbetweenthecitizensofCologneandthe
Germany
archbishop.Amongthelastofhislaborswasthedefenseofthe
orthodoxyofhisformerpupil,ThomasAquinas,whosedeathin1274
grievedAlbert(thestorythathetravelledtoParisinpersontodefendtheteachingsofAquinascannotbe
confirmed).
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Aftersufferingacollapseofhealthin1278,hediedonNovember15,1280,intheDominicanconventin
Cologne,Germany.SinceNovember15,1954,hisrelicsareinaRomansarcophagusinthecryptofthe
DominicanSt.AndreasChurchinCologne.[16]Althoughhisbodywasdiscoveredtobeincorruptatthefirst
exhumationthreeyearsafterhisdeath,attheexhumationin1483onlyaskeletonremained.[17]
Albertwasbeatifiedin1622.HewascanonizedandproclaimedaDoctoroftheChurchonDecember16,1931,
byPopePiusXI[15]andthepatronsaintofnaturalscientistsin1941.St.Albert'sfeastdayisNovember15.

Writings
Albert'swritingscollectedin1899wenttothirtyeightvolumes.These
displayedhisprolifichabitsandencyclopedicknowledgeoftopicssuchas
logic,theology,botany,geography,astronomy,astrology,mineralogy,alchemy,
zoology,physiology,phrenology,justice,law,friendship,andlove.He
digested,interpreted,andsystematizedthewholeofAristotle'sworks,gleaned
fromtheLatintranslationsandnotesoftheArabiancommentators,in
accordancewithChurchdoctrine.MostmodernknowledgeofAristotlewas
preservedandpresentedbyAlbert.[10]

AlbertusMagnusmonument
attheUniversityofCologne.

Hisprincipaltheologicalworksareacommentaryinthreevolumesonthe
BooksoftheSentencesofPeterLombard(MagisterSententiarum),andthe
SummaTheologiaeintwovolumes.Thelatterisinsubstanceamoredidactic
repetitionoftheformer.

Albert'sactivity,however,wasmorephilosophicalthantheological(see
Scholasticism).Thephilosophicalworks,occupyingthefirstsixandthelastof
the21volumes,aregenerallydividedaccordingtotheAristotelianschemeofthesciences,andconsistof
interpretationsandcondensationsofAristotle'srelativeworks,withsupplementarydiscussionsupon
contemporarytopics,andoccasionaldivergencesfromtheopinionsofthemaster.Albertbelievedthat
Aristotle'sapproachtonaturalphilosophydidnotposeanyobstacletothedevelopmentofaChristian
philosophicalviewofthenaturalorder.[15]
Albert'sknowledgeofphysicalsciencewasconsiderableandfor
theageremarkablyaccurate.Hisindustryineverydepartmentwas
great,andthoughwefindinhissystemmanygapswhichare
characteristicofscholasticphilosophy,hisprotractedstudyof
Aristotlegavehimagreatpowerofsystematicthoughtand
exposition.AnexceptiontothisgeneraltendencyishisLatin
treatise"Defalconibus"(laterinsertedinthelargerwork,De
Animalibus,asbook23,chapter40),inwhichhedisplays
impressiveactualknowledgeofa)thedifferencesbetweenthebirds
ofpreyandtheotherkindsofbirdsb)thedifferentkindsof
falconsc)thewayofpreparingthemforthehuntandd)thecures
forsickandwoundedfalcons.[18]Hisscholarlylegacyjustifieshis
contemporaries'bestowinguponhimthehonourablesurname
DoctorUniversalis.

Deanimalibus(14501500ca.,cod.
fiesolano67,BibliotecaMedicea
Laurenziana)

InDeMineralibusAlbertclaims,"Theaimofnaturalphilosophy(science)isnotsimplytoacceptthe
statementsofothers,buttoinvestigatethecausesthatareatworkinnature."Aristotelianismgreatlyinfluences
Albert'sviewonnatureandphilosophy.[10]Anotherexampleofhisreasontoformallysearchforthecausesis
inhistreatisesonplants,hebeginswiththeprinciple,experimentistheonlysafeguideinsuchinvestigations.
HisstudiesofAristotleandtheologyshowtheircolorsinnearlyallofhisworksandvolumes.

