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Overview Of Energy Dissipators And Stilling

Basins With Design Aspects Of Hydraulic Jump
Type Energy Dissipators M R Choudhury
CONFERENCE PAPER APRIL 2016

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Conference Proceeding

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Overview Of Energy Dissipators And Stilling Basins

With Design Aspects Of Hydraulic Jump Type
Energy Dissipators
Utkarsh Nigam

S Das

M R Choudhury

Asst. Prof., Civil Engineering

Department, Smt. S.R. Patel Engg.
College- Dabhi, Unjha, Mahesana,
Gujarat, India.

Asst. Prof., Civil Engineering

Department, Smt. S.R. Patel Engg.
College- Dabhi, Unjha, Mahesana,
Gujarat, India

Asst. Prof., Civil Engineering Department,

Smt. S.R. Patel Engg. College- Dabhi,
Unjha, Mahesana, Gujarat, India.

utkarsh.nigam99@gmail.com

Sumanvu_27@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT-Dissipation of the kinetic energy generated at the

base of a spillway is essential for bringing the flow into the
downstream river to the normal (almost pre-dam) condition in
as short of a distance as possible. This is necessary, not only to
protect the riverbed and banks from erosion, but also to ensure
that the dam itself and adjoining structures like powerhouse,
canal, etc. are not undeterminedby the high velocity turbulent
flow.Although a variety of devices are used for energy
dissipation at the base of spillways, the dissipation of energy is
through internal friction and turbulence or impact and
diffusion of the high velocity flow in the mass of water. Various
types of energy dissipators are used to dissipate kinetic
turbulence of water into potential reach at downstream. Uplift
and piping failures are also main concern. This paper mainly
deals with the energy dissipation of spillways through hydraulic
jump type stilling basins. A complete overview of hydraulic
uplift and other hydrodynamic forces has been provided and
comparison with other energy dissipation is also studied. Also
discussion includes that for finalizing the structural design of
stilling basin floor, uplift forces likely to be experienced by the
individual floor monoliths are required to be assessed. The
assessment of hydrodynamic uplift force on the apron of the
stilling basin may be carried out on a hydraulic model by
measurement of hydrodynamic forces acting on stilling basin
using transducers.
Keywords- Energy Dissipation, Types of Energy Dissipators,
Spillways, Hydraulic Jump and its types.

I. INTRODUCTION
A spillway is a structure designed to prevent
overtopping of a dam at a place that is not designed for
overtopping. A reservoir will overflow if its capacity is less
than the difference between the volumes of inflow and
outflow. The spillway has five basic components which
forms a integral part of it. These are (a). an entrance
channel, (b). A control structure, (c). A discharge carrier,
(d).An energy disspator and (e).An outlet channel. The

maliniroychoudhury@gmail.com

main concern here is to depict and describes the advantages

of fouth component i.e. energy dissipators for spillway and
its design concern.
Large quantities of water under high pressure are spread
into dams and hydraulic structures of immense and huge
size. The energies at the base are tremendous. The water
has potential energy that converts into kinetic energy of
immense magnitude. Therefore some means of expediting
this energy of high-velocity flow is required to prevent
scour, minimum erosion and this can be accomplished by
constructing energy dissipators to dissipate energy. Energy
disspators converts potential energy into kinetic energy and
then into turbulence and finally into heat. At the base of
spillway, the dissipation of energy is through internal
friction and turbulence and diffusin of high velocity into
mass of fluid as given in Khatsuriya R.M.(2005). Principal
types of energy dissipators are have studied, compared and
the design aspect and characteristics of Stilling jump type
energy.
Spoljaric, A. et. al. (1982) studied the Unsteady dynamic
force due to pressure fluctuations on the bottom of an
energy dissipator.Toso, J. W.andBowers, C. E.(1988)
researched on Extreme pressures in hydraulic jump stilling
basins.Farhoudi
and
Narayanan
(1991)
studied
experimentally the drag force induced by hydraulic jump
on baffle blocks of stilling basin downstream of sluice gate.
Firotto and Rinaldo (1992b) studied studied the features of
hydraulic jump downstream of sluice gate, where Froude
number ranges between 5 to 9.5. the function of induced
dynamic force in stilling basins was experimentally studied
by Bellin and Firotto (1995).
The present work would be devoted to investigate and
study the hydrodynamic design aspects of Stilling Jump

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type energy dissipatorsand the methods for calculating
uplift force by analytical or experimental means is also
studied along with comparision of various energy
dissipators. Also the characteristics and properties of
various forces action on a stilling jump type energy
dissipatorsare studied.

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g) Tunnel spillway/Culvert spillway

h) Labyrinth spillway
i) Stepped spillway
2) According to Function
a)

II. SPILLWAYS AND TYPES OF SPILLWAYS

Service spillway

b) Auxiliary spillway

A spillway is a structure designed to prevent

overtopping of a dam at a place that is not designed for
overtopping. A reservoir will overflow if its capacity is less
than the difference between the volumes of inflow and
outflow.

c)

Fuse plug or emergency spillway

3) According to Control Structure

a)

Gated spillway

2.1 Functions of A Spillway

b) Ungated spillway

Accordingto the principal function of a spillway is

to pass down the surplus water from the reservoir into the
downstream river, there are precisely seven functions that
can be assigned to spillway as discussed by Takasu et al.
(1988).

c)

Orifice of sluice spillway

1) Maintaining
normal
river
water
functions
(compensation water supply)
2) Discharging water for utilization
3) Maintaining initial water level in the flood-control
operation
4) Controlling floods
5) Controlling additional floods
6) Releasing surplus water (securing dam and reservoir
safety)
7) Lowering water levels (depleting water levels in an
emergency)
It may be mentioned that the above functions have
been defined for spillways and regulating outlets as per the
Cabinet Orders Concerning Structural Criteria for River
Administration Facilities and have been applied to all dams
constructed in Japan. Part of the function under (1), (2),
and (3) are Combined with outlets for low water. Facilities
providing function (5) are added to (4) or (6) and are
collectively called outlets for high water. Function (7) is
essentially for reservoir depletion, which is generally
accomplished by low-level outlets.
2.2 Classification of Spillways
Spillways have been classified according to
various criteria as shown below.
1) According to the most prominent feature
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

Ogee spillway
Chute spillway
Side channel spillway
Shaft spillway
Siphon spillway
Straight drop or overfall spillway

Fig. 1 Classification of spillways (A-1 to A-5 & C-1 to C5) (shown in VischeretalSanfrancisco, 1988)
III.ENERGY DISSIPATORS
Dissipation of the kinetic energy generated at the
base of a spillway is essential for bringing the flow into the
downstream river to the normal (almost pre-dam) condition
in as short of a distance as possible. This is necessary, not
only to protect the riverbed and banks from erosion, but
also to ensure that the dam itself and adjoining structures
like powerhouse, canal, etc. are not underminedby the high
velocity turbulent flow.Although a variety of devices are
used for energy dissipation at the base of spillways, the
dissipation of energy is through internal friction and
turbulence or impact and diffusion of the high velocity
flow in the mass of water.

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3.1 Classification of EnergyDissipators
Energy dissipators for the spillways can be
classified in several ways as mentioned below. Fog 1
shows types of energy dissipaters (D-1 to D-4).
1) Based on Hydraulic Action
Turbulence and internal friction as in hydraulic
jump stilling basins, roller buckets, and impact and pool
diffusion as with ski jump buckets and plunge pools.

2) Based on the Mode of Dissipation

Horizontal as in the hydraulic jump, vertical as
with ski jump buckets/free jets, and oblique as with spatial
and cross flows. The vertical dissipation may be in the
downward direction as with free jets and plunge pools and
in upward direction as with roller buckets.
3. Based on Geometry or Form of the Main Flow
Situations
involving
sudden
contraction, counter acting flows, impact, etc.

expansion,

4) Based On The Geometry Or Form Of The Structure

Stilling basin employs hydraulic jump with or
without appurtenances like chute blocks, baffle piers, etc.
Buckets (ski jump or flip buckets) include special shapes
like serrated, dentated buckets, and roller buckets that are
either solid roller bucket or slotted buckets.
3.2 Prinicipal Types of Energy Dissipators
The energy dissipators for spillways can be
grouped under the following five categories:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Hydraulic jump stilling basins

Free jets and trajectory buckets
Roller buckets
Dissipation by spatial hydraulic jump
Impact type energy dissipaters

Hydraulic jump stilling basins include horizontal

and sloping aprons and basins equipped with energy
dissipating appurtenances such as chute blocks, baffle
piers, and dentated end sills. This is the most common type
of energy dissipator for the spillways and outlets and
effects up to 60% dissipation of the energy entering the
basin, depending on the Froude number of the flow.
For heads exceeding about 100 m, hydraulic jump
stilling basins are not recommended because of the
problems associated with turbulence like intermittent
cavitation, vibration, uplift, and hydrodynamic loading.
Free jets and trajectory buckets are not dissipators
of energy in real sense. The bucket deflects the high
velocity jet into the air and is made to strike the riverbed at
a considerable distance from the structure. Any scour that

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may occur in the impingement zone remains away from the

structure and hence does not endanger the stability of the
structure.
Nappe splitters and dispersers contribute to the
dissipation of energy by spreading and aerating the jet.
Nevertheless, at some projects, problems of spray and
retrogression of the scour hole towards the structure
threatened the stability. Coupled with the plunge pools,
part of energy of the deflected jet can be dissipated by pool
diffusion. Roller buckets can be conceptualized as
hydraulic jump on a curved floor, as its performance is
closely related to the Froude number of the incoming flow.
3.3 Selection of the Type of Energy Dissipator
The factors that govern the choice of the type
arehydraulic considerations, topography, geology, type of
the dam, layout of other associated structures, economic
comparison, frequency of usage, as well as special and
environmental considerations.
Ski jump buckets are found to be most suitable for
dams to be constructed in steep and narrow valleys where a
power house would be accommodated at the foot of the
dam, with the roof of the power house, in the form of an
inverted circular arc, also serving as the ski jump bucket.
On the other hand, hydraulic jump stilling basin would
prove to be more problematic, not only from consideration
of deficient tail water depth and longer training walls, but
also due to the concern arising from the falling of debris
from the steep slopes into the stilling basin.
Flip buckets would be preferable also for the chute
spillways located on flanks but in the vicinity of the main
river channel. While a hydraulic jump stilling basin along
with the river joining works would be inefficient and
expensive, flip bucket with a deflector to divert the jet
towards the main river channel would result in a compact
structure.
Hydraulic jump stilling basins and slotted buckets
would be less preferable for the spillways whose
construction may continue for several years and where
seasonal floods have to be passed down the partly
constructed spillways. Stilling basins for such spillways are
prone to be filled up intermittently and damaged due to
impinging concentrated flows, abrasion, etc. Similarly, for
the spillways that serve dual functions, such as flood and
sediment disposal, stilling basins or roller buckets should
be avoided as far as possible, due to the possibility of
abrasion damage caused by sediments passing down the
spillways during flushing operation. Sometimes
environmental factors play a decisive role in determining
the type of the energy dissipator.
Erosion due to plunging jets and spray caused by
the flows from ski jump buckets adversely affectthe river
water quality by turbidity, harmful for the fish population.
In the cold regions where ice floes have to be passed down

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the spillway crest, hydraulic jump stilling basins are not
desirable as the floes are likely to be trapped in the return
roller, hinder the movement of the floes coming from the
top, and cause damage to the floor of the basin. Flip
buckets are obviously the most suited types of energy
dissipator in such situation. When the tail water levels were
too high to hinder the formation of a clear flip action, a
submerged hydraulic jump on a step followed by an apron
was found to perform satisfactory. Thus, the type or design
of the energy dissipator has to be adapted as demanded by
the prevailing environment.

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junction of a sloping channel with the horizontal floor as

shown in Figure 4. If the jump forms at a location on the
slope but ends on the horizontal floor, it is termed B-jump.
The C-jump occurs in sloping channels with a horizontal
channel portion when the end of the jump is located at the
junction. In a D-jump, the entire jump is formed on the
sloping portion.

IV. HYDRAULIC JUMP TYPE OF ENERGY

DISSIPATOR
These are fundamentally be divided into two
types.(1). Horizontal apron type and (2).Sloping apron
type.

Fig. 4: Type of Hydraulic Jump

Hydraulic jumps have also been classified
according to the pre-jump Froude number (F1). For values
of F1 up to about 1.7, a slight ruffle on the water surface is
the only apparent feature for such a jump, often termed as
undular jump. For the higher range of F1, the classification
is
Fig. 2: Horizonalapron Stilling Basin with end sill

1) 1.7 to 2.5 (pre-jump): low energy loss.

2) 2.5 to 4.5 (transition or oscillatory jump): energy
loss 25 to 50.
3) 4.5 to 9.0 (steady or good jump): energy loss 50 to
70.
4) Greater than 9 (effective but rough jump): energy
loss morethan 70.

Fig. 3: Sloping apron Stilling Basin with end sill

4.1 Classification of Hydraulic Jump
Hydraulic jumps can be classified according to the
geometrical form, pre-jump Froude number of the flow
relating it to the energy dissipation efficiency, or as a free,
forced, or submerged jump. In the first category, the jump
is designated as classical jump, A-type, B-type, C-type, or
D-type. A classical hydraulic jump is the transition from
supercritical to sub-critical flow in a horizontal prismatic
channel. An A-jump is the hydraulic jump formed at the

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Fig. 5: Hydraulic Jump according to Froude number

V. HYDRODYNAMIC DESIGN OF STILLING BASIN

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For finalizing the structural design of stilling basin
floor, uplift forces likely to be experienced by the
individual floor monoliths are required to be assessed. The
assessment of hydrodynamic uplift force on the apron of
the stilling basin may be carried out on a hydraulic model
by measurement of hydrodynamic forces acting on stilling
basin using transducers.
5.1 THEORY AND MECHANISM OF HYDRODYNAMIC
UPLIFT
The uplift force beneath the apron of the hydraulic
jump could be caused due to one or combination of the
following:
1)

Hydrodynamic uplift caused by the seepage gradient

below the stilling basin.
2) Propagation of undamped fluctuating pressures below
the lining i.e. at the concrete rock interface, due to
cracks or unsealed joints between the panels causing
uplift whenever instantaneous difference between the
pressures on the upper and lower surface exceeds
weight of the concrete including anchorage forces and
is including anchorage forces and is acting upwards.
The procedure in regard to determination of the
hydrostatic uplift due to seepage gradient has been
standardized and available in the relevant Indian Standard
IS: 11527(1985). The procedure allows for 50 % reduction
of the uplift force if adequate drainage arrangement below
the apron has been provided. Following the failure of
stilling basin aprons of some dams, the concept of
hydrodynamic uplift has gained considerable attention..
During last decades studies have been done on
hydrodynamic uplift forces. There are two methods of
assessing hydrodynamic uplift viz. based on the
measurement of fluctuating pressures with their spatial
correlation and direct measurement of force. Contributions
by Bribiesca and Mariles(1979), Spoljaric and Hajdin
(1982), Hajdin and stevanovic (1982), Lopardo and
Henning (1985), Toso and Bowers (1988) and fiorotto and
Rinaldo (1992) involved pressure measurements. In all
these studies, propagation of fluctuating pressures below
the panel was not considered. Studies by Peiquing et al
(1996) have considered this aspect. The other method
involves direct measurement of uplift force employing
force transducer.

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thickness of apron slab etc. in the case of any stilling basin

for spillways.
5.2 MEASUREMENT OF HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES
ACTING ON STILLING BASIN
The most serious problem with the hydraulic jump
dissipator is more of structural strength rather than
hydraulic efficiency. Many examples of stilling basins
suffering serious damages arising from uplift, vibration,
cavitation, abrasion, and hydrodynamic loading are
there.The uplift of the apron slab could be caused due to
one or a combination of the following:
1) Hydrostatic uplift caused by the seepage gradient
below the stilling basin.
2) Intermittent pressure depressions due to turbulence,
especially in the initial reach of the jump. Such
pressures may cause suction effect on the upper face of
the slab, trying to lift it from its position.
3) Difference between the fluctuating pressures on the
upper and lower faces of the slab monolith. Such a
difference can result due to the transmission of
pressure peaks from the upper to the lower face of the
slab, through exposed construction joints, cracks, etc.
on the slab. The uplift pressures tending to lift the slab
are caused by the intermittent conversion of kinetic
energy into pressure energy, transmitted through any
opening, joint, or crack that may be in the apron floor.
This mechanism poses a threat especially at high
Froude numbers and is accentuated by incoming turbulence
by which the energy is dissipated in the hydraulic jump.
When the pressure becomes negative at a point on the
apron, there may be a short local instability if there is a
steady uplift pressure at the concrete-rock contact or at any
other interface within the thickness of the slab. When this
uplift is greater than the submerged weight of the concrete
plus the water load, the floor slab is lifted up. Damage to
many stilling basins indicated that the probability of
occurrence of this unfavorable combination is far from
being negligible.
5.2.1 Analytical
There are two methods of assessing hydrodynamic
uplift, one based on measurement of fluctuating pressures
with their spatial correlation and another based on direct
measurement of fluctuating force.Fig. 6 shows hydraulic
jump formation with notations.

Farhoudi and Narayanan (1991) were the first to

conduct such a study. In their studies however, propagation
of fluctuating pressures below the panel were not
considered. Studies conducted by Bellin and Fiorotto
(1995) have considered such a propagation and presented a
method of calculating uplift force. Various approaches as
indicated above can be applied to calculate uplift force and

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A= area of the slab panel,

K= a factor defining the probability of occurrence of force;
generally K= 3.09 corresponding to 99.8 % probability of
occurrence.
CP = pressure fluctuation coefficient,
L= coefficient of correlation along length L,
B= coefficient of correlation along length B,
The equivalent thickness of monolith ts is then,
Fig. 6: Typical formation of hydraulic jump showing
= ( )

notations

Table 1 :Measurement of hydrodynamic uplift

Where,
A= area of the slab,
= thickness of monolith slab,
= specific weight of concrete,
=specific weight of water,
2.

MEASUREMENT OF HYDRODYNAMIC UPLIFT

Measurement of

Measurement of uplift

pressure fluctuations

force

1.

Bribiesta et al

1. Farhaudi et al (1991)

(1979)
2.

Spaljaric et al

Hajdin et al

Lopardo et al

= coefficient of distribution of pressure,

Toso et al
The thickness is given by,

(1988)
6.

+ [ + ]

2 = variance of the total pressure acting on the upper face

of the slab.

(1985)
5.

Where,

(1982)
4.

With

2. Bellin et al (1995)

(1982)
3.

Bribiesca et al (1979): Obtain an expression for

the time average of the square of the total vertical
force acting on the slab SP2 as

Fiorotto

(1992)

( )

Where,
1.

Hajdin et al (1982):- Uplift force is given by

=

Where,

= standard deviation of the depth of flow at the centre of

graviry of the area A, in m,
= useful life of concrete lining of the slab in seconds,
= main frequency of purpose fluctuations, Hz.

= relative density,

1.

V1= velocity at entry point,

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Toso et al. (1988): State that for practical

purposes, the pressure fluctuations tend to
approach a definite limit, of the order of 80 to 90
% of the head.

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By selecting an appropriate value of Cp from table
given by him, the maximum deviation from the
mean pressure is worked out as

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The relationship is,

. = (+
+ )

Where,

This deviation pressure is assumed to act on the centre

of an area 8y1 * 13y1 moving out of the centre of the area,
the pressure would drop off to the mean pressure.

Dimensionless pressure coefficients are + and and

uplift coefficient is .

The uplift force is given by

Hydrodynamic model studies would be a suitable

tool for measurement of hydrodynamic uplift on the stilling
basin for finalizing the structural design of stilling basin
floor. Since the hydrodynamic uplift is caused due to the
simultaneous action of fluctuating pressures on the both
upper and lower surfaces of the concrete lining (due to
transmission of fluctuating forces through unsealed joints,
cracks, etc.), it was preferred to measure the uplift force
directly by a force transducer.The measurement system
should include a force transducer coupled to a typical panel
of stilling basin slab, whose signal output was fed to a PC
based data acquisition system. The data received from
transducer system will be analysed using statistical
methods. The data indicates the percentage of time a panel
experience uplift force on the stilling basin as per the
position of the panel. This analysis of uplift forces would
be useful in deciding the design uplift force for various
panels considering the frequency of floods, the duration of
flood and the strength of anchors in the prototype.

