Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
AS 2327.12003
Australian Standard
Composite structures
AS 2327.12003
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
Australian Standard
Composite structures
Part 1: Simply supported beams
COPYRIGHT
Standards Australia International
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of the
publisher.
Published by Standards Australia International Ltd
GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
ISBN 0 7337 5338 8
AS 2327.12003
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee BD-032, Composite
Construction, to supersede AS 2327.11996 Composite structures in structural steel and
concrete, Part 1Simply supported beams.
This revision incorporates a number of technical and editorial changes. The principal
differences are briefly outlined in the following:
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
Shear connectors:
(a)
The value of the density reduction factor (k r), used in the calculation of the
design shear capacity (f ds) of shear connectors with lightweight concrete, has
been changed to equal 1.0 for welded-studs (since the effect of lower concrete
density is already taken into account in the calculation of nominal shear
capacity (f vs) using Equation 8.3.2.1(2)), and a constant value of 0.8 for
channels and high-strength structural bolts.
(b)
A procedure for calculating the nominal shear capacity (f vs) of channel or highstrength structural bolt shear connectors during the initial part of Construction
Stage 5 when 15 fcj < 20 MPa, previously omitted from AS 2327.1, has been
included, viz. at fcj = 15 MPa, f vs equals 80% of the values given in Table 8.2
and Table 8.3 f c = 20 MPa, and linear interpolation is used for values of f cj
between 15 and 20 MPa.
(c)
The Grade 300, 100 PFC (parallel flange channel) may now be used as a fully
equivalent shear connector to the Grade 250, 100 TFC (channel).
Open-rib and closed-rib profiles Distinction is made between open-rib and closedrib profile steel sheeting when designing the shear connection of the composite beam.
Welded stud locations Clause 8.4.2 clarifies that when automatically welded studs
are placed in the pans of sheeting ribs deemed to be perpendicular to the steel beam,
no more than two studs are permitted between adjacent sheeting ribs. New rules have
been written to allow shear connectors to be placed closer to steel ribs of closed-rib
profiles.
New reference material New reference material has been provided for designers
regarding the design of beams with large web penetrations and design for occupantinduced vibrations.
Reinforcement fyr = 500. The maximum design yield strength has been increased to
500 MPa for the longitudinal shear reinforcement in the composite slab.
The terms normative and informative are used in this Standard to define the application
of the appendix to which they apply. A normative appendix is an integral part of a
Standard, whereas an informative appendix is only for information and guidance.
AS 2327.12003
CONTENTS
Page
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
AS 2327.12003
Page
SECTION 8 DESIGN OF SHEAR CONNECTORS
8.1 GENERAL................................................................................................................. 48
8.2 SHEAR CONNECTORS ........................................................................................... 48
8.3 SHEAR CAPACITY OF SHEAR CONNECTORS ................................................... 50
8.4 DETAILING OF SHEAR CONNECTORS ............................................................... 52
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
AS 2327.12003
Page
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
APPENDICES
A
LIST OF REFERENCED DOCUMENTS.................................................................. 81
B
CALCULATION OF DEFLECTIONS BY SIMPLIFIED METHOD........................ 83
C
SUGGESTED LIMITS FOR CALCULATED DEFLECTIONS................................ 90
D
CALCULATION OF DESIGN MOMENT CAPACITY (Mbv) AS A
FUNCTION OF DEGREE OF SHEAR CONNECTION ()............................................ 91
E
FLOW CHARTS ..................................................................................................... 107
F
CONSTRUCTION STAGES AND MINIMUM CONSTRUCTION LOADS.......... 114
G
DESIGN FOR FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE SLABS................................ 119
H
INFORMATION FOR DETERMINATION OF ACTION EFFECTS ..................... 120
I
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES .................................................................... 123
AS 2327.12003
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Australian Standard
Composite structures
Part 1: Simply supported beams
SECT ION
SCOPE
AND
GENERA L
1.1 SCOPE
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
This Standard sets out minimum requirements for the design, detailing and construction of
simply supported composite beams composed of a steel beam and a concrete slab
interconnected with shear connectors, including applications where the slab incorporates
profiled steel sheeting, as defined in Clause 1.2.
This Standard does not cover the design of composite beams
(a)
where the elements of the steel beam are less than 3 mm thick or the value of the
yield stress (f yb ) assumed in design exceeds 450 MPa (see Note 1);
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
for fatigue.
NOTE:
1
This does not preclude the use of steels with a minimum yield strength greater than 450 MPa.
For the design of composite beams with negative design moments reference may be made to
BS 5950:3:1990, Code of Practice for Design of Simple and Continuous Composite Beams.
For the design of composite bridge beams, reference should be made to HB 77 the AUSTROADS
Bridge Design Code.
1.2 GENERAL
1.2.1 Components
This Standard applies only to composite beams for which the components satisfy the
requirements specified in Clauses 1.2.2 to 1.2.5.
1.2.2 Steel beam
The steel beam shall be entirely below, but in contact with, the soffit of the concrete slab,
and shall be of structural steel, symmetrical about its vertical axis (i.e., doubly symmetric
or monosymmetric), suitably proportioned (see Note) and have one of the following forms
(see Figure 1.2.2)
(a)
(b)
a welded I-section;
(c)
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
AS 2327.12003
(d)
(e)
any of the above sections as appropriate with an additional plate welded to the bottom
flange.
NOTE: Steel beams with a slender section (i.e., e > ey for any top flange or web plate
element either partially or fully in compression (see Clause 5.2.3.3)) are not permitted.
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
When a fire resistance level (FRL) must be achieved, a fire protection material may be used
to protect the exposed surfaces of the steel beam.
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
AS 2327.12003
The overall height of a steel rib (h r) shall be not greater than 80 mm, excluding any
embossments.
(b)
The width of the opening at the base of a steel rib (b b) shall be not greater than
20 mm.
(c)
The area of the voids formed by the steel ribs in the concrete shall be not greater than
20% of the area of the concrete within the depth of the steel ribs.
(d)
The width of the concrete between the mid-height of adjacent steel ribs (b cr) shall be
not less than 150 mm.
(e)
The cover slab thickness (that is, the thickness of the concrete above the steel ribs,
which equals D c h r) shall be not less than 65 mm.
Longitudinal stiffeners in the pans of the sheeting with an overall height (h s) greater than
10 mm, measured from the same face of the sheet (see Figure 1.2.4(b)), shall be deemed to
be steel ribs for the purpose of this Standard.
Open-rib and closed-rib profiles shall be defined as follows:
(i)
Closed-rib profiles All of the steel ribs of a closed-rib profile shall satisfy the
geometric requirements shown in Figure 1.2.4 (c).
(ii)
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
AS 2327.12003
Headed studs.
(b)
Channels.
(c)
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
AS 2327.12003
10
1.4 DEFINITIONS
1.4.1 General
For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions below apply. Definitions applying only to a
particular clause or section are given in that clause or section and referred to below.
1.4.2 Administrative definitions
1.4.2.1 Authority
A body having regulatory powers, in the area in which the structure is to be erected, to
control the design and erection of the structure.
1.4.2.2 Drawings
The drawings forming part of the project documents setting out the work to be executed.
1.4.2.3 May
Indicates the existence of an option.
1.4.2.4 Principal
The purchaser or owner of the structure being constructed or his nominated representative.
1.4.2.5 Shall
Indicates that a statement is mandatory.
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
11
AS 2327.12003
1.4.2.6 Should
Indicates a recommendation.
1.4.2.7 Specification
The specification forming part of the project documents setting out the work to be executed.
1.4.3 Technical definitions
1.4.3.1 Action
The cause of stress, deformation or displacement in a structure, or in a component member
of the structure.
1.4.3.2 Action effect
The force, moment, deformation, or like effect, produced in the members of a structure
(or its foundations) by an action or combination of actions.
1.4.3.3 Capacity factor
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
A factor by which the nominal capacity or strength is multiplied to obtain the design
capacity or strength.
1.4.3.4 Characteristic strength
The value of a material strength, as assessed by a standard test, which has a 95% probability
of being exceeded in all such tests on the same material.
1.4.3.5 Closed-rib profile
A profiled steel sheeting where the geometry of all of the steel ribs satisfies the geometric
requirements of Figure 1.2.4 (c).
1.4.3.6 Complete shear connection ( = 1)
The condition where the moment capacity of the cross-section of the composite beam is not
governed by the strength of the shear connection.
1.4.3.7 Composite action
Interaction between the steel beam and the concrete slab to resist action effects as a single
structural member; assumed to commence when the concrete in the slab has attained a
compressive strength of at least 15 MPa (i.e., at the start of Construction Stage 5). It is
assumed to be fully developed once the compressive strength of the concrete (estimated by
f cj (see Clause 4.2.2)) is equal to or greater than its specified design value fc (i.e., at or
after the start of Construction Stage 6).
1.4.3.8 Composite beam
A steel beam and a solid or composite slab, interconnected by shear connection to act
together to resist action effects as a single structural member.
1.4.3.9 Composite slab
A cast in situ concrete slab that incorporates profiled steel sheeting as permanent soffit
formwork.
1.4.3.10 Concrete
A mixture of cement, aggregates and water, with or without the addition of chemical
admixtures, which conforms to both AS 1379 and AS 3600.
1.4.3.11 Concrete slab
A slab cast monolithically with in situ concrete and reinforcement, with or without profiled
steel sheeting.
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
12
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
13
AS 2327.12003
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
The condition of a composite beam assuming no slip occurs along the length of the beam at
the concrete/steel interface.
1.4.3.33 In-service condition
Period after completion of construction when the structure is serving its intended function.
1.4.3.34 Insulation
See Clause 10.2.
1.4.3.35 Integrity
See Clause 10.2.
1.4.3.36 Lightweight concrete
Concrete, as previously defined, having a saturated surface-dry density in the range
1800 kg/m 3 to 2100 kg/m 3 .
1.4.3.37 Limit state
Any limiting condition or criterion beyond which a structure, or a member, fails to fulfil its
intended function.
1.4.3.38 Load
An externally applied force.
1.4.3.39 Longitudinal shear plane
See Clause 9.2.
1.4.3.40 Longitudinal shear reinforcement
See Clause 9.2.
1.4.3.41 Longitudinal shear surface
See Clause 9.2.
1.4.3.42 Nominal capacity
The capacity of a member or component calculated, without the capacity factor, in
accordance with this Standard.
1.4.3.43 Nominal load
A load as specified in Clause 4.1.1.
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
14
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
AS 2327.12003
15
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
The ratio at a cross-section of the design vertical shear force (V*) to the design vertical
shear capacity (V u ).
1.4.3.64 Simply supported beam
A beam assumed to act as a single-span member without negative design moments.
1.4.3.65 Solid slab
A concrete slab with a flat soffit and without a haunch, cast in situ on removable formwork
and reinforced in accordance with AS 3600.
1.4.3.66 Standard fire test
See Clause 10.2.
1.4.3.67 Stickability (fire)
See Clause 10.2.
1.4.3.68 Strength limit state
Collapse, or loss of structural integrity, under specified extreme-load conditions.
1.4.3.69 Structural adequacy (fire)
See Clause 10.2.
1.4.3.70 Tensile strength
The maximum strength in tension specified for the relevant grade and type of steel in the
appropriate Australian Standard.
1.4.3.71 Tributary area
See Clause 5.3.2.
1.4.3.72 Two-way action
Flexural action significant in two directions, usually at right angles to one another.
1.4.3.73 Two-way slab
A solid slab characterized by two-way action.
1.4.3.74 Yield strength (or stress)
The minimum yield stress in tension specified for the grade and type of steel in the
appropriate Australian Standard.
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
16
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
The reference number and date of issue of applicable and current design Standards
and, if applicable, any amendments to them.
(b)
The nominal design live loads during construction and in-service, as appropriate.
(c)
The durability exposure classification for the concrete and, if applicable, the
corrosion protection for the exposed steelwork and profiled steel sheeting.
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
The types and, if applicable, grades of shear connectors and their method of
attachment.
(h)
The dimensions and, if applicable, camber and designation of each steel member.
(b)
The support or connection details for the steel beams including location, size, grade
and category of bolts or welds, as applicable.
(c)
Details of the type, size, location and spacing of shear connectors, particularly in
relation to the position of profiled steel sheeting ribs.
(d)
The overall thickness of the slab inclusive of profiled steel sheeting, if applicable,
and the size and location of any openings, rebates, major voids or conduits in the slab.