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Albertplacedemphasisonexperimentaswellasinvestigation,butherespectedauthorityandtraditionsomuch
thatmanyofhisinvestigationsorexperimentswereunpublished.Albertwouldoftenkeepsilentaboutmany
issuessuchasastronomy,physicsandsuchbecausehefeltthathistheoriesweretooadvancedforthetimein
whichhewasliving.[10]

Alchemy
Inthecenturiessincehisdeath,manystoriesaroseaboutAlbertas
analchemistandmagician."Muchofthemodernconfusionresults
fromthefactthatlaterworks,particularlythealchemicalwork
knownastheSecretaAlbertiortheExperimentaAlberti,were
falselyattributedtoAlbertusbytheirauthorstoincreasethe
prestigeofthetextthroughassociation."[19]Onthesubjectof
alchemyandchemistry,manytreatisesrelatingtoalchemyhave
beenattributedtohim,thoughinhisauthenticwritingshehadlittle
tosayonthesubject,andthenmostlythroughcommentaryon
AlbertusMagnus,ChimistesCelebres,
Aristotle.Forexample,inhiscommentary,Demineralibus,he
Liebig'sExtractofMeatCompanyTrading
referstothepowerofstones,butdoesnotelaborateonwhatthese
Card,1929
powersmightbe.[20]AwiderangeofPseudoAlbertineworks
dealingwithalchemyexist,though,showingthebeliefdeveloped
inthegenerationsfollowingAlbert'sdeaththathehadmasteredalchemy,oneofthefundamentalsciencesof
theMiddleAges.TheseincludeMetalsandMaterialstheSecretsofChemistrytheOriginofMetalsthe
OriginsofCompounds,andaConcordancewhichisacollectionofObservationsonthephilosopher'sstone
andotheralchemychemistrytopics,collectedunderthenameofTheatrumChemicum.[21]Heiscreditedwith
thediscoveryoftheelementarsenic[22]andexperimentedwithphotosensitivechemicals,includingsilver
nitrate.[23][24]Hedidbelievethatstoneshadoccultproperties,asherelatedinhisworkDemineralibus.
However,thereisscantevidencethathepersonallyperformedalchemicalexperiments.
Accordingtolegend,Albertissaidtohavediscoveredthephilosopher'sstoneandpasseditontohispupil
ThomasAquinas,shortlybeforehisdeath.Albertdoesnotconfirmhediscoveredthestoneinhiswritings,but
hedidrecordthathewitnessedthecreationofgoldby"transmutation."[25]GiventhatThomasAquinasdiedsix
yearsbeforeAlbert'sdeath,thislegendasstatedisunlikely.

Astrology
Albertwasdeeplyinterestedinastrology,ashasbeenarticulatedbyscholarssuchasPaolaZambelli.[26]
ThroughouttheMiddleAgesandwellintotheearlymodernperiodastrologywaswidelyacceptedby
scientistsandintellectualswhoheldtheviewthatlifeonearthiseffectivelyamicrocosmwithinthemacrocosm
(thelatterbeingthecosmositself).Itwasbelievedthatcorrespondencethereforeexistsbetweenthetwoand
thusthecelestialbodiesfollowpatternsandcyclesanalogoustothoseonearth.Withthisworldview,itseemed
reasonabletoassertthatastrologycouldbeusedtopredicttheprobablefutureofahumanbeing.Albertmade
thisacentralcomponentofhisphilosophicalsystem,arguingthatanunderstandingofthecelestialinfluences
affectinguscouldhelpustoliveourlivesmoreinaccordwithChristianprecepts.[27]Themostcomprehensive
statementofhisastrologicalbeliefsistobefoundinaworkheauthoredaround1260,nowknownasthe
Speculumastronomiae.However,detailsofthesebeliefscanbefoundinalmosteverythinghewrote,fromhis
earlyDenaturabonitohislastwork,theSummatheologiae.[28]

Matterandform

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Albertbelievedthatallnaturalthingswerecomposedofcompositionofmatterandform,hereferredtoitas
quodestandquoest.AlbertalsobelievedthatGodaloneistheabsoluterulingentity.Albert'sversionof
hylomorphismisverysimilartotheAristoteliandoctrine,buthealsotooksomeconceptsfromAvicenna.[29]
Liberphisicorumsiveauditusphisiciisaneightbookcommentary,whichAlbertwroteinFrancebefore1349,
onAristotlesPhysics.[30]

Music
Albertisknownforhiscommentaryonthemusicalpracticeofhistimes.Mostofhiswrittenmusical
observationsarefoundinhiscommentaryonAristotle'sPoetics.Herejectedtheideaof"musicofthespheres"
asridiculous:movementofastronomicalbodies,hesupposed,isincapableofgeneratingsound.Hewrote
extensivelyonproportionsinmusic,andonthethreedifferentsubjectivelevelsonwhichplainchantcould
workonthehumansoul:purgingoftheimpureilluminationleadingtocontemplationandnourishing
perfectionthroughcontemplation.Ofparticularinterestto20thcenturymusictheoristsistheattentionhepaid
tosilenceasanintegralpartofmusic.

