B. Tech.

Degree
IN

INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING

IC 309 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPPALLI 620 015
TAMIL NADU, INDIA

COURSE OVERVIEW
This course enables the students to study, design and implement various linear integrated
circuits. It also imparts a sound knowledge about the applications of Op-amp.
COURSE OBJECTIVE
The objective is to provide working practice in simulation tools & experiment test bench to learn
the design and testing of various circuits (like amplifiers, filters, PLL and signal conditioning
circuits) with digital and analog ICs.
Syllabus
S.No

Week

Experiments

Op-Amp circuits with resistive feedback

II

Op-Amp filters

III

Schmitt trigger & Precision rectifiers

IV

Multivibrators

Instrumentation Amplifier

VI

Waveform generators

VII

Combinatorial & Sequential circuits

VIII

Phase Locked Loops

IX

A/D and D/A converters

10

Compensator circuits - Lead, Lag & PI

COURSE OUTCOMES
Upon the completion of course, the student will be able to understand and analyze various
electronic circuits and build electronic circuits for the purpose of control and processing of measured
signal.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1.

STUDY OF OP-AMP CHARACTERSTICS- BW, GAIN, MODEL

2.

VOLTAGE SERIES FEEDBACK CONFIGURATION- DESIGN AMPLIFIER- SLEW

RATE, GBW

3.

SELECTION OF SUITABLE OP-AMP FOR GIVEN SPEC. ---A741C/TL082

4.

INVERTING CONFIGURATION

5.

INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER

6.

FILTER- FIRST ORDER FILTERS, MULTI STAGE FILTERS

7.

FILTER ORDER SELECTION

8.

CONSTANT GAIN RC FILTER DESIGN

9.

STATE VARIABLE FILTER -ANALYSIS OF HOW CONFIGURATION HAS BEEN

ARRIVED

10.

DESIGN AND SIMULATE MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR FOR REQUIRED PULSE

WIDTH USING IC 741

11.

DESIGN AND SIMULATE MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR FOR REQUIRED PULSE

WIDTH USING IC 555

12.

DESIGN AND
FREQUENCY

13.

DESIGN AND SIMULATE

FREQUENCY USING IC 741

14.

DESIGN AND SIMULATE SCHMITT TRIGGER USING IC 741 FOR GIVEN VALUES
OF UT AND LT.

15.

SIMULATE PRECISION RECTIFIER

16.

APPLICATION: RATIO CONTROL, SIGNAL CONDITIONING CKT(20mV-250mVto 05V), LINEARIZATION

17.

STUDY OF CLOSED LOOP CONTROL (PROPORTIONAL CONTROL ALONE) FOR

DESIRED I) DAMPING COEFFICIENT II) CLOSED LOOP TIME CONSTANT

18.

REALIZATION PI, PD , LEAD COMPENSATORS

19.

DAC

20.

ADC

21.

PLL

SIMULATE

WEIN

BRIDGE

ASTABLE

OSCILLATOR

FOR

REQUIRED

MULTIVIBRATOR

FOR

REQUIRED

THEORY
741 op-amp frequency response, GBW, gain & phase margin, slew rate, differential amplifiers,
multistage amplifiers; Signal generation and waveform shaping circuits; sinusoidal oscillatorsRC and crystal oscillators, Schmitt trigger; voltage comparator, voltage regulator, analog
multiplier, first order and second order filter realizations.PLL, Instrumentation amplifier and its
basis, realization of PI, PD , lead compensators.

Manual for each experiment consists of

1. Exercise set
For each question in the exercise set, find the answer and check your answers with
simulation.

EXP 1:

STUDY OF OP-AMP CHARACTERSTICS- BW, GAIN, MODEL

AIM: Study data sheet of A741C & TL082. Conduct the simulation test.
PIN DIAGRAM:

Exercise Set

Calculate the Op-amp parameters (poles, gain-bandwidth product )

Find transfer function model (first or second order models)
Conduct static characteristic test
Conduct frequency response characteristic test
Find slew rate from data sheet