(e)
The grade, size, quantity and location of all reinforcement, and other structural
embedments, as appropriate.
(f)
(g)
In the case of solid slabs, the class of formwork for the surface finish specified in
accordance with AS 3610.
(h)
In the case of composite slabs, the proprietary name, base metal thickness, coating
class and similar relevant data for the profiled steel sheeting, or appropriate selection
or performance criteria.
(i)
(j)
The location and details of any movement joints or planned construction joints in the
concrete slabs.
(k)
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
AS 2327.12003
17
(l)
(m)
(n)
The climatic or other local conditions relevant to the durability design of the
structure.
(o)
(p)
(q)
(r)
1.7 CONSTRUCTION
Composite beams designed in accordance with this Standard shall be constructed so that all
the requirements of the design, as contained in the project drawings and specification, are
satisfied.
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
1.8 NOTATION
The symbols used in this Standard are listed below. Symbols that occur in more than one
clause are defined below and used in the various clauses without further reference. Symbols
which occur only in one clause are defined in that clause as well as being listed below.
Unless otherwise specified, the following rules apply:
(a)
Where non-dimensional ratios are involved, both the numerator and denominator are
expressed in identical units.
(b)
The dimensional units for length, force and stress in all expressions or equations are
to be taken as millimetres (mm), newtons (N) and megapascals (MPa) respectively.
(c)
(d)
An asterisk superscript placed after a symbol (e.g. M*) denotes a design action effect
resulting from the design load for the strength limit state.
Af
A f1 , A f2
As
A sc
A sp.b
A sp.t
A sv
A sv.min
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
AS 2327.12003
18
Aw
b 1, b 2
bb
b cf
b cr
s r bsr
b e1 , be2
bf
bs
support width
b sf1
b sf2
b sr
bx
b y1 , b y2
c 1, c2
Db
Dc
Ds
d1
db
d bs
dc
dh
d sg
distance from the top of the concrete slab to the centroid of the steel
beam
d sr
distance from the top of the concrete slab to the line of action of
either Fst or Fstf
Ec
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
AS 2327.12003
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
19
E cT
Es
E sT
Fb
Fc
F cc or Fcp as appropriate
F c1
F c2
F cc
F cc.i
F ccf
F cp
F cp.i
F cpf
Fs
F sc
F scf
F scw
F st
tensile capacity of steel beam, assuming that the entire crosssectional area has yielded in tension
F stf
tensile capacity of the steel beam ignoring web(s), assuming that the
entire cross-sectional area of the flanges has yielded in tension
f c
f cj
fcmj
f ds
f max
f uc
f vs
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
AS 2327.12003
20
fy
f yb
f yf , f yw
yield strength of the flange and web, respectively, of the steel beam
f yr
f yT
G sup
G C1.3
hc
he
hi
hr
hs
Iet
Ieti
I et l
Is
second moment of area of the steel beam about its centroid of area
It
I ti
Itl
k 0 to k 6
kn
ksm
ksm1
ksm2
L ef
Ln
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
AS 2327.12003
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
21
L sy.t
Lw
M*
Mb
M b.5
M b.
value of M b corresponding to =
M bc
M bf
M bfc
M bv
M bv.0
value of M bv corresponding to = 0
M bv.
value of M bv corresponding to =
M bvc
Ms
Msf
nA
number of shear connectors between a potentially critical crosssection (i) and end A of a beam (see Figure 6.1)
nB
number of shear connectors between a potentially critical crosssection (i) and end B of a beam (see Figure 6.1)
ni
n i
n ic
n i.min
nx
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
AS 2327.12003
22
live load
Ru
Rs
re
elastic neutral axis parameter measured from below the steel beam
top flange (see Table 5.1)
rf
maximum value along the length of the beam of the ratio of the
design bending moment (M*) under design load for fire to the
design moment capacity (M bv) at room temperature
rp
rl
S*
standard deviation
sc
sr
Tl
time
tf
t f1 , t f2
tw
t w
u 1, u 2, u 3
V*
V* L
V* L.tot
VL
Vu
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
AS 2327.12003
23
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
Z cb
Z ct
Z sb
Z st
minimum degree of shear connection at a potentially critical crosssection i to satisfy the design requirement M bv M*
V*/( V u ) 1.0
C1.3
C5.6
Ii
Il
Ish
inc
tot
acute angle between the steel ribs of a composite slab and the
longitudinal axis of the steel beam
ep
ey
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
24
density of concrete
long-term live load factor used in assessing the design load for the
serviceability limit state
short-term live load factor used in assessing the design load for the
serviceability limit state
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
AS 2327.12003
25
SECT ION
MATER I A L S
2.1 STEEL
2.1.1 Structural steel
Structural steel used in the steel beam component of the composite beam shall comply with
AS 1163, AS/NZS 1594, AS 3678, AS 3679.1 or AS 3679.2, as appropriate. Cold-formed
rectangular hollow steel sections manufactured in accordance with AS 1163 shall be grades
C350, C350L0, C450 or C450L0.
2.1.2 Bolts, nuts and washers
Bolts, nuts and washers used for fabricating and erecting the steel beam shall comply with
AS 1110, AS 1111, AS 1112 or AS/NZS 1252, as appropriate.
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
their mechanical and other physical properties are not inferior; and
(b)
(b)
(c)
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
(d)
26
(ii)
(f)
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
(e)
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
27
AS 2327.12003
SECT ION 3
GENERA L DES IG N
REQU IREME NTS
3.1 DESIGN
3.1.1 Aim
The aim of structural design in accordance with this Standard is to provide a composite
beam that has adequate strength, is serviceable, stable, durable and fire-resistant (if
required), and satisfies other objectives such as economy and ease of construction.
A structural member has adequate strength and is serviceable if the probabilities of
structural failure and of loss of serviceability throughout its intended life are acceptably
low.
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
A structural member is stable overall if it does not overturn, tilt or slide throughout its
intended life.
A structural member is durable if it withstands the expected wear and deterioration
throughout its intended life without the need for undue maintenance or repair.
3.1.2 Requirements
The design of a composite beam and its components shall take into account, as appropriate,
the limit states of stability, strength, serviceability, fire resistance and any other relevant
design criteria, in accordance with the procedures specified in this Section.
Prior to the commencement of composite action, the design of the composite beam
components shall be in accordance with Clause 3.1.3.
NOTES:
1
A flowchart showing the sequence of the overall design process with respect to the various
limit states and construction stages is given in Appendix E.
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
28
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
The outstand of a concrete slab (either solid or composite), which forms the flange of a
composite edge beam, shall be at least 150 mm wide measured from the vertical outside
edge of the slab to the edge of the nearest shear connector (see Figure 3.1.4).
www.standards.com.au
AS 2327.12003
29
Ru S *
where
Ru
S*
Capacity factor ( )
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
Bending
(a)
0.70
(b)
0.90
Vertical shear
0.90
Longitudinal shear
(a)
Concrete slab
0.70
(b)
Shear connectors
0.85
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
30
SECT ION
DES I GN
4.1 GENERAL
4.1.1 Actions
The design of the member for the limit states specified in Clause 3.3 shall take account of
the action effects directly arising from the following actions:
(a)
Permanent and imposed, wind, snow and earthquake loads determined in accordance
with AS/NZS 1170.1, AS/NZS 1170.2, AS/NZS 1170.3 and AS 1170.4, respectively.
(b)
(c)
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
Uniformly distributed imposed loads for the in-service condition may be reduced in
accordance with Clause 4.1.3.
4.1.2 Other actions
Any other action that may significantly affect the stability, strength, or serviceability of the
member, including but not limited to the following, shall be taken into account:
(a)
(b)
Foundation movement.
(c)
(d)
(e)
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
31
AS 2327.12003
Stage 1 Period between when the steelwork is erected, and the formwork is placed
and, if appropriate, fixed to the steel beams.
(b)
Stage 2 Period between the end of Construction Stage 1 and immediately prior to the
commencement of casting the slab concrete.
(c)
Stage 3 Period between commencement of casting the slab concrete and its initial set
under the prevailing site conditions.
(d)
Stage 4 Period from the initial set of the slab concrete until its compressive strength
(estimated by f cj) reaches 15 MPa.
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
NOTES:
1 An estimate of the characteristic compressive strength of the slab concrete, at an age of j
days (f cj) may be obtained from compression tests on cylinder specimens of the concrete
that have been subjected to the same curing conditions as the slab for that period, using
the following equation:
f cj = f cmj 1.65 s f c
where
f cj
fcmj
The 7 day mean strength of normal class concrete can be estimated using AS 1379. For
example, if the concrete has been continuously moist cured, an average compressive
strength of not less than 15 MPa may be expected in 7 days by Grades N32 and stronger
grades; however, if 15 MPa is required at a time less than 7 days, special class concrete
may need to be specified.
Stage 5 Period from the end of Construction Stage 4 until the characteristic strength
of the slab concrete reaches its specified design value (fc ) (see Note 1).
(b)
Stage 6 Period following the end of Construction Stage 5 to the end of construction
immediately prior to the in-service condition (see Note 2).
NOTES:
1
Props to either the concrete slab or steel beam may be removed during Construction Stage 5,
provided the strength of the composite beam is checked in accordance with Clause 3.3.1.
By the end of Construction Stage 6 any props present should have been removed.
The construction stages defined in Clauses 4.2.2 and 4.2.3 assume that the principal
construction activities and processes are as shown in Figure F1, Appendix F.
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
32
SECT ION 5
EFFECT I V E
DES IG N ACT I O N EF FECT S
DES IG N
5.1 GENERAL
The effective section of a composite beam cross-section shall be determined in accordance
with Clause 5.2 and used for strength design in accordance with Section 6. The effective
section shall be determined for each potentially critical cross-section defined in Clause 6.3,
except at the ends of the beam where the steel beam alone shall be assumed to act.
The design action effects arising from the design loads specified in Clause 4.1.4 for the
strength limit state after the development of composite action, (i.e., Construction Stages 5
and 6 as defined in Clause 4.2.3 and for the in-service condition) shall be determined in
accordance with the procedure given in Clause 5.3.
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
NOTE: The design action effects relevant here are the design vertical shear force V* and the
design bending moment M*.
L ef /8, where Lef is the effective span of the beam calculated in accordance with
Clause 5.3.3;
(b)
in the case of a concrete slab with a free edge (i.e., an edge beam situation), either the
perpendicular distance to the edge measured from the centre-line of the beam, or
6 times the overall depth D c of the concrete slab plus half the width of the steel beam
flange bsf1 ; and
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
33
(c)
AS 2327.12003
in the case of a concrete slab that spans between two steel beams (i.e., either an edge
beam or internal beam situation), either half the centre-to-centre distance between the
steel beams or 8 times the overall depth D c of the concrete slab plus half the width of
the steel beam flange bsf1 .
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
When a slab has pockets or cut-outs within its effective width then, at the cross-sections of
concern, bcf shall be reduced by the width they encroach into this region.
for the portion of the slab above the ribs, shall be determined in accordance with
Clause 5.2.2.1; and
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
(b)
34
for the portion of the slab within the depth of the ribs, shall be taken as the value
obtained from (a) multiplied by the factor , where
the acute angle between the sheeting ribs and the longitudinal axis of
the steel beam (see Figure 5.2.2.2 including Note).
. . .5.2.2.2(1)
NOTE: The value of should be determined for each side of the beam where the orientation of the sheeting is
different.
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
35
AS 2327.12003
(b)
Clause 5.2.3.3 if only part of the depth of the steel beam is in tension (see Note 1).
The part of the steel beam subject to tension at the strength limit state shall be determined
from Section 6.
For fabricated steel beams, or steel beams with an additional plate welded to the bottom
flange, the welds connecting the plate elements of the beam together shall be designed to
transmit the shear forces that develop on account of the axial tensile forces assumed to be
carried by these elements (see Note 2).
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
The effect of holing of the steel beam may be ignored in the following cases:
(i)
Where holes are drilled in the top flange to accommodate high-strength structural
bolts used as shear connectors in accordance with Section 8.
(ii)
Where holes are drilled or cut in the web so that their greatest internal dimension Lw
satisfies
L w/d 1 0.10 (see Note 3)
. . . 5.2.3.1(1)
NOTES:
1
If there is partial shear connection at the cross-section of concern (i.e., < 1), Item (b) will
always apply.
Particular attention needs to be given to this issue when designing cross-sections close to
where an additional plate welded to the bottom flange is terminated.
