TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

By
Farhan Ahmad
farhanahmad@uet.edu.pk

Department of Chemical Engineering,

University of Engineering & Technology Lahore

Course Details
Subject

Transport Phenomena

Subject code

Ch.E - 403

Contact hours

Credit hours

Evaluation procedure

Sessional

30 % (Quizzes + Attendance + Class participation + Assignments)

Mid term

30%

Final term

40%

Course Outline

Viscosity and the mechanism of momentum transport

Velocity distributions in laminar flow
The equations of change for isothermal systems
Velocity distribution with more than one independent variable
Thermal conductivity and mechanism of energy transport
Temperature distribution in solids and in laminar flow
The equations of change for non-isothermal systems
Diffusivity and the mechanisms of mass transport
Concentration distribution in solids and in laminar flow
The equations of change for multi-component systems

Recommended Books
Text Book

Transport Phenomena
2nd Edition
R. Byron Bird, Warren E. Stewart and Edwin N. Lightfoot

Reference
Books

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Transport Phenomena Fundamentals, J. Plawsky, CRC Press, 2009.

Transport Phenomena: A Unified Approach, R.S. Brodkey, H.C. Hershey, McGrawHill.
Analysis of Transport Phenomena, W.M. Deen, Oxford Univ. Press, 1998.
Slattery, J.C., Advanced Transport Phenomena, Cambridge University Press,1999.
Modeling in Transport Phenomena - A Conceptual Approach , Ismail Tosun
Transport Phenomena and Unit Operations - A combined approach, Richard G.
Griskey
Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles, Christie John Geankoplis
Welty, J.R., Wicks, C.E., Wilson, R.E., Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat, and Mass
Transfer, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
Momentum, heat and mass transfer fundamentals, David P. Kessler, Robert A.
Greenkorn

10. Momentum Heat and Mass Transfer, C.O. Bennett, J.E. Myers
11. Incropera, Frank P., and David P. DeWitt. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer.
5th ed.
12. J.R. Backhurst, J.H. Harker, J.M. Coulson and J.F. Richardson, Chemical Engineering
Vol.1: Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer and Mass Transfer.

Transport Phenomena
2nd Edition / 1st Edition
By

R. Byron Bird, Warren E. Stewart and

Edwin N. Lightfoot

Transport Phenomena Fundamentals

By

J. Plawsky

Transport Phenomena
A Unified Approach

By

Robert S. Brodkey
Harry C. Hershey

 Analysis of Transport Phenomena

By

William M. Deen

Advanced Transport Phenomena

By

J. C. Slattery

Modelling in Transport Phenomena

A Conceptual Approach
By

10

Ismail Tosun

Transport Phenomena and Unit

Operations
A Combined Approach

By

11

Richard G. Griskey

Transport processes and Separation

Process Principles
By

12

Christie John Geankoplis

 Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat

and Mass Transfer
3rd Edition
By

13

J. R. Welty, C. E. Wicks and

R. E Wilson

Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer

Fundamentals
By

14

D. P. Kessler, R. A. Greenkorn

Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer

By

15

C.O. Bennett and J.E. Myers

Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and

Mass Transfer
5th Edition
By

16

Incropera, Frank P., and David P. DeWitt

Chemical Engineering
Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer and Mass Transfer
Volume 1
By

17

J.R. Backhurst, J.H. Harker, J.M. Coulson

and J.F. Richardson,

Transport Phenomena
An Introduction

18

Pre-requisite for this course .. ??????

Objective of this course:

To provide an understanding of fundamental knowledge of heat, mass, and
momentum transport phenomena.
Illustrate how to solve the problems by using fundamental relations.

To master the skills of applying this knowledge to the design of chemical

engineering unit operations.

Transport Phenomena:

20

What

.. ???

Why

.. ???

How

.. ???

Levels
Macroscopic
Microscopic
Molecular

21

22

Problems:
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3

Class 4

23

Suggestions:
Always read the text with pencil and paper in hand; work through the

details of the mathematical developments and supply any missing

steps.
Whenever necessary, go back to the mathematics textbooks to brush up

on calculus, differential equations, vectors, etc. This is an excellent time

to review the mathematics that was learned earlier.

Make it a point to give a physical interpretation of key results; that is,

get in the habit of relating the physical ideas to the equations.

Always ask whether the results seem reasonable. If the results do not

agree with intuition, it is important to find out which is incorrect.

Make it a habit to check the dimensions of all results. This is one very

good way of locating errors in derivations.

24

Transport Phenomena - An Introduction

Basic Concepts

25

Basic concepts

Conserved Quantities
Chemical species

Mass
Momentum
Energy

26

Basic concepts

Law of Conservation of Quantities

Conservation of Chemical species
Conservation of Mass
Conservation of Momentum
Conservation of Energy

27

Basic concepts

Rate Equation
It describes the transformation of conserved quantity.
Transformation of conserved quantity is based on specified unit of

time (Rate).