Exp 2: VOLTAGE SERIES FEEDBACK CONFIGURATION- DESIGN AMPLIFIERSLEW RATE, GBW

AIM: To study the voltage series feedback concept

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Exercise Set

Build amplifier with desired gain using voltage series feedback concept.
Study Slew rate and its Effect.
Study GBW and its effect.
Find time and frequency response and verify.
Find input and output impedance

Exp 3: SELECTION OF SUITABLE OP-AMP FOR GIVEN SPEC. --- A741C / TL082
AIM:
Study data sheet of A741C&TL082 (See attachment).
Selection of suitable op-amp for particular application.
To create the awareness, the following question has been given.
Exercise Set
Design an amplifier with Vinmax = 0.5v, Vout
optimal choice.

max=8V,

f = 20kHZ. Prove TLO82 is the

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF NON - INVERTING AMPLIFIER IC 741:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF NON - INVERTING AMPLIFIER TL 082:

From the datasheet,

Slewrate of IC741 = 0.5 V/us (Volts per Microsecond)
Slewrate of TL082 = 13 V/us (Volts per Microsecond)
Using this information we can find the maximum permissible gain that can be used with the
particular OPAMP when the input voltage is 0.5V.
We know that, Slewrate = Gain * Input Voltage * 2 * pi * operating frequency.
Now,
For IC741,

The maximum possible gain for which IC741 can give faithful output is 7.95.

For TL082,

The maximum possible gain for which TL082 can give faithful output is 206.90.

OUTPUT

Thus TL082 is the optimal choice.

Exp4:

INVERTING CONFIGURATION

AIM: To study the voltage shunt feedback concept.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Exercise Set
Build an amplifier with desired gain using voltage shunt feedback concept.
Find the input and output impedance
Inverting configuration is not preferred much particularly for amplifier design.
Give the reason behind. But it is mostly preferable when we want to realize the
poles and zeroes. Why?

Exp5:

INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER

AIM
Study the data sheet of instrumentation amplifier INA101 (See attachment)
Design an instrumentation amplifier and tabulate the gain and output voltage for different
values of RG
PIN CONFIGURATION:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Tabulation:
SI. No
1.

Vin(V)

Rg (K)

Gain

Vout (V)

2.
3.
4.
5.

Exercise Set

Find the expression for gain

Design amplifier for desired specification.
Conduct static characteristic test
List the advantages and applications of instrumentation amplifier

Exp: 6

SINGLE STAGE FILTER & MULTISTAGE FILTERS

AIM: To study the concepts of passive filter and active filters (LPF, HPF&BPF).
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR SINGLE STAGE LPF, HPF, BPF:
(a) Low pass filter

(b) High pass filter

(c) Band pass filter

MODEL FREQUENCY RESPONSE

(a) Low pass filter

(b) High pass filter

(c) Band pass filter

Exercise Set
Find the mathematical model of the given network.
For the component values given in the lab, Plot the magnitude and phase angle plot and
verify.
Estimate gain& the cut-off frequency
What will happen to the magnitude response of the filter if resistor values are changed?
What will happen to the magnitude response of the filter if C is changed?

Exp: 7

FILTER ORDER SELECTION

AIM: Compare a single stage and multistage RC high pass filter and find the optimal choice for
reducing the noise.
Exercise Set
A 2 kHz data signal is contaminated by 60 Hz noise. Compare a single stage and multistage RC
high pass filter for reducing the noise by 60 Decibels. Study effect each has on data signal. For
easy analysis use voltage follower to avoid loading effect.
Theory:
a) Transfer Function equation for the First order filter is:

Where, = Time constant of the system

Analysis:
a) First Order Filter:
Substitute s=j = in eqn (1)
Hence,

Taking modulus value,

Now, given that noise reduction of 60 dB needed.

=2f (Here f=60Hz given) and

Thus, fc = 60,000 Hz.

=2fc

Therefore, magnitude of signal restoration is 0.03 times

i.e. only 3% of the original signal.
b) Second Order Filter:
Second order system is

Substitute s=j = in eqn (2) and taking mod,

Hence,

This gives fc=1896 Hz

Now, substituting f=60Hz and fc=1896Hz

This implies that signal is restored upto 53%.

Hence second order filter has better recovery than the first order filter.
c)Third Order Filter:

Implies that

Solving it, we get fc=597 Hz.