Metaphysicsofmorals
Bothofhisearlytreatises,DenaturaboniandDebono,startwitha
metaphysicalinvestigationintotheconceptsofthegoodingeneraland
thephysicalgood.Albertreferstothephysicalgoodasbonumnaturae.
Albertdoesthisbeforedirectlydealingwiththemoralconceptsof
metaphysics.InAlbert'slaterworks,hesaysinordertounderstand
humanormoralgoodness,theindividualmustfirstrecognizewhatit
meanstobegoodanddogooddeeds.ThisprocedurereflectsAlbert's
preoccupationswithneoPlatonictheoriesofgoodaswellasthe
doctrinesofPseudoDionysius.[31]Albert'sviewwashighlyvaluedby
theCatholicChurchandhispeers.

AlbertusMagnusCollege,namedin
honorofAlbertusMagnus.

Naturallaw
AlbertdevotedthelasttractatusofDeBonotoatheoryofjusticeandnaturallaw.AlbertplacesGodasthe
pinnacleofjusticeandnaturallaw.Godlegislatesanddivineauthorityissupreme.Upuntilhistime,itwasthe
onlyworkspecificallydevotedtonaturallawwrittenbyatheologianorphilosopher.[32]

Friendship
Albertmentionsfriendshipinhiswork,Debono,aswellaspresentinghisidealsandmoralsoffriendshipinthe
verybeginningofTractatusII.LaterinhislifehepublishedSuperEthica.[33]Withhisdevelopmentof
friendshipthroughouthisworkitisevidentthatfriendshipidealsandmoralstookrelevanceashislifewenton.
AlbertcommentsonAristotle'sviewoffriendshipwithaquotefromCicero,whowrites,"friendshipisnothing
otherthantheharmonybetweenthingsdivineandhuman,withgoodwillandlove".Albertagreeswiththis
commentarybuthealsoaddsinharmonyoragreement.[34]Albertcallsthisharmony,consensio,itselfacertain
kindofmovementwithinthehumanspirit.AlbertfullyagreeswithAristotleinthesensethatfriendshipisa
virtue.Albertrelatestheinherentmetaphysicalcontentednessbetweenfriendshipandmoralgoodness.Albert
describesseverallevelsofgoodnesstheuseful(utile),thepleasurable(delectabile)andtheauthenticor
unqualifiedgood(honestum).Theninturntherearethreelevelsoffriendshipbasedoneachofthoselevels.
Friendshipbasedonusefulness(amicitiautilis),friendshipbasedonpleasure(amicitiadelectabilis),and
friendshiprootedinunqualifiedgoodness(amicitiahonestiamicitiaquaefundatursuperhonestum).[35]

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Culturalreferences
Theiconographyofthetympanumandarchivoltsofthelate13th
centuryportalofStrasbourgCathedralwasinspiredbyAlbert's
writings.[36]Albertisrecordedashavingmadeamechanicalautomaton
intheformofabrassheadthatwouldanswerquestionsputtoit.Sucha
featwasalsoattributedtoRogerBacon.[37]
AlbertisfrequentlymentionedbyDante,whomadehisdoctrineoffree
willthebasisofhisethicalsystem.InhisDivineComedy,Danteplaces
AlbertuswithhispupilThomasAquinasamongthegreatloversof
wisdom(SpiritiSapienti)intheHeavenoftheSun.Albertisalso
mentioned,alongwithAgrippaandParacelsus,inMaryShelley's
Frankenstein,inwhichhiswritingsinfluenceayoungVictor
Frankenstein.

Thetympanumandarchivoltsof
StrasbourgCathedral,with
iconographyinspiredbyAlbertus
Magnus

InTheConceptofAnxiety,SrenKierkegaardwrotethatAlbert,"arrogantlyboastedofhisspeculationbefore
thedeityandsuddenlybecamestupid."KierkegaardcitesGotthardOswaldMarbachwhomhequotesassaying
"Albertusrepenteexasinofactusphilosophusetexphilosophoasinus"[Albertwassuddenlytransformedfrom
anassintoaphilosopherandfromaphilosopherintoanass].[38]
InWalterM.Miller,Jr.'spostapocalypticnovelACanticleforLeibowitzthereisanorderofmonksdevotedto
savingknowledgenamedtheAlbertianOrderofLeibowitzinreferencetoAlbert.

Influenceandtribute
AnumberofschoolshavebeennamedafterAlbert,includingAlbertusMagnus
HighSchoolinBardonia,NewYork[39]AlbertusMagnusLyceuminRiver
Forest,IllinoisandAlbertusMagnusCollegeinNewHaven,Connecticut.[40]
AlbertusMagnusScienceHallatThomasAquinasCollege,inSantaPaula,
California,isnamedinhonorofAlbert.Themainsciencebuildingsat
ProvidenceCollegeandAquinasCollegeinGrandRapids,Michigan,arealso
namedafterhim.
ThecentralsquareatthecampusoftheUniversityofColognefeaturesastatue
ofAlbertandisnamedafterhim.
TheAcademyforScienceandDesigninNewHampshirehonoredAlbertby
namingoneofitsfourhousesMagnusHouse.

PaintingbyJoos(Justus)van
Gent,Urbino,~1475

Asatributetothescholar'scontributionstothelaw,theUniversityofHouston
LawCenterdisplaysastatueofAlbert.Itislocatedonthecampusofthe
UniversityofHouston.
TheAlbertusMagnusGymnasiumisfoundinRegensburg,Germany.

InManagua,Nicaragua,theAlbertusMagnusInternationalInstitute,abusinessandeconomicdevelopment
researchcenter,wasfoundedin2004.
InThePhilippines,theAlbertusMagnusBuildingattheUniversityofSantoTomasthathousesthe
ConservatoryofMusic,CollegeofTourismandHospitalityManagement,CollegeofEducation,andUST
EducationHighSchoolisnamedinhishonor.TheSaintAlberttheGreatScienceAcademyinSanCarlosCity,
Pangasinan,whichofferspreschool,elementaryandhighschooleducation,takesprideinhavingSt.Albertas
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theirpatronsaint.ItsmainbuildingwasnamedAlbertusMagnusHallin
2008.SanAlbertoMagnoAcademyinTubao,LaUnionisalso
dedicatedinhishonor.ThiscenturyoldCatholichighschoolcontinues
toliveonitsvisionmissionuptothisday,offeringSeniorHighschool
courses.
Duetohiscontributionsto
naturalphilosophy,theplant
speciesAlbertamagnaandthe
asteroid20006AlbertusMagnus
werenamedafterhim.

UniversityofSantoTomasinthe
Philippines

NumerousCatholicelementary
andsecondaryschoolsarenamedforhim,includingschoolsinToronto
CalgaryCologneandDayton,Ohio.
TheAlbertustypefaceisnamedafterhim.

StatueofSt.AlberttheGreatinthe
chapelnamedafterSt.Albertin
ZahmHouseattheUniversityof
NotreDameduLac

AttheUniversityofNotreDameduLacinSouthBend,Indiana,USA,
theZahmHouseChapelisdedicatedtoSt.AlberttheGreat.Fr.John
Zahm,C.S.C.,afterwhomthemen'sresidencehallisnamed,lookedto
St.Albert'sexampleofusingreligiontoilluminescientificdiscovery.
Fr.Zahm'sworkwiththeBibleandevolutionissometimesseenasa
continuationofSt.Albert'slegacy.