It is beyond the scope of this Standard to provide a method for designing composite beams
with larger web penetrations. A method for designing composite beams with larger web
penetration is given in Reference 9, Appendix I.
e =
. . . 5.2.3.3(1)
where
b
clear width of the element outstand from the face of the supporting
plate element or the clear width of the element between faces of
supporting plate elements
element thickness
fy
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
36
Steel beams with slender plate elements shall not be used (see Note 1). The effective
portion of a steel beam with either compact (see Note 2) or non-compact (see Note 3) plate
elements shall be calculated according to the following:
(a)
If the top flange and web are compact, the entire steel section shall be assumed to be
effective.
(b)
If the outstand of the flange is non-compact, the effective flange width shall be the
maximum width for which the flange is compact.
(c)
If the web is non-compact, the effective portion of the web may be determined in
accordance with Figure 5.2.3.3(a) in which the length x is ineffective. Alternatively,
the effective portion of the web may be determined approximately as shown in
Figure 5.2.3.3(b) where the effective thickness of the effective web (t w) is calculated
ignoring the ineffective portion of the web in the compressive zone. Cold-formed,
rectangular hollow steel sections, manufactured in accordance with AS 1163, shall
have a compact top flange, calculated in accordance with Table 5.1 and assuming a
uniform compressive stress distribution across the width of the flange.
NOTES:
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
1
2
It is assumed that the entire width of the bottom flange will be effective.
Slender plate elements are such that e > ey, where values of the yield slenderness limit
Compact plate elements are such that ep e, where values of the plasticity slenderness
limit ep are given in Table 5.1.
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
37
AS 2327.12003
TABLE 5.1
PLATE ELEMENT PLASTICITY AND YIELD SLENDERNESS LIMITS
Plate
element
Residual
stresses
Plasticity limit
Yield limit
(see Notes)
ep
One
SR
HR
LW, CF
HW
10
9
8
8
16
16
15
14
Flange
Both
SR
HR
LW, CF
HW
30
30
30
30
45
45
40
35
Web
One
any
82
115
For
1.0rp 0.5:
For
1.0 re 0.5:
111
322
( 4.7 rp 1)
(3.6re + 1)
For rp <0.5:
41/r p
For re <0.5:
57.5/r e
Flange
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
Longitudinal
edges
supported
Web
Both
any
Stress distribution
ey
Stress
distribution
LEGEND:
SR = stress relieved
HR = hot-rolled or hot-finished
CF = cold-formed
LW = lightly welded
HW = heavily welded
NOTES:
1
Welded members with compressive residual stresses of less than 40 MPa may be considered to be lightly
welded.
The value of the parameter re , which defines the position of the elastic neutral axis, should be calculated from
the elastic stress distribution for the steel section alone, ignoring the presence of the concrete slab.
5.3.2 Definitions
For the purpose of Clauses 5.3.3 to 5.3.5, the following definitions apply:
(a)
Effective span the span used in the calculation of design action effects allowing for
different end support conditions of the composite beam (see Clause 5.3.3).
(b)
Tributary area the plan area from which dead and live loads acting on the slab will
be assumed to be received by a supporting composite beam (see Clause 5.3.5).
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
38
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
NOTES:
1
It is assumed that at the strength limit state, the stresses in the composite beam section being
checked for strength are not affected by the sequence of construction or loading, and that they
can be calculated using rectangular stress block theory in accordance with Section 6.
If the capacity of a composite beam is being checked for Construction Stages 5 and 6, slab
propping may affect the tributary area determination; however, the design action effects M*
and V* are calculated without regard for the sequence of construction or loading.
If the capacity of a composite beam is being checked for the in-service condition, any
previous slab propping will neither affect the tributary area determination nor the calculation
of M* and V*.
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
39
SECT ION
DES IG N
AS 2327.12003
F OR
STRENGTH
6.1 GENERAL
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
A composite beam shall be designed for strength in accordance with Clause 6.2 using the
effective section(s) determined in accordance with Section 5 and the degree of shear
connection ( ) defined in Clause 1.4.3 and calculated as shown in Figure 6.1.
6.2 DESIGN
6.2.1 General
The design shall be conducted to satisfy the limit state requirements specified in
Clause 6.2.2 following the procedure defined in Clause 6.2.3.
6.2.2 Limit state requirements
The composite beam shall be designed so that at every transverse cross-section
(a)
the design vertical shear capacity (V u ) is not less than the design vertical shear force
(V*) (i.e., V u V*); and
(b)
the design moment capacity (M bv ) is not less than the design bending moment (M*)
during construction and for the in-service condition (i.e. M bv M*).
The above requirements shall be deemed to be satisfied at every cross-section if they are
shown to be satisfied at each of the relevant potentially critical cross-sections defined in
Clause 6.3.
6.2.3 Design procedure
6.2.3.1 General
A composite beam shall be designed for strength in accordance with either one of the
following, as appropriate:
(a)
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
(b)
40
(ii)
(iii) M bc 2.5 Ms .
6.2.3.2 Simplified procedure
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
Calculate the effective section of the composite beam in accordance with Clause 5.2
assuming = 0.
(b)
Calculate the design action effects M* and V* at the mid-span cross-section and beam
ends, respectively, in accordance with Clause 5.3.
(c)
Calculate the design vertical shear capacity (V u ) in accordance with Clause 6.4.1,
and check that V u V* (see Clause 6.2.2(a)).
(d)
Calculate the nominal moment capacity M bc (and the corresponding value of F cc) in
accordance with Paragraph D2.3.2, Appendix D and check that M bc M*
(Clause 6.2.2(b)).
(e)
Calculate the nominal shear capacity of a single shear connector (f vs) in accordance
with Section 8, and hence determine the minimum number of shear connectors (n ic)
required between the mid-span cross-section and each end of the beam from the
following relationship (see Note 3 to Clause 6.2.3.3):
n ic = F cc / f ds
. . . 6.2.3.2
NOTE: This Equation only holds if all the shear connectors have the same design shear
capacity f ds , otherwise the equation needs to be modified accordingly. Also, in accordance
with Clause 8.3.4, fds is a function of nic and hence the calculation of n ic is an iterative
process.
(f)
Distribute the shear connectors as uniformly as possible along the beam, satisfying
the detailing requirements in Clause 8.4 appropriate to the particular type and size of
shear connectors.
(g)
(b)
(c)
Calculate the design action effects M* and V* at each potentially critical cross-section
in accordance with Clause 5.3.
(d)
For each potentially critical cross-section, calculate the design vertical shear capacity
( V u) in accordance with Clause 6.4.1, check that V u V* in accordance with
Clause 6.2.2(a) and calculate the value of the shear ratio (= V*/ V u).
(e)
Identify those potentially critical cross-sections for which M* > 0 and the shear
ratio () falls within the ranges
(i)
(ii)
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
41
(f)
For the appropriate range and value of , calculate the relationship between
M bv and in accordance with Clause 6.4.2 at each corresponding potentially critical
cross-section (see Note 2).
(g)
From Clause 6.5, calculate the minimum degree of shear connection ( i) at each
potentially critical cross-section (i) so that M bv M* in accordance with
Clause 6.2.2(b), where M bv and M* are the appropriate values at the particular
cross-section. The degree of shear connection at the cross-section of maximum
bending moment m shall not be less than 0.5 (see Clause 6.6).
(h)
With the values of i determined from Step (g), calculate Fcp.i from Paragraph D2.3.3
of Appendix D with the applicable value of Fcc.i from Paragraph D2.3.2 for each
potentially critical cross-section (i).
(i)
Calculate the nominal shear capacity of a single shear connector (f vs) in accordance
with Section 8, and hence determine the minimum number of shear connectors (n i )
required between each potentially critical cross-section for which M* > 0 and the
ends of the steel beam from the following relationship (see Note 3):
n i = F cp.i/f ds
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
AS 2327.12003
. . . 6.2.3.3(1)
(j)
Distribute the shear connectors along the beam in accordance with Clause 6.6.
(k)
NOTES:
1
M bv is the general symbol for nominal moment capacity either in the presence or absence of
vertical shear, and may be used to represent symbols such as Mb , and M bc.
This Equation only holds if all the shear connectors have the same design shear capacity f ds. If
not, the equation will need to be modified accordingly. Also, in accordance with Clause 8.3.4,
f ds is a function of ni and hence the calculation of ni is an iterative process.
Sections of maximum design bending moment (M*) and sections of maximum design
vertical shear force (V*).
NOTE: In the case of beams with a constant maximum moment region, the potentially
critical cross-sections with respect to bending are to be taken as those at the ends of the
constant moment region.
(b)
Sections where external bending moments or concentrated vertical loads are applied
to the beam, for example where other beams frame into the composite beam.
(c)
Sections where there is a change in the cross-sectional geometry of either the slab or
the steel beam, for example, at changes in flange width or thickness, at penetrations
in the web of the steel beam, or at a notched section.
(d)
Sections midway between the section(s) of maximum design bending moment and the
adjacent end(s) of the beam where the nominal moment capacity (M bc) corresponding
to complete shear connection exceeds 2.5 times the nominal moment capacity (Ms) of
the steel beam.
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
42
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
The design moment capacity of a composite beam cross-section (M bv) shall be calculated
as a function of the degree of shear connection ( ) in accordance with
(a)
(b)
Prior to the full development of composite action during Construction Stage 5, i.e.
when 15 fcj < fc , the design moment capacity (M bv) shall be calculated by replacing f c
with fcj in all relevant equations in Appendix D, and using the appropriate value of given
in Table 3.1 depending on whether construction is propped or unpropped.
6.5 CALCULATION OF MINIMUM DEGREE OF SHEAR CONNECTION i AT
POTENTIALLY CRITICAL CROSS-SECTIONS
6.5.1 General
The linear approximations to the M bv relationships determined in accordance with
Clause 6.4 may be used to calculate the minimum degree of shear connection i at a
potentially critical cross-section i in order to satisfy the strength requirement M bv M*
(Clause 6.2.2(b)) at that cross-section. The appropriate equations are given in Clause 6.5.2
for cross-sections where 0.5, and in Clause 6.5.3 for cross-sections where > 0.5.
6.5.2 Cross-sections where 0.5
At cross-sections where 0.5, the minimum degree of shear connection i at each
potentially critical cross-section i may be calculated directly using any one of the following
equations, as appropriate, depending on the magnitude of design bending moment M* in
relation to the magnitudes of the design moment capacities Ms and M b.5 (i.e., Mb at
= 0.5) at the cross-section being considered (see Figure D2.2(b), Appendix D):
(a)
For M* Ms
i = 0
(b)
i =
(c)
M * M s
0
2 ( M b.5 M s )
. . . 6.5.2(1)
i =
Standards Australia
M * + M bc 2M b.5
2 ( M bc M b.5 )
. . . 6.5.2(2)
www.standards.com.au
43
AS 2327.12003
For 0 i
i =
[M * (2 1)M sf 2(1 )M s ]
(1 2 )M sf + (2 1)M bfc 2(1 )M s + 2(1 )M b.
. . . 6.5.3(1)
0
(b)
For < i
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
i = +
. . . 6.5.3(2)
(b)
(c)
(d)
The detailing requirements given in Clause 8.4 appropriate to the particular type and
size of shear connector used in the beam shall be satisfied.
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
44
excess of the number required to develop complete shear connection at that cross-section,
shall be ignored when calculating ni .
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
NOTE: Particular attention should be paid to satisfying this latter requirement when the steel
beam is non-prismatic due to the presence of a notch, web penetration or flange plate. Then the
calculation is performed by successively considering segments of the beam between adjacent
potentially critical cross-sections, moving out from a beam end as demonstrated by the example
in Figure 6.6.3.
NOTES:
1
The number of shear connectors contributing to the design moment capacity at PCCs 3, 4 and 5 is
influenced by the reduced cross-sectional area of the steel beam at the web penetration.
It has been assumed that at least 25 connectors are effective and contribute to the design moment capacity
of the maximum moment cross-section on the right-hand side of PCC 5.
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
45
SECT ION
DES IG N
F OR
AS 2327.12003
SERV ICE AB I L I T Y
7.1 GENERAL
Composite beams shall be designed for serviceability by limiting vertical deflection and
controlling cracking and vibration in accordance with Clauses 7.2 to 7.4 respectively.