We know that f=60Hz, and fc=597Hz

Thus 87% of the signal is recovered in case of third order filter.

MATLAB code:
w=2*pi*60000;
//Since c=2fc
t=1/w;
//Since =1/
g=tf([t 0], [t 1])
/*This is to obtain the transfer function

bode(g)
hold on

//This plots bode plot of Gc1(s)

/*This allows plotting of graphs of different transfer
functions on a single graph sheet*/

//Similarly obtaining Gc2(s) and plotting its bode plot

w=2*pi*1896;
t=1/w;
g=tf([t 0], [t 1]);
f=g*g
bode(f)

//Similarly obtaining Gc3(s) and plotting its bode plot

w=2*pi*597;
t=1/w;
g=tf([t 0], [t 1]);
k=g*g*g
hold on
bode(k)

OUTPUT

Exp8:

CONSTANT GAIN RC FILTER ( SALLEN-KEY FILTER)

AIM
The Sallen-Key filter design is one of the most widely known and popular 2nd order filter
design, requiring only a single operational amplifier for the gain control and four passive RC
components to accomplish the tuning.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Exercise Set
Find the mathematical model of the given network.
Design filter for given damping coefficient and natural frequency
For the component values given in the lab, Plot the magnitude and phase angle plot and
verify.
What will happen to the damping coefficient and natural frequency of the filter if resistor
values and capacitor values are changed? Find sensitivity with respect to each parameter
variation.
Is it possible to get the same second order filter in different way? If yes, give the solution

Exp9:

STATE VARIABLE FILTER -ANALYSIS OF HOW CONFIGURATION HAS

BEEN ARRIVED

AIM:
The state variable filter or SVF, is a type of filter circuit that can produce all three
second order filter responses, Low Pass, High Pass and Band Pass simultaneously. It requires
one summer and two integrators. A state variable filter realizes the state-space model directly.
The instantaneous output voltage of one of the integrators corresponds to one of the state-space
model's state variables.
Study the data sheet of sate variable filter UAF42(See attachment)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR SVF:

UAF42 PIN CONFIGURATION:

UAF42 IC:

OUTPUT:

Exercise Set
Study formulation of state model for a given differential equation(LPF,HPF,BPF)
How SVF configuration has been arrived using inverting mode& non inverting
mode. Do the logical analysis.
Find the expression for VHP, VLP&VBP.

Exp10:

DESIGN AND SIMULATE MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR FOR

REQUIRED PULSE WIDTH USING IC 741

AIM:
Study regenerative feedback concept. Study how the negative edge trigger signal helps to
produce the required pulse width in given regenerative feedback circuit.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Exercise Set
Find the output equation. Find the correlation between pulse width and RC.
For given specification, build multivibrator.
After triggering the monostable, the next trigger must be applied at what time.
Analyse.

Exp11:

DESIGN AND SIMULATE MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR FOR

REQUIRED PULSE WIDTH USING IC 555

AIM:
Study internal functional description of IC 555. Study how the negative edge trigger
signal helps to produce the required pulse width.
PIN CONFIGURATION:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OUTPUT:

Exercise Set
Find the output equation. Find the correlation between pulse width and RC.
For given specification, build multivibrator. Plot the output response

Exp12: DESIGN A WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR FOR REQUIRED FREQUENCY

AIM:
Study the Wein bridge circuit. Analyze the circuit, how it will create the oscillation. Use
system theory concept. Study barkhausen criterion. Find the loop gain.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

The frequency of oscillation is given by:

f = 1 / 2RC

Exercise Set
Build a circuit for required frequency of oscillation
Validate the result
Plot frequency response of loop transfer function using matlab

Exp13:

DESIGN AND SIMULATE ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR FOR REQUIRED

FREQUENCY USING IC 741

AIM:
Study regenerative feedback concept. Astable multivibrator creates a square wave with
no inputs. An astable multivibrator switches between two states with a frequency determined by
an RC time constant. This feature may be used to make a square wave generator.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

The time period of the square wave is given by

T = 2*R*C*ln (1+ / 1- )
Where, = R2 / (R1+R2)
Exercise Set
Find the expression for frequency
Build circuit for given frequency
Add integrator, build triangular wave form also.