Bibliography
Translations

OntheCausesofthePropertiesoftheElements,translatedbyIrvenM.Resnick,(Milwaukee:Marquette
UniversityPress,2010)[translationofLiberdecausisproprietatumelementorum]
QuestionsconcerningAristotle'sonAnimals,translatedbyIrvenMResnickandKennethFKitchell,Jr,
(Washington,DC:CatholicUniversityofAmericaPress,2008)[translationofQuaestionessuperDe
animalibus]
TheCardinalVirtues:Aquinas,Albert,andPhiliptheChancellor,translatedbyREHouser,(Toronto:
PontificalInstituteofMediaevalStudies,2004)[containstranslationsofParisianSumma,partsix:On
thegoodandCommentaryontheSentencesofPeterLombard,book3,dist.33&36]
TheCommentaryofAlbertusMagnusonBook1ofEuclid'sElementsofGeometry,editedbyAnthonyLo
Bello,(Boston:BrillAcademicPublishers,2003)[translationofPriumusEuclidiscumcommento
Alberti]
OnAnimals:AMedievalSummaZoologica,translatedbyKennethFKitchell,Jr.andIrvenMichael
Resnick,(BaltimoreLondon:JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,1999)[translationofDeanimalibus]
PaolaZambelli,TheSpeculumAstronomiaeandItsEnigma:Astrology,Theology,andSciencein
AlbertusMagnusandHisContemporaries,(DordrechtBoston:KluwerAcademicPublishers,1992)
[includesLatintextandEnglishtranslationofSpeculumastronomiae]
Albert&Thomas:SelectedWritings,translatedbySimonTugwell,ClassicsofWesternSpirituality,(New
York:PaulistPress,(1988)[containstranslationofSuperDionysiiMysticamtheologiam]
OnUnionwithGod,translatedbyaBenedictineofPrincethorpePriory,(London:BurnsOates&
Washbourne,1911)[reprintedas(Felinfach:LlanerchEnterprises,1991)and(London:Continuum,
2000)][translationofDeadherendoDeo]

Seealso
BrazenHead
Christianmysticism
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Incorruptibles
ListofCatholicsaints
ListofRomanCatholicscientistclerics
RiverForestThomism
ScienceintheMiddleAges

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CambridgeUniversityPress,1991,p.439.
2.IrvenResnick(ed.),ACompaniontoAlberttheGreat:Theology,Philosophy,andtheSciences,BRILL,2012,p.4
ThomasF.Glick,StevenLivesey,FaithWallis(eds.),MedievalScience,Technology,andMedicine:AnEncyclopedia,
Routledge,2014,p.15PopeBenedictXVI,GreatChristianThinkers:FromtheEarlyChurchThroughtheMiddle
Ages,FortressPress,2011,p.281.
3.Latin:AlbertusTeutonicus,AlbertusColoniensis.
4.Weisheipl,JamesA.(1980),"TheLifeandWorksofSt.AlberttheGreat",inWeisheipl,JamesA.,AlbertusMagnus
andtheSciences:CommemorativeEssays,Studiesandtexts,49,Toronto:PontificalInstituteofMediaevalStudies,
p.46,ISBN0888440499
5.JoachimR.Sder,"AlbertderGrosseeinstaunenerregendesWunder,"WortundAntwort41(2000):145J.A.
Weisheipl,"AlbertusMagnus,"JosephStrayered.,DictionaryoftheMiddleAges1(NewYork:Scribner,1982)129.
6.Tugwell,Simon.AlbertandThomas,NewYorkPaulistPress,1988,p.3,967
7.Tugwell,p.45.
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OklahomaPress,1980,p.X
9.Hampden,TheLife,p.33.
10.Kennedy,Daniel."St.AlbertusMagnus."TheCatholicEncyclopedia.Vol.1.NewYork:RobertAppletonCompany,
1907.10Sept.2014(http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01264a.htm)
11.HistoireliterairedelaFrance:XIIIesicle.19.p.103.RetrievedOctober27,2012.
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google.com/books?id=LIYNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA103#v=onepage&q&f=false),Volume19,p.104,AccessedOctober
27,2012
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&q&f=false),Volume10,p.701.Accessed9June2011
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m),1960.Accessed19March2013
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Zalta(ed.),(http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2014/entries/albertgreat/)
16."Zeittafel".Gemeinden.erzbistumkoeln.de.Retrieved20130809.
17.CarrollCruz,Joan(1977).TheIncorruptibles:AStudyoftheIncorruptionoftheBodiesofVariousCatholicSaints
andBeati.Charlotte,NC:TANBooks.ISBN0895550660.
18.AnSmets,"Lerceptionenlanguevulgairedu"Defalconibus"d'AlbertleGrand,"in:MedievalFormsofArgument:
DisputationandDebate,ed.GeorgianaDonavin,CarolPoster,andRichardUtz(Eugene,OR:Wipf&Stock,2002),
pp.18999.
19.Katz,DavidA.,"AnIllustratedHistoryofAlchemyandEarlyChemistry",1978
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(Darmstadt:Primus,2000)12439.
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pp.43,513,529.ISBN0198503415.
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Furtherreading
Collins,DavidJ."Albertus,MagnusorMagus?:Magic,NaturalPhilosophy,andReligiousReforminthe
LateMiddleAges."RenaissanceQuarterly63,no.1(2010):144.
Honnefelder,Ludger(ed.)AlbertusMagnusandtheBeginningsoftheMedievalReceptionofAristotlein
theLatinWest.FromRichardusRufustoFranciscusdeMayronis,(collectionofessaysinGermanand
English),Mnster:Aschendorff,2005.
Kovach,FrancisJ.&Shahan,RobertW.AlberttheGreat.CommemorativeEssays,Norman:Universityof
OklahomaPress,1980.
Miteva,Evelina."TheSoulbetweenBodyandImmortality:The13thCenturyDebateontheDefinition
oftheHumanRationalSoulasFormandSubstance"(http://philosophye.com/thesoulbetweenbodyan
dimmortalitythe13thcenturydebateonthedefinitionofthehumanrationalsoulasformandsubstan
ce/),in:Philosophia:EJournalofPhilosophyandCulture,1/2012.ISSN13145606(https://www.worldc
at.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:13145606).
Resnick,Irven(ed.),ACompaniontoAlberttheGreat:Theology,Philosophy,andtheSciences,Leiden,
Brill,2013.
Resnick,IrveneKitchellJr,Kenneth(eds.),AlberttheGreat:ASelectiveAnnotatedBibliography,
(19002000),Tempe,ArizonaCenterforMedievalandRenaissanceStudies,2004.
Wallace,WilliamA.(1970)."AlbertusMagnus,Saint"(PDF).InGillispie,Charles.Dictionaryof
ScientificBiography.1.NewYork:Scribner&AmericanCouncilofLearnedSocieties.pp.99103.
ISBN9780684101149.