7.2 DEFLECTION CONTROL
7.2.1 Definitions
For the purpose of this Section, the following definitions apply:
(a)
Total deflectionthe deflection arising from short-term and long-term loading effects
and shrinkage, which occurs from when the steel beam is erected until the end of the
design life.
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
NOTES:
(b)
If total deflection is measured from the top of the concrete slab, then it is zero at the point
in time when the slab is screeded level (i.e., during Construction Stage 3), in which case
it does not include any deflection from Construction Stages 1 to 3. Alternatively, total
deflection may be measured from the steel beam soffit relative to the horizontal, which
may be considered important when the floor is left visually exposed from beneath. In this
case, precambering the steel beam can reduce the total deflection.
For composite slabs, suggested upper limits for the deflection of the profiled steel
sheeting at the completion of Construction Stage 3 are given in Appendix C.
Limits for the calculated total and incremental deflection of the beam shall be chosen
appropriate to the structure and its intended use (see Note).
(b)
The calculated deflections shall not exceed the chosen limits when the beam supports
the short-term and long-term design loads for serviceability determined in accordance
with Clause 4.1.4.
(c)
NOTE: Suggested upper limits for total and incremental deflections are given in Appendix C.
Changes in beam section (i.e., steel beam or composite) during Construction Stages 1
to 6.
(b)
(c)
(d)
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
46
(e)
(f)
(g)
Slip at the interface between the slab and the steel beam.
(h)
(i)
(j)
Temperature changes.
(k)
(l)
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
The deflection may be calculated using the design procedure given in Appendix B, which
makes allowance for the following:
(a)
(b)
(c)
Changes in cross-section along the length of the beam (see Note 2).
(d)
Flexural cracking.
(e)
(f)
Slip at the interface between the slab and the steel beam.
(g)
The load combinations for the serviceability limit state assumed in the formulation of the
simplified method have been taken from AS/NZS 1170.0 as G + s Q and G + l Q during the
in-service condition.
Beams with holes drilled or cut in the web, where their greatest internal dimension L w
exceeds L w /d1 = 0.10, should not be designed using the simplified method.
This allowance is made to take into account the effects of factors including residual stresses
in the steel tubing and additional shear connection flexibility associated with local
deformations of the tube walls.
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
47
AS 2327.12003
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
Cracking in the concrete flange at the ends of simply-supported composite beams may
occur where there is continuity of the slab in the direction of the span at those locations
(e.g., where secondary beams frame into both sides of a primary beam). Appropriate
measures shall be taken to control or prevent such cracking, particularly where
minimization of crack widths is an important consideration (e.g., for durability of the floor
or satisfactory appearance of any applied floor finish).
NOTE: Accounting for the continuity of the slab beyond the beam support is outside the scope of
this Standard; however, the problem is normally avoided by using unpropped construction. Some
guidance on this matter is given in Reference 3, Appendix I.
(b)
(c)
The above requirements may be satisfied by means of the following, used either singly or in
combination:
(i)
(ii)
Limiting the frequencies of the relevant modes of vibration of the floor to values
significantly different to the anticipated excitation frequencies.
(iii) Ensuring that sufficient mass is mobilized in the relevant vibration modes such that
the acceleration response is limited to an acceptable level.
(iv)
NOTE: Guidance on the design of floor systems for occupant-induced vibration is given in
References 4 and 10, Appendix I.
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
48
SECT ION
8
DES IG N O F
CONNECTORS
SHEAR
8.1 GENERAL
Shear connectors for attachment to the top flange of the steel beam shall comply with the
requirements of Clause 8.2. Their design shear capacity shall be determined from
Clause 8.3, and they shall be detailed in accordance with Clause 8.4. The strength grade of
the slab concrete shall not exceed 40 MPa.
NOTE: A limit is placed on the strength grade because shear connector ductility tends to reduce
as concrete compressive strength increases.
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
The shear connectors may be used in the presence of profiled steel sheeting. The profiled
steel sheeting shall be defined as either closed-rib or open-rib (see Clause 1.4.3) which can
affect the strength (see Clause 8.3.3) and the detailing of the shear connectors (see
Clause 8.4).
8.2 SHEAR CONNECTORS
8.2.1 Types
Shear connectors shall be limited to one or more of the following types (see also
Figure 8.2):
(a)
Headed studs.
(b)
Channels.
(c)
The geometry of each type of shear connector shall conform with Clause 8.2.2.
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
49
AS 2327.12003
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
8.2.2 Geometry
8.2.2.1 Headed studs
Standard-type headed studs with a nominal shank diameter of either 15.9 mm or 19 mm
shall be used. They shall comply with the dimensions and tolerances given in AS 1554.2 for
this type of shear connector.
The minimum overall height of studs after welding, measured from the top of the stud to the
top surface of the top flange of the steel beam, shall be 4.0 times the nominal shank
diameter dbs . In composite slabs, the studs shall extend not less than 40 mm above the top of
the ribs of the profiled steel sheeting (see Figure 8.2 (a)).
8.2.2.2 Channels
Channel shear connectors shall be cut only from sections designated 100TFC or 100PFC in
AS/NZS 3679.1, and shall have a nominal length (l) of 50 mm. Their minimum and
maximum lengths shall be 50 mm and 60 mm, respectively (see Figure 8.2 (b)).
8.2.2.3 High-strength structural bolts
High-strength structural bolts shall be M20 in size and fitted with one nut above and one
below the top flange of the steel beam. After tightening, at least one clear thread shall show
above the top nut and at least one thread plus the thread run-out shall show below the
bottom nut. Washers may be omitted. The overall height of the bolts measured between the
top of the bolt head and the top surface of the flange of the steel beam shall not be less than
100 mm (see Figure 8.2 (c)).
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
50
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
The nominal shear capacity (f vs) of either an automatically welded or manually welded
headed stud shall be determined as the lesser value from the following equations:
f vs = 0.63 d 2 f ; or
bs
uc
. . . 8.3.2.1(1)
f vs = 0.31 d 2
bs
. . . 8.3.2.1(2)
f cj E c
where
f uc = characteristic tensile strength of shear-connector material, not to exceed
500 MPa when substituted into Equation 8.3.2.1(1)
E c = elastic modulus of slab concrete corresponding to the relevant value of fcj
= 1.5 0.043
c
f cj
During Construction Stage 6 and the in-service condition, the values for the nominal shear
capacity (f vs) of headed-stud shear connectors in normal-weight concrete, of a standard
strength grade (fc = 20, 25, 32 or 40 MPa), are as given in Table 8.1 for the standard shank
diameters of 15.9 mm and 19.0 mm.
During Construction Stage 5 (15 MPa fcj < fc), the value for f vs shall be calculated
either
(a)
as the lesser value directly from Equations 8.3.2.1(1) and 8.3.2.1(2) for both normalweight and lightweight concrete; or
(b)
for normal-weight concrete, from Table 8.1 by linear interpolation between the values
of f vs in the two adjacent columns between which fcj falls.
TABLE 8.1
NOMINAL SHEAR CAPACITY f vs OF HEADED-STUD SHEAR
CONNECTORS IN NORMAL-WEIGHT CONCRETE
f vs (kN) for
f c (MPa) of
Stud diameter
dbs (mm)
f vs (kN) for
f cj = 15 MPa
20
25
32
40
19.0
60
75
89
93
93
15.9
42
53
62
65
65
NOTE: The tabulated values of f vs have been calculated from Equations 8.3.2.1(1) and 8.3.2.1(2)
assuming c = 2400 kg/m 3 and using the minimum value permitted by AS 1554.2 for fuc, which is
410 MPa.
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
51
AS 2327.12003
8.3.2.2 Channels
During Construction Stage 6 and the in-service condition, the values for the nominal shear
capacity (f vs) of channel shear connectors in normal-weight concrete, of a standard strength
grade (fc = 20, 25, 32 or 40 MPa), shall be determined from Table 8.2.
During Construction Stage 5 (15 MPa fcj < f c), the value for f vs in normal-weight
concrete shall be calculated from Table 8.2 by linear interpolation between the values of f vs
in the two adjacent columns between which f cj falls.
For channels in lightweight concrete, f vs shall be taken as 80% of the value determined
above for normal-weight concrete of the same grade.
TABLE 8.2
NOMINAL SHEAR CAPACITY f vs OF CHANNEL SHEAR CONNECTORS IN
NORMAL-WEIGHT CONCRETE
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
f vs (kN) for
f cj = 15 MPa
20
25
32
40
76
95
100
110
125
76
95
100
110
125
Size length/grade
dbs (mm)
f vs (kN) for
f cj = 15 MPa
20
25
32
40
20
67
83
98
118
126
NOTE: The tabulated values of f vs have been calculated from Equations 8.3.2.1(1) and 8.3.2.1(2) assuming
c = 2400 kg/m 3 and using the maximum value permitted by AS 1252 for fuc, which is 500 MPa.
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
52
. . . 8.3.4(1)
where the value of is given in Table 3.1, and the load-sharing factor (k n ), given as a
function of n, is
k n = 1.18 0.18 / n
. . . 8.3.4(2)
The number of shear connectors (n) shall be taken as the lesser number of shear connectors
provided between each end of the beam and the cross-section being designed.
8.4 DETAILING OF SHEAR CONNECTORS
8.4.1 Longitudinal detailing
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
For beams with solid or composite slabs, the shear connectors shall be detailed along the
length of the beam according to the following requirements:
(a)
(b)
Longitudinal spacing limits The longitudinal spacing of shear connectors shall not
exceed 4.0 times the overall depth (D c) of the slab, or 600 mm, whichever is the
lesser.
In solid slabs and in composite slabs with sheeting deemed parallel to the steel beam,
the longitudinal spacing shall be
(i)
not less than 5.0 times the shank diameter (d bs) of the shear connectors between
centres of headed studs or high-strength structural bolts, ignoring staggering
(see Figure 8.4.1(A)(a)); or
(ii)
not less than 100 mm clear between adjacent edges of channels (see
Figure 8.4.1(A)(b)).
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
53
AS 2327.12003
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
(c)
Proximity to ribs of open-rib profiles Where the slab is composite with the profiled
steel sheeting ribs passing over the steel beam, and automatically welded headed
studs are used, the distance between adjacent faces of a shear connector and a
sheeting rib measured parallel to the longitudinal axis of the beam shall be not less
than 60 mm (see Figure 8.4.1(B)).
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
(d)
54
Proximity to ribs of closed-rib profiles Where the slab is composite with the profiled
steel sheeting ribs passing over the steel beam, and automatically welded headed
studs are used, there shall be no restriction on the distance between adjacent faces of
a shear connector and a sheeting rib measured parallel to the longitudinal axis of the
beam.
NOTE: There should be sufficient clearance between adjacent faces of the steel sheeting rib
and the stud being welded to permit the ceramic ferrule used in the welding operation to fit
flat on the sheeting pan, and avoid any conflict of the welding gun with the steel rib.
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
(a)
Solid slab
Composite slab
Channels
(b)
(c)
Proximity to profiled steel sheeting Where the slab is composite, the minimum
clearance between the shear connector and the nearest part of a sheeting rib or end of
an open-rib profile shall be
(i)
(ii)
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
55
Shear connector
type
AS 2327.12003
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
(a) Automatically
welded headed
studs
(i)
(ii)
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
Shear connector
type
(b)
Manually welded
headed studs
(c)
High-strength
structural bolts
(d)
Channels
56
NOTE: For Cases (b), (c) and (d), the sheeting is discontinuous on both sides of the shear connector.
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
57
AS 2327.12003
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
58
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
8.4.3.4 Channels
Channels shall be welded directly to the flange of the steel beam, and not through profiled
steel sheeting. The minimum weld details for attaching channels are shown in
Figure 8.2.2(b). Welding shall be carried out in accordance with AS/NZS 1554.1.
8.4.3.5 High-strength structural bolts
High-strength structural bolts shall be fitted into 20 mm finished diameter holes. The holes
shall be
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
A punched hole shall only be permitted in material whose yield stress f y does not exceed
360 MPa and whose thickness does not exceed 5600/f y mm. The minimum edge distance
shall comply with AS 4100.
The bolts shall be snug tight as defined in AS 4100.
All material between the nuts shall be steel, except that profiled steel sheeting, or any other
type of steel component, which may be compressible, shall not be permitted.
8.4.4 Minimum concrete cover for durability
For protection against corrosion of the shear connectors, the cover to the nearest concrete
surface shall be
(a)
to any unprotected edge of the slab, not less than 75 mm; and
(b)
to the top surface of the slab, not less than the value given in Table 8.5 for the
appropriate concrete characteristic compressive strength fc and exposure
classification defined in AS 3600.