Components of Rate Equation

Input
Output
Generation
Consumption

28

Accumulation

Basic concepts - Characteristics

Independent of the level of application

Independent of the coordinate system to which they are applied
Independent of the substance to which they are applied

29

Basic concepts - Applications

Balances
Control Volume
Control surface

Types of Balances
Overall Balance
Differential Balance

30

Basic concepts - Definitions

The notation of conserved quantity is

31

x, y & z = three independent space variables

t = one independent time variable

Basic concepts - Definitions

Steady-state
Uniform
Equilibrium
Flux

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Basic concepts Mathematical formulation

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1.

Inlet and Outlet terms

2.

Generation and consumption term

3.

Accumulation term

Basic concepts Simplification of Rate equation

Case I : Steady state transport without regeneration

Case II : Steady state transport with regeneration

34

Example
Example Steady-state
Heat flux transport without generation

Consider a solid cone of circular cross-section whose lateral surface

is well insulated as shown in Figure. The diameters at x = 0 and x = L

are 25cm and 5cm, respectively. If the heat flow at x = 0 is 45W/m2
under steady conditions, determine the heat transfer rate and the
value of the heat flux at x = L.

35

Example Steady-state transport with generation

An exothermic chemical reaction takes place in a 20 cm thick slab

and the energy generation rate per unit volume is 1 x l06 W/ m3. The
steady-state heat transfer rate into the slab at the left-hand side, i.e.,
at x = 0, is 280W.
Calculate the heat transfer rate to the surroundings from the right-

hand side of the slab, i.e., at x = L. The surface area of each face is
40cm2.

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Modes of Transport

1.

Conductive/ Diffusive/ Molecular Transport

2.

Bulk / Convective Transport

Total flux of any quantity is the sum of molecular and convective

fluxes
37

Molecular Transport

Molecular Transport is function of driving force/gradient

Expressed in the form of constitutive equations
Constitutive equations identify the characteristic of particular

substance
Transport property

38

Viscosity

Thermal conductivity

Diffusion coefficient

Convective Transport

Due to bulk fluid motion or bulk flow

Characteristic velocity

39

Chapter 1

Momentum Transport

Viscosity and Mechanism of Momentum Transport

40

Momentum Transport - Introduction

Matter
Solid
Fluid
Liquid
Gas

What is the difference between Solid and Fluid?

41

Momentum Transport - Introduction

42

Continuum mechanics

Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Statics

Fluid Dynamics

Momentum Transport - Introduction

Viscosity
Newton's Law of Viscosity
Applications of Newtons Law

Kinematic Viscosity
Viscosity in Laminar flow
Viscosity in Turbulent flow
Viscosity of gases
Viscosity of liquids

43

Momentum Transport - Introduction

o Rheology
o Types of fluids
o Newtonian fluids
o Non-Newtonian fluids

o Classification of Non-Newtonian fluids

o Time Independent

o Time dependent

o Viscoelastic fluids

44

Newtons Law of viscosity

45

Non-Newtonian Fluids

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Non-Newtonian Fluids
The functional dependence between the shear stress and the velocity gradient
is more complex.
We can write in the most general format:

dvx
f yx ,
, fluid properties 0
dy

Steady state rheological behavior:

Where,
= Apparent Fluid Viscosity, a function of either yx / dvx/dy / both
decreases with shear rate
increases with shear rate
independent of shear rate
47

Models for Non-Newtonian Fluids

The Bingham Model

The Ostwald-de Waele Model
The Eyring Model
The Ellis Model
The Reiner-Philippoff Model

48

Graphical representation of two-parameter model

These models are empirical, that is the

parameters of the models are obtained by
curve fitting

The parameters are function of T, P and

composition

These model equations should not be used

outside their range of validity.

49

Turbulence Model

Zero equation model

Baldwin-Lomax model
Cebeci-Smith model
One equation model
Spalart-Allmaras model
Baldwin-Barth model
Two equation model
K-omega model
K-epsilon model

50

Prediction of viscosity of gases & liquids

o Extensive data is available

o Estimation by empirical methods

For mixtures:

51

Example 1.3-1
Estimate the viscosity of

N2 at 50oC and 854 atm,

given M = 28.0 g/g-mole,
Pc = 33.5 atm, and Tc =
126.2 K.

52

Generalization of Newtons Law of Viscosity

Multi-dimensional flow
Complicated system

3 coordinate

3 components

Stress components = 9

Concept of tensor

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Convective Momentum flux

Momentum = mass x velocity

Momentum per unit volume = density x velocity

Momentum flux = (density x velocity) . Vi

vv is a tensor; it is called the convective momentum-flux tensor.

54