[Chemical Engineering Laboratory 2]

SEGi University
MARCET BOILER
Candidates Name: Gai Michael Mayil
Students ID: SUKD1503603
Group Members Name:

Lecturer/Supervisor: Dr. Yap

Date of Submission: 19/10/2016

1.0 ABSTRACTS
The main purpose of this experiment is to investigate the connection between the pressure and
the temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium and to show the vapor pressure curve. When
the pressure increases, it also increases with the temperature. Thus the connection between
pressure and temperature is immediately proportional. Based on the data collected and with the
help of Clausius-Clapeyrons equation the gradient was calculated. The measured slope dT/dP
were not that the same it has a slightly different to the calculated slope Tvg/hfg. This maybe
happened due to some errors while doing the experiment.

2.0 THEORY/INTRODUCTION

An ideal gas obeys the equation of state that relates the pressure, specific volume or density, and
absolute temperature with mass of molecule and the gas constant, R.
PV

mRT
M

Where,
P= Absolute pressure
V= Volume
n= Amount of substance (moles)
R= Ideal gas constant
T= Absolute temperature (K)
However, real gas does not absolutely obey the equation of state. A few changes on the ideal gas
equation of state allow its application in the properties of real gas.

When energy increases within water, the increasing of activities among the molecules
enables the increase in the number of molecule escape from the surface until an equilibrium state
is reached. The state of equilibrium depends on the pressure between the water surface and
steam. At lower pressure, the molecules become easier leaving the water surface while less
energy required in achieving the state of equilibrium (boiling point). The temperature where
equilibrium occurs at a given pressure level is called saturated temperature.
The Marcet Boiler is used to investigate the relationship between the pressure and
temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium with water at all temperature levels between the
atmospheric pressure and 10 bars. The experimental slope (dT/dP)SAT obtained is compared to the
theoretical value determined through calculation from the steam table. Clausius-Clapeyron
states:

dT

dP
dT

dP

SAT

Tv fg
h fg

T (v f v g )

SAT

h f hg

Where,
h f +hfg =hg
h fg =hg h f

dT

dP

SAT

T (v f v g )
h fg

Tv g
h fg
as vg >> vf

In which,
vf = specific volume of saturated liquid

vg = specific volume of saturated vapor

hf = enthalpy of saturated liquid
hg = enthalpy of saturated vapor
hfg = latent heat of vaporization

3.0 APPARATUS
i.

HE169 Marcet boiler which shown in Figure 1

a.

Pressure transducer

b.

Temperature controller/Indicator

c.

Pressure indicator

d.

Control panel

e.

Bench

f.

Bourdon tube pressure gauge

g.

Temperature sensor

h.

Pressure relief valve

i.

Water inlet port & valve

j.

Heater

Figure 1: HE169 Marcet boiler

4.0 PROCEDURES
1. The power supply was switched on.
2. The boiler was initially filled with water, to check the water level the valves at the left side
tube was opened and then closed.
3. The temperature controller was set to 185 C, which was slightly above the expected boiling
point of water at 10 bar.
4. The feed port valve was opened and the heater was switched on. (It was made sure that the
valve at the level sight tube was closed before the heater was switched on because the sight tube
was not designed to withstand high pressure and temperature.)
5. The steam temperature rise was observed as the water boiled.
6. The valve was closed after 30 seconds, to ensure that the air in the boiler was out because the
accuracy of the experimental results would get affected when air is present
7. The steam temperature and pressure was recorded till the steam pressure reached 10bar.
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8. The heater was turned off and the steam temperature and the pressure began to drop. The
boiler was left to cool down to room temperature.
9. The steam temperatures were recorded at different pressure readings when the boiler was
heating and cooling.
10.The heater was switched off and was left for the temperature to drop.

5.0 RESULTS

Atmospheric pressure : 1 bar

Atmospheric temperature

: 25 (0C)

Table 1 Data Collected and Calculated Results

Meas

Calculate

Absolut
e

Gauge
PSI

1.0

1.5

Abs

Decreas

KgF/
cm2

Kpa

(0C)

152.0

Averag
e

Averag
e

Tavc (0C)

Tavc (K)

151.7

424.7

27.58

155.7

155.65 428.65

82.74

159.0

158.95 431.95

2.0

12

0.4
0.8

2.5

16

1.4

110.32

162.1

162.05 435.05

3.0

24

1.9

165.47

165.1

165.05 438.05

3.5

32

2.4

220.63

167.9

167.85 440.85

4.0

41

2.9

282.69

170.0

4.5

49

3.4

337.84

5.0

54

4.0

372.21

5.5

62

4.5

427.47

6.0

70

5.0

482.63

6.5

77

5.5

530.89

7.0

85

60

551.58

6.0
1)

170.2

443.2

0.0752

0.07
9
0.06

0.0698

6
0.06
2
0.06

0.0611

0.05
6
0.04

0.0545

0.0651

0.0576

0.0517

SAMPLE CALCULATION: (For 400kpa/4.0 Bar)

Percentage error:

Percentage error=Measured slope Calculated slope / Measured slope

x 100%
= 0.095 0.0901 / 0.095
= 5.157 %
2)

For Measured slope:

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417.05 - 412.3 / 450-400

= 0.095
3)

For Calculated slope:

Tvfg/hfg
=( 0.461336) (417.05) / (2133.4)
= 0.0901
For measured slope
dP
dT

SAT

=443.2440.85/800750
= 0.047 kpa
Same calculations were used for the others

GRAPH

Temperature
445
440
435
430
425
420
415
450

500

550

600

650

700

750

800

Temperature vs Absolute pressure

8

850

0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
Measure slope

0.04

Calculated slope

0.03
0.02
0.01
0
450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850

dT

dP

Tv fg
SAT

h fg
versus P and

versus P on a same graph.

6.0 DISCUSSION
It is a must to take away air from the boiler because if the air is not removed the correct
equilibrium measurements between the steam and boiling water will never be gotten. Due to the
partial pressure of air a lower water temperature will be needed to increase the pressure.
According on the graph the experiment and calculated graphs are the same and they overlay each
other at certain level of points so it can be assumed that the results obtained are marginally
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accurate. The reason why the two graphs dont overlay at few points might be due to some
errors. Sources of errors are measurements or reading accuracy, room temperature, pressure, the
stability of materials and calculations. When the liquid absorbs enough heat energy, it will
change to vapor form. Marcet boiler can be used as a water boiler, pressure cooker, steam
generated power plants and many more.

80.0 CONCLUSION
The purpose of experiment was to demonstrate the relationship between the pressure and
temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium with water and figuring out the vapor pressure
curve. Marcet boiler is the machine use to study between pressure and temperature differences
of a water at saturated liquid phase. started heating water with a constant pressure until it reached
boiling point level .Then turning off the valve which created a constant volume system. Forcing
the pressure to rise as the temperature rises. it has been noticed that it is essential to close the
valve as we reach boiling point to make sure we are now in a constant volume process, otherwise
pressure would have never increased. After tabulating the results and plotting the graph we found
out that the relationship between pressure and temperature is directly proportional. The
difference between the theoretical values and the actual values is caused by errors with certain
calculation mistakes.

70.0 REFERENCES
1) Khan Academy, 2013, Thermodynamics, [ONLINE] Available at:

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/thermodynamics, [Accessed 27 March 16].

2) Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics, An engineering Approach, 5th Edition, McGraw Hill,
1999.

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