Externallinks
WorksbyAlbertusMagnus(http://www.gutenberg.org/author/Ma
gnus,+Albertus)atProjectGutenberg
WorksbyoraboutAlbertusMagnus(https://archive.org/search.ph
p?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Magnus%2C%20Albertus%2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus_Magnus

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InternetArchive
WorksbyAlbertusMagnus(http://librivox.org/author/5669)atLibriVox(publicdomainaudiobooks)
Fhrer,Markus."AlberttheGreat".StanfordEncyclopediaofPhilosophy.
Kennedy,D.J.(1913)."St.AlbertusMagnus".CatholicEncyclopedia.
AlbertiMagniWorksinLatinOnline(http://www.albertusmagnus.uwaterloo.ca)
AlbertusMagnusonAstrology&Magic(http://www.renaissanceastrology.com/albertusmagnus.html)
"AlbertusMagnus&PrognosticationbytheStars"(http://www.skyscript.co.uk/magnus.html)
AlbertusMagnus:"SecretsoftheVirtuesofHerbs,StonesandCertainBeasts"(http://www.farlang.com/
gemstones/magnusvirtuestones/page_001)London,1604,fullonlineversion.
AlbertusMagnusDeAdhaerendoDeoOnCleavingtoGod(http://www.saintsbooks.net/books/St.%2
0Albert%20the%20Great%20%20On%20Cleaving%20to%20God%20%20De%20Adhaerendo%20De
o%20%20Latin%20and%20English%20Edition.html)
OnlineGalleries,HistoryofScienceCollections,UniversityofOklahomaLibraries(http://hos.ou.edu/gal
leries/03Medieval/AlbertusMagnus/)HighresolutionimagesofworksbyAlbertusMagnusin.jpgand
.tiffformat.
AlbertusMagnusworks(http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/2407/browse?value=Albert%2C+Magne%2C
+sant%2C+1193%3F1280&type=author)atSOMNI(http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/43)inthe
collectionoftheDukeofCalabria.
AlbertiMagniDelaudibusbeateMariaeVirginis(http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/22005),Italian
digitizedcodexof1476withacompletedtranscriptionofhiswork"Liberdelaudibus
gloriosissimeDeigenitricisMarie"
AlbertusMagnusDemirabiliscientiaDei(http://roderic.uv.es/uv_ms_0390),Italiandigitized
codexof1484withatranscriptionofthefirstpartofhisSummaTheologicae.

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