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
59
AS 2327.12003
TABLE 8.5
MINIMUM TOP COVER TO SHEAR CONNECTORS
f c = 20
MPa
25
32
40
A1
20
20
20
20
A2
25
20
20
B1
30
25
B2
35
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
Exposure
classification
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
SECT ION
60
TRANSFE R OF L ONG I T UD I NA L
SHEAR IN C ONCRETE
9.1 GENERAL
Sufficient longitudinal shear reinforcement shall be provided in the concrete flange to
prevent longitudinal shear failure of the flange arising from the transfer of longitudinal
forces through the shear connectors.
The reinforcement may be designed in accordance with Clause 9.3. Alternatively, the
reinforcement, including any contribution of the profiled steel sheeting, may be designed by
load testing two or more prototype beams in accordance with Clause 12.3, using appropriate
design loads determined from Clause 4.1.
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
NOTE: Throughout the Section it is assumed that all the shear connectors in a beam have the
same nominal shear capacity f vs . If this is not the case, the design procedure given in Clause 9.3.2
can be readily modified.
9.2 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this Section, the definitions below apply.
9.2.1 Connector group
The shear connectors grouped at a transverse cross-section of a beam.
9.2.2 Connector set
The shear connectors between a transverse cross-section and an end of a beam.
9.2.3 Longitudinal shear plane
A plane in a slab over which a longitudinal shear failure can potentially occur.
9.2.4 Longitudinal shear surface
A surface comprising either a single longitudinal shear plane, or two or more intersecting
longitudinal shear planes, over which a shear failure can possibly occur leading to part of
the concrete slab separating from the composite beam.
9.2.5 Longitudinal shear reinforcement
Reinforcement (not necessarily horizontal) that crosses one or more longitudinal shear
planes.
9.3 DESIGN
9.3.1 Limit state requirement
The longitudinal shear reinforcement in a slab shall be designed so that at any longitudinal
shear surface, the design longitudinal shear capacity per unit length of beam (V L ) shall not
be less than the design longitudinal shear force per unit length of beam (V* L )
(i.e., V L V* L ).
This requirement shall be deemed to be satisfied at every conceivable longitudinal shear
surface located within the effective width of a slab, provided it can be shown to be satisfied
at every occurrence of the relevant types of shear surfaces defined in Clause 9.4.1.
Reinforcement for Types 1, 2 and 3 longitudinal shear surfaces shall satisfy the
requirements of Clause 9.3.2. Reinforcement for Type 4 longitudinal shear surfaces shall
satisfy the requirements of Clause 9.8.
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
61
AS 2327.12003
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
For Types 1, 2 and 3 longitudinal shear surfaces, the longitudinal shear reinforcement in the
concrete slab of a composite beam shall be designed according to the following procedure
(see also Figure E4 of Appendix E):
(a)
At each potentially critical transverse cross-section i of the beam identified at Step (e)
in Clause 6.2.3.3 at which M* > 0, determine the lesser number of shear connectors
(n i.min ) that have been provided between the cross-section and the ends of the beam.
(b)
Calculate the design shear capacity (f ds) of the connectors in accordance with
Clause 8.3.4, based on the largest value of n i.min determined from Step (a) for all the
potentially critical transverse cross-sections. This value of fds shall be assumed for
every connector in the beam.
(c)
Identify those regions along the length of the beam where there is a variation in either
the number of connectors per connector group (n x) or the longitudinal spacing
between adjacent connector groups (sc).
(d)
Calculate values of the total design longitudinal shear force per unit length (V* L.tot)
corresponding to the value of f ds and the different values of n x and s c determined from
Steps (b) and (c) using the relationship
V * L.tot =
n x f ds
sc
. . . 9.3.2
(e)
Identify the different types of longitudinal shear surfaces defined in Clause 9.4.1
applicable to each situation being designed, i.e., each combination of n x and sc with
its corresponding value of V* L.tot , and calculate the shear surface perimeter length (u)
for each case in accordance with Clause 9.4.2. Any other cross-sectional differences,
such as a change in the transverse spacing between connectors, shall also be taken
into account.
(f)
Calculate the design longitudinal shear force per unit length (V* L ) acting on each
longitudinal shear surface applicable to each situation being designed in accordance
with Clause 9.5.
(g)
(h)
Type 1 A plane that passes directly through the concrete in a solid or composite slab
at right angles to its top surface.
(b)
(c)
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
(d)
62
Type 4 A horizontal plane that passes across the tops of the steel sheeting ribs in a
composite slab in which the sheeting ribs are deemed perpendicular to the beam,
locally avoiding the shear connectors by passing over their tops, and which extends
from the outside vertical face of a slab outstand in a composite edge beam and
continues some distance into the adjacent slab.
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
63
AS 2327.12003
When the acute angle between the steel ribs and the longitudinal axis of the steel
beam is less than or equal to 15, the sheeting shall be deemed to be parallel to the
beam.
(b)
When exceeds 15, the sheeting shall be deemed to be perpendicular to the beam.
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
At least the following occurrences of Type 1 shear surfaces shall be considered in design
(see Figure 9.4.2.3):
(a)
(b)
(c)
Directly over each steel sheeting rib deemed parallel to the steel beam in accordance
with Clause 9.4.2.2(a).
The perimeter length of Type 1 shear surfaces shall be assumed to equal one of the
following as appropriate:
(i)
(ii)
D c for composite slabs with sheeting ribs deemed perpendicular to the steel
beam.
(iii) (Dch r) directly over ribs for composite slabs with sheeting ribs deemed parallel
to the steel beam.
(iv)
D c between ribs for composite slabs with sheeting ribs deemed parallel to the
steel beam.
the overall width across the tops of all the shear connectors in the crosssection (see Figure 9.4.1(a)); and
hc
the overall height of the shear connectors above the top flange of the
steel beam.
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
AS 2327.12003
Standards Australia
64
www.standards.com.au
65
AS 2327.12003
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
The perimeter length of Type 3 shear surfaces shall be assumed to equal the lesser of the
values shown in Figure 9.4.2.5.
x
V *L = V *L.tot
bcf
. . . 9.5(1)
V *L = V *L.tot
. . . 9.5(2)
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
AS 2327.12003
66
. . . 9.6(1)
(b)
V L = 0.32 fc u
. . . 9.6(2)
where
u
f c
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
67
AS 2327.12003
The cross-sectional area per metre length of beam (Asv ) shall not be less than that
required by Clause 9.3.2, except that for Type 2 and Type 3 shear surfaces, neither
shall the area be less than that required by Clause 9.7.2. The reinforcement required
for each connector group shall be placed on either or both sides of the connectors of
that group within a distance sc /2 measured along the beam.
(b)
It shall be anchored beyond the appropriate sides of the shear surface in accordance
with Clause 9.7.3.
(c)
Its top face shall be at least 30 mm below the top of the shear connectors in the case
of Type 2 and Type 3 shear surfaces (see Figure 9.4.1(a)).
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
Flexural reinforcement in the slab placed transverse to the longitudinal axis of the beam
may be included as part or all of the reinforcement for longitudinal shear transfer, provided
that it meets all of these requirements as necessary.
9.7.2 Minimum longitudinal shear reinforcement for Type 2 and 3 shear surfaces
The minimum cross-sectional area of longitudinal shear reinforcement required for shear
transfer (Asv.min ) across Type 2 and 3 shear surfaces, in square millimetres per metre length
of beam, shall be calculated according to the following equation:
Asv.min = 800u / f yr
. . . 9.7.2
NOTE: The area of bottom bars (A sp.b) is required to be not less than A sv.min /2, as indicated in
Figure 9.4.1(a).
two welded stud shear connectors in a sheeting pan, irrespective of the width of the
slab outstand; or
(b)
one welded stud shear connector in a sheeting pan, and the slab outstand is less than
600 mm wide measured from the vertical outside edge of the slab to the edge of the
nearest shear connector.
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
68
9.8.2 Detailing
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
Longitudinal shear reinforcement provided at the locations specified in Clause 9.8.1 and
detailed in accordance with the following shall be deemed to develop the required
resistance across Type 4 shear surfaces. Alternative detailing may be used provided that it
can be demonstrated, by adequate test data, that the alternative prevents this mode of
failure.
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
69
AS 2327.12003
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
(a)
The reinforcement shall cross the shear surface and be composed of one or more of
(i)
stirrups or ties, which cross perpendicular to the shear surface and enclose
longitudinal bars; and
(ii)
welded-wire fabric, with the longitudinal wires cranked such that they make an
angle of between 30 and 90 with the shear surface.
(b)
The maximum transverse spacing of consecutive parallel bars or wires which form the
stirrups, ties or fabric shall be 150 mm measured perpendicular to the length of the
beam (see Figure 9.8.2).
(c)
Reinforcement, of nominal tensile capacity (f yr Asv ) not less than 20 kN per bar or
wire, shall be used. At each location, at least two such bars or wires shall cross the
shear surface every 150 mm width of slab. The reinforcement shall extend into the top
and bottom of the slab above and below the shear surface, respectively, and be
adequately anchored to develop a stress of at least 0.5f yr in the reinforcement at the
level of the shear surface. A width of slab at least equal to 400 mm shall be
reinforced. The reinforcement shall be centred over the steel beam, except that when
the slab outstand width is too narrow for this to occur, it shall be placed as close to
the slab edge as concrete covers will allow.
NOTE: Detailing of Type 4 longitudinal shear reinforcement is described in Reference 6,
Appendix I.
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
70
SECT ION
10
DES IG N F OR
RES ISTANCE
F I RE
10.1 REQUIREMENTS
This Section applies to composite beams, with either a solid or composite slab, required to
have a fire-resistance level (FRL).
For protected composite beams, the thickness of protection material (h i ) shall be not less
than that required to attain the period of structural adequacy (PSA) specified by the
required FRL.
For unprotected composite beams, the exposed surface area to mass ratio (ksm ) shall be not
greater than that required to attain the PSA specified by the required FRL.
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
The period of structural adequacy (PSA) for a composite beam shall be determined in
accordance with Clause 10.3.
Connections and web penetrations shall be designed and constructed so that the fireresistance level of the composite beam is not impaired. This may be achieved by complying
with the requirements of Clause 10.9.
10.2 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this Section, the definitions below apply.
10.2.1 Exposed surface area to mass ratio
The ratio of the surface area exposed to the fire to the mass of steel, noting that in the case
of members with fire protection material applied, the exposed surface area is to be taken as
the internal surface area of the fire protection material.
10.2.2 Fire exposure condition
(a)
Three-sided fire exposure condition A composite beam in which the top face of the
steel beam is in contact with a solid or composite slab in a specific configuration (see
Clause 10.8).
(b)
Four-sided fire exposure condition A steel member or element exposed to fire on all
sides.
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
71
AS 2327.12003
10.2.7 Integrity
The ability of a fire separating member to resist the passage of flames or hot gases through
the member when exposed to fire on one side.
10.2.8 Period of structural adequacy (PSA)
The time (t), in minutes, for the member to reach the limit state of structural adequacy.
10.2.9 Prototype
A test specimen representing a member and its fire protection system, which is subjected to
the standard fire test.
10.2.10 Standard Fire Test
The fire-resistance test specified in AS 1530.4.
10.2.11 Stickability
The ability of the fire protection system to remain in place as the member deflects under
load during a fire test, as specified in AS 1530.4.
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
By calculating
(i)
the limiting temperature of the steel (T l ) in accordance with Clause 10.4; and
(ii)
the PSA as the time from the start of the test (t) to the time at which the
limiting steel temperature is attained in accordance with Clause 10.5 for
protected members and Clause 10.6 for unprotected members.
(b)
(c)
. . . 10.4
where
r f = the maximum value along the length of the beam of the ratio of the design
bending moment (M*), under the design load for fire, to the design moment
capacity ( M bv) at room temperature
10.5 DETERMINATION OF TIME AT WHICH LIMITING TEMPERATURE IS
ATTAINED FOR PROTECTED MEMBERS
10.5.1 Methods
The time (t) at which the limiting temperature (T l) is attained shall be determined by
calculation on the basis of a suitable series of fire tests in accordance with Clause 10.5.2 or
from the results of a single test in accordance with Clause 10.5.3.
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
72
h
hT
T
t = k 0 + k l hi + k 2 i + k3 T + k 4 hi T + k5 i + k6
k
k
k
sm
sm
sm
. . . 10.5.2.1
where
t
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
k 0 to k 6 = regression coefficients
hi
ksm
= exposed surface area to mass ratio, in square metres per tonne (m2 /t).
Tested prototypes shall be protected with board, sprayed, blanket or similar insulation
materials having a dry density less than 1000 kg/m 3 .
NOTE: There is insufficient test data available to make comprehensive recommendations on
interpolation for members protected with other materials such as intumescent coatings.
(b)
All prototypes shall be protected with the same fire protection system.
(c)
All prototypes shall have the same fire exposure condition and shall fall within a
single group as defined in Clause 10.8.
(d)
(e)
The test series may include prototypes that have not been loaded provided that
stickability has been demonstrated.
The steel temperature for a composite beam may be obtained from a regression equation
provided that
(i)
the fire protection system is the same as that of the test series;
(ii)
the fire exposure condition is the same as that of the test series;
(iii) the temperature can be obtained by interpolation within the window defined by the
test series as shown in Figure 10.5.2.3; and
(iv)
The regression equation obtained for one fire protection system may be applied to another
system using the same fire protection material and the same fire exposure condition
provided that stickability has been demonstrated for the second system.
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
73
AS 2327.12003
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
A regression equation obtained using prototypes with a four-sided fire exposure condition
may be conservatively applied to a composite beam provided that stickability has been
demonstrated for the three-sided fire exposure condition.
(b)
(c)
the fire protection material thickness is equal to or greater than that of the prototype;
(d)
the exposed surface area to mass ratio is equal to or less than that of the prototype;
and
(e)
where the prototype has been submitted to a Standard Fire Test in an unloaded
condition, stickability has been separately demonstrated.
t = 5.2 + 0.0221T +
ksm
www.standards.com.au
. . . 10.6(1)
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
74
where
t
ksm = exposed surface area to mass ratio, in square metres per tonne, 2 ksm 35
For temperatures below 500C, linear interpolation shall be used based on the time at 500C
and an initial temperature of 20C at t = 0.
10.7 DETERMINATION OF PSA FROM A SINGLE TEST
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
The period of structural adequacy (PSA) determined in accordance with AS 1530.4 from a
single test may be applied without modification provided
(a)
(b)
(c)
the fire protection material thickness is equal to or greater than that of the prototype;
(d)
the exposed surface area to mass ratio is less than or equal to that of the prototype;
(e)
the conditions of support are the same as the prototype and the restraints are not less
favourable than those of the prototype; and
(f)
the value of r f of the member (see Clause 10.4) is less than or equal to that of the
prototype.
highest in group
1.25
For concrete density :
lowest in group
(b)
largest in group
1.25
For slab depth (Dc ) :
smallest in group
Blocking of rib voids in profiled steel sheeting which passes over the steel beam may be
ignored for grouping purposes.
10.9 CONNECTIONS AND WEB PENETRATIONS
10.9.1 Connections
Connections shall be protected with the maximum thickness of fire protection material
required for any of the members framing into the connection, to achieve their respective fire
resistance levels. This thickness shall be maintained over all connection components,
including bolt heads, welds and splice plates.
10.9.2 Web penetrations
The thickness of fire protection material at and adjacent to web penetrations (see
Figure 10.9.2) shall be the greatest of
(a)
that required for the area above the penetration considered as a three-sided fire
exposure condition (ksm1 );
(b)
that required for the area below the penetration considered as a four-sided fire
exposure condition (ksm2 ); or
(c)
that required for the section as a whole considered as a three-sided fire exposure
condition (k sm ).
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
75
AS 2327.12003
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
This thickness shall be applied over the full beam depth and shall extend each side of the
penetration for a distance at least equal to the steel beam depth and not less than 300 mm.
(b)
The variation of the mechanical properties of concrete and of steel reinforcement with
temperature in accordance with AS 3600.
(c)
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
76
SECT ION
11
CONSTRUCT IO N
11.1 GENERAL
The requirements of this Section, where appropriate, shall be satisfied for each of the six
construction stages defined in Clause 4.2. Due allowance shall be made for differential
deflections between structural elements to avoid uncertain load distributions, possible
damage, or undue distortion.
11.2 CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE AND LOADS
The construction sequence shall conform to that detailed on the drawings or in the project
specification (see Clause 1.6.2). It shall be assured during all stages of construction that the
live loads (including stacked materials) do not cause a more adverse effect on the structure
than that assumed in design (see Clause 4.2).
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
11.3 STEELWORK
11.3.1 Fabrication and erection
Fabrication and erection of steelwork shall be in accordance with AS 4100.
11.3.2 Site fixing of shear connectors
Site fixing of shear connectors shall comply with the following:
(a)
The thickness of the steel flange shall satisfy the requirements of Clause 8.4.3.1.
(b)
The distance between the edge of a shear connector, and either the end or the side of
an adjacent steel rib of an open-rib profile, shall be not less than as shown in
Figure 8.4.2.
NOTE: For closed-rib profiles see Note to Clause 8.4.1(d).
(c)
The surface of the parent material, in the areas to which the shear connectors are to be
welded, shall be free of scale, rust, moisture, paint, mud, sand, grease or other
injurious material to the extent necessary to obtain satisfactory welds. The suitability
of the surface conditions for stud welding shall be assessed in accordance with the
requirements of AS 1554.2.
NOTE: A thin film of manganese zinc silicate paint may be acceptable.
(d)
(e)
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
77
AS 2327.12003
Removal of slab formwork/falsework and props to beams shall not commence until the
concrete has attained a characteristic compressive strength f cj of 15 MPa, i.e., end of
Construction Stage 4 (see Clause 4.2). The minimum period of time before stripping forms
or removing props shall be not less than that given in the project drawings or specification.
All dirt, excess water, ceramic ferrules and other deleterious matter accumulated during
construction shall be removed from the top surface of the formwork prior to concrete
placement. Oil shall not come into contact with the surface of profiled steel sheeting.
11.4.2 Solid slabs
Formwork and falsework for solid slabs shall comply with AS 3610.
11.4.3 Composite slabs
The manufacturers recommendations regarding the installation of profiled steel sheeting
shall be followed. The maximum deflection of the sheeting while it supports the plastic
concrete shall not exceed the value assumed in design.
NOTE: Suggested limits are given in Appendix C, Paragraph C2.
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
11.5 REINFORCEMENT
Reinforcement shall be supplied and fixed in accordance with AS 3600.
NOTE: When fabricating and placing the transverse reinforcement, special attention should be
given to the detailing requirements of Clause 9.7.1.
11.6 CONCRETE
11.6.1 Materials, manufacture and delivery
Concrete materials, manufacture and delivery shall be in accordance with AS 1379
including quality assessment for concrete as supplied.
11.6.2 Concrete after delivery
Handling, placing, compacting, curing and protection of plastic concrete after delivery shall
be in accordance with AS 3600, including determination of in situ strength at various stages
of construction.
11.7 FIRE PROTECTION MATERIAL
Sprayed mineral coatings shall be applied to the members in accordance with AS 3784.1.
Other fire protection materials shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturers
recommendations.
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
78
SECT ION
12
LO AD
TES T I NG
12.1 GENERAL
12.1.1 Purpose of testing
Beams designed by calculation in accordance with other parts of this Standard are not
required to be tested. Tests may be accepted as an alternative to calculation, or may become
necessary in special circumstances, in order to satisfy the requirements of Clause 3.3.1 with
respect to strength and Clause 3.3.2 with respect to deflection.
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
proof tested in accordance with Clause 12.2 to ascertain the structural characteristics
of an existing structure, substructure or individual member; or
(b)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Before applying any load, record the original position of the members involved.
(b)
Apply the test load for the relevant limit state, as determined from Clause 4.1.4.
(c)
(d)
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
79
AS 2327.12003
Acceptance for strength The test structure, substructure or beam shall be deemed to
comply with the requirements for strength if it is able to sustain the strength limit
state test load for at least 24 h without incurring any significant damage.
(b)
Acceptance for deflection The maximum deflection of any beam under the
serviceability limit state test load shall be within the serviceability limits appropriate
to the structure.
Strength
limit state
Serviceability
limit state
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.1
5 to 9
1.3
1.1
10 or more
1.2
1.1
Before applying any load, record the original position of the beam.
(b)
Apply the test load for the relevant limit state as determined from Clause 12.1.3.
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
80
(c)
(d)
Acceptance for strength The test beam shall be deemed to comply with the
requirements for strength if it is able to sustain the strength limit state test load for at
least 5 minutes without incurring any significant damage.
(b)
Acceptance for serviceability The maximum deflection of any beam under the
serviceability limit state test load shall be within the serviceability deflection limits
appropriate to the structure.
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
81
AS 2327.12003
APPENDIX A
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
AS
1110
1111
1112
ISO metric hexagon nuts, including thin nuts, slotted nuts and castle nuts (all
parts)
1163
1170
1170.4
1275
1379
1397
1530
1530.4
1554
1554.2
3600
Concrete structures
3610
Formwork for concrete
3610Supp 2 Formwork for concreteCommentary
3784
3784.1
4100
Steel structures
AS/NZS
1170
1170.0
1170.1
1170.2
1170.3
NOTE: At the time of publishing the Building Code of Australia (BCA) references the
AS 1170.31990 edition
1252
High-strength steel bolts with associated nuts and washers for structural
engineering
1365
1554
1554.1
1554.4
1594
3678
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
82
3679
3679.1
3679.2
Structural steel
Part 1: Hot-rolled bars and sections
Part 2: Welded I-sections
4671
HB 77
BS
Structural use of steelwork in building
Part 3: Design in composite construction. Code of practice for design of
simple and continuous composite beams
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
5950
5950-3
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
83
AS 2327.12003
APPENDIX B
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
Design for deflection in accordance with the simplified method defined in Clause 7.2.4
shall be performed as follows (see Figure B1):
(a)
(b)
Identify the different cross-sections along the steel beam during Construction
Stages 1 to 3, and along the composite beam during Construction Stages 5 and 6 and
the in-service condition. Calculate their elastic section properties, which in the case
of the composite beam shall initially be performed assuming full interaction in
accordance with Paragraph B3.
(c)
Calculate the maximum stress (f max ) that occurs in the steel beam during Construction
Stages 1 to 6 and the in-service condition in accordance with Paragraph B4, and
check that it does not exceed 0.9 f yb in magnitude.
(d)
Identify the maximum moment cross-section of the composite beam during the inservice condition and calculate the degree of shear connection m at this cross-section
in accordance with Section 6 (see Note 1).
(e)
Calculate the effective second moment of areas Ieti and Iet l of the different composite
beam cross-sections identified in Step (b) accounting for the degree of shear
connection m calculated at Step (d), in accordance with Paragraph B3.4.
(f)
(g)
Calculate the corresponding values of the total and incremental deflections according
to the following equations as appropriate:
(i)
. . . B1(1)
Total deflection measured from steel beam soffit (see Note 2):
. . . B1(2)
www.standards.com.au
. . . B1(3)
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
(h)
84
Check that the limits chosen for the total and incremental deflections are not
exceeded.
NOTES:
If the maximum moment occurs at more than one cross-section, then the degree of shear
connection m is calculated as the maximum degree of shear connection that occurs for
any of these cross-sections.
In the derivation of this equation it is assumed that 40% of the shrinkage deflection Ish
occurs before the attachment of brittle elements. A different allowance may be made by
adjusting the value of the coefficient of Ish.
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
85
AS 2327.12003
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
86
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
The components of deflection to be considered in the incremental and total deflection, and
the corresponding design loads, shall be determined from the following as appropriate:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Long-term shrinkage deflection of the composite beam during the in-service condition
( Ish ). Deflections arising from shrinkage of the concrete (see Note 3).
NOTES:
1
The resultant forces that act on the composite beam as a result of removing the falsework
or props are affected by the formwork/falsework or propping arrangement.
The long-term deflection calculated directly using the long-term section property includes
the contribution from the immediate deflection. Therefore, the component I l has to be
calculated by subtracting the combined immediate deflection due to the loads Gsup and
l Q and, if propped, GC1.3 from the long-term deflection calculated using these same
loads.
BEAM
CROSS-
B3.1 General
The elastic section properties of a composite beam cross-section, assuming full interaction
between the steel beam and concrete slab (see Figure B3.1), shall be calculated taking into
account the position of the elastic neutral axis within the depth of the member in
accordance with Paragraphs B3.2 and B3.3, ignoring the tensile strength of the concrete.
The properties shall be calculated using the effective section determined in accordance with
Clause 5.2 assuming complete shear connection, i.e., = 1. The modular ratio shall be
taken as Es/E c for the calculation of steel stresses or immediate deflection components using
I ti , and 3E s/Ec for the calculation of long-term deflection components using I t l , where the
modulus of elasticity of concrete E c shall be determined in accordance with AS 3600 taking
into account the mean value of the compressive strength of the concrete at the relevant age.
The modulus of elasticity of the steel beam Es shall be taken as equal to 200 103 MPa. In
composite slabs, the width of concrete between the sheeting ribs measured perpendicular to
the longitudinal axis of the steel beam is calculated using the factor determined from
Clause 5.2.2.2.
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
87
AS 2327.12003
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
It =
d sg
2
[ c (c + 4) c ]
1
. . . B3.2(1)
bcf (kDb )3
+ I s + As (dsg kDb ) 2
3
. . . B3.2(2)
where
kD b = depth of elastic neutral axis below top surface of slab
It
c1
2 As
bcf d sg
(b)
kDb =
d sg
2
[ c (c + 4) c ]
1
b (kDb )
2
I t = cf
+ I s + As (d sg kDb )
3
. . . B3.2(3)
(ii)
. . . B3.2(4)
Neutral axis in concrete between sheeting ribs (i.e. (Dc h r) < kD b Dc)
b
b
2
kDb = cf (Dc hr ) + As d sg / cf (Dc hr ) + As
2
www.standards.com.au
. . . B3.2(5)
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
88
I t = I s + As (d sg kDb ) +
2
. . . B3.2(6)
(c)
kDb =
d sg
2
[ c (c + 4) c ]
1
. . . B3.2(7)
. . . B3.2(8)
b (kDb )
2
I t = cf
+ I s + As (d sg kDb )
3
3
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
(ii)
dsg c1 c1
2
c
2
(
D
h
c1
1
c
r
kDb =
+ 4 + c2 c2 +
+
c2 ..B3.2(9)
2
d
sg
It =
3
b (D hr )
bcf (kDb Dc + hr )3
2
+ I s + As (d sg kDb ) + cf c
3
12
. . . B3.2(10)
b (D hr )
2
+ cf c
(2 kDb Dc + hr )
4
where
c2 =
2(1 )
(Dc hr )
d sg
Solid slab:
b D2
b D
kDb = cf c + As dsg / cf c + As
2
I t = I s + As (d sg kDb ) +
2
(b)
b
kDb = cf
2
{ (D
. . . B3.3(1)
. . . B3.3(2)
2
hr ) + hr (2 Dc + hr ) + As d sg /
. . . B3.3(3)
bcf
(Dc hr + hr ) + As
I t = I s + As (d sg kDb )
b (D h ) b (D hr )
+ cf c r + cf c
(2kDb Dc + hr )2
12
4
3
. . . B3.3(4)
www.standards.com.au
89
AS 2327.12003
I ti + 0.6 (1 m) (Is I ti )
. . . B3.4(1)
Iet l
I t l + 0.6 (1 m) (Is I t l)
. . . B3.4(2)
where
I ti and I t l are calculated in accordance with Paragraph B3.1.
B4 MAXIMUM STRESS IN STEEL BEAM
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
The maximum tensile or compressive stress that occurs in the steel beam during
Construction Stages 1 to 6 and during the in-service condition, shall be calculated taking
into account the support conditions of the steel or composite beam, the magnitude and
distribution of the applied loads, and the stage at which composite action is developed.
Maximum stresses shall be calculated in accordance with the following:
(a)
(b)
(c)
In-service condition During the in-service condition, the additional stresses that
arise from live load Q acting on the composite beam shall be calculated using s Q.
The section moduli of the composite beam Z ct and Z cb corresponding to the extreme
top and bottom fibres of the steel beam shall be calculated, assuming full interaction,
as I ti (D b kDb Ds) and Iti /(D b kD b) respectively, where kDb and Iti shall be
calculated in accordance with Paragraph B3. At cross-sections where the steel stresses
are being calculated and < 0.4, composite action shall be ignored and the section
moduli of the steel beam alone shall be used.
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
90
APPENDIX C
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
Type of member
Deflection to be
considered
All members
Members
supporting brittle
elements
The incremental
deflection that occurs after
the addition or attachment
of the elements
Deflection limitation
(
/Lef ) for span (see
Note 1)
Deflection limitation
(
/Lef ) for cantilevers
(see Note 2)
1/250
1/125
NOTES:
1
For cantilevers, the values of /Lef given in this Table apply only if the rotation at the support is
included in the calculation of .
L ef /240 where visual quality and general alignment of the slab soffit is considered
important, or the deflection of the soffit affects the application of finishes or the
installation of building services; or
(b)
where Lef is the effective span between supports (props being supports in this context), which
can be calculated from Figure H1(a) by substituting h r for Ds, irrespective of whether or not
the sheeting is continuous past the support.
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
91
AS 2327.12003
APPENDIX D
Paragraph D2 if 0.5; or
(b)
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
NOTE: The steel section has been modelled on a mono-symmetric I-section. For other types of
steel sections, the same equations can be used noting that
(a)
for sections with multiple webs, the I-section web thickness should be taken as the sum of
the effective thicknesses of the webs; and
(b)
for sections without a bottom flange, the bottom flange area (Af2) should be taken as zero.
0 < 0.5
M b = (1 2 )M s + 2 M b.5
(b)
. . . D2.2(1)
. . . D2.2(2)
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
(b)
92
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
NOTE: The equations for M bc and M b given in Paragraphs D2.3.2 and D2.3.3 have been derived
using rectangular stress block theory based on the following assumptions and calculation
principles:
(a)
In accordance with Section 5, the effective section of the composite beam cross-section
comprises an effective width of the concrete compression flange bcf (which takes account of
the effects of in-plane shear flexibility, i.e., shear-lag) and an effective portion of the steel
beam (such that all its compression plate elements are compact).
(b)
(c)
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
93
AS 2327.12003
(d)
Any profiled steel sheeting does not support either longitudinal tensile or compressive forces
in the spanning direction of the beam.
(e)
A uniform compressive stress of 0.85f c develops in the concrete over the slab effective width
directly below the top surface of the slab.
(f)
The orientation of the sheeting ribs with respect to the longitudinal axis of the steel beam
affects the transfer of longitudinal compressive forces in the concrete between the sheeting
ribs (see Paragraph D2.3.2).
(g)
The compressive force in the concrete cannot exceed the longitudinal shear force, which can
be transferred by the shear connection between the steel beam and the concrete slab at the
strength limit state.
(h)
The part of the effective portion of the steel beam in tension is stressed uniformly to the yield
stress of either the flanges (fyf) or webs (f yw) as appropriate.
(i)
Any part of the steel beam in compression is stressed uniformly to the yield stress of either the
flanges (f yf) or webs (fyw) as appropriate, and the strain gradient across the plastic neutral axis
is infinite, i.e., strain-compatibility is ignored.
(j)
The resultant tensile force in the steel beam equals the compressive force in the concrete slab
and, therefore, the force in the concrete cannot exceed the tensile capacity of the steel beam.
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
Calculate
F st = (A f1 + A f2) f yf + Aw f yw; and
(i)
. . . D2.3.2(1)
(ii)
d sr
where
F st = tensile force in steel beam, assuming that the entire cross-sectional area
is yielded in tension
d sr = depth at which Fst acts below the top surface of the slab, noting that dsr
equals dsg unless the section is monosymmetric and f yf does not equal
f yw
(b)
. . . D2.3.2(2)
Fc2
0.85 f cbcf hr
. . . D2.3.2(3)
Fscf
f yf bsf 1tfl
. . . D2.3.2(4)
F c1
F c2
F scf
where
NOTES:
1
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
AS 2327.12003
Standards Australia
94
www.standards.com.au
95
(c)
AS 2327.12003
Calculate dc , d h , Fcc and finally M bc from the appropriate case of those that follow
defined by the bounds on F st:
(i)
d h = (D c h r) F cc/Fc1
. . . D2.3.2(5)
F cc = F st
M bc =
(ii)
Fcc (d sr dc/2)
. . . D2.3.2(6)
d h = (D c h r) + [h r(F st F c1)/Fc2]
F cc =
Fst
. . . D2.3.2(7)
. . . D2.3.2(8)
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
(iv)
dc =
Dc
F cc =
dh =
D c + t f1 Fsc/(2Fscf )
. . . D2.3.2(10)
M bc =
. . . D2.3.2(11)
. . . D2.3.2(9)
Dc
F cc =
F c1 + Fc2
F st Fcc 2Fscf
. . . D2.3.2(12)
dh =
D c + t f1 + F b/(2f ywt w)
. . . D2.3.2(13)
M bc =
. . . D2.3.2(14)
(b)
(c)
Calculate Fcc from Paragraph D2.3.2(c) for the applicable case corresponding to
complete shear connection.
(d)
. . . D2.3.3(1)
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
(ii)
96
(e)
Calculate
F sc = F st Fcp
(f)
(ii)
= (Dc h r) Fcp/Fc1
. . . D2.3.3(4)
= D c h r + h r (F cp Fc1)/Fc2
. . . D2.3.3(5)
(ii)
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
. . . D2.3.3(3)
(g)
. . . D2.3.3(2)
= D c + t f1 Fsc/(2Fscf )
. . . D2.3.3(6)
. . . D2.3.3(7)
where
F scw = f yw d 1 t w
(iii) If Fsc > 2F scf + 2Fscw, then (D c + Ds t f2 ) < d h (D c + D s), and
dh
(h)
. . . D2.3.3(8)
Calculate Mb from the appropriate case following defined by the bounds on F cp and Fsc,
using the relevant values of d c and d h from (f) and (g), respectively:
(i)
. . . D2.3.3(9)
where
d c is obtained from Equation D2.3.3(4); and
d h is obtained from Equation D2.3.3(6)
(ii)
. . . D2.3.3(10)
where
d c is obtained from Equation 2.3.3(4); and
d h is obtained from Equation 2.3.3(7).
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
97
AS 2327.12003
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
98
. . . D2.3.3(11)
where
d c is obtained from Equation D2.3.3(4);
d h is obtained from Equation D2.3.3(8); and
F b = Fsc 2Fscf 2Fscw
(iv)
. . . D2.3.3(12)
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
where
d c is obtained from Equation D2.3.3(5); and
d h is obtained from Equation D2.3.3(6).
(v)
Case 5 Fcp > Fc1 and 2Fscf < Fsc (2Fscf + 2F scw)
If Fcp > Fc1 and 2Fscf < Fsc (2Fscf + 2F scw), then
M b = F c1[dsr (D c h r)/2] + (Fcp Fc1)[dsr (Dc h r + dc)/2]
+ 2F scf (d sr Dc t f1/2) + (Fsc 2Fscf )[dsr (Dc + t f1 + d h )/2]
. . . D2.3.3(13)
where
d c is obtained from Equation D2.3.3(5); and
d h is obtained from Equation D2.3.3(7).
(vi)
Case 6 Fcp > Fc1 and Fsc > (2F scf + 2Fscw)
If Fcp > Fc1 and Fsc > (2F scf + 2Fscw), then
M b = F c1 [d sr (Dc h r)/2] + (Fcp F cl) [dsr (Dc h r + dc)/2]
+ 2F scf (dsr D c t f1 /2) + 2Fscw[d sr Dc (Ds + t f1 t f2 )/2]
. . . D2.3.3(14)
+ F b [dsr (Dc + Ds t f2 + d h)/2]
where
d c is obtained from Equation D2.3.3(5);
d h is obtained from Equation D2.3.3(8); and
F b = F sc 2Fscf 2Fscw
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
99
AS 2327.12003
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
100
M bv = M b ( Mb M bf ) (2 1)
. . . D3.2(1)
Similarly, for = 1.0 it shall be assumed that M bv reduces linearly from M bc when = 0.5
to Mbfc when = 1.0, where M bc and M bfc shall be calculated in accordance with
Paragraphs D2.3.2 and D3.4.2 respectively (see Figure D3.2), i.e.
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
M bv = M bc ( M bc M bfc) (2 1)
. . . D3.3(2)
(b)
= Fccf /Fcc
Standards Australia
. . . D3.3(1)
www.standards.com.au
101
AS 2327.12003
where
F ccf = compressive force in the concrete slab corresponding to complete shear
connection ( = 1.0) when the web of the steel beam is ignored (i.e.,
= 1.0), calculated using Paragraph D3.4.2
F cc = compressive force in the concrete slab corresponding to complete shear
connection ( = 1.0) when the whole of the effective portion of the steel
beam is included (i.e., 0.5), calculated using Paragraph D2.3.2
Second, calculate Mb and M bf from either of the following pairs of equations
depending on the magnitude of with respect to :
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
(i)
For 0 <
M b = [ Ms ( ) + M b. ] /
. . . D3.3(2)
M bf = [ Ms ( ) + M bfc ] /
. . . D3.3(3)
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
(ii)
102
M b = [ M b. (1 ) + M bc ( )]/(1 )
. . . D3.3(4)
M bf = M bfc
. . . D3.3(5)
(b)
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
The nominal moment capacity M bfc shall be determined in accordance with the following
procedure, referring to Figure D3.4.2 for notation:
(a)
F stf = (A f1 + A f2) f yf
(ii)
d sr
. . . D3.4.2(1)
where
F stf = tensile capacity of the steel beam flanges
d sr = depth at which Fstf acts below the top surface of the slab
(b)
(ii)
Calculate dc , d h , Fccf and finally Mbfc from the following appropriate cases defined by
the bounds on Fstf :
(i)
F ccf
= F stf
. . . D3.4.2(2)
. . . D3.4.2(3)
F ccf
= F stf
. . . D3.4.2(4)
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
103
AS 2327.12003
= Dc
F ccf
. . . D3.4.2(6)
dh
= D c + t f1 Fsc/(2Fscf )
. . . D3.4.2(7)
. . . D3.4.2(8)
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
NOTE: The equations for the unusual case when the compressive stress zone falls within the
bottom flange of the steel beam have not been formulated.
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
104
(b)
(c)
Calculate F ccf from Paragraph D3.4.2(c) for the applicable case corresponding to
complete shear connection.
(d)
(ii)
(e)
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
(ii)
. . . D3.4.3(4)
. . . D3.4.3(5)
(ii)
= D c + t f1 Fsc/(2Fscf )
. . . D3.4.3(6)
If Fsc > 2F scf , then (Dc + D s t f2) < d h (Dc + Ds); and
dh
(h)
. . . D3.4.3(3)
(g)
. . .D3.4.3(2)
Calculate
F sc = F stf Fcpf
(f)
. . . D3.4.3(1)
. . . D3.4.3(7)
Calculate M bf from the appropriate case following, defined by the bounds on Fcpf and
F scf , using the relevant values of d c and d h from Steps (f) and (g) respectively:
(i)
. . . D3.4.3(8)
where
d c is obtained from Equation D3.4.3(4); and
d h is obtained from Equation D3.4.3(6).
(ii)
. . . D3.4.3(9)
where
d c is obtained from Equation D3.4.3(4);
d h is obtained from Equation D3.4.3(7); and
F b = Fsc 2Fscf
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
105
AS 2327.12003
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
AS 2327.12003
106
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
107
AS 2327.12003
APPENDIX E
FLOW CHARTS
(Informative)
E1 OVERALL DESIGN
Figure E1 shows the overall design process in the form of a flow chart. The shaded boxes
indicate the relevant Section of the Standard in which the particular requirements are located.
The horizontal dashed lines indicate the limits of the design procedures of the Standard
(except for Section 4), and dotted flows outside these limits refer to design in accordance
with the other Standards noted.
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
AS 2327.12003
108
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
109
AS 2327.12003
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
AS 2327.12003
110
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
111
AS 2327.12003
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
AS 2327.12003
112
www.standards.com.au
113
AS 2327.12003
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
The procedure to be followed for the design of longitudinal shear reinforcement for Type 1, 2
and 3 shear surfaces, is shown in Figure E4 in the form of a flowchart. The shaded boxes
indicate the Clause of the Standard relevant to the particular activity in the procedure.
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
114
APPENDIX F
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
The construction stages used for the purposes of assessing construction loads and the
initiation and development of composite action shall be as defined in Clause 4.2 and shown
diagrammatically in Figure F1(A) and pictorially in Figure Fl(B). The nominal minimum
construction loads associated with each stage shall be determined in accordance with
Paragraph F2.
www.standards.com.au
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
115
AS 2327.12003
Construction Stage 1
Construction Stage 2
Construction Stage 3
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
116
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
During Construction Stage 1, the minimum nominal loads assumed to act on the profiled steel
sheeting shall be taken as follows:
(a)
(b)
(ii)
Dead loads, consisting of the weight of the steel beam plus any formwork supported by
the beam.
(b)
a concentrated load of 10.0 kN applied to the top flange of the steel beam
anywhere within the span; or
(ii)
(B)
(C)
varying linearly between 0.5 and 0.3 kN/m 2 if the tributary area A is
between 23 and 46 m 2 .
NOTE: The tributary area A is the sum of all areas of formwork supported by the steel
beam. When the formwork comprises profiled steel sheeting, the tributary area should be
calculated assuming one-way action of the sheeting.
(ii)
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
117
(b)
AS 2327.12003
(ii)
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
(a)
(ii)
the additional weight of fresh concrete due to ponding (see Note 2).
NOTES:
(b)
The density of normal-weight concrete may vary from 2100 kg/m 3 to 2800 kg/m 3 depending
on geographical location (see AS 3600).
The additional weight due to ponding of the concrete on the sheeting may be calculated by
assuming an average increase in slab depth equal to 0.7 times the maximum deflection of
the sheeting. However, if the steel beams supporting the sheeting also deflect appreciably,
then the effect of this movement should also be considered in the calculation.
(ii)
a load of 2.0 kN/m 2 , distributed over an area of 1.6 m 1.6 m anywhere within
the span, for localized mounding during concrete placement.
(ii)
NOTE: The combined deflections of the steel beams and the formwork as they affect the
overall magnitude of ponding need to be considered.
(b)
Live loads, consisting of a uniformly distributed load acting on the formwork, taken
as
(i)
(ii)
(iii) varying linearly between 1.0 and 0.6 kN/m2 if the tributary area A is between 23
and 46 m 2 .
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
118
(ii)
(iii) any other items of permanent construction (e.g., suspended ceilings, permanent
partitions, reticulated services).
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
(b)
(c)
Live loads, consisting of uniformly distributed loads placed over the tributary area of
the concrete slab (see Note 1), of magnitude
(i)
1.0 kN/m 2 if no levels above are directly supported by the beam (see Note 2); or
(ii)
if the beam provides direct support to levels of construction above, 1.0 kN/m2 on
the topmost level and 0.25 kN/m 2 on each level providing support to the next
level above.
NOTES:
1
The tributary area of the concrete slab is determined taking into account the presence of any
props supporting the slab and whether the slab exhibits either one-way or two-way action (see
Clause 5.3.5). Imposed load reduction may be applied in accordance with AS/NZS 1170.1.
In multistorey construction, where the floor structures of a number of lower levels are used to
provide support for the construction of each new level, the loads carried by the lowest
supporting floor during this period may well exceed the design loads for the strength
limit-state, and this loading case needs to be checked separately. Methods for determining these
loads, which depend primarily on the number of supporting floors and the rigidity of each floor
at the relevant time, are given in references cited in AS 3610, Supplement 2.
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
119
AS 2327.12003
APPENDIX G
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
Composite slabs shall be designed to achieve their required fire-resistance level in terms of
structural adequacy, insulation and integrity.
The period of structural adequacy of a composite slab shall be predicted by a recognized
method of calculation (see Note).
A composite slab shall be deemed to have one of the fire-resistance periods for insulation
given in Table G1, if the overall depth of the slab (Dc) is not less than the appropriate value
given in the Table.
TABLE G1
REQUIREMENTS FOR INSULATION PERIOD OF COMPOSITE SLAB
Minimum slab depth (D c ) mm
Fire-resistance
period (minutes)
Lightweight concrete
60
90
90
90
100
100
120
120
115
180
140
135
240
170
150
A composite slab shall be deemed to have integrity maintained for a particular fire-resistance
period provided the profiled steel sheeting forms a continuous membrane with the lap joints
being cast into and sealed by the concrete.
NOTE: An acceptable method of calculation is given in Reference 7, Appendix I.
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
AS 2327.12003
120
APPENDIX H
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
For the purpose of determining the effective span of a composite beam, the support reaction
may be assumed to act in one of the following positions:
(a)
When the steel beam is supported on a wall or plinth, the end reaction shall be assumed
to be at the lesser of Ds/2 or bs/2 in from the front face of the support (Figure H1(a)).
(b)
When the steel beam is attached through a simple steel connection to a relatively rigid
wall or column, the end reaction shall be assumed to be at the face of the supporting
member (Figure H1(b)).
(c)
When the steel beam is attached through a steel connection to a flexible wall or
column, the end reaction shall be assumed to be at the centre of the supporting member
(Figure H1(c)).
(d)
When the steel beam is connected to the web of a supporting steel beam, the end
reaction shall be assumed to be at the centre of the supporting member (Figure H1(d)).
Standards Australia
www.standards.com.au
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
121
AS 2327.12003
H2 TRIBUTARY AREAS
The area of formwork or slab contributing load to a beam may be taken as one of the
following as appropriate:
(a)
(b)
A composite slab shall be assumed to exhibit one-way action in the direction of the
sheeting ribs (Figure H2(b)).
(c)
The presence of any props supporting a composite slab from below shall be considered
(Figure H2(c)).
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
AS 2327.12003
Standards Australia
122
www.standards.com.au
123
AS 2327.12003
APPENDIX I
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
(Informative)
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
PATRICK M., DAYAWANSA P.H., WILKIE R. AND WATSON K.B., Partial Shear
Connection Strength Design of Simply-Supported Composite BeamsDraft Revision
of AS 2327, Part 1. Steel Construction, Australian Institute of Steel Construction,
Sydney, March 1994, pp 2-23.
PATRICK M. and WILKIE R., Tubeline and DuraGal Structural Steel Hollow-Section
Composite Beams. BHP Research Report No. BHPR/SM/R/013, March 1995.
PATRICK M., EADIE I. AND WATSON K.B., Development of a Suitable SemiRigid Composite Connection. 4th Pacific Structural Steel Conference, Singapore,
October 1995.
WYATT T.A., Design Guide on the Vibration of Floors. Publication 076, The Steel
Construction Institute (UK), Ascot, Berks, 1989.
BENNETTS I.D., PROE D.J., PATRICK M. AND POON S.L., Design for Fire
Resistance of Composite Slabs Incorporating BONDEK II. 1994 Australasian
Structural Engineering Conference, Sydney, September 1994, Vol. 2, pp 651-656.
Composite Beam Design and Safe Load Tables. Australian Institute of Steel
Construction, Sydney 1989.
10
MURRAY T.M., ALLAN, D.E. and UNGAR E.E., Floor Vibrations Due to Human
Activity, American Institute of Steel Construction and Canadian Institute of Steel
Construction, 1997.
www.standards.com.au
Standards Australia
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
AS 2327.12003
124
NOTES
Standards Australia
Standards Australia is an independent company, limited by guarantee, which prepares and publishes
most of the voluntary technical and commercial standards used in Australia. These standards are
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
developed through an open process of consultation and consensus, in which all interested parties are
invited to participate. Through a Memorandum of Understanding with the Commonwealth government,
Standards Australia is recognized as Australias peak national standards body.
Australian Standards
Australian Standards are prepared by committees of experts from industry, governments, consumers
and other relevant sectors. The requirements or recommendations contained in published Standards are
a consensus of the views of representative interests and also take account of comments received from
other sources. They reflect the latest scientific and industry experience. Australian Standards are kept
under continuous review after publication and are updated regularly to take account of changing
technology.
International Involvement
Standards Australia is responsible for ensuring that the Australian viewpoint is considered in the
formulation of international Standards and that the latest international experience is incorporated in
national Standards. This role is vital in assisting local industry to compete in international markets.
Standards Australia represents Australia at both ISO (The International Organization
for Standardization) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
Electronic Standards
All Australian Standards are available in electronic editions, either downloaded individually from our Web
site, or via on-line and CD ROM subscription services. For more information phone 1300 65 46 46 or
visit us at
www.standards.com.au
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
Printed in Australia
Accessed by SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY on 28 Oct 2016 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)