Where,
= mean pressure,
= length of concrete slab,
= breadth of concrete slab,
= specific weight of water.
2.

Farhaudi et al (1991): performed direct

measurements of uplift force using a force
transducers in a model set up. Results have been
presented in terms of RMS coefficient is
defined as,
=

( )

1) Instrumental Setup And Measurement Ststem

Hydraulic model studies involve running of the

physical model for various discharge conditions,
measurement of hydrodynamic uplift forces using force
transducers and statistical analysis of the data obtained.
The force transducers are used to obtain the hydrodynamic
pressures acting on the stilling basin slab for different
loading conditions. A typical force transducer is shown in
photo 3 and location of embedded force transducers for a
typical model studies in shown in figure 7

Peak instantaneous value of force are 3.5 times the RMS

value

. = . A

And the thickness of the slab,

=

3.

5.2.2 Hydraulic Model Studies

.
( )

Bellin et al (1995): Conducted laboratory studies

simulating this phenomena with a direct force
measurement system.

The maximum uplift force

. just exceeding the
submerged weight of the slab was measured and related to
the dimensionless pressure coefficients + and and
uplift coefficient considering standard deviation of
fluctuating force and pressure.

Fig. 7: Plan and Elevation of model embedded

with Force Transducers
The measurement system comprises a force
transducer coupled to a typical panel of concrete slab

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reduced to model scale, which is isolated from rest of the
structure in such a way that 2 mm wide gaps around its
four sides and at the bottom facilitated simulation of
seepage of water through unsealed joints and consequently
transmission of forces below the slab resulting in
fluctuating forces. The measurement system consists of a
force transducer with known capacity (say 1-2kN) with an
excitation voltage of 15 volts whose signal output was fed
to a PC based Data Acquisition System. Figure 8 shows
details of the connection of stilling basin floor slab panel to
force transducer. Figure 9 shows details and specifications
of a typical force transducer used for hydraulic model
studies.

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2.

The measurements are to be carried out for

specific acquisition time, say sampling time of one
millisecond to 10 milliseconds. The acquisition
time should in fact correspond to the time of
outflow hydrograph corresponding to various
floods. Studies conducted by Bellin et al (1995)
with acquisition time varying from 5 minutes to
20 hrs. indicated that an experiment that an
experiment duration of 30 minutes was
satisfactory for obtaining a good estimation of the
uplift co-efficient in their studies.

3.

An elaborate system of drainage is required below

the stilling floor with a network of half round
pipes connected to drainage galleries and pump
sump. In hydraulic model, simulation of draining
out of the seepage water accumulated under the
slab can be done qualitatively, in as much as that
the peripheral space between the yoke of the
transducer and the rest of the housing could be
opened and sealed as required, as shown in figure
8.

Fig. 8: Details of Transducer mounting on hydraulic model

3) Statistical Analysis of the Data

Fig. 9: Force Transducer details and specifications

A series of tests are required to be conducted to
estimate the natural frequency of force transducer system
and to determine if the natural frequency of the dampening
of the system would influence measurement of forces,
through resonance effects.
Location of the transducer along the length of the stilling
basin is important and critical, since the peak of the
pressure fluctuations occur at a location which is governed
by various parameters such as Froudes number, entrance
condition, length of the jump, as also whether the jump is
submerged or unsubmerged.

The stilling basin floor would experience the

dynamic pulsations which could cause uplift and
downthrust as shown in typical time history records
acquired from the measurement shown in fig 10. However,
due to inertia, concrete in the thick slab of the stilling basin
with anchors at the base would not respond to the
instantaneous peak of the uplift pressures as fast as they
occur. This time lag is suggested of a sustained near
average value of uplift forces which would be more
appropriate for the structural design of the stilling basin
floor rather than transient peak values of much higher
magnitude.
So, results be analysed to obtain:
1) Time average value of uplift force, considering
only uplift part of the time history record (without
considering the downthrust).
2) Probability of time duration of uplift forces of
various magnitudes.
Data to be analysed for the entire run time (say of
30 minutes) of experiments for different discharges for
various panels to obtain peak values of uplift and
downthrust, mean and RMS values of uplift period of the
time history records.

2) Conditions of Experiments
1.

The studies are to be carried out for several

dischargesfor MWL/ FRL, maintaining normal tail
water levels as per the Gauge Discharge (G-Q)
curve.

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Fig. 10: Time History Record and variation in forces at

different discharges
The analysis should be in terms of cumulative
probability (percentage of time) corresponding to forces of
different magnitudes. This gives the percentage of time a
panel
experienceuplift
force.

VI. CONCLUSIOS & RECOMMENDATIONS

The present work deals with the hydrodynamic design
aspects of Stilling Jump type energy dissipators along with
comparison of various energy dissipators. Also the
characteristics and properties of various forces action on a
stilling jump type energy dissipatoris studied.Various
methods of calculating the Uplift force/drag either
analytically and experimentally is studied. How the
experiments are carried out and how the force transducers
are used to measure and calibrate the forces is also
discussed.
In India Stilling Jump type energy dissipators with only
one end sill is sufficient to dissipate the energy in
Himalaayan and plain region because the velocity of rivers
in those areas are very high. Other energy dissipators such
as Trajectory bucket, roller buckets with baffle blocks
should be use to increase velocity in a low-velocity river
flowing in any region.
Here after this study we can recommend that various
energy disspators may be used as requirement and
experimental study and further research may be done for
estimating the uplift and hydrodynamic forces on energy
dissipators.Also Hydraulic jump type energy dissipator is
not recommended for head above 100 meter.

[5]

Hajdin, Georgije Contribution to the evaluation of fluctuation

pressure on fluid currents limit areas- based on the pressures
recorded at several points of the area, VIII Conference of
Yugoslav Hydraulics Association. Portoroz, 1982.

[6]

Khatsuriya.R.M. Spillways and Energy Dissipators. Marcel

Dekker Publishers, 2005.

[7]

Lopardo, R. A.; Henning, R. E. Experimental advances on

pressure fluctuation beneath hydraulic jump Proc. 21st IAHR
Congress. Melbourne, 1985.

[8]

Novak. P, Moffat A.I.B, Nalluri. C., Narayanan. R.Hydraulic

structures. Taylor & Francis, New York, 2007.

[9]

Spoljaric, A.; Maskimovic, C.; Hajdin, G. Unsteady dynamic

force due to pressure fluctuations on the bottom of an energy
dissipator An example, Proc. Intnl. Conf. on Hyd. Modelling
of Civ. Engg. Structures, BHRA, 1982.

[10] Takasu, S.; Yamaguchi, J. Principle for selecting type of

spillway for flood control dams in Japan, Q-63, R-19, ibid,
1988.
[11] Toso, J. W.; Bowers, C. E. Extreme pressures in hydraulic
jump stilling basins. ASCE, Jnl. of Hyd. Engg, 1988, 114(8).
[12] Vischer, D.; Rutschmann, P. Spillway facilities Typology
and General Safety Questions, Q-63, R-23, Proc. 16th
ICOLD:. San Francisco, June, 1988.

REFERENCES
[1]

Bellin, A.; Fiorotto, V. Direct dynamic force measurement on

slabs in spillwaystilling basins. ASCE, Jnl. of Hyd. Div, Oct.
1995, 121(No.10).

[2]

Bribiesca, J. L. S.; Mariles, O. A. F. Experimental analysis of

Macroturbulence effects on the lining of stilling basins, Q50,
R613th ICOLD, 1979.

[3]

Farhaudi, J.; Narayanan, R. Force on slab beneath hydraulic

jump. ASCE, Jnl. of Hyd. Engg, 1991, 117(1).

[4]

Fiorotto, V.; Rinaldo, A. Fluctuating uplift and lining design in

spillway stilling basins. ASCE, Jnl. of Hyd. Engg, 1992-a,
118(4).

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