Exp14: DESIGN AND SIMULATE SCHMITT TRIGGER USING IC 741 FOR GIVEN
VALUES OF UT AND LT
AIM:
Study regenerative feedback concept. Study the ideal relay &relay with hysteresis. Study
Schmitt trigger has been using op-amp. Study reverse and forward acting relay.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

UTP = (R1 / (R1+R2))* Vsat

LTP = (R1 / (R1+R2))* -Vsat

OUTPUT

Exercise Set
Build Schmitt trigger for given values of UT and LT
Build both configurations.

Exp15:

PRECISION RECTIFIER

AIM:
Study conventional rectifier circuit. Study the reason behind the width and magnitude
reduction.
How precision rectifier will overcome the above said limitations.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Exercise Set
Build suitable precision rectifier for the given output response.

Exp16: APPLICATION: RATIO CONTROL, SIGNAL CONDITIONING CIRCUIT

(20mV-250mVto 0-5V), LINEARIZATION

AIM:
Study the role of Op-amp in signal conditioning circuit. Study transducer characteristics.
Exercise Set

Capacitive type transducer linearization.

Cold junction compensation of t/c
ratio control
conversion 20mV-250mVto 0-5V
bridge amplifier

EXP 17:

DESIGN OF CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM

AIM:
To design of first and second order closed loop control system for desired (a) damping
coefficient and (b) closed loop time constant
(a) FIRST ORDER SYSTEM:
The given system is

. The time constant is 1sec and hence the settling time is

4*1sec=4sec.
But, the design requirement is that the settling time should be 2sec. Thus time constant of 0.5sec
is achieved using a closed loop control system with a gain controller. This happens when there is
a pole at -2 as the characteristic polynomial would be s+2. Let the gain of the controller be k.
Now the closed loop control systems characteristic polynomial would be 1+k

= 0.

On solving this we get k = 1. The second method to find value of k would be through the root
locus method using matlab, by adjusting the pole at -2, we would be indicated the value of k as 1.
is realized using a low pass filter through opamp, and a gain of 1 with a normal inverting
amplifier, and the subtractor circuit completes the closed loop circuit.

OUTPUT

(b) SECOND ORDER SYSTEM:

The given system is

. The design specification is

= 0.7.

The poles for this system are at -1 and -2. So, in the root locus plot if we arrange the poles in
such a way that

= 0.7, we get a gain of 2.6.

OUTPUT

Exercise:
Calculate the values of peak amplitude and amplitude at settling time.

Percent peak overshoot =

EXP 18:

REALIZATION PI, PD, LEAD COMPENSATORS

AIM:
To analyze a first order controller (closed loop), a second order controller with an
integrator and the necessity of a PID controller.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB simulink
THEORY:

Fig 1. Control loop feedback mechanism (controller)

A PID controller continuously calculates an "error value" as the difference between a measured
process variable and a desired set point. The controller attempts to minimize the error over time
by adjustment of a control variable, such as the position of a control valve, a damper, or the
power supplied to a heating element, to a new value determined by a weighted sum u(t) as shown
below.

Fig 2 The three links for PID control

From Fig (1),

or

where, Kp is the proportional gain, KI is the integral gain, KD is the derivative gain, e(t) is error
signal.
From Fig(2), time constant form of PID control is-

or

ANALYSIS:
(A) Given,

Considering

kc = 1,

Comparing with

This gives closed loop gain KCL = 1

Steady State error = Steady State Output - Input

=> eSS = rSS - ySS = 1 - 0.5

=> eSS = 0.5

>>Similarly, for KOL = 10,

This gives KCL = 0.909

=> eSS = 1 - 10/11 = 0.09
=> eSS = 0.0909
(1)
Thus the error is reduced but it is NOT zero. Thus an integrator is introduced.
OUTPUT : KOL = 10

(B) Upon introducing an Integrator:

Hence,

i.e. with P and I,

This is clearly a 2nd order system. The drawback is damping effect.

OUTPUT : PI CONTROLLER

(C) PID controller:

Since Kpi = Kp = Ki = 2,

Hence, Gain KCL = 1

Means rSS = ySS
=>eSS = 0

OUTPUT : PID CONTROLLER

Exercise:

EXP 19:
AIM: