Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(Final Version)
HYDROCHINA CORPORATION
July 2012
Approved by:
Reviewed by:
Checked by:
Verified by:
Prepared by:
and
Foreword
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, a major inland country of East Africa, is located in the east of
African continent and neighbors Djibouti, Eritrea, Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya and Somalia. Most of
Ethiopia is located on the vast Ethiopian Plateau, and well-known East African Great Rift Valley
passes across the country from south to north. Unique terrain and geomorphy and particular
geographic location create ample wind energy resources and solar energy resources of Ethiopia.
In recent years, global renewable energy industry has developed rapidly. Many countries have taken
developing wind energy, solar energy and other renewable energy as important opportunity and
means for responding to future dual challenges of energy and climate change. In order to promote the
development of domestic energy industry and guarantee domestic energy security, Ethiopian
government determined a new national energy development strategy to encourage the development
of domestic renewable energy resources (especially wind energy, solar energy and other new energy
resources) and realize its development objective of Energy Diversification.
The Peoples Republic of China, as a major power of renewable energy development, with ample
renewable energy resources and huge market demand and a series of laws and regulations
promoting the development of renewable energy industry, has been taking renewable energy industry
on a tendency of rapid development, which installed capacity of wind and solar energy expands
rapidly and related independent technical innovation capability has been greatly improved. At present,
China has established relatively complete industry system and technical standard system.
China, as a responsible developing major power, is willing to share its achievements and experiences
of reform and opening to the outside with other developing countries. In order to support the
development and utilization of wind and solar energy of Ethiopia, Chinese government and Ethiopian
government amicably negotiated and formally exchanged documents in respect of Ethiopian Wind
and Solar Energy Development Planning Project in 2010, thereupon Chinese government agreed to
rendering economic aid gratuitously for the planning project above and authorized Ministry of
Commerce of the Peoples Republic of China to organize the project implementation.
On Dec. 15, 2010, Ministry of Commerce of the Peoples Republic of China sent Notification of Award
(Shang He Cu Zhao Shou Han [2010] No. 229) to HYDROCHINA. On Jan. 6, 2011, Ministry of
Commerce of the Peoples Republic of China formally signed the work contract of the project with
HYDROCHINA. On Feb. 22, 2011, HYDROCHINA formally entrusted Hydrochina International to
organize and manage the project, and Beijing Engineering Corporation undertook the implementation
and design of the planning project.
Work content of the wind and solar energy development planning project in Ethiopia: make field
investigation for wind and solar energy resources of Ethiopia, prepare Ethiopian wind and solar
energy development master planning report, recommend 2 wind farm sites and 1 photovoltaic power
station site and observe the data of basic resources, prepare the pre-feasibility study report of 2 wind
farms and 1 photovoltaic power station and accept the 30-day training of 10 Ethiopian technicians in
both Ethiopia and China.
According to the deliberate opinions of Chinese government and Ethiopian government on the project,
the report of master plan preparation and engineering requirements will mainly refer to Chinese
national and international codes and specifications.
II
In Oct. 2011, the report makers finished the draft of Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in
the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia submitted for approval according to plan; on Jan. 16,
2012, HYDROCHINA Corporation convened an internal review meeting on the draft above in Beijing,
later, the report makers modified the report according to the opinions of the participants; on Apr. 18,
2012, HYDROCHINA Corporation and Ministry of Water and Energy of Ethiopia, Representative
Agency of the projects Ethiopian Party, held an exchange meeting on the draft at request for comment
of the master plan report in Addis Ababa, later the report makers revised the report according to the
opinions of the participants. Herein we submit the final version of the master plan report thereupon.
Restricted by insufficient basic information for compilation, difference in view of engineering
technology as well as unique limitations of planning period, please make allowance for the report if
failed to reflect local social, economic and cultural development requirements in some senses.
Herein we sincerely thank Chinese government and Ethiopian government and related departments
inclusive of Ministry of Commerce of China, Institute of Atmospheric Physics of Chinese Academy of
Sciences as well as Ministry of Finance and Economic Development of Ethiopia, Ministry of Water and
Energy of Ethiopia, National Meteorological Services Agency of Ethiopia, National Highways Agency
of Ethiopia, Ministry of Culture & Tourism & Environmental Protection of Ethiopia, Ministry of Mines of
Ethiopia, Ethiopia Mapping Agency and Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation for their great help.
III
Contents
1. Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
3. Feasibility and Necessity of Wind and Solar Energy Development in Ethiopia .... 12
3.1
3.2
3.3
General Climatic Conditions of Ethiopia and Genetic Analysis of Local Wind and Solar
Energy Resources .............................................................................................................................. 21
4.2
Common Methods for Wind and Solar Energy Resource Assessment ...................................... 23
4.3
4.4
4.5
Setting up and Verification of Wind and Solar Resource Assessment System ......................... 32
4.6
4.7
4.8
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
Calculation Result of Wind Power Absorption Capacity of Power Grid .................................... 101
6. Preliminary Selection of Wind Energy and Solar Energy Sites ............................... 102
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
IV
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
8. Development Schedule, Grid Connection, and Power Balance Analysis ............. 133
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
11. Development Policy Analysis of Wind and Solar Power Projects .......................... 187
11.1 Examples and Analysis of Development Institution for Renewable Energy ............................. 187
11.2 Existing Energy Policies and Strategies in Ethiopia .................................................................... 191
11.3 Preliminary Recommendation ......................................................................................................... 194
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
1.
Overview
1.1
1.1.1
Social conditions
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (formerly named Abyssinia and hereinafter referred
to as Ethiopia), one of African ancient civilized countries and major inland country of east
Africa, is located in the east of African continent and the southwest of Red Sea, has gross area
of 1,104,000 km2 and borders on Djibouti, Eritrea, Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya and Somalia.
Meanwhile, Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, is also the locus of headquarters of African
Union.
Geographic location of Ethiopia is shown Figure 1.1-1.
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Ethiopia has gross population of about 77.40 million people (according to official data of
Ethiopia in 2005) and population growth rate of 2.9%. The country has more than 80 ethnic
groups, including Oromo (54%), Amhara (20%), Tigray (8%), Somali (6%), Sidama (4%), Afar,
Welayta, etc. Among Ethiopian people, 45% of them believe in Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity,
40 to 45% of them believe in Islam, and some people believe in Protestantism, Catholicism
and African traditional religion. In Ethiopia, Amharic is work language, English is general
language, and main ethnic languages include Oromifa and Tigrinya.
The country has 9 states including Afar, Amhara, Benishangul-Gumuz, Gambela, Harari,
Oromia, Somali, Southern Nationalities and Tigray and 2 chartered cities including capital
Addis Ababa and commercial city Dire Dawa.
1.1.2
Economic conditions
Ethiopia is the largest economic body of East Africa. Based on traditional agriculture, Ethiopia
is in a stage of very weak overall economic basis. In recent years, Ethiopia has been centering
on economic construction, implementing the development strategy piloted by agriculture and
infrastructure construction and transiting to market economy. With rapid economic recovery,
Ethiopia has become a country with rapid economic growth.
Since 2002, the government has been implementing Sustainable Development and Poverty
Reduction Programme (SDPRP) and Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to
End Poverty (PASDEP), modified investment and migration policies, decreased export tax
and bank interest rate, enhanced capability construction, popularized vocational and technical
training and took other measures in sequence, as a result, the national economy has taken on
a good momentum of development, winning the praise of international financial institutions.
In 2005, the government started to implement Agriculture-piloted Industrialized Development
Strategy, increase agricultural input, powerfully develop emerging industries, industries
exporting goods to earn foreign currency, tourism and aviation and attract foreign investors to
participate in Ethiopian energy and mineral resource development. As a result, the national
economy kept the rapid growth at 9% and above.
In 2010, the country started to implement Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP), and its
overall economy entered a track of rapid growth. In that year, its gross domestic product (GDP)
and per capita GDP were USD 26 billion and USD 336 respectively.
Basic characteristics of national economy of Ethiopia are as follows:
Agriculture and animal husbandry is pillar of national economy. Agriculture and animal
husbandry labors account for more than 85% of national gross population, output value of
agriculture and animal husbandry accounts for about 48.1% of national GDP, and amount of
exports of agriculture and animal husbandry accounts for 85% of national gross export.
Agricultural production relies on petty farmer cultivation and planting, adopts traditional
cropping pattern and basically crops and harvest by weather, moreover, the irrigated area
accounts for only 0.77% of cultivable area, thus the natural disaster resistance is low. Main
agricultural products include teff, corn, wheat, sorghum, barley, millet, oat and others, and
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
main economic crops include coffee, chat, flowers, vegetable, oil crop, etc. Ethiopia ranks at
the 7th place in the world and the 1st place in Africa for its coffee yield, but its coffee processing
technologies are out of dated, and most of its exported coffee is roughly processed or
unprocessed. In recent years, Ethiopian flower plant and export of Ethiopia have greatly
increased, and Ethiopia has ascended to the 2nd place in Africa for its gross export of flowers,
moreover, Ethiopian flowers are popular in the international market for their large size, long
blooming period and scape.
Animal husbandry is in huge scale, and Ethiopia ranks at the 1st place in Africa for its livestock
quantity up to 44 million heads, inclusive of cattle, sheep and goat. Animal husbandry weighs
20.6% in gross value of agricultural output. However, traditional pasturing makes the unit
output of animal husbandry very small, basically small scale household pasturing is dominant,
and herdsmen live dispersedly and are mainly distributed in low-lying areas of East and South
Ethiopia. Meanwhile, animal husbandry is significantly affected by climate and plague and
develops slowly.
Industrial basis is weak, industrial sectors are incomplete, industrial structure is unreasonable,
industrial output value accounts for only about 12.6% of national GDP, and industrial products
mainly include textile, leather, food & beverage, metal, furniture, tyre, building materials, etc.
Ethiopian manufacturing industry seriously lacks of materials, skilled labors, technicians,
researchers, managers, etc.
1.1.3
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
important for every country in the lower reach of Nile, abundant precipitation is essential
condition of production and life of local people, also basis of local irrigation farming. Drought in
rainy season may be disastrous for people in an entire basin.
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
1.2
1.3
(2)
(3)
Power consumption balance analysis and estimation of wind and solar power
consumption of Ethiopian national power grid in different planning periods according to
grid data;
(4)
Selection and recommendation of potential sites for wind farms and solar power stations
according to resource distribution, power grids, road traffic and other conditions;
(5)
(6)
Preliminary policy analysis and advising in combination with planning requirements and
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
the actual need of wind and solar energy development and utilization in Ethiopia;
(7)
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
2.
2.1
Target of Planning
Ethiopia has unproven large-scale developable oil, natural gas, coal and other primary fossil
energy resources, so Ethiopian energy policy is mainly oriented to development and utilization
of hydropower, wind power, solar energy and other renewable energy resources. At present,
hydropower has greatly developed in Ethiopia and become main source of national energy
supply.
Ethiopian Government recently issued national energy development strategy to encourage the
development of domestic renewable energy resources inclusive of wind and solar energy, so
as to realize the objective of Energy Diversification and guarantee energy security. In recent
years, with global warming and frequent appearance of extreme drought, sometimes
reservoirs cant normally store water and generate power at full load in rainy season, as
seriously affects Ethiopian energy supply dominated by hydropower, causes power shortage
at many places and hampers social and economic development. On the other hand, wind
energy resources and hydropower resources are very complementary, seasons without
rainfall (i.e. droughty seasons) have high natural wind speed and very strong solar radiation,
and the alternation between droughty season and rainy season form the good
complementation among hydropower, wind power and solar power. Therefore wind and solar
power generation projects have very strong resource advantage and actual demand in
Ethiopia.
Currently Ethiopian national grid construction is relatively lagged, and many regions are still
not covered by power grid. Increase of national grid coverage rate and decrease of electricity
free villages depend on construction and generalization of wind and solar power generation
project. In current hydropower-dominated energy supply mode, the support of large scale
intensive grids is essential for increasing grid coverage rate to effectively transmit power to
numerous families. Therefore, large scale development of wind and solar energy resources
and construction of wind and solar power generation project near a power load center can
effectively reduce the restriction of power grid to power transmission and power loss, supply
power for remote regions not covered by master grid, significantly increase social and
economic benefits and improve peoples living standard, and is also the optimal choice under
existing technical conditions.
The master planning study of wind and solar power generation projects is important for
identifying the gross amount and distribution condition of wind and solar energy resources,
construction conditions, cost and other limiting factors of wind and solar power generation
projects. Scientific and reasonable planning is very necessary for promoting the scientific,
reasonable and orderly development and construction of wind and solar power generation
projects and important for harmony and consistency of energy construction projects involved
in wind and solar energy with national economic development strategy. This is where the
purpose of the planning at.
2.2
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
(1)
(2)
Wind and solar energy development shall be in harmony with social and economic
development.
Ample wind and solar energy resources of Ethiopia shall be reasonably developed and
utilized, project layout shall be in harmony with the social and economic development of
Ethiopia, project site selection shall be consistent with local social and economic
development as possible, meanwhile, local economic development level, future
development room and other factors shall be concurrently considered for project
development, power demand and bearing capacity of regional social and economic
development and others shall be taken into account.
(3)
Site selection of wind and solar energy development shall be connected with power grid
development planning.
When the installed capacity of wind and solar power generation of a region forms certain
scale, especially its scale reaches certain weight in total installed capacity of power grid,
intermittence and instability of wind and solar power generation may cause some
particular problems in the grid, even significantly affect the grid. If regional wind and
solar power is mainly outputted, the connection with a power grid sending out its power
to others or the influence on a power grid receiving power from others must be taken into
account. If the development scale of wind or solar energy planning is in large scale and
cant be fully absorbed at the local place, the problem arising from sending out its power
will be prominent. Therefore, convenience and feasibility of access conditions must be
considered for the site selection of wind and solar energy development, and such site
selection shall be connected with related power grid development plan as possible.
(4)
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
thought below:
The principle of determining a plan according to resource and project according to
plan shall be followed;
On the basis of fully considering the bearing capacity of Ethiopian resources and
environment, the principle of Effective utilization, protecting environment, reasonable
layout, orderly development, suiting measures to local conditions, staged
implementation and planning before development shall be followed;
The principle of Combining dispersed development with centralized development
shall be followed to promote local economic development and realize overall planning
and reasonable development;
The relation between power generation benefits and engineering cost shall be
properly treated to make full and reasonable use of topographic conditions;
Wind and solar energy project planning shall be dominated by grid-connected large
scale power generation project.
2.3
Fa Gai Neng Yuan [2004] No. 865 National Technical Specifications of Wind Energy
Resource Assessment
(2)
Fa Gai Neng Yuan [2005] No. 899 Method of Preparation of Wind Farm Project Planning
Report
(3)
(4)
Fa Gai Neng Yuan [2003] No. 1403 Technical Specifications of Wind Energy Resource
Measurement and Assessment for Wind Farm
(5)
Fa Gai Neng Yuan [2003] No. 1403 Technical Specifications of Site Selection for Wind
Farm
(6)
Fa Gai Neng Yuan [2003] No. 1403 Technical Specifications of Engineering Geologic
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Fa Gai Neng Yuan [2005] No. 1511 Interim Measures for Use of Land in Construction
and Environmental Protection Management of Wind Farm
(8)
(9)
2.4
Scope of Planning
The master planning covers all territorys of Ethiopia. Thereof, in consideration of diversified
influencing factors such as population, economic development and power consumption, key
areas of wind and solar energy project shall be mainly sited in populous regions with
developed economy and heavy power load, e.g. capital Addis Ababa and its peripheral regions,
central city of every state or chartered city and its peripheral regions.
2.5
2.6
10
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
(2)
Highlighting the key points of construction: Short and medium-term wind farm and solar
power station construction projects shall have relatively superior development
conditions and be favorable for promoting subsequent work from point to plane;
(3)
Excellent economic indicators and obvious social and ecological benefits: Short and
medium-term new construction projects shall have good indicators of wind or solar
energy resources, simple engineering construction conditions and low environmental
impacts to guarantee excellent economic, social and environmental benefits;
(4)
Favorable for the optimization of grid system structure: Short and medium-term wind
farm and solar power station construction projects shall be arranged in consideration of
reasonable planning and basic requirements of power grid system to realize the organic
combination and overall optimization and improvement of resource point selection and
power grid development.
11
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
3.
3.1
12
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
after hydropower resource among renewable energy resources. In recent scores of years, with
the advance of wind energy utilization technologies, wind energy development has entered a
stage of rapid growth, and global installed capacity of wind energy has quickly increased.
Meanwhile, with the stimulation of huge market demand, global solar energy development and
utilization have also shown a new upsurge. In recent years, the change of production
technology and cost of crystalline silicon and other core components for solar photovoltaic
power generation has sharply cut the cost of solar photovoltaic power generation and
gradually created the basic conditions for the competition with conventional energy resources.
3.1.1
(2)
13
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
generator according to the change of wind speed, further, maximize wind energy
utilization and raise the operation efficiency of wind turbine.
(3)
More and more market share of direct drive wind turbine generator
Currently wind turbines have three main drive modes, i.e. multistage speed increasing
gear box drive doubly fed asynchronous generator, briefly called doubly fed mode;
wind rotor direct drive multipolar synchronous generator, briefly called Direct drive
mode or gear box free mode; single stage speed acceleration device plus multipolar
synchronous generator technology, briefly called Hybrid mode. In view of international
trend, direct drive wind turbine occupies more and more market share for its small
energy loss of driving chain, low maintenance cost and good reliability.
(4)
(5)
Currently global wind power market keeps the tendency of rapid growth. According to related
statistics of World Wind Energy Association, the global installed capacity of wind turbines has
grown by about 30% every year on average for many years. By late 2010, global accumulative
14
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
installed capacity of wind turbines had reached 194.39GW, 22.5% up that of 2009. In 2010,
the new installed capacity of global wind power industry drove the output value of about USD
65 billion and increased 500,000 jobs. At present, the world has had three major wind power
markets in North America, Europe and Asia respectively. Thereof, American, German and
Chinese markets are the most representative. In 2010, China newly increased the installed
capacity of 16.5GW, surpassed America and became the most quickly growing wind power
market. Presently China has become world largest wind power market, with accumulative
installed capacity up to 42.3GW.
In 2010, African wind power market scale also expanded in a full grown way. Installed capacity
of wind power continuously expanded in Morocco, Egypt and Tunis, thereof Egypt had new
installed capacity of 120MW and ranked in front in Africa for its accumulative installed capacity
of 550MW.
3.1.2
15
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
problem of large scale development and utilization is the price of raw silicon for photovoltaic
cell making. Efficient solar module can be made only if enough high quality raw silicon is used.
Price of high purity raw silicon directly influences the development cost of solar project. Its
foreseeable that, with the advance of technologies and the expansion of market demand,
there will be large room for the cost cutting of solar photovoltaic power generation, and large
scale development and utilization of solar photovoltaic power station will have a broad outlook.
In recent years, the advance of photovoltaic technologies is mainly embodied in continuous
improvement of cell efficiency, continuous decrease of silicon slice thickness, continuous
improvement of industrialized technologies and others, and the improvement of such
technologies is decisive for the cost cutting of photovoltaic power generation.
According to the relation with power grid, solar photovoltaic power generation is in two forms
including grid-connected power generation and off-grid power generation. According to layout
form, solar photovoltaic power generation may adopt separate power station or power station
in combination with building. Therefore solar photovoltaic power generation has strong
adaptability, flexible and diversified application modes, and its development scale may flexibly
change according to demand. In early stage, distributed power generation mode in
combination with building is dominant, but large scale grid-connected independent power
station weighs more and more recently.
In the context of world energy development, many countries encourage the development of
solar photovoltaic industry. German government launched Million Solar Roofs Initiative and
passed Act of New and Renewable Energy Resources to guarantee grid connection at high
electricity price for solar power generation, directly propelling the demand growth of solar
power generation in Germany. Japanese government provides overall support, enterprises
actively follow, the masses powerfully coordinate, policies, technologies and market promote
each other, as not only effectively cuts the cost of photovoltaic power generation and
increases the market competitiveness of photovoltaic power generation but also develops
product application market, continuously improves production capability and forms mutual
balance and benign interaction between different parts of industry chain. America also
implements Million Solar Roofs Initiative to promote the development of solar energy
utilization inclusive of solar photovoltaic power generation.
According to related forecast of International Energy Agency (IEA), by 2050, photovoltaic
power generation will have accounted for 11% in global power supply, and then global
photovoltaic power generation capacity will have approached 3,000GW, annual power output
will have reached 4,500TWh, photovoltaic power generation capacity will have increased by
nearly 100 times relative to that of 35GW in 2010. Here from it can be seen that photovoltaic
power generation has very broad development outlook and room.
3.1.3
16
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
instable, so their large scale development inevitably needs the coordination with a large power
grid to effectively avoid the impact of instability on power grid and guarantee the normal
operation of power grid and station.
Ethiopia has ample wind and solar energy resources, its main load areas are basically
interconnected, moreover, its national power grid is dominated by hydropower with excellent
controllability. Therefore the large scale utilization of wind and solar energy has good
conditions in Ethiopia.
In summary, it can be concluded that, wind and solar energy development in Ethiopia is fully
feasible in technology and has a broad outlook upon the strong support of highly globalized
wind power technologies and solar photovoltaic power generation technologies and
manufacturing market as well as favorable domestic development conditions.
3.2
Wind and solar energy development can effectively relieve power shortage.
Through rural electrification plan, Ethiopian Government increased the total number of
electrified villages and towns to 5,163. But its necessary to further improve rural
electrification level accoridng to current situation. Hydropower and other power
construction are lagged, so power shortage still exsists, and its still difficult to meet the
basic power demand of rural electrification. Meanwhile, towns and other regions
covered by power grid are faced with increasinbly prominent power shortage with the
growth of local economy and rapid rise of power demand. In order to effectively relieve
power shortage, power construction must be sped up, but hydropower projects cant
effectively relieve power shortage in a short time for their difficult construction and
financing, long construction period and limited distribution. In respect of this, wind and
solar power generation becomes a solution for relieving power shortage.
(2)
Wind and solar energy development is essential for guarnateeing energy security and
relealizing energy diversification.
Ethiopian energy structure is dominated by hydropower. Ethiopia is rich in hydropower
resources but relatively scarce of oil, coal and natural gas reserves. Currently the
installed capacity of hydropwer accounts for more than 90% of national total installed
capacity, and the rest of national total installed capacity is for geothermal power
generation and diesel power generation.
17
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Hydropower resource is highly developable renewable resource and has the merits such
as mature technology, low generating cost, clean and no greenhouse gas emission, but
its affected by change of season and extreme weathers. In recent years, global warming
causes frequent appearance of extreme drought, sometimes reservoirs cant normally
store water or generate power at full load in rainy season, as seriously affects local
power supply and causes power shortage at many places.
Ethiopian wind energy resources and water energy resources are very complementary,
seasons without rainfall (i.e. droughty seasons) have high natural wind speed and very
strong solar radiation, and the alternation between droughty season and rainy season
form the good complementation among hydropower, wind power and solar power. Large
scale development of wind and solar energy can effectively overcome the deficiency of
hydropower development.
Therefore large scale development of wind and solar energy is essential for Ethiopia to
exert its resource potential and guarantee energy security.
(3)
Wind and solar energy development is necessary for promoting natinal economic
development and improving peoples living standard.
Ethiopia takes agriculture and animal husbandry as main economic basis, with main
agricultural products inclusive of teff, barley, wheat, sorghum, corn and other grain crops
and main economic crops including coffee, beans and peas, oil chrysanthemum, cole,
cotton, sesame, flax and chat. Ethiopian industrial products mainly include food, textile,
leather, shoes, chemical, timber, cement, oil, iron and steel, gold, platinum, manganese
and other minerals.
In recent years, Ethiopian Government has formulated a series of policies for promoting
national economic development, especially implemented Sustainable Development and
Poverty Reduction Programme (SDPRP) and Plan for Accelerated and Sustained
Development to End Poverty (PASDEP) as well as Growth and Transformation Plan
(GTP), and its overall economy has entered a track of rapid growth. In the past five
years, the annual average growth rate of real GDP reached 11%, and those of
agriculture, industry and service sector were 8.4%, 10% and 14.6% respectively.
However, in view of current situation, there is still a long way to go for realizing the
long-term objective of national GTP.
Powerful development of wind and solar energy resources can promote the economic
development of Ethiopia. Power industry is important basis of national economy, and the
technical innovation and overall improvement of power industry can greatly propel the
development of other economic sectors. Powerful development of wind and solar power
generation projects can promote employment and increase national fiscal revenue.
According to current distribution of Ethiopian wind and solar energy resources, many
future power generation projects may be arranged in some underdeveloped regions to
promote local economic development, increase power supply and change the concept
of life of local people.
Ethiopia is rich in renewable energy resources, so related government departments
think about how to change resource advantage to economic advantage all the time.
18
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Wind and solar energy development can effectively optimizing grid structure and power
layout.
Currently Ethiopian national power grid mainly relies on several large hydropower
stations for power supply to the whole country. Tekeze Hydropower Station in the north,
Gelgel Gibe II Hydropower Station and future Gelgel Gibe III Hydropower Station being
planned in the southwest are all far away from main load areas and need a high voltage
transmission network, increasing power utilization cost and causing large line loss. In
addition, such highly centralized power supply mode makes the increase of grid
coverage rate more difficult. In respect of this, the construction of wind and solar
photovoltaic power generation system can effectively improve power system layout and
relieve electric network tide transmission pressure, meanwhile, the construction of small
wind and solar photovoltaic power generation projects can build up a micro-network
power system and supply power to some remote regions without electricity access to
large power grids.
(5)
Wind and solar energy development is important for responding to global climate
change and realizing sustainable development.
The use of fossil fuel inclusive of coal and oil by the mankind as of industrial revolution
emits much carbon dioxide, aggravates greenhouse effect, and causes frequent seal
level rise, drought, rainstorm, hurricane, cold wave and other extreme weathers, trigging
serious environmental problems. In order to realize the sustainable development of
mankind, current energy consumption mode dominated by fossil fuel must be changed
to sharply reduce carbon dioxide emission. The United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change is the common action guideline formulated by all countries for
reducing carbon dioxide emission, responding to global climate change and protecting
the common homestead of mankind.
Ethiopia is a developing country not obliged to assume mandatory emission reduction,
moreover, current Ethiopian energy structure dominated by hydropower has made
contribution to global carbon dioxide emission reduction, however, further development
of wind and solar energy resources and other renewable resources can better conform
to the trend of international energy development and help Ethiopia build up a good
image of Green development on the international stage, take strategic position for the
gaming on international topics concerning carbon emission reduction and get more
benefits from carbon emission transaction.
3.3
19
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
its renewable energy resources. Currently hydropower dominates the power supply of
Ethiopia. In order to diversify energy supply, relieve power shortage and decrease regions
without electricity access, Ethiopian Government put forward a strategic plan of powerfully
developing renewable energy resources in GTP.
At present, there hasnt been any large scale wind and solar PV (photovoltaic) projects put into
commercial operation in Ethiopia yet, but two wind farms Ashegoda in Mekele and Adama in
Nazret are under construction. Grid-connected solar PV power generation projects are still
blank in Ethiopia.
Ethiopian nationwide wind resource census survey is still in early stage. Only some regions
have standard wind masts, there are only scores of such masts in the whole country, and the
representativeness of these masts is rather limited relative to vast wind resource enriching
regions in the country.
In 2007, Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment (SWERA) organized by United
Nations Environment Program (UNEP) finished Ethiopian solar and wind resource
assessment, as the second systematic assessment of nationwide solar and wind resources of
Ethiopia.
20
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
4.
4.1
21
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
22
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
In light of the distribution characteristics of wind energy resources, there are four major
regions including the Great Rift Valley zone, mid north highland region, west low-relief terrain
and east Somali plain region.
World famous East African Great Rift Valley passes through Ethiopia from northeast to
southwest and extends for more than 1,000 km. Gradually rising stepwise tableland and tall
and straight gibbous cliffs on both sides of the rift valley, as such large terrain transformations,
greatly influence the wind speed on surface layer. The basic strike of East African Great Rift
Valley in Ethiopia is northeast to southwest and approaches the wind direction of northeast
trade wind, moreover, under the venturi effect of the Great Rift Valley and the forced
acceleration action of megarelief, vast regions rich in wind energy resources form in the rift
zone and on both sides of it, hence the regions above become major target region of wind
power development in Ethiopia.
Mid north highland region of Ethiopia mainly includes the middle of Oromia State, most of
Armhara State and the mid east of Tigray State. The region is the principal part of Ethiopian
highlands. In the region, plateau tablelands and mountainous lands are widely distributed,
many zones rich in wind energy resources usually form in high relief areas, but its very difficult
to develop and utilize such resources because of complex terrains there.
West Ethiopia mainly means the large area near the boundaries of Sudan and South Sudan.
With the gradual fall of relief in the region, the forced acceleration action of terrain weakens,
and the wind speed on surface layer is small, so wind energy resources are scarce.
Ethiopian east plain region mainly means a large area of Somali region. The region is broad
and has small relief. All year round, the region has strong wind power under the alternative
influence of northeast trade wind zone and southwest monsoon zone. Hence its richest in
wind energy resource reserve in Ethiopia.
Solar radiation resource is influenced by solar elevation angle, altitude and surface layer
weather conditions, etc. Ethiopia is in a low latitude region with approximately perpendicular
incidence of sunshine so that, in general, its very rich in solar radiation resource. However,
solar radiation resources are distributed differently in different regions with the change of
terrain height and weather conditions. To be exact, solar radiation resources are mainly
distributed north highland region, mid south region and east Somali state plain region.
North highland region is under the influence of downward flows of northeast trade wind on the
south side of subtropical anticyclone. It has dry air and few clouds, moreover, plateaus have
relatively thin air with low water vapor content, so solar radiation is very strong there and forms
ample solar wind energy resources.
Mid south region has lower latitude, but it has rich precipitation, high water vapor content and
large cloud amount, so its solar radiation is obviously weakened, forming relatively poor solar
resources.
East Somali state plain region is near an ocean and has high water vapor content in air and
large cloud amount, forming relatively weak radiation resources.
4.2
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
4.2.1
(2)
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
every country. Wind measuring instruments are set at every level of wind mast for
vertical gradient wind observation. Through the data of wind masts, the detailed changes
of local wind regime can be fully learnt about, bringing good assessment effect.
Nevertheless, the construction of wind masts costs much labor and many articles,
restricting the wide application of such masts. Meanwhile, the data of wind mast still
represent the wind energy conditions of certain areas in the surroundings of the mast
only and have poor spatial representativeness, so more wind masts must be used for
reflecting the changes of large area wind resources. Therefore the use of observation
data of wind masts also needs the help of some commercial software for wind energy
resource assessment, i.e. the distribution conditions of wind resources in a whole wind
farm shall be calculated by software and in combination with wind mast data. Currently
related commercial software with large market share includes WindPro, Windsim,
Windfarmer and others, and the users may select and use one or more of them
according to terrain complexity.
In order to conduct long-term continuous and stable meteorological observation, China
is planning to set up a professional wind energy resource observation network in major
wind energy development regions, and construct 400 wind masts for long-term high
density observation of such regions. This network is bound to greatly drive the
development of wind energy assessment technologies and the improvement of wind
energy assessment quality.
In order to develop local wind energy resources, Ethiopia has built up a few of wind
masts in some major wind energy development regions and accumulated certain
amount of wind measurement data, as is very referable for nationwide wind energy
resource assessment of Ethiopia.
(3)
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
(2)
(3)
26
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Numerical simulation method for solar radiant energy resources is similar to that for wind
energy resources. Through introducing radiation transfer equation to atmospheric
dynamic mode, the method concludes the distribution conditions of solar energy
resources by model derivation. It effectively overcomes spatial discontinuity of station
observation as well as time frequency and inversion of satellite remote sensing. The
accuracy of its analysis and assessment is influenced by the physical chemical
mechanism and mathematical calculation methods considered in the overall numerical
simulation. With the advance of numerical simulation technique, the gradual perfection
of physical chemical mechanism involved and the continuous development of computer
technology, its simulation precision and accuracy will be greatly improved.
4.3
4.3.1
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Wind resource assessment by CESEN-ANSALDO just simply graded Ethiopian major regions
rich in wind energy through theoretical analysis and some ground verification data. The
assessment graded all Ethiopian regions with utilizable wind energy into 3 grades, thereof the
overall wind speed took on the tendency of gradually rising from west to east till to its
maximum at the boundaries of Djibouti and in the coastal areas of Red Sea.
4.3.2
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
ground wind speed measuring stations. Based on the wind speed data at the height of
50m and generated by SWERA in Risoe model, SWERA systematically analyzed the
distribution characteristics and gross amount of Ethiopian wind energy resources by GIS
technique and in combination with distribution of local terrains, forests and lakes, roads
and other conditions, moreover, classified different wind resource regions of the country
into 7 grades according to the abundance of wind resources.
Wind resource distribution concluded by SWERA is shown in Figure 4.3-2.
According to the wind energy resource analysis of SWERA, regions rich in wind energy
resources are basically centralized along the Great Rift Valley, i.e. from capital Addis
Ababa to Mekele in the north and from Addis Ababa to Mega in the south. Major regions
rich in wind energy resources are centralized on east and west sides of the Great Rift
Valley, inclusive of the large mountainous region from the capital to the east till to Harar
and Jijiga.
According to the estimate conclusion of SWERA, the total utilizable area, regions
suitable for wind energy development in Ethiopia include mechanical energy utilization
and grid connection regions, is about 166,000 km2, inclusive of about 20,000 km2
suitable for grid-connected power generation. According to preliminary estimate, annual
power output potential is about 890TWh.
(2)
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Just like the assessment data of wind energy resources, the Ethiopian solar energy
resource data of SWERA were the nationwide resource assessment data with the first
resolution up to 10km2. Through the comparison among solar energy resource
assessment data of SWERA, CESEN-ANSALDO and National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA), it can be seen that, the resource assessment conclusion of
SWERA was about 50% less than that of CESEN, while the estimated data of CESEN
were closer to those of NASA.
Figure 4.3-3 is Ethiopian national solar energy resource distribution map drawn by
SWERA.
The assessment conclusion of SWERA shows that, the regions richest in solar energy
resources in Ethiopia are mainly centralized in Afar State in the northeast, the desert
region in Somali State in the southeast and some western and southern regions. Mid
north region of Ethiopia is relatively weaker in solar energy resources.
Based on SWERA data, nationwide solar energy resource reserves were analyzed by
virtue of GIS system. Multiyear average daily radiant quantity of Ethiopia is 3.74kWh/m 2.
According to estimate, the national technical exploitable potential of grid based and
building Integrated PV dispersed system is about 1.1TWh/y, the national technical
exploitable potentials of the off-grid application such as home, rural health centers and
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
rural schools PV scattered systems are about 4TWh/y, 6.24GWh/y and 15.6GWh/y
respectively, and the national technical exploitable potential of independent PV systems
mainly for water lift operations of some households or farms is about 36GWh/y.
4.4
(2)
Based on the optimal simulation system, carry out long-term elaborate simulation
(spatial resolution: 2km), build meteorological element database;
(3)
(4)
Based on different data presentation software platforms (Grads, Gis, Vis5D), statically
and dynamically present characteristics of temporal and spatial variation of solar energy
and wind energy in Ethiopia.
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
4 dimensional
assimilation
Wind and solar energy resource assessment in the report are divided into building and
verification of assessment system, wind energy resource assessment, solar energy resource
assessment and conclusion of topic.
4.5
4.5.1
Characteristics of MM5
MM5 is an integrated system with functions of numerical weather forecast and weather
process mechanism research. As an advanced mesoscale numerical forecast model,
since issued, it aroused wide concerns by scientists of service departments and
scientific research departments dedicated to related disciplines, in different countries,
depending on its good performance. Widely used in research on different mesoscale
phenomena, the model serves multiple disciplines and fields such as meteorology,
environment, ecology and hydrology.
Compared to its predecessor MM4, MM5 is largely enhanced in information initiation
and physical process parameterization, added with non-hydrostatic part and function of
regional nesting. In MM5, coriolis force is three-dimensional, while in MM4, compared to
other components, vertical component of coriolis force is less, so is omitted. As for
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
numerical calculation, given that theres propagation of sound wave in MM5, for the
purpose of stability in numerical calculation, integration of some components in the
model equation must be in short time step. The most important improvement of MM5 is
introduction of non-hydrostatic equilibrium effect, which enables the model to describe
small spatial scale movement and develop strong weather system thus describe
generation and development of local perturbation in a way better than MM4 and
correspondingly reduces restrictions for simplification of dynamic equations.
MM5 consists of 4 basic modules:
TERRAIN: calculate location of each grid according to longitude and latitude of
regional center, number of grid points and parameters of grid system, download
topographic data and underlying surface characteristic parameter, followed by horizontal
interpolation on rectangular grid of MM5.
REGRID: interpolate meteorological data on different isobaric surfaces on
mesoscale grid by double parabola method. The module consists of pregrid and
redridder. Pregrid converts data to intermediate file in format required by regridder.
Subsequently, regridder generates large-scale initial field based on topographic data in
the file TERRAIN.
INTERPF: read result of REGRID/regridder, calculate the vertical speed w and the
barometric disturbance p in the coordinate z, interpolate each isobaric layer field to
sigma levels thus form initial field, lateral boundary conditions and lower boundary
conditions.
Main module: undertake time integration for forecast.
Basic equations of MM5 are an atmospheric non-hydrostatic equilibrium original
equation. Its vertical structure and horizontal structure are the coordinate sigma and
B-type staggered grid, respectively, using real information about terrain classification
and underlying surface classification. Adopting splitting time integration scheme, the
model considers physical processes including horizontal and vertical eddy diffusion,
cumulus convective parameterization, explicit microphysical process scheme, solar
shortwave radiation scheme, solar long wave radiation scheme and planetary boundary
layer scheme. It can implement grid nesting and four dimensional data assimilation thus
is a strong tool for numerically simulating characteristics of temporal and spatial
distribution of wind energy and solar energy.
(2)
Characteristics of WRF
WRF (Weather Research Forecast) is a new-generation mesoscale meteorological
forecast model developed by scientists from many research institutes and universities of
USA, transplantable, maintainable, high-efficiency and convenient.
WRF is a full-compressible non-hydrostatic model. Any of its control equation sets is in
the form of flux. As for form of grid, different from MM5 that adopts Arakawa B grid point,
the model adopts Arakawa C grid point that improves its accuracy in high-resolution
simulation. As for dynamic frame, there are three schemes. Both of the former two solve
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
dynamic equation set with time spitting explicit scheme, namely vertical high frequency
wave is solved with implicit scheme while other waves are solved with explicit scheme.
The most important difference between the two is difference of vertical coordinate
(geometric height coordinate, quality (static pressure) coordinate). The third scheme
solves dynamic equation set with semi-implicit and semi-lagrangian scheme. Its
advantage is that compared to the former two, longer time step can be adopted.
WRF has been an important tool for improving precision in forecasting important
weather characteristics from cloud scale to synoptic scale. To meet demands in
simulating actual weather, the model must have a set of physical processes such as
radiation, boundary layer parameterization, convective parameterization, subgrid
turbulent diffusion and microphysical process. In the model, weather variable prediction
of 1~10km in horizontal resolution can be taken into account. Compared to MM5, WRF
adopts more advanced technologies of numerical calculation and data assimilation and
more perfect physical processes (especially, connective process and mesoscale
precipitation process) thus can implement grid nesting by means of multi-movement.
Applicable in weather forecast, atmospheric chemistry, regional climate and pure
simulation research, WRF is helpful for developing high-resolution numerical simulation
of different weather processes in different regions thus improving resolution and
accuracy of weather forecast. Many previous researches indicate that, WRF presents
performance better than MM5 under complex urban scale and other complex
topographic conditions.
(3)
Figure 4.5-1 Wind Speed Plans Simulated by WRF (Left) and MM5 (Right), m/s
34
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Figure 4.5-2 Downward Solar Radiation Plans Simulated by WRF (L) and MM5 (R),
W/m
Seen from the above, wind speed distributions simulated by WRF and MM5, as well as
solar energy distributions simulated by both approaches, are very similar. In Ethiopia,
there are two long and narrow high wind speed belts where average wind speed can
reach 10m/s. In Central Ethiopia, downward solar radiation is higher, possibly exceeding
300W/m2.
The approximate simulation results indicate theres less difference between the two
models. Given less uncertainty in the results, the simulations are reliable. However,
there are some differences between the simulation results. For example, in solar energy
spatial distribution simulated by MM5, theres an obvious low-value zone in East
Ethiopia, while in that simulated by WRF, theres no such spatially-discontinuous
singular zone, which is more reasonable.
Based on previous researches and the comparative analysis above, in the task, WRF was
selected for fine-mesh simulations of wind energy and solar energy in Ethiopia.
4.5.2
Projection model
There are three coordinate projection models common in WRF (Lamberto conformal
projection, stereographic projection, Mercator projection).
Light source of Lamberto conformal projection is on the core of Earth. Mapping face of
the projection is a circular conical surface intercrossing with 30N and 60N on Earth
(coning angle a=90). The projection is also called double standard parallel
equiangularity conic projection, suitable for middle-latitude and low-latitude region. Light
source of stereographic projection is in the South Pole. Its mapping face is a plan
intercrossing with 60N, suitable for high-latitude region. Light source of Mercator
projection is on the core of Earth. Its mapping face is a cylindrical surface intercrossing
with 22.5N and 22.5S, suitable for simulation of low-latitude region. Given these, in the
research, Mercator projection is selected for simulation of Ethiopia.
(2)
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Data about underlying surface decides energy budget on Earths surface, as another
key element for precise simulation. In a numerical model, physical processes such as
Earths surface albedo, thermal capacity, roughness and usable water content are
parameterized based on given information about utilization type so that connection is
built between atmosphere and surface of the Earth.
The region under assessment in the paper covers the whole territory of Ethiopia.
Established simulation region covers the whole country. Regional settings in the model:
Center: 40.5E, 9.5N
Grid interval: 10km
Grid number: zonal, e_sn=140; warp-wise, e_we=170
Topographic mapping type, map_proj = 'mercator'.
For simulated region, see Figure 4.5-3, topographic data: from USGS.
(3)
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
4.5.3
38
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Name of masts
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Ashegoda I
Ashegoda II
Aysha
Bahir Dar
Debre Birhan
Dibagot(Gondar)
Diche Oto
May Makden
Mossobo
Nazret New
Nazret
Negele Borena
Sululta
10
40
10
10
10
40
10
10
40
10
40
10
10
Height of
observation (m)
10
10. 40
10
10
10
10. 40
10
10
10. 40
10
10. 40
10
10
Location of masts
Tigray
Tigray
Somali
Amhara
Amhara
Amhara
Afar
Tigray
Tigray
Oromia
Oromia
Oromia
Oromia
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Figure 4.5-5~4.5-10.
Table 4.5-2 Comparison between Observed Data and Simulated Data at 10m Height
No.
Name of masts
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Ashegoda I
Ashegoda II
Aysha
Bahir Dar
Debre Birhan
Dibagot(Gondar)
Diche Oto
Maymekden
Mossobo
Nazret New
Nazret
Negele Borena
Sululta
8.2
6.7
7.8
3.3
4.5
5.6
5.5
5.9
5.3
7.6
6.9
5.1
3.8
6.6
6.3
7.9
4.7
7.8
5.2
6.9
6.9
5.6
4.8
4.6
7.1
6.2
Figure 4.5-5 Wind Speed Trend Comparison between Ashegoda I Mast and Simulation,
10m Height
Figure 4.5-6 Wind Speed Trend Comparison between Aysha Mast and Simulation, 10m
Height
40
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Figure 4.5-7 Wind Speed Trend Comparison between Maymekden Mast and
Simulation, 10m Height
Figure 4.5-8 Wind Speed Scatters between Observed and Simulated Values at
Maymekden, 10m Height
Figure 4.5-9 Wind Speed Trend Comparison between Dibagot Mast and Simulation,
10m Height
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Figure 4.5-10 Wind Speed Trend Comparison between Nazret Mast and Simulation,
10m Height
Seen from the analysis above, WRF can bring good simulation result that reflects
characteristics of local wind energy variation, for height of 10m. Seen from order of wind
speed, at the height, simulated values from Ashegoda I, Nazret New and Nazret are
lower than observed values, while those from Bahir Dar, Debre Birhan, Diche Oto,
Negele Borena and Sulata are higher than observed values, and those from other
stations are equivalent to observed values. Seen from trend with time, trend of simulated
value fits that of observed value, indicating that describing trend of wind speed on
boundary layer by the model is reasonable, and the model has strong capability of
simulating and analyzing variation of wind speed. However, seen from Figure 4.5-10,
systemic deviation of the model is higher (Nazret, height of 10m).
Comparative analysis of wind speed at 40m height
Simulation performance of the model is further verified by comparing observations
collected at the height of 40m with output of the model. Detailed result of the comparison
is shown in Table 4.5-3. Trend of wind speed data is shown in Figure 4.5-11, Figure
4.5-12 and Figure 4.5-13.
Table 4.5-3 Comparison between Observed Data and Simulated Data at 40m Height
No
Name of tower
2
6
9
Ashegoda II
Dibagot(Gondar)
Mossobo
7.6
6.1
6.6
7.3
6.2
6.7
Seen from the comparative analysis, overall simulation result from height of 40m is
better than that from height of 10m, regardless of wind speed value and trend. In detail,
error of mean wind speed is lower, and trend of wind speed better fits actual variation.
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Fig. 4.5-11 Wind Speed Trend Comparison between Ashegoda II Mast and Simulation,
40m Height
Fig. 4.5-12 Wind Speed Trend Comparison between Dibagot Mast and Simulation, 40m
Height
Fig. 4.5-13 Wind Speed Trend Comparison between Mossobo Mast and Simulation,
40m Height
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
From the above, WRF model adopted in the assessment well reflects variation of wind
speed on boundary layer. Simulated value of wind speed at height of 10m can reflect
trend of observed value with time, while there's error in simulated values from some
masts. Cause of such error may be complicated. One important factor is resolution of
the model. Wind speed at the height of 10m is sensitive to local landform and
environment. Under the resolution 10km10km, the model is weak in simulating some
low-scale quickly-varying atmospheric motions on boundary layer that are produced by
dynamic and thermodynamic effect of local environment. This causes error of simulated
value at some stations, especially in region with complex landform and thermodynamic
situation on surface. Compared to wind speed at height of 10m, one from height of 40m
is less sensitive to landform and environment. Therefore, its typicality is better than that
from height of 10m. With increase in height, error of simulated value gets lower and
lower.
Seen from the analysis above, the model can reflect trend of wind speed at the height of
10m with time at most stations, and at the height of 40m, there's good consistency
between simulated value and observed value as well as their trends.
(2)
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Each of the four stations for the assessment is airport meteorological station. They were
different at the wind speed observation time series and sampling rate with 2 or 3 times
every day. Given their poor temporal continuity and low observation height, they can't
accurately reflect local wind energy change. However, since there's less measured
information in East Ethiopia, they are valuable for reference. The report is to reflect basic
law and characteristics of wind energy change in East Ethiopia.
Gode station
Gode station is located in Shabelle River Valley in the south central part of Somali
Region. As for result of simple analysis on wind speed observations from Gode station,
wind speed change of each month is shown in Table 4.5-4 and Figure 4.5-15, frequency
distribution of wind speed is shown in Figure 4.5-16, and direction distributions of wind
speed and wind energy are shown in Figure 4.5-17.
Table 4.5-4 Monthly Mean Wind Speed and Wind Power Density, Gode Station
Month
8.10
7.98
7.12
5.77
7.50
10.34
11.34
565.9
460.3
372.7
270.0
453.5
840.1
1086.2
10
11
12
Average
10.13
8.48
6.10
5.69
6.98
7.96
883.3
535.1
301.0
274.8
356.5
533.3
Monthly Average Wind Energy Density and Average Wind Speed variation Curve
wind energy
density (W/m 2)
Wind Speed
m/s
1200.0
12.00
1000.0
10.00
800.0
8.00
600.0
6.00
400.0
4.00
200.0
2.00
0.0
0.00
1
10
11
12
Figure 4.5-15 Curves of Monthly Mean Wind Speed and Wind Power Density, Gode
Station
45
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Frequency
(%)
18.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Wind Speed
(m/s)
Wind Direction
N
NNW 15.0
NW
ENE
5.0
NNE
15.0
NW
NE
10.0
WNW
NNW 20.0
NNE
NE
10.0
WNW
ENE
5.0
E
0.0
WSW
ESE
SW
0.0
WSW
ESE
SW
SE
SSW
SE
SSW
SSE
SSE
S
Figure 4.5-17 Direction Distributions of Wind Speed and Wind Energy, Gode Station
Seen from the analysis result, there's rich wind resource around Gode station. Although
the observed time was only once at 15:00 each afternoon, annual mean wind speed and
wind power density respectively reached 7.96m/s and 500W/m2. There was still
significant increase from June to September. Seen from frequency distribution, the wind
speed above 10m/s shared higher. This indicates high frequency of high wind. It is also
an evidence for that there is rich wind resource in the region. Seen from direction
distribution, east wind and southwest wind play the main role. In detail, the main role is
played by east wind in winter half year of the Northern Hemisphere and south or
southwest wind in summer half year of the Northern Hemisphere. This indicates
significant characteristics of monsoon climate.
Negele station
Negele station is located in the south of Oromia. The analysis result on wind
observations from Negele station is shown in Table 4.5-5 and Figure 4.5-18, frequency
distribution of wind speed is shown in Figure 4.5-19, and direction distributions of wind
speed and wind energy are shown in Figure 4.5-20.
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Table 4.5-5 Monthly Mean Wind Speed and Wind Power Density, Negele Station
Month
4.45
4.83
3.98
3.36
4.35
5.74
6.28
87.7
109.8
58.9
36.0
78.2
139.6
160.1
10
11
12
Average
6.17
4.91
3.45
4.15
4.31
4.66
Wind Power
2
Density (W/m )
164.4
96.8
53.4
64.3
69.4
93.2
Monthly Average Wind Energy Density and Average Wind Speed variation Curve
wind energy
density (W/m 2)
Wind Speed
m/s
180.0
7.00
160.0
6.00
140.0
5.00
120.0
100.0
4.00
80.0
3.00
60.0
2.00
40.0
1.00
20.0
0.0
0.00
1
10
11
12
Figure 4.5-18 Curves of Monthly Mean Wind Speed and Wind Power Density, Negele
Station
Frequency
(%)
20.00
18.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Wind Speed
(m/s)
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Wind Direction
N
NNW 15.0
NW
NNE
20.0
NW
NE
10.0
WNW
NNW 25.0
NNE
NE
15.0
WNW
ENE
5.0
ENE
10.0
5.0
0.0
WSW
WSW
ESE
SW
ESE
SW
SE
SSW
0.0
SE
SSW
SSE
SSE
S
Figure 4.5-20 Direction Distributions of Wind Speed and Wind Energy, Negele Station
Seen from the analysis result, there's rich wind resource around Negele station. Annual
mean wind speed there is as high as 4.66m/s at the height of 2m. Similar to that of Gode
station, wind speed is higher from June to September. Seen from frequency distribution,
the wind speed of 4.0m/s shares high, even one above 10.0m/s also has a big ratio. It
indicates there is a big ratio of high wind speed weather in the region. Seen from wind
direction distributions, northeast wind and southwest wind play the main role. In detail,
the main role is played by east wind in winter half year of the Northern Hemisphere and
southwest wind in summer half year of the Northern Hemisphere. This also indicates
significant characteristics of monsoon climate.
Robe station
Robe station is located on the plateau of Shabelle River in the south central part of
Oromia, also an airport meteorological station. As for result of simple analysis on wind
speed observations from Robe station, wind speed change of each month is shown in
Table 4.5-6 and Figure 4.5-21, frequency distribution of wind speed is shown in
Figur4.5-22, and wind direction distributions are shown in Figure 4.5-23.
Table 4.5-6 Monthly Mean Wind Speed and Wind Power Density, Robe Station
Month
2.40
2.94
3.33
2.71
2.95
2.65
2.68
18.0
44.0
45.4
37.4
46.5
27.1
26.3
10
11
12
Average
2.38
2.24
1.88
2.16
2.45
2.56
Wind Power
2
Density (W/m )
20.0
18.4
10.3
12.9
17.5
27.0
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Monthly Average Wind Energy Density and Average Wind Speed variation Curve
wind energy
density (W/m 2)
Wind Speed
m/s
50.0
3.50
45.0
3.00
40.0
2.50
35.0
30.0
2.00
25.0
1.50
20.0
15.0
1.00
10.0
0.50
5.0
0.0
0.00
1
10
11
12
Figure 4.5-21 Curves of Monthly Mean Wind Speed and Wind Power Density, Robe
Station
Frequency (%)
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Wind Speed
(m/s)
Wind Direction
N
NNW 25.0
20.0
NW
NNW 40.0
NNE
30.0
NW
NE
15.0
WNW
ENE
10.0
NE
20.0
WNW
ENE
10.0
5.0
W
NNE
0.0
WSW
ESE
SW
0.0
WSW
ESE
SW
SE
SSW
SE
SSW
SSE
SSE
S
Figure 4.5-23 Direction Distributions of Wind Speed and Wind Energy, Robe Station
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Higher in ASL than the two stations before, Robe station is closer to inland. As a result,
significant change can be seen in wind speed statistics. High wind occurs from February
to May, at a lower frequency. Seen from direction distribution, east wind plays the main
role, with characteristics of monsoon climate weakened.
Dire Dawa station
Located in the north of Dire Dawa, broadly speaking, Dire Dawa station is on the
transition from hilly area to plain in East Ethiopia. As for result of simple analysis on wind
speed observations from Dire Dawa station, wind speed change of each month is shown
in Table 4.5-7 and Figure 4.5-24, frequency distribution of wind speed is shown in Figure
4.5-25, and wind direction distributions are shown in Figure 4.5-26.
Table 4.5-7 Monthly Mean Wind Speed and Wind Power Density, Dire Dawa Station
Month
1.98
2.30
2.56
2.79
3.01
3.51
3.56
9.0
13.9
20.6
23.1
25.9
43.2
43.3
10
11
12
Average
3.34
2.77
2.38
2.05
1.90
2.68
41.7
21.3
18.6
8.6
8.3
23.1
Monthly Average Wind Energy Density and Average Wind Speed variation Curve
wind energy
density (W/m 2)
Wind Speed
m/s
50.0
4.00
45.0
3.50
40.0
3.00
35.0
30.0
2.50
25.0
2.00
20.0
1.50
15.0
1.00
10.0
0.50
5.0
0.0
0.00
1
10
11
12
Figure 4.5-24 Curves of Monthly Mean Wind Speed and Wind Power Density, Dire
Dawa Station
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Frequency (%)
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Wind Speed
(m/s)
Wind Direction
N
NNW 30.0
25.0
NW
NNW 40.0
NNE
15.0
WNW
ENE
10.0
30.0
NW
NE
20.0
NE
20.0
WNW
ENE
10.0
5.0
W
NNE
0.0
WSW
ESE
SW
WSW
ESE
SW
SE
SSW
0.0
SE
SSW
SSE
SSE
S
Figure 4.5-26 Direction Distributions of Wind Speed and Wind Energy, Dire Dawa
Station
Dire Dawa station is in East Ethiopia. Influenced by location and landform, its
characteristics of wind speed change are slightly different the stations above. Seen from
wind speed statistics, high wind occurs from June to August at a lower frequency. This
can be attributable to landform. In detail, the south part of the region is hilly area, which
may obstruct south wind that plays the major role in direction distribution.
Information from local meteorological stations is limited, and wind speed information
from local meteorological stations was acquired by observing at lower height. Despite
this, upon the analysis above, level and variation profile of wind energy in East Ethiopia
are reflected by and large. Mean wind speed of Somali region in east Ethiopia is much
higher than west region in Ethiopia, and southwest wind shares higher in direction
distribution. This indicates Southeast Ethiopia is highly influenced by low-level jet from
Somalia. Besides, high wind season there is different from the region of the Great Rift
51
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Valley.
By means of verification by wind mast and meteorological station data, it can be seen that,
result of the simulation is reliable and can full reflect basic variation rule and distribution
characteristics of wind energy resource of Ethiopia, with reasonable error. Therefore, it meets
requirements for assessing macro wind energy resource all over the country.
4.5.3.2 Solar energy simulation result comparative verification
As found in check on result of solar energy assessment, theres good consistency between
simulation value and observed value.
Shown in Figure 4.5-27, most simulation values are around one time of observed value so that
theres good comparability between simulation value and observed value, indicated as
correlation coefficient of 0.38 (far above that at confidence level of 99.9% (0.22)). This
demonstrates that simulation result can well reflect variation trend of solar radiation.
2
Figure 4.5-27 Scatters of Simulated Average Daily Solar Radiation Flux and Observed
Average Daily Solar Radiation Flux at All Stations at Different Times
(Orderly from Upper Left to Lower Right: y=2x, y=4/3x, y=x, y=3/4x, y=1/2x)
Besides, seen from Figure 4.5-28, at most times, simulation value and observed value from
each station are close to each other. Simulation result reflects variation trend of solar radiation
to some extent. For example, decrease in solar radiation from Oct 16 to Oct 18 and that on
Nov 13 are simulated at Addis Ababa station, but continuing decrease on Nov 14 is not
simulated. At Hagere Mariam station, simulated variation trend of solar radiation of September
is well consistent with but the simulated trend of October is significantly different from the
observation results, which indicates that at some times, theres error in the numerical model.
However, given approximation between simulation value and observed value and the purpose
of resource assessment, result of the model is reliable.
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Figure 4.5-28 Time Series Comparison between Observed Results and Simulated Results
from Different Stations
From the above, simulated solar radiation flux and observed solar radiation flux are consistent
with each other in both value and variation trend. Therefore, the model can be used in
long-term simulation and assessment of solar energy.
4.6
4.6.1
53
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
means of numerical simulation. To further provide spatial resolution of data, data about the
whole country is improved from 10km to 5km in spatial resolution by means of spatial
interpolation, and that about key areas is improved from 2km to 1km in spatial resolution.
Spatial and temporal continuity of simulation value and dynamic coordination among different
meteorological elements require a proper method for interpolation in data set of coarse
resolution. Common methods for spatial interpolation in meteorological elements are distance
weighting, interpolating polynomials, Kriging, spline methods, etc. Among these, physical
interpretation of interpolating polynomials is unclear and tends to conclude value hard for
explanation. Spline method is to produce smooth interpolation curve with some limited point
values and characteristic nodes by polynomial fitting and estimated variance control. Simplest
and most practical, distance weighting is adopted in the report to interpolate simulated data
set of 10km in resolution to data set of 5km in resolution, and interpolate data set of 2km in key
areas to data set of 1km. In the method, distance between point and sample point are taken as
weights for weighting coefficient, by the formula below:
N
X (
i 1
N
Xi
1
)
/(
)
p
p
di
i 1 di
Here,
di :
X i:
value of the ith sample point (namely simulation value of coarse resolution)
N:
p:
power exponent for calculating distance weight, which is established according to detail
of data distribution to minimize interpolation error
X:
post-interpolation high-resolution value that will be used for the calculation of average
wind speed and wind power density based on high-resolution data set.
Wind power density is an important parameter that measures richness of wind energy and the
most typical factor for assessing potential of wind energy. It refers to power in unit area vertical
to wind direction, calculated by the formula below:
1 n
3
D
vi
2n i 1
Here,
D:
n:
vi:
1.276
p 0.378e
(
)
1 0.0036t
1000
54
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
4.6.2
e:
t:
temperature ()
p:
atmosphere (hPa)
Figure 4.6-1 Distribution of Average Wind Speed, m/s (Height: 10m, 1980~2009)
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Figure 4.6-2 Distribution of Average Wind Speed, m/s (Height: 50m, 1980~2009)
Figure 4.6-3 Distribution of Average Wind Speed, m/s (Height: 10m, 1980~1989)
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Figure 4.6-4 Distribution of Average Wind Speed, m/s (Height: 10m, 1990~1999)
Figure 4.6-5 Distribution of Average Wind Speed, m/s (Height: 10m, 2000~2009)
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Figure 4.6-6 Distribution of Average Wind Speed, m/s (Height: 50m, 1980~1989)
Figure 4.6-7 Distribution of Average Wind Speed, m/s (Height: 50m, 1990~1999)
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Figure 4.6-8 Distribution of Average Wind Speed, m/s (Height: 50m, 2000~2009)
(2)
59
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Figure 4.6-9 Distribution of Wind Power Density, W/m (Height: 10m, 1980~2009)
Figure 4.6-10 Distribution of Wind Power Density, W/m (Height: 50m, 1980~2009)
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Figure 4.6-11 Distribution of Wind Power Density, W/m (Height: 10m, 1980~1989)
Figure 4.6-12 Distribution of Wind Power Density, W/m (Height: 10m, 1990~1999)
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Figure 4.6-13 Distribution of Wind Power Density, W/m (Height: 10m, 2000~2009)
Figure 4.6-14 Distribution of Wind Power Density, W/m (Height: 50m, 1980~1989)
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Figure 4.6-15 Distribution of Wind Power Density, W/m (Height: 50m, 1990~1999)
Figure 4.6-16 Distribution of Wind Power Density, W/m (Height: 50m, 2000~2009)
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Wind power densities in many parts of both long and narrow zones in Central Ethiopia,
the area bordering Djibouti and Somali Region exceed 200 W/m2 in height of 10m and
exceed 400 W/m2 in height of 50m, indicating rich wind energy resource. Regardless of
restrictions, wind energy can be full used for power generation in these parts.
Table 4.6-1 shows wind energy classification specified in Methodology of Wind Energy
Resource Assessment for Wind Farm (GB/T18710-2002). The standard is applied in
Ethiopia as below to analyze distribution and enrichment of wind energy resource.
Table 4.6-1
Height of 10m
Height of 30m
Height of 50m
Class of
Applied for
Ref.value of
Ref value of
Ref value of
wind
grid- based
Wind power
Wind power
Wind power
average
average
average
power
power
density
density
density
annual wind
annual wind
annual wind
2
2
2
density
generation
(W/m )
(W/m )
(W/m )
speed (m/s)
speed (m/s)
speed (m/s)
1
<100
4.4
<160
5.1
<200
5.6
2
100~150
5.1
160~260
5.9
200~300
6.4
Relatively
3
150~200
5.6
240~320
6.5
300~400
7.0
good
4
200~250
6.0
320~400
7.0
400~500
7.5
Good
5
250~300
6.4
400~480
7.4
500~600
8.0
Excellent
6
300~400
7.0
480~640
8.2
600~800
8.8
Excellent
7
400~1000
9.4
640~1600
11.0
800~2000
11.9
Excellent
Seen from Figure 4.6-9 and 4.6-10, at heights of 10m and 50m, wind power densities
are highest on both narrow belts of central Ethiopia, the area bordering Djibouti and
Somali Region where wind power density reaches class 4 in most parts thus
grid-connected power generation is supported. In most parts of Central Ethiopia and
West Ethiopia, wind power density is low, and grid-connected power generation is not
supported.
According to the CNS Methodology of Wind Energy Resource Assessment for Wind
Farm (GB/T18710-2002), Table 4.6-2 shows share of area suitable for grid-connected
power generation and small-scale off-grid power generation in each state of Ethiopia
and the whole country (average of 1980~2009).
Table 4.6-2 Share of Area Suitable for Grid-connected Power Generation and
Small-scale Off-grid Power Generation in Each State and the Whole Country (%)
Height
Wind power utilization
mode
Amhara
Tigray
Afar
SNNP
Gembela
Oromiya
Benshagul
Somali
Ethiopia
(3)
10m
50m
22.78
43.55
30.97
17.05
1.99
23.28
5.36
80.85
38.55
10m
50m
69.81
58.01
73.51
38.66
15.14
52.87
62.50
22.19
47.07
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Table 4.6-3 shows wind energy distribution in height of 10m, in each state of Ethiopia
and the whole country. Among all the states, average wind power density is highest in
Somali and lowest in Gembela.
Country/state
Area (10000km )
Amhara
Tigray
Afar
SNNP
Gembela
Oromiya
Benshagul
Somali
Ethiopia
15.50
5.02
9.41
10.99
2.46
32.00
4.95
30.03
110.36
Average power
2
density (W/m )
116.12
159.68
131.18
89.78
37.88
116.09
67.92
297.19
162.12
Table 4.6-4 shows wind energy distribution in height of 50m, in each state of Ethiopia
and the whole country. Among all the states, average wind power density is highest in
Somali and lowest in Gembela.
4.6.3
Country/state
Area (10000km )
Amhara
Tigray
Afar
SNNP
Gembela
Oromiya
Benshagul
Somali
Ethiopia
15.50
5.02
9.41
10.99
2.46
32.00
4.95
30.03
110.36
Average power
2
density (W/m )
193.39
286.09
204.5
152.02
76.12
195.68
124.92
486.05
269.04
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
obviously high. In the area bordering Djibouti, wind speed begins to rise from May.
From June to August, wind speed falls in the north part of Central Ethiopia. Wind speed
in Somali Region gets increasing, distributed in zonal way, but share of high-value area
is much less than those in January, February and March. From September, wind speed
gets decreasing in the south part of Central Ethiopia, with high-value area reduced. Up
to December, average wind speed and high-value area get minimum, while high-value
area in the north part of Central Ethiopia gets increasing. From October to December,
wind speed gets decreasing in the area bordering Djibouti.
Characteristics of monthly variation in average wind speed and average wind power
density at some stations
Monthly variation in average wind speed
Figure 4.6-17~4.6-20 show characteristics of monthly variation in average wind speed at
Bole Station (in Addis Ababa) and Maymekden Station (in Mekele), in heights of 10m
and 50m (1980~2009). Seen from the figures, wind speed is lowest in June, July, August
and September at the two stations. In the four months, in height of 10m, wind speed is
mostly lower than 6m/s, and in height of 50m, wind speed is mostly lower than 7m/s.
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
10
11
12
month
Figure 4.6-17 Monthly Variation of Average Wind Speed at Addis Ababa Bole Station
(Height: 10m)
10
(2)
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
10
11
12
month
Figure 4.6-18 Monthly Variation in Average Wind Speed at Addis Ababa Bole Station
(Height: 50m)
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
10
11
12
month
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1
6
7
Month
10
11
12
67
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1
10
11
12
Figure 4.6-21 Monthly Variation in Wind Power Density at Addis Ababa Bole Station,
2
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1
10
11
12
Figure 4.6-22 Monthly Variation in Wind Power Density at Addis Ababa Bole Station,
2
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1
10
11
12
Figure 4.6-23 Monthly Variation in Wind Power Density at Maymekden Station, W/m
(Height: 10m)
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1
10
11
12
Figure 4.6-24 Monthly Variation in Wind Power Density at Maymekden station, W/m
(Height: 50m)
4.6.4
1 n
S i Pi
100 i 1
n:
S i:
P i:
typical value of wind power density of the ith grid, determined by Table 4.6-5
Table 4.6-5
Based on result of calculation upon WRF, total wind energy resource reserve in each
state of Ethiopia and the whole country is concluded by the method above (see Table
4.6-6). Total wind energy resource reserve of the whole country is 3,030GW (GigaWatt),
here the state with maximum reserve 1,490GW is Somali.
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Table 4.6-6
Country/state
Amhara
Tigray
Afar
SNNP
Gembela
Oromiya
Benshagul
Somali
Ethiopia
(2)
Area (1,000 km )
155.0
50.2
94.1
109.9
24.6
320.0
49.5
300.3
1,103.6
Table 4.6-7 Potential Exploitable Quantity of Wind Energy Resource in Height of 50m
Country/state
Amhara
Tigray
Afar
SNNP
Gembela
Oromiya
Benshagul
Somali
Ethiopia
(3)
Area (1,000 km )
155.0
50.2
94.1
109.9
24.6
320.0
49.5
300.3
1,103.6
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Potential installed capacity of unit area is influenced by terrain and landform. In general,
that on gentle simple terrain is much more than that on fluctuating complex terrain. In the
report, in reference to results in China Wind Energy Resource Assessment, relation
between GIS slope and installed capacity coefficient P is built (see Table 4.6-8).
Table 4.6-8 Relation between GIS Slope and Installed Capacity Coefficient P
Horizontal resolution in
terrain information
Slope
(%)
2
2 3
3 4
4
10km10km
5
3
2
0
GIS slope reflects vertical variability of terrain of a grid. As shown in Figure 4.6-25,
assuming heights of grid a, b, , i are Ha, Hb, and Hi, respectively, and DS is grid
interval, variability of terrain of grid e in x direction and y direction are,
dz ( H a 2 H f H i ) ( H a 2 H d H g )
dx
8 DS
and
dz ( H g 2 H h H i ) ( H a 2 H b H c )
dy
8 DS
, respectively.
Based on the two variabilities, slope
below:
2
100
dz
dz
( ) ( )
dy
dx
From this, in reference to functional relation of installed capacity coefficient and terrain
slope given in Table 4.6-8, installed capacity of regional area can be estimated by the
formula below:
n
WP Pdi A
i 1
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Pdi:
installed capacity coefficient of the ith grid within region supporting exploitation
A:
With terrain information from USGS, potential installed capacity in each state of Ethiopia
and the whole country is worked out as the method above (see Table 4.6-9). Shown in
the table, potential installed capacity in the whole country is 1,350 GW, and that in
Somali state is highest while that in Gembela and Benshagul is lowest.
Table 4.6-9 Potential Installed Capacity in Each State and the Whole Country
2
Country/state
Amhara
Tigray
Afar
SNNP
Gembela
Oromiya
Benshagul
Somali
Ethiopia
Area (1,000 km )
155.0
50.2
94.1
109.9
24.6
320.0
49.5
300.3
1,103.6
The values of potential installed capacity above are based on numerical simulation.
There would be a certain difference to the values in future actual development.
(4)
Brief description
This report proposes the three parameters of wind energy resource reserve, potential
exploitable quantity and potential installed capacity of wind resources in Ethiopia based
on numerical simulation. For easy to understand, also for responding to an explanation
request, a brief comparison with SWERA report mentioned before is given here
It should be emphasized that to analyze SWERA report is not objective and the analysis
probably is only kept at surface understanding. Therefore, it is please forgiven for if there
is improper statement.
It is realized that, for the numerical simulation between this report and SWERA report,
there are differences not only at model system and basic dada but also at assessment
index definition and calculation. Some difference are given in Table 4.6-10
Table 4.6-10
No.
1
2
Items
Model system
Basic data
SWERA report
RISOE
CESEN + meteorological stations
Assessment index
72
This Report
WRF
NCEP
energy resource reserve,
potential exploitable quantity
potential installed capacity
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
The calculation results of potential installed capacities of two reports are shown in Table
4.6-11, in which one of SWERA report was limited at class 4 and above wind categories,
but one of this report is at class 3 and above wind categories. For convenience of
comparison, the values with class 4 and above wind categories correspond to this report
also are also listed out.
Table 4.6-11
SWERA
This report(class 4)
Country
/state
Value (GW)
Percentage
Value (GW)
Percentage
Value (GW)
Percentage
Amhara
Tigray
Afar
SNNP
Gembela
Oromiya
Benshagul
Somali
Addis
Dira Dawa
Harar
Ethiopia
10
16
0
12
0
60
0
1
1
0
2
101
9.6%
15.3%
0.1%
11.9%
0.0%
58.9%
0.0%
1.4%
1.0%
0.0%
1.8%
100%
59
78
52
26
0
75
0
1060
0
0
0
1350
4.4%
5.8%
3.9%
1.9%
0.0%
5.6%
0.0%
78.5%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100%
21
29
20
11
0
28
0
879
0
0
0
988
2.1%
2.9%
2.0%
1.1%
0.0%
2.8%
0.0%
89.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
100%
It can be seen from the Table, the main difference at the potential installed capacities of
two reports is embodied in Somali state region. They are 1.0 GW and 1.4% in SWERA,
but 879 GW and 89% in this report (for class 4). As we may think, if exclusive of
Somali state region, the potential installed capacities of Ethiopia country in two reports
would be approximate, i.e.
SWERA: 101 - 1 = 100 (GW);
This report: 988 - 879 = 109 (GW).
In short, there is value difference indeed at Somali state region between two reports. As
for the reason brought about the difference, in our opinion, it mainly is related to model
systems and basic data of two reports.
This report reveals there is high wind resource in Somali state region. Whether it
accords with real condition of Somali state region or not, it can be verified by more
studies time and again. Actually, some verification values shown in Section 4.5.3,
included verification values of several wind masts and meteorological stations in Somali
region, can be helpful for us to sort out some evidences.
4.7
4.7.1
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
adopted. The model was once successfully adopted for long-term simulation and assessment
of solar energy resource in China, bringing simulation result well consistent with observed
results from 122 observation stations. In the model, solar shortwave radiation reaching upper
bound of earth-atmosphere system, scattering and absorption by cloudless atmosphere
(molecule in air, water vapor, aerosol, etc.) on solar radiation travel path and loss of solar
shortwave radiation due to cloud reflection and absorption are calculated successively, thus
solar radiation power of unit area can be worked out. Based on integration for different regions
and times, solar powers and solar energy reserves in different regions can be concluded. This
provides conditions for statistics and assessment solar energy resource.
Calculation formula of solar radiation flux in Dudhia:
Here, y: water vapor quantity, function of water vapor path and solar zenith angle
Here,
For cloudy day, back scattering (or reflection) and absorption of cloud are concluded
according to
and
water characteristic,
: cosine of solar zenith angle. In the scheme, reflection (ALB) table and
Here, QC, QI, QR, QS and QG are mixing ratios of cloud water, cloud ice, rain, snow and
graupel, respectively. The marked feature of the model is that for calculating path of liquid
water, contributions of different types of liquid water and solid water are taken into account.
Transmittance:
Here, S, Awv, Rcld and Acld are Rayleigh scattering & aerosol scattering, water vapor absorption
and cloud reflection & absorption, respectively. So, solar short wave radiation flux of the (K+1)
th
layer is,
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
For further detail of Dudhia, see the reference document J. Dudhia (1989).
4.7.2
As for reasons for such distribution, on the one hand, Ethiopia is in tropical zone where
solar radiation is strong all the year round; on the other hand, most parts of the country
are plateau and mountain lands, especially the north and the central part are on high
altitude where atmospheric optical path is short, solar radiation is less lost at transfer
through atmospheric layer and solar shortwave radiation reaching Earths surface is
strong. Besides, seen from Figure 4.7-2 and Figure4.7-3, due to high altitude, theres
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
less precipitation thus more solar radiations can reach Earth surface.
In addition, annual precipitation in Ethiopia decreases from the west plateau (1500mm)
to the northeast part and the southeast part (100mm). As a result, in the west part,
frequent precipitations obstruct solar shortwave radiation reaching Earths surface so
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
that theres low-radiation zone. Seen from comparison between annual precipitation and
cloud water distribution, there are more non-precipitating clouds in Somali Region (in
Southeast Ethiopia), which causes less solar radiation. As for reason for formation of
non-precipitating cloud, the region is near ocean and high in humidity, and underlying
surface there is shrub-desert alternation where day-night temperature difference is
significant, water vapor in air tends to be saturated to cloud due to low temperature and
saturation specific humidity from night to early morning. However, due to absence of
strong ascending motion, precipitation granule with larger radius cant be formed. With
gradual increase in diurnal solar radiation, temperature in the region rises and cloud
returns to water vapor so that no precipitation is brought.
Seen from Figure 4.7-4~4.7-6 that show distributions of total solar radiation (1980~1989,
1990~1999, 2000~2009), distribution of total solar radiation is similar between the
former two periods but significantly differ between the former two periods and
2000~2009. This is attributable to use of meteorological drive field of higher resolution
for 2000~2009 and climatic change.
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Compared to previous periods, in the period 2000~2009, solar radiation fell in Central
Ethiopia and West Ethiopia. Low-radiation zone was more obvious in the south parts of
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Average solar
Area
Total regional
radiation flux
2
(1,000 km )
power (TW)
2
(W/m )
155.0
240.34
37.26
50.2
246.48
12.38
94.1
239.90
22.57
109.9
226.65
24.91
24.6
222.48
5.48
320.0
223.96
71.66
49.5
232.52
11.5
300.3
217.19
65.21
250.98
1,103.6
227.42
Average annual
solar density
2
(MWh/(m a))
2.105
2.159
2.102
1.986
1.949
1.962
2.037
1.903
1.992
Average annual
total reserve
(PWh/a)
326
108
198
218
48
628
101
571
2199
Average solar radiation power and average annual total solar energy of unit area are
higher in Tigray, Amhara and Afar (all in North Ethiopia) where solar radiation power
density exceeds 230W/m2. For example, solar radiation power density in Tigray exceeds
245W/m2, and average annual solar density exceeds 2.15 MWh/(m2a). However, to
consider total solar energy in different regions, it is necessary to consider areas of
different regions. For this, Oromiya, Somali and Amhara are of advantage.
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Figure 4.7-8
Figure 4.7-9
Figure 4.7-10
80
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
4.7.3
4.8
81
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
all over the country is carried out, using re-analysis data from NCEP and FNL. According to
result of the simulation, total wind energy reserve, potential exploitable quantity and possible
installed capacity are analyzed and calculated, using the analysis tool ArcGIS, and solar
energy resource in the whole country is analyzed.
Upon analysis, total wind energy resource reserve, potential exploitable quantity and potential
installed capacity are 3.03 TW, 1.599 TW and 1.35 TW in the whole country, respectively.
Average annual solar radiation energy density of unit area and annual total solar energy
reserve are 1.992 MWh/(m2a) and 2,199 PWh/a in the whole country, respectively. These
indicate Ethiopia owns very rich wind energy resources and solar energy resources.
It must be stated that, given that the atmospheric numerical model is adopted for assessing
wind energy and solar energy in the report, quality of assessment is significantly influenced by
boundary conditions, namely part of the re-analysis data from NCEP and FNL concerning the
whole country directly influences assessment result in the chapter. The re-analysis data from
NCEP and FNL very depends on quality of observed data from local meteorological
observation network. At present, both spatial density and time resolution of meteorological
observation network in the country are far to meet actual demands. Given this, quotation of or
reference to assessment conclusion of the chapter shall be based on knowledge and
emphasis of related calculation conditions. In the subsequent chapters, emphasis is laid on
conjunction with conclusion of on-the-spot survey and assessment of wind resources and
solar resources.
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
5.
5.1
83
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Hydropower
generation
134
153
43.2
32
32
11.4
73
184
Diesel power
generation
Geothermal
power generation
14
35
38
7.3
30
30
420
300
460
1,842.6
147
0
1,842.6
2.3
4.5
2.5
3.2
3
5.7
0.8
1.1
1.1
1.1
25.3
172.3
Total
134
153
43.2
32
32
11.4
73
184
14
35
38
7.3
30
30
7.3
816.9
0
7.3
2.3
4.5
2.5
3.2
3
5.7
0.8
1.1
1.1
1.1
25.3
2022.2
Figure 5.1-1 Schematic Diagram of EEPCo ICS Power Supply Installed Capacity Structure
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
5.2
Diesel
power
Geotherma
l power
Wind
power
Cogenerat
ion power
Production
time
97
2013
1870
254
246
162
118
215
157
2013
2014
2015
2015
2015
2015
2015
96
2015
326
2015
5,250
70
85
51
120
2015
2011
2012
51
2012
300
100
100
51
2012
2013
2013
2013
2015
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Finchaa Sugar Factory
Wonji Sugar Factory
Tendaho Sugar Factory
ICS Sub Total(2015
plan)
(2)
6
20
78
8,791
70
773
2011
2012
2013
104
Qty. of
turbine
Generating
production
(GWh)
Installed
capacity
(MW)
50,752
10,224
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
Hydropower station
Hydropower
Tekeze II
Beko Abo
Border
Gibe 5TH
Wabi Shebele
Birbir
Lower Dedessa
Dabus
Tams
Genale Dawa 5th
Gibe IV
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
1730
8600
6000
1957
460
2726
3208
2036
5892
655
5930
450
1600
1200
660
87
467
613
425
1000
100
1472
1.12
Gojeb
364
150
1.13
Mendaya
11194
2000
2,628
375
701
526
701
280
420
53,380
100
75
100
40
60
10,599
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
3
(3)
Name of power
station
Geothermal power
station
Tendaho Geothermal
Corbetti Geothermal
Abaya Geothermal
Tulu Moya Geothermal
Dofan Geothermal
Total
1
1
1
1
1
Progress
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
demanded and exported power is 31,776.8 GWh, with a maximum load of 4,946.6MW.
At the same time, the data show that until 2020, the total net electric quantity for
domestic demanded and exported power in Ethiopia will reach up to 57,457.6 GWh, with
a maximum load of 10,089.8MW.
See Table 5.2-3 for the specific situation.
Electric
quantity
Capacity
Electric
quantity
Capacity
Electric
quantity
Capacity
Net
electric
quantity
Maximum
load
Total
Capacity
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Electric
quantity
Year
Unit: GWh/MW
4535.0
5623.4
6973.0
8646.5
10721.7
13294.9
16485.7
20442.3
25348.4
31432.0
38975.7
859.5
1126.2
1396.5
1731.7
2147.3
2662.6
3301.6
4094.0
5076.6
6295.0
7805.8
788
788
788
788
788
9460.8
9460.8
9460.8
9460.8
9460.8
9460.8
100
100
100
100
100
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
318
699
699
699
699
699
699
699
699
699
699
50
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
0
0
0
0
0
8322
8322
8322
8322
8322
8322
0
0
0
0
0
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
5641.0
7110.4
8460.1
10133.6
12208.8
31776.8
34967.5
38924.1
43830.3
49913.9
57457.6
1009.5
1310.2
1580.5
1915.7
2331.3
4946.6
5585.6
6378.0
7360.6
8579.0
10089.8
5.3
5.3.1
Sudan
The Republic of the Sudan, located at the Northeast of Africa, the coast of the Red Sea, the
East of the Sahara and the Northwest of Ethiopia, is the third largest country in Africa, with an
area of 1,886,000 km2. Its capital is Khartoum. The central region of Sudan is Sudan basin,
with the Nile River running through and the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile is
the most fertile territory; the western and the eastern are plateaus. Sudan is hot all the year
around, mainly belonging to tropical grassland and desert climate.
Sudans economy is based on agriculture and animal husbandry and the most important
agricultural regions in domestic are the peninsula area mingled by the White Nile and the
Blue Nile, and Khartoum. Throughout the country, more than half of the population and 80% of
the cultivated land are in these areas. Sudan abounds in Arabic gum, which accounts for three
fourth in the world. There are small gold ore, manganese ore and magnetite ore at the coast of
the Red Sea and copper ore in western Jebel Marra region. The modern industries in Sudan
include cotton manufacturing, flour, sugaring, tobacco, tanning, slaughtering, oil
manufacturing and other commodity factories.
Until 2006, 32% of power system was hydropower station and 68% was thermal power plant in
Sudan. From 2006 to 2010, the power generating capacity of thermal power plant in Sudan
National Electric Company (NEC) increased from 2555GWh to 15092GWh. Until 2016, the
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
total installed capacity of thermal power plant will reach up to 3958MW, with the power
generating capacity up to 3048.8 billion kWh. Obviously, thermal power plant is the main
power system in Sudan.
Power exchange between Sudan and Ethiopia is beneficial to both parties, which mainly
shows in the following points:
5.3.2
(1)
Ethiopia can sell its surplus hydropower to substitute for the expensive thermal power
system in Sudan.
(2)
According to Sudans power system experience, the power demand seasonality and the
seasonality of hydropower generation are especially high. After Merowe Hydropower
Station is put into production in Sudan, NEC will generate more power and transmit to
EEPCo, to reduce the impoundment in reservoir for hydropower generation. During the
peak demand period in Sudan, NEC can import hydropower energy from EEPCo, to
replace thermal power generation. This type of energy exchange is deemed as energy
bank.
(3)
Sudan can sell thermal power to EEPCo. When Ethiopia is in drought, EEPCo is obliged
to run the relatively expensive thermal power, to eliminate insufficient power supply. The
thermal power in Ethiopia is relatively expensive, because Ethiopia is an inland and
non-petroleum production country.
Djibouti
The Republic of Djibouti is located on the west coast of Gulf of Aden in northeast of Africa, the
east of Ethiopia, passing the Red Sea to the gateway of Indian Ocean Bab el Mandeb Strait,
bordering on Somalia in the southeast and neighboring to Eritrea in the north. Djibouti mainly
belongs to tropical desert climate and is hot with little rain all the year around. The inlands are
mainly plateaus and mountain lands, belonging to tropical savanna climate. The whole year is
divided into cool season and hot season. From April to October, it is hot season, with an
average temperature of 37 and maximum temperature up to 45; from November to March,
it is cool season, with an average temperature of 27. Djibouti is poor in natural resources
and the agriculture and industry foundation is weak, 95% of the agricultural products and
industrial products are imported. The transportation industry, commerce and service industry
(mainly as port service industry) take dominant place in economy, accounting for about 80% of
GDP.
It is estimated that the total electric power coverage in Djibouti will be 50% and about 81% of
population in urban areas. The annual power consumption per capita is 288kWh, which is
higher than that in Ethiopia. In this country, the energy available in rural areas is very limited.
On the other hand, since the electric power cost is too expensive, most families in urban areas
use kerosene.
In 2005, the total installed capacity of power system in Djibouti was 108MW. The transmission
system is connected by 5km of 63kV underground cable to Boulaos and Marabout, with total
300km of 20kV distribution system. In 2010, the total installed capacity was 375GWh (with
peak value of 67MW), with about 65% of load coefficient. According to the long-term
development plan of Djibouti Electric Company (EDD), it is forecasted that the demand peak
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Kenya
The Republic of Kenya is located in the east of Africa, with the Equator traversing its central
region and Great Rift Valley in East Africa across the north and south. It is adjacent to Somalia
in the east, adjoining with Tanzania in the south, connecting with Uganda in the west,
bordering on Ethiopia and South Sudan in the north and closing to Indian Ocean in the
southeast, with a coastline of 536km. there are many plateaus in its territory, with an average
elevation of 1500m. It has a total area of 583,000 km2 and a total population of about 38.6
million (in 2009), with the population growth rate of 2.7%. The whole territory of Kenya lies in
the tropical monsoon region. The coastal area is damp and hot while the plateau-climate is
temperate. The maximum temperature in the whole year is 22~26 and the minimum
temperature is 10~14.
Kenya is one of the countries with a better economic foundation in Africa in the south of
Sahara. It implements the mixed economy system combining with the dominated private
economy and the coexisting diverse economic forms, in which the private economy accounts
for 70% of the total economy. The tourism is already prosperous, the industry is relatively
developed in East Africa and the commodities are basically self-sufficient. In 2007, its
economic growth rate reached up to 7%, which was mainly from transport and communication
(23.3%), tourism (16.4%), wholesale and retail (15.7%) and manufacturing industry (8.8%). In
2010, its GDP was US 31.4 billion dollars, with GDP per capita of US 813 dollars and the
economic growth rate of 5.6%.
After the reconstruction of power sectors in the 1990s, the assets of power plant is assigned to
Kenya Power Generation Company (KenGen), which provides 80% of power supply in the
whole country. The assets of transmission and distribution are assigned to Kenya Power
Generation Company and Lighting Company, which changed the name as Kenya Power on
June 22, 2011. Currently, there are two main problems in power system of Kenya, as follows:
(1)
Hydropower generating capacity accounts for 55% of the total generating capacity
Until 2006, the total installed capacity of power grid in Kenya was 1124MW, with the
system peak load of 1070MW, a total generating capacity of about 6561GWh and the
hydropower generating capacity accounting for 55% of the total generating capacity.
This means that once Kenya is short of water, such as in drought, the other generating
capacity cannot meet the power consumption demand at all. For example, in 2010,
Kenya was in drought in a large area, the power sector had to use the expensive
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
liquefied petroleum gas to generate power, which does a lot of damage to the
environment as well as limits the power consumption of the poor to a large extent.
(2)
5.3.4
Somalia
The Federal Republic of Somalia is located at Somalia Peninsula on the easternmost part of
Africa Continent, neighboring to Gulf of Aden in the north, closing to Indian Ocean in the east,
adjoining to Kenya and Ethiopia in the west and bordering on Djibouti in the northwest. It has a
coastline of 3200 km, a total area of 638,000 km2 and a population of about 9.1 million. The
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
most regions of Somalia belong to tropical desert climate and the southwest region belongs to
tropical savanna climate, which is hot all the year around, dry and rainless. Due to the
influence of warlordism in domestic, the economy in Somalia develops slowly, which makes it
become one of the most undeveloped countries in the world. Animal husbandry dominates the
economy and the industry foundation is weak.
At the eastern side of Ethiopia, there is the possibility to export power to Somalia. The market
in Somalia requires about 50 to 100MW, with a smaller potential. Because it is lack of peace
and safe environments for a long time, this country need a longer time to realize the power
grid connection outsourcing.
5.3.5
Eritrea
The State of Eritrea is located at the most northern part of East Africa and Horn of Africa,
passing the south section of the Red Sea, neighboring to Ethiopia in the south, closing to
Sudan in the west, bordering on Djibouti in the southeast, separating to the Red Sea in the
northeast and opposite to Yemen and Saudi Arabia. The total area of Eritrea is 124,000 km2,
with a population of 5.07 million (in 2009).
The main minerals in Eritrea are copper, iron, gold, nickel, manganese, barite, feldspar, kaolin,
potash, halite, gypsum, asbestos and marble. It is rich in geothermal resources and there is
likely to be petroleum and natural gas on the coast of the Red Sea and the western region, the
reserves are not demonstrated until now. Agriculture dominates the economy in Eritrea and
80% of population is engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. Its production is somewhat
backward, with grain self-sufficiency rate of only 60%~70% in an abundant year. In 2010, its
GDP was US 2.117 billion dollars (estimated value).
The power system in Eritrea has a potential of 60MW to 100MW, while the power system in
Ethiopia is 230kV and is now expanding to the boundary of Eritrea. A joint can be constructed
between Inda-Selasse substation in Ethiopia and Asmara substation in Eritrea, with total
length of 200km.
In consideration of the political situations between Ethiopia and Eritrea at present, this joint is
difficult to realize recently, but it may be achieved in the near future.
5.3.6
Egypt
The Arab Republic of Egypt is an important country located in north Africa, crossing the Asia
and Africa, with most territory seated in the northeast of Africa, only Sinai Peninsula to the east
of the Suez Canal located in the southwest of Asia. Egypt has total area of 1,001,450 km2,
connecting with Libya in the west, Sudan in the south, the Red Sea and Palestine and Israel in
the east, Mediterranean Sea in the north. Its coastline is about 2900km. The whole territory is
dry and rainless. The Nile Delta and coastal areas in the north belong to Mediterranean
climate, with an average temperature of 12 in January and 26 in July. Most of the rest
areas belong to tropical desert climate, hot and dry. The temperature in desert areas can
reach up to 40.
Egypts economic foundation is good, which belongs to open market economy and possesses
relatively entire system in industry, agriculture and service. The service industry accounts for
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
about 50% of GDP. The light industry such as textile manufacturing and food processing
dominates the industry. The rural population is 55% of the total population and agriculture
accounts for 14% of GDP. Petroleum and natural gas, tourism, overseas remittance and the
Suez Canal are four resources of foreign exchange earnings. The main mineral resources are
petroleum, natural gas, phosphate and iron as well as manganese, coal, gold, zinc, chromium,
silver, molybdenum, copper and talcum. The average crude oil output reaches up to 675,000
barrels per day and the natural gas output reaches up to 6.4 billion cubic foot per day. The
natural gas quantity consumed in domestic accounts for 70% of the total natural gas output,
the other 70% is for exporting.
Thermal power and hydropower dominate the power supply in Egypt and the power grid
coverage reaches 99.3% in the whole country, ranking first among African countries and
ranking fourth in the world. Nile River, the first longest river in the world, flows through the
whole territory from the South to the North, with a length of 1350km in the territory. Aswan
Dam is one of the seven largest dams in the world, with the generating capacity of 10 billion
kWh in a whole year. In 2008, Egypt invested 1.6 billion Egyptian pounds to improve the power
generators of Aswan Dam and invested 15 billion Egyptian pounds to improve the national
power grid. Currently, Egypt is speeding up the applications of new energy and renewable
energy in the power field.
Thermal power dominates the installed capacity of power generation in Egypt. In 2004, the
installed capacity was 20,123MW, in which the installed capacity of regular thermal power was
14,633MW (with natural gas as the fuel), accounting for 72.72% of the total installed capacity;
the installed capacity of combined cycle power generation was 2605MW, accounting for
12.95%; the installed capacity of hydropower was 2745MW, accounting for 13.64%; and the
installed capacity of wind power was 140MW, accounting for 0.70%.
In 2004, the generating capacity in Egypt was 94,913GWh, in which the power holding
company generated total power of 81,335GWh, accounting for 85.69%; the purchased power
was total 13,578.4GWh, accounting for 14.31%.
In recent years, the average power consumption in Egypt increased by more than 6% per year.
In which, the residential power consumption and commercial power consumption had the
higher proportion, respectively 37.38% and 35.60%.
Egypt has completed power grid interconnection with Jordan and Libya in May and October
1998 respectively. The interconnection voltage classes are respectively 400kV and 220kV.
Since it is located at the junction among the North Africa, the Middle East and the
Mediterranean Sea, Egypt plays an important role on power grid interconnection with the
surrounding countries. Currently, the surrounding countries including Egypt propose a
planning, which is to construct Arab-Europe power grid: Arab-Europe power grid is divided into
the eastern part and the western part. After the power grid is interconnected, the countries
within the interconnection can stagger the power consumption peak in each country, to use the
electricity reasonably. The power grids in the west include Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria,
Morocco and Spain, Italy. Morocco has interconnected with Spain through undersea cables in
1997 and Egypt-Libya interconnection has started to run in December 1999. In 2000, the
power grids in the west were basically interconnected and the power grids project in Syria,
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Yemen
The Republic of Yemen is located at the southwestern end of the Arabia, neighboring to Saudi
Arabia and Oman in the North and East respectively, adjoining with the Red Sea, the Gulf of
Aden and the Arabian Sea, and opposite to Somalia and Djibouti, with a coastline of 1906km.
Its total area is about 555,000 km2, the climate of mountain lands and plateau areas within the
borders is temperate and the climate of the desert areas is hot and dry. The average maximum
temperature in a year is 39 and the minimum temperature is -8. The total population in
Yemen was about 23.6 billion (in 2010) and most of them are Arabians. Its official language is
Arabic.
The economy in Yemen is backward, which makes it become one of the most undeveloped
countries in the world. Its economic development mainly relies on the oil export income.
Currently, the proven recoverable reserve of oil is about 0.55 billion tons and that of natural
gas is about 760 billion cubic meters. The government of Yemen emphasizes the exploration
and exploitation of oil, striving to conquer the financial difficulty by exploiting the oil and
mineral resources. Besides oil, Yemen also has copper, iron, aluminum, chromium, nickel,
cobalt, gold, silver, coal, salt, marble, sulphur, petroleum, natural gas and gypsum. The
industry in Yemen is undeveloped. Except oil exploitation, there is textile manufacturing,
chemical industry, aluminum industry, leather working, cement, building materials, cigarette,
food processing and other industries. The agricultural population accounts for about 71% of
national population. The main agricultural products include cotton, coffee, sorghum, millet,
corn, barley, beans, sesame, carter and tobacco. The grain is not self-sufficient, thus one half
of the grain relies on import. The cotton and coffee are available for export.
Ethiopia can enter into the power market in Yemen through Djibouti power grid. The closest
point between Djibouti and Yemen is about 26km. It is available to connect Djibouti and
Yemen through high-voltage transmission lines (submarine cables). The exported power in
Ethiopia can replace the thermal power generation system in Yemen.
EPPCo of Ethiopia provides the possible interconnection lines for power transmission to the
neighboring countries. See Figure 5.3-1.
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
EG
YP
T
Aswan
Merowe
km
E
N
Asmara
ER
IT
RE
A
Shire
Y
E
M
8 2 km
90 km
is
Koka
M.Wakena
GD-06
GD-08
Mogadishu
km
465 km
80
km
LEGEND
590
220 kV
ELDORET
230 kV Sub-marine Cable
A
NY
KE
Nairobi
400 kV
370 km
LI
A
km
100
Mega
22
0k
50
GG-III
km
GD-03
GG-II
S
O
M
GG-I
230 kV
Hargessa
SOMALILAND
185 km
D.Dawa
Mandaya
Finchaa
km
km
ba
A
ba
i
ob
K
.D
DJIBOUTI
201
ie
Bord
e
km
Djibouti
Berbera
B.Dar
A
dd
SUD
Gonder
Beles
Roseries
le
Tekeze
Shehedi
w
Pa
26
ke
km
ra
37
me
AN
Hu
7k
Me
15
Gedaref
17
8 0 km
120
Khartoum
Kisimayou
LEGEND
Substation at 230 kV and above
Substation with Generation Facility
(Switchyard at 230 kV and above)
Town
500 kV
AC/DC Station
(Converter/Inverter)
HVDC Link
5.4
Table 5.4-1
Date
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
94
2007
620.6
622.6
615.7
623
596.4
623.8
615
624.5
632.3
650.7
2008
672.8
673.9
664.2
657.1
604.2
602
611
651.3
667
673.4
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Date
Nov.
Dec.
Maximum load
2006
611.4
612.5
612.5
Table 5.4-2
Month
Coefficient
2007
668.9
667.5
668.9
2008
668.9
673.2
673.9
9
0.94
10
11
0.962 0.999
12
1
Wakena
Finchaa
Tis Abay II
Koka
Awash II III
G.G I
Tis Abay I
Aluto
Kaliti
DD Diesel
Awash 7K D
D.Zeit
Nathret
ICS Total
Table 5.4-3 Load Process of Each Generating Set of ICS in March 2009, Unit: MW
TIME
(2)
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
0
0
0
0
10
20
40
50
115
115
115
120
120
125
130
130
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
2
20
20
15
2
2
2
2
32
40
46
46
46
46
46
46
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
40
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
8
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
30
30
30
0
0
0
30
30
30
30
30
270.5
296.5
302.5
332.5
359.5
376.5
401.5
431.5
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
0:00
70
90
100
100
80
70
70
70
70
100
110
110
110
100
70
40
130
130
132
132
130
130
130
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
122
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
24
33
24
10
2
2
2
2
2
2
24
24
24
10
2
2
46
46
46
46
34
24
24
24
24
34
48
48
48
34
34
34
40
70
70
70
70
60
60
60
60
60
130
130
130
60
20
20
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
6
6
4
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.5
2.5
2.5
0
0
0
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
9
9
0
0
0
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
473.5
532.5
535.5
521.5
479.5
449.5
449.5
451.5
451.5
491.5
619
619
619
497.5
419.5
347.5
2.5
TIME
Wakena
Finchaa
Tis Abay II
Koka
Awash II III
G.G I
Tis Abay I
Tekze
G.G II
DD Diesel
Awash 7K D
D.Zeit
Nathret
ICS Total
Table 5.4-4 Load Process of Each Generating Set of ICS in Sep. 2009, Unit: MW
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
0:00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
20
70
90
100
90
50
20
0
90
115
115
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
100
100
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
2
20
20
20
2
2
2
2
12
20
20
10
2
2
2
2
2
2
33
33
33
33
2
2
32
40
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
34
24
24
24
24
34
49
49
49
49
49
34
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
70
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
180
180
180
70
50
35
0
0
0
0
0
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
0
0
0
30
30
30
30
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
80
90
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
70
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
6
6
6
6
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
6
6
6
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
332
383
392
397
399
407
413
509
564
597
597
587
558
548
548
548
538
604
770
780
770
612
511
420
Average 29.58 116.67 57.71 11.67 41.88 73.54 5.33 46.67 91.67 16.00 3.00 21.25 17.71 532.67
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Figure 5.4-2
97
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
(3)
Table 5.4-5 Output Feature Table of Existing Major Hydropower Stations in Ethiopia,
Unit: MW
Plant
month
Projecte
d output
Makena Average
output
Projecte
d output
Koka
Average
output
Projecte
d output
Finchaa Average
output
Projecte
Awash d output
II and III Average
output
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
101
104
90
46
26
22
35
27
53
64
83
92
43.2
43.2
43.2
43.2
43.2
43.2
43.2
43.2
43.2
43.2
43.2
43.2
12
11
11
13
15
10
25
15
12
13
134
134
134
134
134
134
134
134
134
134
134
134
92
90
89
94
95
87
76
44
90
94
96
94
64
64
64
64
64
64
64
64
64
64
64
64
45
44
42
47
50
36
35
22
40
45
47
45
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Plant
Tis I
Tis II
G.G I
G.G II
Tekeze
Beles
G.G III
5.5
month
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Projecte 12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
d output
Average
2
3
3
4
2
4
5
3
4
6
6
3
output
Projecte 73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
d output
Average 46
45
44
45
46
33
30
24
46
39
49
45
output
Projecte 184 184 184 184 184 184 184 184 184 184 184 184
d output
Average 75
69
64
54
38
91
146
73
82
93
101 103
output
Projecte 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420
d output
Average 197 183 169 141 101 241 384 192 217 245 265 270
output
Projecte 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
d output
Average 111 103
95
79
57
135 216 108 122 138 149 152
output
Projecte 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420 420
d output
Average 191 177 163 137
98
233 372 186 210 237 257 262
output
Projecte 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800
d output
Average 777 720 665 557 398 950 1515 758 855 967 1046 1066
output
Its assumed that wind power is put into operation first, and calculated first.
(2)
According to the collected data, installed capacity of Ethiopia ICS system is much larger
than the peak load of ICS and many hydropower stations are planning to be put into
operation during 2010 to 2015. In the calculation of regulation capacity balance,
regulation capacity of hydropower stations is determined by the maximum load of the
system.
(3)
(4)
Rotating reserve capacity is 8% of the maximum load, among which there is 3% of load
reserve and 5% of emergency reserve.
(5)
Its assumed that all the existing and planning power plants can be used as regulation
plants (load following plants), just with different range of regulation ability. Then, all the
regulation capacity of the existing and planning power plants is calculated, to see
whether it can follow the maximum daily load.
(6)
In the analysis of peak regulation capacity balance, the hydropower station is regarded
99
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
as the major peak regulation power supply. Its capacity is adjusted to make actual peak
regulation capacity and demanded peak regulation capacity of power grid equivalent, so
as to calculate the maximum absorption ability of wind power when the power grid meet
demands of balance of peak regulation capacity.
Scheme setting: for the data about regulation ability of Ethiopia hydropower station is unable
to be collected so far, it is predicted that overall peak regulation ability of Ethiopia hydropower
station is 70%~80% (ratio of power station with daily regulation ability above in the total
capacity of hydropower). In order to absorb the wind power to the greatest degree and make
full use of quantity of wind power, anti-regulation rate of wind power adopted in the calculation
is 60%. In order to calculate absorption of wind power of ICS power grid, the following scheme
is set:
Scheme I: hydropower peak regulation ability is 80% and wind power anti-regulation rate is
60%;
Scheme II: hydropower peak regulation ability is 70% and wind power anti-regulation rate is
60%.
See Table 5.5-1 and Table 5.5-2 in the following for calculation results of peak regulation
capacity balance.
2015
2020
2025
2030
2663
1133
1716
1530
186
2849
172
2677
997
1716
172
2142
-598
0
100%
60%
80.0%
7806
3323
5030
4483
546
8352
172
8180
2811
5030
172
6544
-1687
0
100%
60%
80.0%
12571
5351
8100
7220
880
13451
172
13279
4492
8100
172
10623
-2695
0
100%
60%
80.0%
20246
8618
13046
11628
1417
21663
172
21491
7199
13046
172
17193
-4319
0
100%
60%
80.0%
Table 5.5-2 Peak Regulation Capacity Balance Calculation of Scheme II, Unit: MW
Item
2015
2020
2025
2030
Maximum load
Minimum load
regulation capacity needed
Peak-valley difference
Rotating reserve
Operating capacity
2663
1133
1716
1530
186
2849
7806
3323
5030
4483
546
8352
12571
5351
8100
7220
880
13451
20246
8618
13046
11628
1417
21663
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
diesel power generation
hydropower station
Wind power
Actual peak regulation capacity
Diesel power generation
hydropower station
Wind power
Surplus (+) and shortage (-) of peak regulation
Peak regulation ability of diesel power generation
Wind power anti-regulation rate
Hydropower peak regulation range
5.6
172
2677
551
1716
172
1874
-330
0
100%
60%
70.0%
172
8180
1448
5030
172
5726
-869
0
100%
60%
70.0%
172
13279
2279
8100
172
9295
-1367
0
100%
60%
70.0%
172
21491
3617
13046
172
15044
-2170
0
100%
60%
70.0%
101
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
6.
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
102
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
transmission system and loss of circuit and voltage drop. As for specific conditions in Ethiopia,
small-scale wind farm shall make use of current conditions of power grid to the greatest extent
and single transmission circuit matched with wind farm shall be constructed in large-scale
wind farm or wind power base.
Contribution of wind power changes with actual wind speed. Due to changeability of wind
speed, contribution of wind power is evidently unsteady. To ensure stability of power grid,
consumption ability of power grid shall be considered in the transmission of wind power. As for
selection of wind farm, backbone network shall be selected. The wind farm shall be near the
load center to avoid influence on power grid due to frequent staring and grid connection or
closing down and step-out of wind turbines.
Besides, the planning of overall capacity of wind farm shall be connected with development
planning of the connected power grid. The planned wind power capacity in different stages
shall not exceed the consumption ability of power grid in the corresponding stage.
Consumption ability of wind power of Ethiopia power grid in different planning levels is studied
in Section 5.5. Preliminary selection of wind energy generation construction project sites is
developed based on this.
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5
Economy
103
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Economy analysis of wind farm is based on overall consideration of the above factors. They
have different influence on costs and benefits of wind farm, positive or negative, large or
relatively small. The appropriate site shall be considered with all the above factors. For
example, magnitude of wind energy has relatively large influence on economy of wind farm.
The larger the wind energy is, the more stable the wind direction is and the better the benefits
of wind farm are; wind farm in regions with complex mountain topography generally needs
relatively high construction costs. To reduce construction costs, proper balance of wind energy
and economy shall be sought in the aspects of traffic roads and construction measures.
6.2
Field Reconnaissance
Actual site selection of wind farm is based on the above principle and specific conditions of
proposed area to analyze information make synthetic judgment and select the best. In the
perspective of specific operation, site selection of wind power shall include field
reconnaissance and information processing.
According to the overall work arrangement of wind energy and solar energy planning project,
the project team organizes major members to make field reconnaissance of the planning in the
initial stage. Supported by the government in Ethiopia, the reconnaissance team makes field
investigation on representative and key areas that are possibly referred in the project planning,
collects large amounts of basic materials and makes wide communication with relevant
organizations in Ethiopia on the development of the planning.
What shall be noted is that development zones of wind energy and solar energy in Ethiopia in
the study are relatively similar or overlapped to some extent. In the route and specific contents
of the field reconnaissance, investigations on potential farm (station) site of wind energy and
solar energy generation project are completed together.
6.2.2
(1)
(2)
Make field investigation on key regions or representative areas for the development of
wind energy and solar energy power project and pre-select the plan farm (station) site of
power generation by wind energy and solar energy;
(3)
Recommend the farm (station) site used in feasibility report and propose the installation
position of observation equipment;
(4)
Investigation route
According to distribution of wind energy and solar energy resources and combined with
specific conditions in Ethiopia, the field reconnaissance in the planning project is done by
group. According to regional features, the investigation group has northern group and eastern
and southern group. The northern group is mainly responsible for areas in the north of the
capital. The eastern and southern group is responsible for areas in the south and in the east of
104
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
the capital. The two investigation groups are equipped with professionals evenly and they start
to investigate from Addis Ababa.
The northern group starts from Addis Ababa and passes by important cities like Debre birhan,
Debre Sina, Dessie, Weldiya, Mekele, Shine, Debark, Gondar, Bahir Dar, Debre Markos,
Dejen. The journey totals over 3000km. And it has investigated 17 areas of wind farm site and
1 photovoltaic power station site. And it has also investigated Debre birhan meteorological
station and substation, Mekele meteorological station and substation and Gondar substation.
The eastern and southern group also starts from Addis Abeba and passes by important cities
and towns like Bu`I, Butajira, Hosaena, Shashemene, Hawassa, Nazret, Iteya, Metehara,
Awash, Dire Dawa, Harar. The journey totals about 3000km. The investigation is mainly
developed in East African Great Rift Valley and around. It has investigated 20 areas of wind
energy and solar energy photovoltaic power generation project, including resource condition in
the plant, topographic condition, road construction condition, power grid access condition and
population distribution and environmental condition, etc.
The eastern and southern group has also investigated meteorological stations like Bu`I,
Hawassa, Nazret, Metehara, etc and mainly focused on development of observation in the
meteorological station and its equipping. Besides, it has investigated substations like Butajira,
Hawassa, Nazret, Koka.
The specific investigation route is shown in the schematic diagram 6.2-1.
105
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
6.2.3
Investigation report
Based on collection and analysis of large amounts of primary data, it finished the compilation
of The First Investigation Report of Wind and Solar Energy Grid-Based Master Plan in the
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
Figure 6.2-2 shows two pictures of investigation.
6.3
106
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Name of site
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
F8
F9
F10
F11
F12
F13
F14
F15
F16
F17
F18
F19
F20
F21
F22
F23
F24
F25
F26
F27
F28
F29
F30
F31
F32
F33
F34
F35
F36
F37
F38
F39
F40
F41
F42
F43
F44
F45
F46
F47
F48
F49
F50
F51
Total
254
77
56
56
66
60
49
47
40
268
185
143
160
70
70
65
70
80
60
60
100
80
71
330
300
220
230
170
150
130
130
61
43
40
76
100
67
60
90
75
80
65
30
40
30
25
25
45
30
30
Grading in
preliminary
selection
100
85
88
86
95
92
82
90
91
96
85
87
84
88
88
80
95
83
83
90
78
82
93
73
90
64
96
67
87
72
56
56
70
70
73
73
68
78
65
58
65
67
74
73
74
67
76
68
66
66
Oromiya
Tigray
Oromiya
Amhara
Oromiya
Oromiya
Amhara
SNNP
Dire Dawa
SNNP
Tigray
Amhara
SNNP
Oromiya
Oromiya
Amhara
Oromiya
SNNP
Somali
Oromiya
Afar
Amhara
Oromiya
SNNP
Oromiya
Oromiya
SNNP
Amhara
Oromiya
Oromiya
Oromiya
Amhara
Amhara
Amhara
Amhara
Amhara
Amhara
SNNP
Oromiya
Harar
Somali
SNNP
Amhara
SNNP
SNNP
SNNP
SNNP
Oromiya
Oromiya
Oromiya
20
28
89
Oromiya
6720
4823
Capacity
(MW)
Area
2
(km )
300
100
100
100
100
100
50
50
50
300
200
200
200
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
50
50
50
600
500
300
300
200
200
200
200
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
107
Domicile
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
North part
East part
North Center part
South part
Figure 6.3-1 Block Index Plan of Ethiopia Planned Wind Farm Sites
Figure 6.3-2
108
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Figure 6.3-3
109
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6.4
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Solar energy PV power station is located in the region with relatively good solar energy
resources and flat and open terrain, installed with a large-scale solar energy power generation
system made up of large amounts of PV cells and accessory system according to a certain
arrangement rule or combined with large-scale structures to form a large-scale solar energy
PV power generation system made up of several solar energy PV batteries and corresponding
accessory system in the outer wall and roof, etc. The former is generally called self-contained
solar energy PV power station and the latter is generally called PV system combined with
constructions. The scale of self-contained solar energy PV power station is mainly determined
by the site and transmission condition. Permitted by the site, the power station shall be large
so that electricity output shall be boosted by boosting transformer and combined into the
backbone power grid. Limited by the scale of constructions, the PV system combined with
constructions has small capacity and grounding consumption or low-voltage grid connection is
mostly adopted in the transmission. The solar energy PV power station in the report mainly
means the large-scale self-contained grid connection solar energy PV power station.
Resource condition as well as power grid access condition shall be considered in the
construction of large-scale self-contained solar energy PV power station. In the present stage,
the capacity of solar energy PV power station is smaller than other ways of generation
generally and its influence on power grid is less. But when the scale of accessed power grid is
relatively small, influence on power grid and absorption of electric quantity shall be
considered.
6.4.1
6.4.2
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
power of Ethiopia power grid in different planning levels is studied in Section 5.5. Arrangement
of solar energy PV power generation capacity shall also refer to this.
6.4.3
6.4.4
6.5
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See Table 6.5-1 for all recommended sites of PV power station. See Figure 6.5-1 for specific
planned sites and their distribution.
Similar to the site selection of wind farm, the report is based on features of sites of PV power
station to mark the proposed areas. The specific marking is shown in Attached Table.
Name
Capacity
(MW)
Area
2
(km )
Grade in
preliminary
selection
Domicile
G1
10
0.39
95
Amhara
G2
50
1.6
92
Oromiya
G3
20
0.62
99
Afar
G4
60
1.59
97
Oromiya
F51
95
Oromiya
141
4.2
Total
Figure 6.5-1
6.6
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introduction of geological factors and traffic transportation in the proposed site selection.
6.6.1
Geological condition
The whole Ethiopia is divided into four main landform units, namely, western highland,
southeastern highland, main rift valley in Ethiopia and hollow in Afar.
Lithology in the deep of highland in Ethiopia is Africa-Arabia early Precambrian rocks. The
covered rocks on Precambrian rocks are mainly glaciers and oceanic settled layers from
Permian to Eogene and tertiary volcanic and the new generation volcanic activities are parts of
East African Great Rift Valley.
With magma activities from Proterozoic era to the early Palaeozoic era, peneplanation of
metamorphic basement happened from Carboniferous to Permian. Sandstone in Enticho
group deposits in the north of Ethiopia from late paleozoic era to early Mesozoic, the Permian
sandstone deposits in the south and west of Ethiopia, sandstone in Waju group deposits in the
east of Ethiopia and the deposited sandstone in Gum group in the southern basin of Ethiopia
cuts the Precambrian basement. Paleozoic continental settlings are widely distributed in Tigray,
Harar, and Abaihe Valley.
Two major transgression circulations happened in the Mesozoic era. The first transgression in
early Jurassic or late Triassic extended from Ogaden in the southeast to the northwest and
achieved the greatest degree in Kimmeridgian. In the period, stratum in Adigrat group (Ja)
(mainly made up of sandstone and siltstone lens), stratum in Hamanilei group (Jh) (mainly
made up of limestone and dolomite), stratum in Abay group (mainly made up limestone,
sandstone, gypsum and shale) and stratums in Urandab group and Antalo group (mainly
made up of fossilferous limestone) are deposited.
Retreating of sea water began from the late Jurassic and it deposited lagoon stratum in Agula
group (Jag) (mainly made up of black shale, malm and claystone and limestone, gypsum and
dolomite in Mekele in the north of Ethiopia). The stratum in Gabredare group (Jg1 and Jg2)
(mainly made up limestone and malm) represents the topmost part of Jurassic in Ogaden in
the east of Ethiopia.
Stratum in Korahe group (Kg1 and Kg2) (mainly made up of limestone, malm and shale and
dolomite in Ogaden) represents the down-most stratum in the Cretaceous period and
represents the end of the first transgression return. The second major transgression happened
between Aptian and Turonian and formed stratum in Mustahil group (Km), stratum in Ferfer
group (Kf) and stratum in Belet Uen group (mainly made up of limestone, shale, malm,
dolomite and anhydrite). The second return in the late Cretaceous deposited continental
settlings in Amaba Aradom group (mainly made up of interbedded shale, siltstone and
sandstone).
The third partial transgression happened from the late Cretaceous to the middle late
Pleistocene and deposited sandstone in Jessoma group (Pj), anhydrite in Taleh group (Pt) and
limestone containing shale and gypsum interlayer in Karkar group (Pk) in the extended corner
in the east of Ogaden.
Since the the transgression from the late Mesozoic to the early Tertiary, it has happened
large-scale orogenic movement (in East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula and the present Red
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Sea and the domicile of fault in the Gulf of Aden). According to Mohr Theory (in 1962), the
rising of basic rock related with East African Great Rift Valley amounted to a certain degree.
The uplifting range is outside the fold belt. The main reason for uplifting is that huge amounts
of basaltic magma are formed in the rock circle due to relevant pressure reduction fusion and
a typical mantle plume of mainland overflow. The upheaval and uparched tension permits the
rising of basaltic magma, which formed the sunken area of Ethiopia.
The first apparent volcanic activity happened in the late Mesozoic along the edge of Proto-Afar.
The alkaline and tholeiitic basalt interlaid with sand rock in the Cretaceous period with edge in
the south and west of Afar sunken area. In the southeastern Kulibi plateau and northwestern
Sakota plateau, the basalt volcano happened widely until the late Pleistocene or early
Pleistocene according to geological data. In the map, these early basalts like Ashangi basalt
(P2a), Jima volcanic (Pjb and Pjr), Aibe basalts (P3a), Arsi and Bale basalts(pNab), Makonnen
basalts (Pmb), Alajae basalts (PNa) and Tarmaber Gussa and Tarmaber.Megezez basalts
(PNtb and Ntb) are widely distributed in the western and southeastern plateau.
Through research on relevant volcanic activities with major structures, the early volcanic
activities are related with the Red Sea and rift valley in the Gulf of Aden (before 20Ma) and
transferred from the center in the early volcanic activities to the present ones. Through
distribution of basalt magma in the early stage in the south, east and west, it determines Afar
sunken area is related. The axis of the northeastern direction of the volcanic zone is parallel
with the rift valley in the west of Ethiopia. The magma erupted in the alkaline volcano in the
west and southeastern plateau is 4000m in length (ct.Tarmaber group).
With long-term uplifting movement of Afro-Arabia, part of East African Great Rift Valley in the
axis started to develop in the Miocene. The rift valley movement started from the Red Sea and
rift valley in the Gulf of Aden. The above is the joint of young and continental Ethiopia main
fault with original Afar ocean (Afar sunken area). The Ethiopia main fault, as an important
continental part of East African Great Rift Valley, is extended into Turkana Lake, Stifane Rifts
Lake, and Reireba original rift valley lake in the south of Chamo Lake in the south.
According to the study of Kazmin in 1980, the initial sediment of Ethiopia main fault started
15Ma years ago and the main rift valley happened between 10Ma, 5Ma, 4Ma and 1.81.6 Ma
years. Drop of rift valley and fault in each stage has double peaks, namely acid basic rock in
the rift rock and basalt and trachyte formed in the shoulder of valley and volcano in the edge.
Commonly, the drop of fault of Afar sunken area started relatively early. Basalt appeared with
the eruption of rift valley. Some people think extension started in the early Miocene. The
opening in the depression is eroded by alkaline granite and the settlings of fragments in
Danakil group (Nrs) were formed.
With the sediment of Afar sunken area and Ethiopia main fault, continuous volcanic activities
formed the rift valleys and became the core area of volcanic activities in the Quaternary period
and lately. East African Great Rift Valley in Ethiopia includes the following main structures and
landforms:
(1)
Fault in Gulf of Aden formed the southern edge of Afar sunken area, which determines
the outline of the region, like the landform of Addis Ababa - Ambo Nekemte in the
northwestern plateau;
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
(2)
Red Sea rift valley, is formed along the sea in the north of Eritrea and Danakil Horst
separates the Red Sea, Afar sunken aera and bluff in the west of Afar sunken area. It is
extended to the west, the same wth Marda fault in the southeastern plateau;
(3)
Sunken area in Afar includes three important rift valley systems, namely, Ethiopia main
fault, Red Sea fault and Gulf of Aden fault;
(4)
The main fault in Ethiopia is in the direction of NNE of the latitude (interchange of the
fault and sunken area in Afar) of Addis Ababa from Chamo Lake
(5)
Turkana Lake, Chew Bahir Rifts Lake and Heireba original rift valley in Heireba in the
south of Ethiopia are not directly connected and transferred to the east from the north
gradually.
In the development of African Great Rift Valley system in Ethiopia, all kinds of continental
sedimentary basins have formed since Miocene epoch of the Tertiary system. In the sunken
areas of Afar, original settlings due to rapid erosion of steep cliff and large amounts of volcanic
matters are filled in the sunken areas, but movement of deep structures is faster than the filling
speed of volcanic settlings. Besides, nature of settlings is determined by the edge of basin or
the axis. Evaporation rock bed is formed in the limitation ocean in the north of sunken area in
Afar. From Pliocene epoch to Pleistocene, settlings are widely distributed in the fault area of
Ethiopia. In the main fault area of Ethiopia, in the the Pleistocene Epoch of Quaternary system,
lake sediment is widely distributed. So far, rift valley lakes are the remaining of the former lake,
which cover most of the fault layer.
6.6.2
Water transportation
Ethiopia is a continental nation, without available port. Most of domestic materials are
transported from Djibouti Port to Ethiopia by ocean shipping.
East African Djibouti Republic Port, a transfer port in Ethiopia, is located in the
southeastern cape in the western end of Gulf of Aden, 77 nautical miles away from the
Mandab Strait in the north, and 130 nautical miles away from Gulf of Aden in the east.
There are 12 berths in the port. In the south of southeastern wall are 2 berths of
containers. It is 400m in length and the water is 9.7~12.1m deep. The northeastern wall
is about 700m in length and the water on the interior side is deep. It is a dock for trade
ships along the sea and the exterior side is a storage depot and an import dock for
petroleum, liquefied gas and honey and sugar, able to add water for passing ships. The
northwestern jetty is about 700m in length, with 7 berths. Water in the interior side and in
the south is relatively shallow. Only No.8 berth shall bear refrigerated vessel with ten
thousand t; No. 10~12 berths are in the exterior side. The water is 11~12m deep. They
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
are respectively for loading and unloading of heavy oil, imported coals and oceanic
groceries.
The loading and unloading equipment includes truck crane, gantry crane, floating crane,
forklift, trailer and rolling facilities. The maximum lifting ability of truck crane is 40t and
the one of floating crane is 80t. There is open storage area and warehouse of containers
and rolling goods in the port.
(2)
Railway
There is only one railway in Ethiopia, namely, the railway from Djibouti to Addis Ababa.
The railway is narrow, shared by Djibouti and Ethiopia, reconstructed by EU and
unavailable to be operated.
(3)
Road
So far, road transportation is the main transportation way in Ethiopia, which accounts for
90% of the total transportation. The government in Ethiopia determines the improvement
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118
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119
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
concrete pavement. It is open and flat on both sides of the road. The road is comfortable
in grade line, with dense vegetation. The pavement is good in condition.
No.13 line: AwashAsebe TeferiKulubiDengegoHarerJigjiga
The road is 394km in length. The width of roadbed/pavement is: 3.5m2+1.5m2;
asphalt concrete pavement. The section of Asebe teferiKulubiDengego is about
165km in length, mostly winding road with lots of S-turns and hair pin bends. Parts of
turns are relatively small in radius. The other sections are open and flat, with dense
vegetation and comfortable grade line. The maximum longitudinal slope is 10%. The
pavement is good in condition.
No. 14 line: DengegoDiri Dawa
The road is 25km in length. The width of roadbed/pavement is: 3.5m2+1.5m2; asphalt
concrete pavement. The road is continuous downgrade, relatively abrupt, with relatively
dense vegetation and continuous S-turns, sharp turn. Outside the turn is mountain,
where large-scale equipment shall be difficult to pass. The pavement is good in
condition.
No. 15 line: Diri DawaAysha
The road is 184km in length. The width of roadbed/pavement is: 3.25m2+0.5m2;
sandstone pavement. It is open and flat on both sides of road. There are little vegetation
and serious desertification along the road. The road is comfortable in grade line, with
common pavement.
See Figure 6.6-3 for photos of the existing traffic network.
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6.7
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Figure 6.7-1 Schematic Diagram of Planning Scope of Wind Power Base in Diksis
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Figure 6.7-2
Due to terrains in the above planning areas and influence of North African trade wind, large
scope of wind energy formed in the plateau mesa, which is the available development zone of
wind energy with the largest scale in Ethiopia. The whole planning area is plateau mesa with
altitude about 2400m~2600m, flat and relatively less fluctuant. Its micro topography is low
mountain, rippling. The planning area is mainly made up of farmlands and some forests. The
whole wind energy development base has an area of about 3,700km2. According to capacity
coefficient of 3MW/km2, the installed capacity of the whole planning area shall exceed 10GW,
with large development potential.
But what shall be pointed is that in the large-scale wind power base, there is no large-scale
reliable power transmission facility so far. As for the existing demand for electricity in Ethiopia,
wind energy resources in the above area may not be developed. In the present wind energy
engineering development, power grid arrangement condition and power demand shall be
combined and the neighboring principle shall be adopted in the site selection of wind power
project. Besides, due to unsteady wind power, construction of large-scale wind power base
shall be supported by solid intelligent power grid and matched with construction of other power
supply points and safe and steady operation of power grid shall be ensured through
reasonable and scientific power grid dispatch and precise power prediction system. Hence,
the wind power base can be an important project reserve base for development of wind power
in Ethiopia. After further increase in demand for national electricity and construction of large
power grid in East Africa and equipping of construction of power grid, construction of wind
power base shall be further developed to realize the conversion of huge wind energy
resources in Ethiopia to energy economy.
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7.
7.1
Environment Status
7.1.1
Country profile
Ethiopia as a landlocked country in East Africa is adjacent to the Djibouti and Somalia on the
east, borders with Sudan and South Sudan on the west, adjoins Kenya on the south, and
borders with Eritrea on the north. The total area of the country is 1.14 million km 2, and 2/3 of
the country area is plateau, the greater part shall be Ethiopian Highland, and the central and
western parts are the main body of the highland with an average altitude of 2500 ~ 3000m,
which is known as the "Roof of Africa" with the highest peak Ras Dashen of 4620m. In
southeast part there is Somalia Highland with lower altitude, and there is a narrow plain on the
northeast coast. Dallol depression in the north is the lowest point of the country down to 113m
below the sea level. The East African Great Rift Valley zone penetrates the central part, the
valley bottom is deep with lakes, volcanoes and hot springs distributed like clusters. There are
more than 30 rivers originated in the central plateau region of Ethiopia territory, therefore
Ethiopia is often ironically referred to as the "water tower of East Africa. Abbai River (also
known as Blue Nile), Tekeze River and Baro River belong to Nile River system, Shabelle River
and Juba River belong to Indian Ocean system. Lake Tana, Lake Ziwaii and Abiyata are
relative large lakes.
Ethiopia has complex climate, the temperature differences of areas are large, which is mainly
the savanna climate and subtropical forest climate and rarely with mountain land and tropical
desert climate. Although located in the tropical zone, due to the high terrain, most areas have
a moderate climate, the annual average temperature is 10 ~ 27 , and the annual average
temperature of capital is 16 . Generally, the temperature is highest from March to May, and
the temperature is lowest from November to January. In most areas, the dry season is from
October to February. The average annual precipitation of plateau area is 1000 ~ 1500mm, and
the average annual precipitation of lowlands and valleys is 250 ~ 500mm. The average annual
precipitation decreases from 1500mm to 100mm from the west plateau to northeast and
southeast areas. Desert and semi-desert areas are about a quarter of the total area.
Due to Ethiopia locating in the east of African continent and near the equator, which combines
with its unique geographic and geomorphic conditions, especially impacted by Ethiopia
Highland and unique East African Great Rift Valley terrain, these factors create a rich wind
energy resources and solar energy resources.
7.1.2
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Tigray locates in the most northern part of Ethiopia; it is planned with two wind farms, i.e.,
Mek'ele north wind farm and Mek'ele south wind farm. The natural environment of Mek'ele
north wind farm and Mek'ele south wind farm is relatively poor with dead soil, the vegetation is
mainly sparsely distributed low shrubs, and there is also a small part of farmland. An airport is
located between the two wind farms; the interaction between the airport and the wind farms
shall be investigated and analyzed in the next stage.
There are more planned wind farms within Amhara, Debark wind farm, Gondar north wind
farm, Gondar east wind farm, Gondar west wind farm, Rufa'el wind farm terrain at the north
side of Lake Tana mainly refers to plateau or ridge with favorable wind resource conditions,
there are also more farmlands distributed in these wind farms with rare trees, Debark wind
farm and Gondar north wind farm have many villages, which shall be avoided properly during
construction; Bahir Dar wind farm, Dangla wind farm, Debre Markos West wind farm and
Debre Markos East wind farm are at south side of Lake Tana, these wind farms have flat
terrain with less fluctuation, the land is mainly agricultural land, the vegetation is sparsely
distributed with a small amount of residents; the planning wind fields in the southeast corner of
Amhara are mainly Debre sina wind farm, Debre birhan wind farm and Ch'ach'a wind farm,
these wind farms also have flat terrain with less fluctuation, the land is mainly farmland,
grassland, and uncultivated land, there is a small part of forest and a small amount of
residents; the Weldiya Phase I and Weldiya Phase II wind farms located in the eastern state
have flat terrain with less fluctuation, the land is mainly grassland and uncultivated land, there
is a small part of farmland and a small population density.
Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region mainly includes Bui east wind farm, Bui
west wind farm, Butajira wind farm, Bale wind farm, Fonka east wind farm, Fonka west wind
farm, Durame wind farm, Jacho wind farm, Soddo wind farm, Dilla east wind farm and Imdibir
wind farm, these wind farms are basically located in the northeast of the state, on the plateau
or hills located on the west side of East African Great Rift Valley, these wind farms are
generally farmland and forest land with more residents.
Oromia and surrounding areas mainly include Sendafa north wind farm, Sendafa south wind
farm, Sheno wind farm, Hula wind farm, Ambo wind farm, Sulalt wind farm located in the state
west region, Harar west wind farm, Harar east wind farm (located in the territory of Harar),
Babile wind farm and adjacent Dire Dawa wind farm (located in the territory of Dire Dawa)
located in the state northeast region, Nazret wind farm, Bolo Phase I wind farm, Bolo Phase II
wind farm, Iteya Phase I wind farm, Iteya Phase II wind farm, Assela wind farm located in the
state central region, as well as Yabelo wind farm, Mega east wind farm, Mega west wind farm,
Dilla west wind farm located in the state south region. For these 6 wind farms in state west
region, the first 3 wind farms have flat terrain, which is mainly farmland with less villages and
low population density, the later 3 wind farms are plateau terrain, which is mainly uncultivated
land with vegetation of forest land, low shrubs and grass; the terrain of these 4 wind farms
located in the state northeast region are mainly flat mountain land with less fluctuation, the
land is mainly farmland with occasionally distributed sparse trees, and also a small amount of
villages, where Dire Dawa wind farm is adjacent to Dire Dawa city area, the impact on the
town shall be properly avoided during construction and operation period; the terrain of these 6
wind farms located in the center region of the state is mainly low mountain relief or flat
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
farmland, and the farmland is relatively more with sparse forest land, of which Nazret wind
farm is adjacent to the Adama Phase I wind power project in construction; these 4 wind farms
in the state southern region are mainly low mountain relief, and the vegetation is mainly forest
land and farmland with few villages.
In addition, there is also Jijiga wind farm, Aysha wind farm scattered in Somali and Dicheoto
wind farm scattered in Afar. These wind farms have little vegetation; there is a small amount of
forest land and shrubs, but rarely residents.
7.1.3
7.2
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
7.3
7.3.1
(2)
(3)
Impact on vegetation
The vegetation type existing within the planning occupied area is widely distributed in
that region, and they are usually shrub, grassland, forest land and farmland. Except the
permanently occupied area, the temporary construction area will be recovered through
the plant measures after completing the construction; therefore, the project construction
has a smaller affect on local plant diversity.
(4)
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
wind farm. Therefore, the wind turbine arrangement of these plant areas shall pay
attention to the impact of wind turbine location and operation on the activities of birds.
Due to the range of planned wind farm site is small relative to the whole region and the
strong activity ability of wildlife, which enables them a strong danger-avoiding instinct,
the wind farm construction and operation have little impact on the wildlife and it will not
cause decrease of wildlife types and quantities.
7.3.2
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
(usually greater than 250m for one single unit) away from the acoustic environment sensitive
point around, or take the noise reduction or other protection measures, so that the acoustic
environment quality of acoustic environment sensitive points, such as residential points nearby,
can meet the requirement of lower than or equal to 55dB in the daytime and lower than or
equal to 45dB in the nighttime specified by Class 1 standard in Acoustic Environment Quality
Standards (GB 3096 - 2008).
7.3.3
7.3.4
7.3.5
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
remained earthwork is preferred to be used for the hoisting site backfill of wind turbine
construction after completing the construction, and the project construction shall no longer
produce any debris as far as possible.
Although the construction period is short and the constructors is less, the limited domestic
garbage amount may also pollute the air, water and soil if left without treatment, and the
garbage easily attracts mosquitoes, rats and others if decays, which may increase the
probability of disease dissemination and cause larger harm.
7.3.6
7.3.7
7.3.8
7.4
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
(3)
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
7.5
Overall Conclusion
According to the available material analysis, there is no natural preservation zone and other
significant environmentally sensitive protected objectives within the planned range of Ethiopia
wind energy and solar energy power generation project, so it will not produce significant
adverse effects on the environment.
The adverse effects of the project on the environment are mainly generated during the
construction period, such as construction dust, the noise effect on constructors, etc., it will
produce little adverse effects on the local environment after taking appropriate environmental
protection and water conservation measures, and it will bring great environmental benefit of
clean energy. There is no constraining environmental factor for Ethiopia wind energy and solar
energy power generation project planning, and it is feasible viewed from the environmental
point.
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8.
8.1
Category
1
2
3
Wind
energy
Code
No.
Installed
capacity
(MW)
Area
2
(km )
F1
300
254
F2
100
77
F3
100
56
133
Total
(MW)
970
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
F4
100
56
F5
100
66
F6
100
60
F7
50
49
F8
50
47
F9
50
40
10
F51
20
28
20
0.6
11
12
Solar
energy
G3
F51
Total(MW)
21
F10
Installed
capacity
(MW)
300
F11
200
185
F12
200
143
F13
200
160
F14
100
70
F15
100
70
F16
100
65
F17
100
70
F18
100
80
10
F19
100
60
11
F20
100
60
12
F21
50
100
13
F22
50
80
F23
50
71
G1
10
0.39
G4
10
0.3
No.
Category
6
7
8
Wind
energy
14
15
16
Solar
energy
Total(MW)
Area
2
(km )
Total
(MW)
268
1750
20
1770
F24
Installed
capacity
(MW)
600
F25
500
300
F26
300
220
F27
300
230
F28
200
170
F29
200
150
F30
200
130
F31
200
130
F32
100
61
No.
Category
4
5
Wind
energy
134
Area
2
(km )
Total(M
W)
330
4000
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
10
F33
100
43
11
F34
100
40
12
F35
100
76
13
F36
100
100
14
F37
100
67
15
F38
100
60
16
F39
100
90
17
F40
100
75
18
F41
100
80
19
F42
100
65
20
F43
50
30
21
F44
50
40
22
F45
50
30
23
F46
50
25
24
F47
50
25
25
F48
50
45
26
F49
50
30
27
F50
50
30
28
G4
50
1.6
G2
50
1.6
29
Solar
energy
Total(MW)
100
4100
See Attached Figure 5 for the planning timing progress of Ethiopia wind energy and solar
energy power generation project.
8.2
The planned lines and transformers of planned level stage in 2015 can not be
overloaded due to the accessing of wind farm and PV power station. 2020 target year
and long term planning are not limited by this requirement.
(2)
For remote areas, preferentially arrange the project access with an electricity demand
greater than supply area (power flow region).
(3)
Preferentially arrange the wind farms and PV power station projects in load
concentrated areas.
(4)
In view of the installed capacity of Ethiopia hydropower and thermal power project can
meet the maximum load demand, the planned wind power and PV power generation
capacity is mainly replace the water and electricity capacity, the replaced hydropower
will be used as load reserve and spinning reserve.
135
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
(5)
8.2.1
Preferentially arrange the easily access and outward transmission power plant around
the transformer substation.
Collect the power supply, transformer substation, lines, load data and wiring diagram of
Ethiopia power system and geographic wiring diagram of power system from EEPCo.
(2)
In view of the specific operating parameters of the generator set have not been collected,
and assume that the nodes of TEKEZE power plant, GALUB GAS power plant, BELES
power plant are balanced.
(3)
In view of the actual representative load situation of various transformer substations has
not been collected, and assume that all the distribution transformers in the wiring
diagram of collected Ethiopia power system are in full load operation.
(4)
The long term planned power plants, transformer substations and lines in the wiring
diagram of collected Ethiopia power system are not involved in the power flow
calculation.
See Attached Figure 6 for the result diagram of Ethiopia power system power flow calculation.
8.2.2
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Table 8.2-1 Table of Connection Scheme of Ethiopia Proposed Projects before 2015
No.
Name
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Installed
capacity
(MW)
200
100
100
100
100
100
100
50
50
50
Voltage
grade
(kV)
230
132
230
230
230
132
230
230
230
132
Koka
Nazret
Mekele
Build a 230kV shared
substation, towards Cotobie II
Awash II
Sulalta
Gonder II
Wolkite
Dire Dawa
20
132
Addis-North
20
66
Awash 7kilo
35
Addis-North
Accessed transformer
substation
137
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
(2)
Access system scheme for medium term (2016 - 2020) proposed projects
See Table 8.2-2 for the installed capacity and access transformer substation of wind
farm planned to be built before 2020.
Table 8.2-2 Table of Ethiopia Proposed Project Access System Scheme before 2020
Voltage
grade
(kV)
Installed
capacity
(MW)
100
100
230
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
100
200
200
100
50
50
100
50
100
100
100
300
200
10
10
230
230
230
230
230
132
132
230
230
132
230
230
15
15
No.
Name
Accessed transformer
substation
Build a 230kV substation
together with Chacha
site and Sheno site for
share, towards CotobieII
Debre Markos
Mekele
Gondar II
Bahir Dar
Diche Oto
Build a substation for
share in sending
Wolkite
PK12
Nazret
Welaita
Debre Birhan
Awash II
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
The wind farms with a capacity of 50MW apply the line group of transformer for
wiring, they access the system transformer substation through one loop 230kV wire,
the main transformers select 230 8*1.25%/33kV oil immersed three-phase
double-roll air-cooled load tap-changing transformer with a capacity of 50MVA.
The wind farms with a capacity of 100MW apply the line group of transformer for
wiring; the 230kV side wiring of wind farms with a capacity of 200MW and 300MW
apply single busbar wiring method, which adopts multi inlets and one outlet plus PT
interval scheme. Accessing the system transformer substation through one loop
230kV wire, the main transformers select 230 8*1.25%/33kV oil immersed
three-phase double-roll air-cooled load tap-changing transformer with a capacity of
100MVA.
For sharing a boosting station by several power stations, high-voltage side shall be
subject to single bus connection.
B
140
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
The voltage grade of main transformer low voltage side is 33kV, and it applies single
busbar wiring.
The transformers of wind turbine generators are packeted and accessed to 33kV
high voltage switch cabinet of wind farm 132kV booster station. The connection of
main transformer low voltage side applies the common enclosure bus of 2500A 3000A.
The metering point of wind farm project and power grid shall be 132kV line outlet
side of wind farm booster station.
C
8.3
8.3.1
Month
Exp output
Ave output
Exp output
Ave output
Exp output
Ave output
153
101
43.2
12
134
92
10
11
12
153 153 153 153 153 153 153 153 153 153 153
104 90
46
26
22
35
27
53
64
83
92
43.2 43.2 43.2 43.2 43.2 43.2 43.2 43.2 43.2 43.2 43.2
11
11
13
15
10
8
6
25
15
12
13
134 134 134 134 134 134 134 134 134 134 134
90
89
94
95
87
76
44
90
94
96
94
141
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Station
Awash IIand III
Tis I
Tis II
G.G I
G.G II
Tekeze
Beles
G.G III
Month
10
11
12
Exp output
Ave output
Exp output
Ave output
Exp output
Ave output
Exp output
Ave output
Exp output
Ave output
Exp output
Ave output
Exp output
Ave output
Exp output
Ave output
64
45
12
2
73
46
184
75
420
197
300
111
420
191
1800
777
64
44
12
3
73
45
184
69
420
183
300
103
420
177
1800
720
64
42
12
3
73
44
184
64
420
169
300
95
420
163
1800
665
64
47
12
4
73
45
184
54
420
141
300
79
420
137
1800
557
64
50
12
2
73
46
184
38
420
101
300
57
420
98
1800
398
64
36
12
4
73
33
184
91
420
241
300
135
420
233
1800
950
64
35
12
5
73
30
184
146
420
384
300
216
420
372
1800
1515
64
22
12
3
73
24
184
73
420
192
300
108
420
186
1800
758
64
40
12
4
73
46
184
82
420
217
300
122
420
210
1800
855
64
45
12
6
73
39
184
93
420
245
300
138
420
237
1800
967
64
47
12
6
73
49
184
101
420
265
300
149
420
257
1800
1046
64
45
12
3
73
45
184
103
420
270
300
152
420
262
1800
1066
(2)
Table 8.3-2
Time
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
1
32.7
30.4
28.1
25.8
25.0
24.2
23.4
22.2
20.9
19.6
20.1
20.6
21.1
25.0
29.0
33.0
41.0
49.0
56.9
53.4
49.9
46.4
41.0
35.7
2
36.0
33.8
31.5
29.3
28.1
26.9
25.7
24.8
23.8
22.9
23.4
23.9
24.4
28.4
32.4
36.4
43.8
51.3
58.7
55.3
51.9
48.6
43.6
38.7
4
37.9
36.3
34.6
33.0
31.5
30.1
28.6
29.0
29.5
29.9
30.0
30.1
30.2
32.0
33.8
35.5
43.5
51.5
59.4
56.3
53.2
50.0
45.4
40.8
5
31.0
29.6
28.1
26.6
25.2
23.8
22.4
25.2
28.0
30.8
32.5
34.2
35.9
36.0
36.1
36.2
43.2
50.3
57.3
53.1
48.8
44.6
39.6
34.6
6
21.0
20.2
19.5
18.8
17.8
16.9
15.9
17.3
18.7
20.2
21.8
23.4
25.0
25.4
25.8
26.2
30.0
33.8
37.7
34.2
30.8
27.3
25.0
22.6
7
28.0
27.5
26.9
26.3
25.0
23.6
22.3
21.6
20.9
20.3
20.4
20.5
20.7
21.7
22.8
23.9
27.9
31.8
35.8
33.9
32.1
30.2
29.3
28.4
8
24.6
24.0
23.3
22.6
21.5
20.4
19.2
19.6
20.1
20.5
21.2
22.0
22.7
23.4
24.1
24.8
27.9
31.1
34.2
32.0
29.8
27.6
26.4
25.2
9
19.2
18.3
17.5
16.7
16.1
15.4
14.8
17.5
20.2
22.9
24.7
26.5
28.3
27.8
27.2
26.6
30.5
34.4
38.3
34.9
31.5
28.1
24.9
21.6
10
41.8
40.4
39.1
37.7
36.5
35.3
34.1
36.5
38.8
41.1
41.7
42.4
43.0
43.0
43.0
43.1
51.2
59.2
67.3
63.1
59.0
54.8
50.0
45.2
Table 8.3-3 Medium Term (2016 - 2020) Wind Project Output Table,
Time
0.00
1
92.4
2
98.8
3
109.5
4
98.7
5
80.3
142
6
66.5
7
88.6
8
75.8
9
51.0
10
102.6
11
38.7
36.8
35.0
33.2
32.5
31.8
31.0
31.2
31.4
31.6
31.7
31.9
32.0
34.0
36.0
37.9
46.6
55.3
64.0
60.2
56.5
52.7
47.4
42.1
12
33.5
32.6
31.8
30.9
32.4
33.8
35.3
34.2
33.1
32.0
31.7
31.4
31.1
33.2
35.3
37.4
43.8
50.3
56.7
53.4
50.1
46.8
42.1
37.4
Unit: MW
11
104.6
12
94.4
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
8.3.2
84.6
76.7
68.9
63.2
57.5
51.9
50.8
49.7
48.6
51.7
54.8
57.8
69.3
80.8
92.3
117.1
141.8
166.6
156.1
145.5
135.0
118.2
101.4
91.1
83.3
75.6
68.2
60.8
53.3
54.0
54.6
55.3
59.0
62.7
66.4
77.6
88.8
100.0
123.2
146.3
169.4
159.0
148.5
138.1
122.4
106.7
103.4
97.4
91.4
81.6
71.8
62.0
63.2
64.3
65.4
67.7
70.0
72.2
80.7
89.2
97.7
120.1
142.6
165.0
156.2
147.4
138.6
126.9
115.2
94.0
89.4
84.7
76.9
69.1
61.3
64.8
68.3
71.8
74.0
76.3
78.5
82.7
86.9
91.1
115.2
139.2
163.3
153.9
144.6
135.3
121.5
107.8
76.6
72.9
69.2
61.1
53.0
44.8
52.9
60.9
69.0
75.2
81.4
87.6
86.9
86.3
85.7
107.3
128.9
150.6
139.3
128.1
116.8
103.4
90.0
64.5
62.5
60.5
53.5
46.6
39.6
39.7
39.7
39.7
43.1
46.6
50.0
52.6
55.2
57.8
72.9
88.1
103.2
95.9
88.6
81.3
75.7
70.1
87.5
86.3
85.2
77.7
70.2
62.7
57.4
52.0
46.7
45.7
44.6
43.6
47.9
52.1
56.3
70.8
85.3
99.8
97.0
94.1
91.3
90.0
88.7
74.7
73.6
72.4
65.8
59.2
52.5
50.3
48.0
45.8
46.4
47.1
47.8
50.8
53.7
56.7
67.9
79.1
90.2
86.6
83.0
79.4
77.9
76.3
49.5
48.0
46.5
41.4
36.3
31.2
36.1
40.9
45.8
50.5
55.2
59.9
58.5
57.0
55.6
68.2
80.7
93.3
86.0
78.8
71.5
64.2
56.8
98.9
95.2
91.5
84.1
76.8
69.5
78.3
87.2
96.0
100.5
105.0
109.5
107.8
106.1
104.4
128.8
153.1
177.4
165.1
152.8
140.6
126.7
112.8
98.8
93.0
87.2
81.7
76.2
70.7
73.4
76.1
78.7
81.5
84.3
87.1
91.6
96.2
100.7
126.7
152.7
178.7
167.8
157.0
146.1
130.3
114.6
90.5
86.7
82.8
84.1
85.4
86.7
85.3
83.9
82.5
83.1
83.7
84.3
90.3
96.4
102.4
121.7
140.9
160.1
151.0
141.9
132.8
118.7
104.6
Reserve capacity
Load reserve capacity: the load reserve capacity shall be calculated according to 3% of
the designed maximum annual load.
Accident reserve capacity: the accident reserve capacity shall be calculated according to
9% of the designed maximum annual load.
Spinning reserve capacity: the spinning reserve capacity shall be the sum of half system
load reserve capacity and accident reserve capacity.
(2)
Maintenance downtime
According to the specification provisions, the average annual maintenance downtime of
conventional hydropower unit shall be 30 days.
8.3.3
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
generation part).
According to the electric power and quantity balance results of typical year, see Figure 8.3-1
and Figure 8.3-2 for the classified electric power and quantity balance figure for the typical day
of Ethiopia power grid in 2015 and 2020.
Figure 8.3-1
144
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Figure 8.3-2
According to the results of electric power and energy balance, the wind power installed
capacity of Ethiopia power grid is 970MW in 2015, the maximum load of power grid is
2,663MW, because the hydropower installed capacity has a significant proportion of the power
grid and a good overall adjusting performance. It means that the recommended wind power
capacity could be absorbed.
145
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
The installed capacity of wind power is planned 2,720MW in 2020, the maximum load of power
grid reaches 7,806MW, because the hydropower installed capacity has a significant proportion
of the power grid and a good regulation performance. It means that the recommended wind
power capacity could be absorbed.
8.4
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
stability of system will be significantly affected, these factors will limit the wind power level of
system access in turn, therefore, it is necessary to make appropriate improvements and
adjustments to the traditional operation mode and control method of power system.
Therefore, in order to ensure the safe and stable operation of electric power system, this
report suggests to prepare for the relevant further works when developing the wind power
according to the planning: during the implementation process of the every project
development, the power flow calculation, stability calculation, short circuit current calculation
and scheduling operation plan of electric system shall be carefully conducted for each wind
project.
147
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
9.
9.1
9.1.1
Table 9.1-1 Statistical Result of Wind Mast Data in Nazret Wind Farm
Wind mast
10_Nazret_II_40m
6.64
16_Nazret_10m
7.73
8.60
148
464
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
N
NNW 40.0
30.0
NW
NNW 80.0
NNE
20.0
WNW
60.0
NW
NE
0.0
WSW
SW
ESE
SW
SE
SSW
0.0
WSW
ESE
SE
SSW
SSE
SSE
S
Figure 9.1-2
ENE
20.0
10.0
W
NE
40.0
WNW
ENE
NNE
149
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Wind Direction(10m)
N
NNW 40.0
30.0
NW
NNW 60.0
NNE
20.0
WNW
NW
NE
30.0
ENE
20.0
10.0
W
NE
40.0
WNW
ENE
NNE
50.0
10.0
W
0.0
WSW
WSW
ESE
SW
ESE
SW
SE
SSW
0.0
SE
SSW
SSE
SSE
S
Figure 9.1-3 Wind Rose Diagram at 10m Height of the Nazret Wind Mast
9.1.2
9.1.3
Regional structure
According to Ethiopia 1:2000000 geological map and its instructions, there are many
northeast- southwest faults in the east side of planning site. For the faults are small in
scale, it is a relatively complete and steady area.
From the regional geological data, the planned site is suitable for the construction of
large-scale wind farm project.
(2)
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
the planning area is comparatively higher, which can be used as natural foundation
support for wind generator system and buildings inside the substation. The basic type of
wind generator sets can be finally confirmed according to the survey results in the
development phase combining with the designing load and structural features of the
wind generator system.
(3)
(4)
9.1.4
9.2
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Mekele South wind farm area planned in this report is located about 4 km to the southeast
part of Mekele, an important city in northern Ethiopia. The wind farm is located on both sides
of No.1 national highway in the south of Mekele airport, the distance from whose center to
downtown Mekele is only 12km and the linear distance to Tekeze hydropower station is about
86km. The No.1 national highway goes through the wind farm and the transportation
conditions outside are very convenient as well.
The altitude of this planning area is between 2210m and 2400m, with comparatively large
undulating in part of the landform, and the micro relief unit belongs to medium and low
mountains on the plateau, the land types within the plant area are mainly farmland, wasteland
and grass land, together with a few trees. The total acreage of the planning area is about
54km2, and the total development capacity is about 100MW. The site covers scope of
Ashegoda wind farm under construction at present. About the schematic diagram of detailed
plant area range, see Figure 9.2-1.
Figure 9.2-1 Schematic Diagram of the Planning Range of Mekele South Wind Farm
9.2.1
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Table 9.2-1 Statistical Result of Wind Mast Data in Mekele South Wind Farm
Wind mast
Ashegoda
10
40
10
40
6.8
7.9
198
298
Wind
direction
Wind
energy
N
NNW 80.0
60.0
NW
NNW 50.0
NNE
NE
NW
ENE
WNW
10.0
E
0.0
WSW
ESE
SW
ESE
SW
SSE
SE
SSW
9.2.2
0.0
WSW
SE
SSW
Figure 9.2-2
ENE
20.0
20.0
W
NE
30.0
40.0
WNW
NNE
40.0
SSE
S
Wind Rose at 40m Height of the Wind Mast in Mekele South Wind Farm
9.2.3
Regional structure
According to Ethiopia 1:2000000 geological map and its instructions, there lay two
faults from northwest to southeast, 10 km south and north of the site center, with the
development length of about 60km. It is suggested to collect detailed regional geological
materials in the next phase to analyze the structural stability of the chosen site.
(2)
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
However, final basic type of wind turbine sets will be confirmed according to exploration
results.
(3)
(4)
9.2.4
9.3
9.3.1
Table 9.3-1 Statistical Result of Wind Energy Data in the Phase I Area of Sheno Wind Farm
Height (m)
50
70
154
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Figure 9.3-1 Schematic Diagram of the Range of Planning Area in Sheno Wind Farm
155
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
N
NNW 40.0
30.0
NW
NNW 50.0
NNE
WNW
ENE
ENE
20.0
10.0
W
NE
30.0
20.0
WNW
NW
NE
NNE
40.0
10.0
W
0.0
WSW
WSW
ESE
SW
ESE
SW
SE
SSW
0.0
SE
SSW
SSE
SSE
S
Figure 9.3-3 Wind Rose Diagram at 50m Height in Sheno Wind Farm
Wind energy
70m
Wind direction
70m
N
NNW 25
20
NW
15
WNW
10
5
W
0
NNW 20
NNE
NE
15
NW
ENE
NNE
NE
10
WNW
ENE
WSW
SW
ESE
WSW
SE
SSW
ESE
SW
SSE
SE
SSW
SSE
S
Figure 9.3-4 Wind Rose Diagram at 70m Height in Sheno Wind Farm
According to numerical analysis result, there's rich wind energy resource, and SSE plays the
major role in direction distribution, which is concentrated. Therefore, the site has potential of
large-scale development.
9.3.2
9.3.3
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
(1)
Regional structure
According to Ethiopia 1:2000000 Geologic Map and its instructions, there are three
small faults in north/east-south/west direction near the site, developing to about 10km
long. It is suggested that on the next stage, detailed geological information should be
collected to analyze structural stability of the proposed site.
(2)
(3)
(4)
9.3.4
9.4
157
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Figure 9.4-2
9.4.1
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
plant area after statistic of stimulation grid points materials of wind energy values, see Table
9.4-1 and Figure 9.4-3 as well as Figure 9.4-4.
Table 9.4-1 Statistical Result of Wind Energy Data of Phase I Wind Farm in Chacha
Height (m)
50
70
N
NNW 40.0
30.0
NW
NNW 50.0
NNE
WNW
ENE
10.0
W
0.0
WSW
SW
ESE
SW
SE
SSW
SE
SSW
SSE
SSE
S
N
NNW 40.0
NNW 50.0
NNE
30.0
NW
WNW
ENE
ENE
20.0
10.0
0.0
WSW
SW
ESE
SW
SE
SSW
0.0
WSW
ESE
SE
SSW
SSE
SSE
S
Figure 9.4-4
NE
30.0
10.0
W
NNE
40.0
NW
NE
20.0
WNW
0.0
WSW
ESE
Figure 9.4-3
ENE
20.0
10.0
W
NE
30.0
20.0
WNW
NW
NE
NNE
40.0
From the results of numerical analysis in this plant area, Chacha wind farm is rich in wind
energy resources, and the wind direction is mainly SSE, concentrated with large-scale
development potential.
9.4.2
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Regional structure
According to Ethiopia 1: 2000000 geological map and its instructions, within Chacha
wind farm, there develops two northeast southwest faults, with the development length
of 20km - 40km. It is suggested to collect detailed regional geological materials in the
following stage, to analyze the structure stability of the plant site planned to be chosen.
(2)
(3)
(4)
9.4.4
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
9.5
Figure 9.5-1
Figure 9.5-2 Schematic Diagraph of the Landform of Iteya Phase I Wind Farm
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
9.5.1
Table 9.5-1 Statistical Result of Wind Energy Data in Phase I of Iteya Wind Farm
Height (m)
50
70
Wind Direction50m
N
NN 20
N
NNE
15
NW
NE
ENE
NE
ENE
10
NNE
15
10
NW
NN 25
20
5
E
WS
ESE
SW
W
WS
SE
SSW
ESE
SW
SSE
SE
SSW
SSE
Figure 9.5-3 Wind Rose Diagram at 50m Height of Iteya Wind Farm Phase I
Wind Direction70m
N
NN 20
15
NW
NN 30
NNE
NE
10
NW
ENE
E
WS
ESE
SW
SE
SSW
NE
20
ENE
10
NNE
WS
ESE
SW
SSE
SE
SSW
SSE
S
Figure 9.5-4 Wind Rose Diagram at 70m Height of Iteya Wind Farm Phase I
Accroding to the data analyzing results of Iteya phase I wind farm, the wind energy resource in
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
this wind farm is very rich, and the main wind direction concentrated on SE. This plant area
has certain development value.
9.5.2
9.5.3
Regional structure
According to Ethiopia 1:2000000 geological map and its instructions, there are no
active faults near Iteya plant area, so the geological structure is steady. There are no
geological disasters caused by internal and external forces, which makes it a relatively
complete and steady block area. Drawn from the regional geological materials, the site
planned to be chosen is suitable for the construction of large-scale wind farm.
(2)
(3)
(4)
9.5.4
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
line is bituminous concrete. The terrain inside the plant area is slightly undulating, mainly low
mountains of ridging shape from south to north. There is a 4-7m wide gravel road passing
through south and north, so the construction conditions are pretty good.
9.6
9.6.1
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
planning area of Sulalta, statistical values of various wind energy elements can be got. About
the details, see Table 9.6-1 and Figure 9.6-2 as well as Figure 9.6-3.
Table 9.6-1 Statistical Result of Wind Energy Data in Sulalta Wind Farm
Height (m)
50
70
Wind Direction50m
N
NW
NN 25
20
N
NNE
NE
NW
NN 25
20
15
NE
15
ENE
10
ENE
10
5
W
NNE
5
E
WS
ESE
SW
W
WS
SE
SSW
ESE
SW
SSE
SE
SSW
SSE
Figure 9.6-2 Wind Rose Diagram at 50m Height in Sulalta Wind Farm
Wind Direction70m
N
NW
NN 25
20
N
NNE
NE
NW
NN 25
20
15
NE
15
ENE
10
ENE
10
5
W
NNE
5
E
WS
ESE
SW
SE
SSW
WS
ESE
SW
SSE
SE
SSW
SSE
S
Figure 9.6-3 Wind Rose Diagram at 70m Height in Sulalta Wind Farm
According to the data analysis results of this wind farm, Sulalta wind farm is rich in wind
energy resources. The wind directions of SSE, S, N have a higer distribution ratio. This wind
farm has great exploitation value.
9.6.2
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Since there is no onsite data of wind masts in this wind farm, according to the stimulation
results of assessment of atmospheric values, the onsite annual average wind speed at the hub
height is about 8.1m/s, the annual average wind power density is about 364W/m2. Make
preliminary estimating combining with the above situations: The average annual equivalent
using hour of wind farm is about 2500h, with great development potential of wind resources
and very good dynamoelectric benefits.
9.6.3
Regional structure
According to Ethiopia 1:2000000 geological map and its instructions, several
northeast-southwest faults have developed in the southeast part of Sulalata site. The
scale of the faults are small, which makes it a relatively complete and steady area
block. From the regional geological materials, the site planned to be chosen is suitable
for the construction of wind farm.
(2)
(3)
(4)
9.6.4
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
9.7
Figure 9.7-1 Schematic Diagraph of the Range of Gondar West Wind Farm
9.7.1
Table 9.7-1 Statistical Result of Wind Energy Data in Gondar West Wind Farm
2
Height (m)
10
5.51
172
40
6.33
259
167
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
N
NNW 20.0
15.0
NW
NNW 60.0
NNE
10.0
WNW
NW
NE
30.0
10.0
0.0
WSW
SW
ESE
SW
SE
SSW
SE
SSW
SSE
SSE
S
N
NNW 20.0
NNW 50.0
NNE
15.0
NW
NE
30.0
WNW
ENE
ENE
20.0
5.0
W
NNE
40.0
NW
NE
10.0
WNW
10.0
W
0.0
WSW
SW
ESE
SW
SE
SSW
0.0
WSW
ESE
SE
SSW
SSE
SSE
S
Figure 9.7-3
0.0
WSW
ESE
Figure 9.7-2
ENE
20.0
5.0
W
NE
40.0
WNW
ENE
NNE
50.0
According to the data analyzing results of Gondar West plant area, this wind farm is rich in
wind energy resources, the direction of which is mainly NNW. The distribution is concentrated.
This plant area has a higher development value.
9.7.2
9.7.3
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
(1)
Regional structure
According to Ethiopia 1:2000000 geological map and its instructions, a small
south-north fault has been developed inside Gondar West site, with the development
length of 14km. It is suggested to collect detailed regional geological materials in the
following stage to make analysis on the structure stability of the site planned to be
chosen.
(2)
(3)
(4)
9.7.4
9.8
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
terrace in Great Rift Valley. The whole planning area is undulating in land form and all the
mountains are distributed in a T type, at the altitude between 2200m and 2800m. The micro
relief unit is low-mountain. The land types inside the planning area mainly include farm land,
waste land and forest land, with the total planning acreage of about 45km 2 and the total
development capacity of 50MW. About the detailed range of the plant area, see Figure 9.8-1.
9.8.1
170
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Wind Direction50m
N
NN 30
NW
N
NE
20
NN 60
NNE
ENE
10
NW
WS
SW
ENE
20
WS
SE
SSW
NE
40
ESE
NNE
ESE
SW
SSE
SE
SSW
SSE
Figure 9.8-2 Wind Rose Diagram at 50m Height of Imdibir Wind Farm
Wind Direction70m
N
NN 30
NW
N
NE
20
NN 60
NNE
ENE
10
NW
WS
ESE
SW
SE
SSW
NNE
NE
40
ENE
20
WS
ESE
SW
SSE
SE
SSW
SSE
S
Figure 9.8-3 Wind Rose Diagram at 70m Height of Imdibir Wind Farm
According to the data analyzing results of Imdibir wind farm, the wind energy resouces are rich
in this wind farm. The wind directions mainy concentrates in the direction of SSE and the
distribution is concentrated too. Wind energy in this plant area has higher development value.
9.8.2
9.8.3
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
(1)
Regional structure
According to Ethiopia 1:2000000 geological map and its instructions, there are no
active faults passing through near the site of IMdibir wind farm, so the geological
structure is steady. There are no geological disasters caused by internal and external
forces, so it is a relatively complete and steady block area. From the regional geological
data, the site planned to be chosen is suitable for the construction of large-scale wind
farm.
(2)
(3)
(4)
9.8.4
9.9
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
1,800m. The land types are mainly wasteland and grassland. The total acreage of the
planning area is 43km2, and the total development capacity is 50MW. About the details of the
plant area range see Figure 9.9-1
9.9.1
Table 9.9-1 Statistical Result of Wind Energy Data in Dire Dawa Wind Farm
2
Height (m)
50
70
7.9
7.9
455
470
173
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
NN 25
20
N
NNE
NE
NW
NN 50
40
15
NE
30
ENE
10
ENE
20
5
W
NNE
10
E
WS
ESE
SW
W
WS
SE
SSW
ESE
SW
SSE
SE
SSW
SSE
Figure 9.9-2 Wind Rose Diagram at 50m Height of Dire Dawa Wind Farm
N
NW
NN 25
20
N
NNE
NE
NW
NN 50
40
15
NE
30
ENE
10
ENE
20
5
W
NNE
10
E
WS
ESE
SW
SE
SSW
WS
ESE
SW
SSE
SE
SSW
SSE
S
Figure 9.9-3 Wind Rose Diagram at 70m Height of Dire Dawa Wind Farm
According to the data analyzing results of Dire Dawa wind farm, the wind energy resouces are
rich in this wind farm. The wind directions mainy concentrate in the direction of ESE and the
distribution is concentrated too. Wind energy in this plant area has higher development value.
9.9.2
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
dynamoelectric benefits.
9.9.3
Regional structure
According to Ethiopia 1:2000000 geological map and its instructions, there have
developed many faults from east to west in the neighborhood of Dire Dawa wind farm. It
is suggested to collect detailed regional geological materials to make analysis on the
structural stability of the plant site planned to be chosen.
(2)
(3)
(4)
9.9.4
175
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Figure 9.10-1 Schematic Diagraph of Planning Site Range of Awash Solar PV Station
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Table 9.10-1
1980
Annual
radiation flux
8281.3
1990
Annual
radiation flux
7826.0
2000
Annual
radiation flux
7768.9
1981
7732.3
1991
8071.1
1982
2001
7683.9
7503.8
1992
7220.0
2002
7885.8
1983
7512.6
1993
7668.8
2003
7825.2
1984
8216.6
1994
8204.2
2004
7792.0
1985
8155.2
1995
7744.6
2005
7736.6
1986
8266.7
1996
7769.8
2006
8517.2
1987
8016.3
1997
8132.2
2007
8343.3
1988
8254.9
1998
7567.1
2008
8572.6
1989
7680.0
1999
8034.0
2009
8742.7
Year
Radiation Flux
( MJ/m2Year)
Year
Year
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
2
Table 9.10-2 Awash Solar PV Station Monthly Average Radiation Flux, Unit (MJ/m Month)
Month
693.6
7
697.7
8
718.1
9
711.8
10
765.3
11
712.8
12
416.5
485.0
680.3
665.0
737.5
673.8
Radiation Flux
( MJ/m2Month)
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1
Figure 9.10-4
10
11
12
Month
From the analysis of the above, Awash solar PV station is rich in radiation resources, with an
annual radiation flux density of nearly 8,000MJ/m2, suitable for the development of large-scale
solar PV generation project. From Figure 9.10-4, the annual whole radiation inside the plant
area is higher except July and August, when the radiation is a little lower, suitable for
development.
9.10.2 Equipment recommendation and Preliminary estimation of dynamoelectric benefits
According to the above analysis on the situations of radiation resources in the PV power
station as well as the features of current PV module, this PV station recommend the PV
module of polysilicon with a unit capacity of 230W, which are commonly used in the market at
present. The PV module operates at a fixed dip angle.
There is no onsite radiation measuring data in the Awash solar PV station, so make
preliminary estimation according to the stimulating analyzing results of the average solar
radiation to the horizontal plate in many years which is 7958MJ/m2: The equivalent full load
hour of the solar PV station is 1800 hours. The development potential of radiation resources is
huge and the dynamoelectric benefits of the PV station are good too.
9.10.3 Engineering geologic condition analysis
(1)
Regional structure
According to Ethiopia 1:2000000 Geological Map and Introductions, there are no
active faults passing through in the nearby area of plant area of Awash solar PV power
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
(3)
Groundwater condition
There are no rivers within site. Groundwater buries deep in the earth.
(4)
9.11
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
to serve as demonstration base of wind and PV hybrid new energy integrated power
generation project.
This demonstration base is located in the south mountaintop of capital Addis Ababa. The plant
area is alp mountainous region. Large-scale wind turbines can be installed in the chine of
mountaintop area, among which, PV power stations can be constructed in the area with small
slope and flat surface. This demonstration base spreads along the chine trend. The altitude for
this whole plant area is between 2,800m and 3,200m. There are mainly farmland and forest
land within the plant area. It is preliminarily recommended that the wind power installed
capacity is 20MW and solar PV capacity is 10MW for integrated demonstration base.
Please see Figure 9.11-1 for specific range of demonstration base planned area and Figure
9.11-2 for landform of project area.
Figure 9.11-1 Schematic Diagram of Demons. Base of Addis Ababa Wind and Solar Project
Figure 9.11-2 Photo for the Demonstration Base of Addis Ababa Wind and Solar Project
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Table 9.11-1
Statistical Result of Wind Data in Demons. Base of Addis Ababa Wind and
Solar Project
Height (m)
50
70
Figure 9.11-3 Wind Rose Diagram of 50m Height of the Demonstration Base of Addis
Ababa Wind and Solar Project
Figure 9.11.4 Wind Rose Diagram of 70m Height of the Demonstration Base of Addis
Ababa Wind and Solar Project
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Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Regional structure
According to Ethiopia 1:2000000 Geological Map and Introductions, there are multiple
faults whose trend is northeastsouthwest in the northeast of the demonstration base
site of Addis Ababa wind energy and solar energy project development. The fault scale
is relatively small and it belongs to relatively complete and stable plot area. According to
the geological data, the site that is intended to be chosen is suitable for construction of
the engineering of large-scale wind power and PV power generation.
(2)
(3)
182
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Rivers were not found within the range of plant area and the underground water is
buried very deep.
(4)
183
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
10.
Fa Gai Neng Yuan [2005] No. 899 Method of Preparation of Wind Farm Project Planning
Report;
(2)
(3)
Compilation Method and calculation standard of the Wind Farm Project Feasibility
Report Design Budget Estimate (edition 2007);
(4)
The main equipment of wind power project involved in these planned projects includes:
wind turbines, blade, and tower etc. The main equipment of solar PV power generation
project involved in these planned projects includes PV cell module and inverter, etc. The
source of equipment is considered to import from the abroad. The engineering
construction of projects is estimated temporarily according to Chinese construction
enterprises international engineering construction standard.
(2)
This rough estimation of investment doesnt include engineering insurance premium and
all kinds of taxes which are collected in Ethiopia, such as tariff, value-added tax and
withholding income tax of equipment and materials import, etc.; at the same time, it
184
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
doesnt include the rough estimation of investment of power export project of every
planned project.
(3)
The price target year of this rough estimation of investment is the fourth quarter of 2011.
The rough estimation of investment of each planned wind farm is calculated according to
the price of the price target year, without regard to the variation trend of wind power
equipment price in the near and long future and overall trends of wind power
engineering construction cost as well as other influencing factors, such as inflation.
Table 10.2-1 Rough Invest Estimation of Wind Farm Projects in Ethiopia in 2015
Planned
target year
2015
No.
Plant area
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total
185
Planning
capacity
(MW)
300
100
100
100
100
100
50
50
50
2300
2500
2300
2300
2300
2300
2500
2300
2200
Overall
investment
(millon$)
690
250
230
230
230
230
125
115
110
20
2300
046
970
2256
Unit price
($/kW)
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Table 10.2-2 Rough Invest Estimation of Wind Farm Projects in Ethiopia in 2020
Planned
target year
2020
No.
Wind farm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Planning
capacity
(MW)
300
200
200
200
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
50
50
50
1750
Unit price
($/kW)
2100
2300
2100
2100
2100
2100
2300
2100
2100
2000
2100
2000
2300
2100
/
Overall
investment
(millon$)
630
460
420
420
210
210
230
210
210
200
210
100
115
105
3750
No.
1
2015
Wind farm
Awash solar energy wind farm
Addis Ababa demonstration wind
farm solar energy
Total
Planning capacity
(MW)
20
Overall investment
(millon$)
46
2.3
21
48.3
No.
Wind farm
186
Planning capacity
(MW)
10
Overall investment
(millon$)
21
10
21
20
42
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
11.
11.1
187
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
(5)
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
local finance is limited, relying on the support of government finance cannot be perfect. If
attention is not paid to formulate strategy reasonably and the selection of subsidy
objects or policy operation mechanism is not settled well, the anticipated targets of
government may not be achieved.
Tax policy
Tax policy is a kind of economic policy which is used most by many countries, including
China. There are usually two kinds of types: tax preferential policy and mandatory tax
policy. Tax preferential policy usually includes tariff reduction and exemption, formed
fixed asset tax reduction and exemption, reduction and exemption of value-added tax
and income tax, etc. Mandatory tax policy, such as emission tax policy, etc. is common in
some developed countries.
Price policy
Because the cost of renewable energy products is usually higher than that of
conventional energy products, many countries in the world adopt preferential price policy
of renewable energy. Theoretical analysis and practice prove that price concession is a
very effective incentive policy. And if this policy is used appropriately, it can promote
technology improvement and reduce cost. But attention shall be paid to two key issues:
One is the capital source of price difference allowance. The other is selection criteria of
price concession objects. Many countries including China choose that capital of price
difference allowance is assumed by government, electric power company and users
together, or assumed by users alone, such as electric price markup. If the scale of
renewable energy industry is small, allowance quantity demanded is also small. Under
this circumstance, this method is a kind of realistic consideration.
Low-interest (interest subsidy) loan policy
Low-interest (interest subsidy) loan policy can relieve enterprises burden of returning
current interest. This is beneficial to reduce cost of production. The disadvantage is that
government needs to raise certain capital to support allowance for interest reduction and
discount.
11.2
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
planning and implementation to the market based role as well as the role of guiding
private sector development.
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
been adjusted. Overseas investment is not limited in the domain of hydropower now.
(6)
Offer alternate energy to family, industry, agriculture, transportation and other fields;
Make sure the competitive force of energy resource application and development
through forceful practical action which fits ecology and environmental requirement;
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
For electric power demand of independent and remote areas, electrification based on
PV power generation is suggested. This strategy stresses that attention shall be paid to
three elements for the success of new energy utilization: capacity building of
development of these energies, affordable capital support and taxes which is beneficial
for cost recovering.
This strategy also suggests establishing a fund named Rural Electrification Fund (REF).
(8)
(9)
11.3
Preliminary Recommendation
The report suggests that the Energy Development Strategy of Ethiopia, including the existing
policy on the renewable energy is generally applicable.
However, with the rapid developing of national economy, especially with the ever-growing
power demand in Ethiopia, the report also suggests deep study and feasible policy proposals
to develop wind and solar power as the significant supplements to national power supply.
(1)
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
generation as major, which depends on features of local energy and resources and
technology maturity of hydroelectric generation.. However, Ethiopia also has rich wind
energy and solar energy besides rich water energy and it shall seize the historical
opportunity brought by the world's enthusiasm in developing and utilizing wind and solar
energy since 21st century.
As use technology development of wind energy and solar energy, the development cost
is dropping unceasingly. Ethiopia can spare no efforts to develop water and electricity
engineering and meanwhile pay attention to development of wind energy and solar
energy so as to let the latter become important supplement of national electricity
support.
Present condition is very different from 1990s. Wind energy and solar energy can make
full use of big-scale development to become main target of village electrification as well
as important role in power grid. Actually, in recent years, Ethiopia is constructing wind
energy project of over 150MW, which can be evidence.
Of course, role of wind energy and solar energy in power grid also depend on scale and
structure and application level of power grid. It is also covered in the report on peak
shaving of power grid and electric power and electric quantity balance analysis.
(2)
Define open policy on wind and solar power generation investment market
The Amended Investment Proclamation makes regulation on investment activity of
electric power industry and later adjusts partial policies. In order to accelerate the
construction of electric power system, it is proposed to further carry out or define the
open policy of wind energy and solar energy investment market. In consideration that
wind energy and solar energy will become the important role of electric power system, it
is necessary in consideration to enlarge and extend overseas investment permission
range of wind and solar power generation field so as to promote the increase of
construction project.
Some problems that should be resolved during open policy can be set, explored and
researched in capital import and project construction and operation such as restraint of
electric power production of new investors, confirmation of rational benefits (on-grid
power tariff), how to promote local effect, etc.
(3)
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Whats worth attention is the digestion problem that price of power generation with wind
energy and solar energy may be higher than normal electricity price. It has been proved
in experiences that digestion can be borne jointly by government; electric power
company and user or the user bears all difference (for instance, electricity price makeup
method). In near period, Ethiopian renewable energy sources have not very big scale
and also have small subsidy fund. Proper method can be chosen with consideration of
detailed situation.
(4)
Research and promote the development way of distribution-way wind and solar power
generation
Though The Draft Rural Energy Strategy has not formally issued, solution proposed by it
that implements distribution-way micro-grid system and family power generation and
supply system is obviously rational. Here, respecting remote regions or regions far from
main power grid framework, another application plan of distribution-way wind and solar
power generation is proposed. The difference between distribution-way application plan
and micro-grid or family power generation and supply system is that distribution-way
application plan is connected to end phase of existing power grid. However, on account
that it is connected to end of power grid and belongs to low-pressure distribution network,
the access point can be only of limited capacity, which makes it obviously different from
large scale grid-connected wind power generation.
Wind power generation scale gained in this way is very big in whole scale of several
countries of Europe. At present, China also researches on promoting a distribution-way
development way that pushes wind power generation forward. Wind energy and solar
energy in one region can be distributed and developed and used in many points and are
featured with near grid connection, simple technology, easy consumption and low
development cost so that are very popular.
196
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
12.
(2)
Analysis on power grid absorption ability of wind power and PV power generation
Based on power system analysis, the report carries out Ethiopian absorption ability
197
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
analysis on wind power generation (PV capacity is small in plan and special analysis is
not made). It is analyzed that: the wind power absorption ability of Ethiopian ICS
electrical network is 550MW~1,000MW in 2015 and 1,400MW~2,800MW in 2020;
meanwhile wind power absorption ability is 2,300MW~4,500MW in 2025 and
3,600MW~7,200MW in 2030.
It can be seen that since Ethiopian power network materials collected are limited at
present, of which load precast material is only overall data without regional data,
especially lacks basic data on peaking ability of hydropower stations constructed and
planned to run. Therefore, the absorption ability data mentioned above are based on
present limited materials. The analysis course uses effective materials, supposed to be
an intact network that power transmission among regions is fluent, and gains the
conclusion on relevant absorption capacity. If fuller and more accurate basic data are
collected, abovementioned conclusion may change.
(3)
(4)
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
(5)
(2)
Consider wind farm and solar PV generation project as a whole development plan
It is advised that conclude wind power and solar power generation project mentioned in
the report into national overall energy development plan so as to promote orderly
implementation of exploitation and utilization of renewable energy.
Construction and development of wind power and solar power generation shall keep
consistent with state overall energy strategy and it is necessary to realize scientific unity
in many aspects such as macroeconomic layout, power network plan layout, traffics and
transportation plan and environment protection. According to features of wind resources,
solar resources and actual projects, over planning on construction and development of
Ethiopian power system will extremely enhance the sound development of wind power
and solar power generation cause.
199
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
(3)
(4)
200
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Acronyms
EEPCo: Ethiopia Electric Power Corporation
GDP: Gross Domestic Product
GTP: Growth and Transformation Plan
GW: Giga watt (109 watt)
GWh:
Meso-scale Model 5
201
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
List of References
Compilation of the report involves wind resource and solar resource assessment all over
Ethiopia, wind power and solar power absorption capacity analysis for power system all over
Ethiopia, site selection for wind farms and PV power stations, recommendation and
suggestion of development sequence, preliminary environment impact assessment, rough
estimate of investment and policy analysis. For this, plentiful basic information is used and
referred to, covering multiple professional fields e.g. meteorology, grid, road, geology,
environment. For easy access and gratefulness to compilers of the information, types and
names are hereby listed below.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
202
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
The First Investigation Report of Wind and Solar Energy Grid-Based Master Plan in the
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ethiopian Planning Project Department of
HYDROCHINA, March 2011. (-provided separately)
2.
Resource Assessment Report on Wind Energy and Solar Energy in Ethiopia, Institute of
Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, August 2011. (-provided
separately)
Attached Table: Comprehensive comparison table of site selection of wind and solar PV
power generation project in Ethiopia.
4.
203
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Attached Table
Construction conditions
Others
Score
Name
Weight
percent.: 10%
100
Nazret wind
farm
Project site
Type
No.
F1
Weight scores
Wind
power
F2
Mekele South
wind farm
Weight scores
F3
Sheno wind
farm
30
30
30
30
204
20
1. The wind farm has better terrain
conditions with farmlands dominated
basically, low population density and
better construction conditions. There
are some country roads distributed
in the wind farm.
2. The wind farm is located on the
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
100
10
85
5
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
88
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Project site
Type
No.
Name
Construction conditions
Others
Score
Weight
percent.: 10%
100
F4
Chacha wind
farm
Weight scores
F5
F6
Phase I Iteya
wind farm
23
1. It is located on the edge of the
terrace on the west side of Great Rift
Valley and has a gentle-hill terrain,
which is beneficial to form better wind
energy conditions. The altitude of the
wind farm is about 2900m.
2. According to the numerical
simulation analysis, this wind farm has
better wind resources conditions and
is suitable for large-scale
development, but no wind mast data
around it.
23
1. It is located on the edge of the high
terrace on the east of Great Rift Valley
and the wind farm is flat, which is
relatively beneficial to form enrichment
of wind resources. The altitude of the
wind farm is within 2180m-2200m.
2. According to numerical simulation
analysis and site wind observations,
there's advantageous wind resource
condition, with potential for large-scale
development.
Weight scores
30
Sulalta wind
farm
25
30
23
30
25
30
205
10
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
86
10
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
95
10
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
92
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Project site
Type
No.
Name
Construction conditions
Others
Score
Weight
percent.: 10%
100
Weight scores
F7
Gondar West
wind farm
Weight scores
F8
Imdibir wind
farm
28
1. It is the located on the north-south
chine on the west side of Gondar and
has a mountain terrain, which is
beneficial to form enrichment of wind
energy. The altitude of the wind farm
is within 2230m-2650m.
2. According to the numerical
simulation analysis, this wind farm has
better wind resources conditions. The
annual average wind speed of the
on-site wind mast is about 6.2m/s at
10m high, which indicates that this
wind farm is suitable for scale
development.
25
1. It is a wind farm with plateau
ridge-type mountain terrain on the
west side of Great Rift Valley, which is
greatly beneficial to form enrichment
of wind resources. The altitude of the
wind farm is within 2380m-2800m.
2. According to the numerical
simulation analysis, this wind farm has
excellent wind resources conditions
and is worthy of large-scale
development. There is no wind mast
on site.
Weight scores
F9
Dire Dawa
wind farm
27
1. It is a low mountain wind farm and
the topographic undulation is slightly
greater, which is beneficial to form
better wind energy conditions. The
consumption is convenient.
30
1. The electric energy of wind farm
can be transmitted to the 230KV
substation in Gondar. The outward
transmission distance is about 3km.
25
1. The electric energy of wind farm
can be transmitted to the 230kV
substation in Weltike on the west. The
linear distance of outward
transmission is about 32km and the
outward transmission conditions are
convenient.
2. The electric energy enters the main
network through the 230kV substation
in Weltike and is transmitted to the
capital. The consumption is relatively
convenient. It can also adjust the
output, combined with Gilgel Gibe
Hydropower Station.
25
1. The wind farm is near Dire Dawa
and the electric energy of it can be
transmitted to the 230kV local
substation. The outward transmission
206
10
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
82
10
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
10
An airport is
nearby, so it is
necessary to
further evaluate
90
91
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Project site
Type
No.
Name
Construction conditions
Weight scores
F10
Dilla East
wind farm
Weight scores
F11
Mekele North
wind farm
30
207
Others
Weight
percent.: 10%
the impact of
the construction
of wind farm on
aviation.
Score
100
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
96
10
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
85
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Project site
Type
No.
Name
Weight scores
F12
Debre Markos
East wind
farm
Weight scores
F13
Soddo wind
farm
Construction conditions
Others
Score
Weight
percent.: 10%
100
20
10
F14
Sendafa
North wind
farm
18
30
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
87
10
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
26
10
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
84
88
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Project site
Type
No.
Name
Construction conditions
Others
Score
Weight
percent.: 10%
100
F15
Sendafa
South wind
farm
Weight scores
F16
F17
Gondar North
Wind farm
23
consumption is convenient.
25
23
25
Weight scores
28
Phase II Iteya
wind farm
209
10
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
30
10
As preliminarily
learned, there's
no sensitive
objective but
numerous
dwellings.
24
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
88
80
95
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Project site
Type
No.
Name
Construction conditions
F18
Weight scores
F19
Aysha wind
farm
30
1. It has a north-south ridge-type
terrain on the west side of Great Rift
Valley, which is beneficial to form
enrichment of wind resources. The
altitude of the wind farm is within
2200m-2500m.
2. According to numerical simulation
analysis and data from anemometer
tower around, there's good wind
resource condition, with potential for
large-scale development. There's no
anemometer tower in the site.
23
1. It has a low-gentle-hill terrain in
plains and the topography within the
wind farm undulates slightly. The land
surface is dominated by wastelands.
The altitude of the wind farm is within
700m-750m.
2. According to numerical simulation
analysis and site wind observations,
there's advantageous wind resource
condition, with huge development
potential.
F20
Weight scores
30
Phase I Bolo
wind farm
20
210
Others
Weight
percent.: 10%
in the wind
farm.
Score
100
10
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
30
10
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm. But the
wind farm
temperature is
high, and there
are more
requirements
for wind turbine.
30
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
83
83
90
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Project site
Type
No.
Name
Construction conditions
F21
F22
28
villages.
22
Diche Oto
wind farm
Weight scores
25
Bahir Dar
wind farm
Weight scores
18
15
30
30
24
211
Others
Weight
percent.: 10%
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
10
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm. But the
wind farm
temperature is
higher, and
there are more
requirements
for wind
turbines.
Score
100
78
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
10
82
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Project site
Type
No.
F23
Name
Assela wind
farm
Weight scores
F24
Jacho wind
farm
Weight scores
F25
Phase II Bolo
wind farm
Weight scores
Construction conditions
Others
Score
Weight
percent.: 10%
100
25
30
1. It has a hilly terrain on a big
terrace. The construction conditions
are better. Only a few country roads
are available for use. The area is
dominated by farmlands and
woodlands. The village density is
slightly high.
2. The wind farm is about 20km
away from Highway 9. There is an
unhardened road leading to the wind
farm. External transportation are
better without restrictions.
20
22
212
30
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
93
10
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
73
10
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
10
90
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Conditions of wind energy and
solar radiation resources
Construction conditions
Others
Score
Name
Weight
percent.: 10%
100
Hula wind
farm
20
18
1. It has a low-mountain hilly
micro-terrain. The construction is
easier. The conditions of existing
roads in the area are worse. The
area is dominated by sparse
wastelands and there are also a few
farmlands and woodlands. The
population density is lower.
2. Highway 6 is next to the east side
of the wind farm. The traffic
conditions are convenient and the
condition of access road is better.
External transportation conditions
are better without restrictions.
Project site
Type
No.
F26
Weight scores
F27
Dilla West
wind farm
Weight scores
F28
Dangla wind
farm
16
1. It is located on the edge of the
plateau terrace on the east side of
Great Rift Valley and the topography
within the wind farm undulates slightly,
which is relatively beneficial to form
enrichment of wind resources. The
altitude of the wind farm is within
1450m-1700m.
2. According to the numerical
simulation analysis, this wind farm has
excellent wind resources conditions
and large-scale development
potential. There is no wind mast on
site.
28
213
30
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
64
10
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
96
10
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
67
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Project site
Type
No.
Name
Weight scores
F29
Debre Markos
West wind
farm
Weight scores
Construction conditions
Others
Score
Weight
percent.: 10%
100
F30
F31
network.
15
1. The electric energy of wind farm
can be transmitted to the 400kV local
key substation and transmitted
outward together with hydropower.
The access conditions are very
convenient.
10
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
30
24
10
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
Ambo Wind
farm
2. According to the numerical
simulation analysis, this wind farm has
better wind resources conditions and
is worthy of large-scale development.
There is no wind mast on site.
Weight scores
22
20
20
10
Babile wind
farm
1. It has a low-gentle-mountain
micro-terrain and the terrain does
not undulate greatly. The area is
dominated by farmlands and there
are a few country roads. The overall
construction conditions are good.
The planning
area may
coincide with
the protected
area, so it is
necessary to
214
87
72
56
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Project site
Type
No.
Name
Construction conditions
F32
Dabat wind
farm
Weight scores
F33
Phase I
Weldiya wind
farm
23
1. On the raised plateau in the
southeast of Dabat, microtopography:
low and gentle hilly area, good for
enrichment on hilltopASL:
2500m~2600m.
2. According to simulation analysis
and data from anemometer tower
around, there's good wind resource
condition, with potential for large-scale
development. There's no anemometer
tower in the site. There's no data from
anemometer tower in the site.
28
1. On the margin of the terrace in the
west of East African Great Rift Valley,
low and gentle hilly area with
individual wide relief, good for
generating proper wind energy
conditions, ASL: 3300~3500m.
15
23
15
20
215
Others
Weight
percent.: 10%
make further
verification.
Score
100
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
68
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
10
70
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Project site
Type
No.
F34
Name
Gondar East
wind farm
Weight scores
F36
Construction conditions
Others
Score
Weight
percent.: 10%
100
15
25
20
Phase II
Weldiya wind
farm
Weight scores
F35
Rufa'el wind
farm
20
1. The electric energy of wind farm
can be transmitted to the 230KV
substation in Gondar. The outward
transmission distance is about 42km.
216
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
70
10
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
10
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
73
73
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Project site
Type
No.
Name
Construction conditions
Others
Score
Weight
percent.: 10%
100
F37
Debre Birhan
wind farm
Weight scores
F38
Bale wind
farm
23
20
15
1. It has a plateau-mountain terrain on
the west side of Great Rift Valley and
the topography within the wind farm
undulates greatly, which is relatively
beneficial to form enrichment of wind
resources. The altitude of the wind
farm is within 2290m-2600m.
2. According to the numerical
simulation analysis, this wind farm has
common wind resources conditions
and is worthy of development. There is
no wind mast on site.
Weight scores
18
23
1. In future, the electric energy of wind
farm can be transmitted to the G.Gibi
III Hydropower Station under
construction and transmitted outward
together with hydropower. It is about
12km away from the Hydropower
Station. The outward transmission
conditions are convenient.
2. The electric energy can enter the
400kV backbone network. The
outward transmission ability is
stronger. The electric energy can be
transmitted outward to the capital or
Kenya for consumption.
30
217
10
Some forest
reserves may
be involved in
the wind farm,
so it is
necessary to
make further
verification.
68
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
10
78
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Project site
Type
No.
F39
Name
Harar West
wind farm
Weight scores
Construction conditions
Others
Score
Weight
percent.: 10%
100
1. It has a low-mountain
micro-terrain. The area is dominated
by farmlands and there are a few
country roads. The overall
construction conditions are better.
There are some villages.
2. The wind farm is near Highway 4.
The access conditions are better and
the traffic conditions are convenient.
The road for external transportation
shall pass through mountainous
areas with greater camber and
gradient in many sections.
Transportation of large-scale
equipments cannot be achieved.
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
25
25
10
1. It has a gentle-mountain
micro-terrain with steeper slopes
locally. The area is dominated by
sparse woodlands and there are also
a few farmlands and villages. The
construction conditions are relatively
better.
2. The wind farm is near Highway 4.
The access conditions are better and
the traffic conditions are convenient.
The road for external transportation
shall pass through mountainous
areas with greater camber and
gradient in many sections.
Transportation of large-scale
equipments cannot be achieved.
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
some forest
reserves may
be involved
around the wind
farm, so it is
necessary to
make further
verification.
Harar East
wind farm
Weight scores
F41
Jijiga wind
farm
23
25
218
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
65
58
65
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Project site
Type
No.
Name
Construction conditions
Others
Score
Weight
percent.: 10%
100
Weight scores
F42
Durame wind
farm
Weight scores
F43
Debre Sina
wind farm
30
20
10
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm. But there
are more
residents, so
please pay
attention to
avoiding the
impact such as
turbine noise on
residents.
18
20
219
24
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
67
69
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Project site
Type
No.
Name
Construction conditions
Others
Score
Weight
percent.: 10%
100
F44
BuI West
wind farm
13
1. It is located on the edge of the
terrace uplifting gradually on the west
side of Great Rift Valley, with a high
terraced terrain, which is greatly
beneficial to form enrichment of wind
resources. The altitude of the wind
farm is within 2280m-2600m.
F45
Butajira wind
farm
Weight scores
23
23
23
10
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm. But there
are more
residents, so
please pay
attention to
avoiding the
impact of
factors such as
turbine noise on
residents.
20
25
23
20
220
28
73
5
Some forest
reserves may
be involved in
the wind farm,
so it is
necessary to
make further
verification.
Meanwhile,
there are more
residents in the
wind farm, so
please pay
attention to
avoiding the
impact such as
turbine noise on
residents.
3
74
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Project site
Type
No.
F46
Name
Fonka West
wind farm
Weight scores
F47
Fonka East
wind farm
Weight scores
F48
Yabelo wind
farm
Weight scores
Construction conditions
18
20
28
221
Others
Weight
percent.: 10%
There is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm. But there
are more
residents, so
need to
avoiding the
impact such as
turbine noise on
residents.
5
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
Score
100
67
76
10
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
some forest
reserves may
be involved in
the wind farm,
so it is
necessary to
make further
verification.
8
68
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Project site
Type
No.
F49
Name
Mega East
wind farm
Weight scores
F50
F51
Mega West
wind farm
Construction conditions
Others
Score
Weight
percent.: 10%
100
1. It has a low-mountain
micro-terrain with better mountain
consistency and slightly steeper
slopes locally. The construction is
slightly difficult. No existing roads in
the area are available for use. The
area is dominated by sparse
woodlands. The population density
is very low.
27
1. It has a low-mountain
micro-terrain with better mountain
consistency and slightly steeper
slopes locally. The construction is
slightly difficult. No existing roads in
the area are available for use. The
area is dominated by sparse
woodlands. The population density
is very low.
2. Highway 6 is next to the wind
farm. The traffic conditions are
convenient and the access road is
about 4km long. External
transportation conditions are better
without restrictions.
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
Weight scores
27
26
Addis Ababa
wind energy
and solar
energy
demonstration
base
222
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
It is necessary
to further verify
whether the site
is involved with
military zone or
protection zone.
66
66
89
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Project site
Type
No.
Name
Construction conditions
Others
Score
Weight
percent.: 10%
100
30
26
G1
Debre birhan
PV power
station
Weight scores
G2
PV
power
Metehara PV
power station
Weight scores
G3
Awash PV
power station
Weight scores
G4
Dera Solar PV
power station
28
1. The wind farm is open and flat and
the land surface is dominated by
farmlands, which is suitable for the
construction of large-scale PV power
stations.
2. According to the numerical
simulation analysis, this wind farm has
excellent radiation source conditions
and huge development potential.
28
1. The wind farm is open and flat and
the land surface is dominated by
sparse shrubs, which is suitable for
the construction of large-scale PV
power stations.
2. According to the numerical
simulation analysis, this wind farm has
wonderful radiation source conditions
and huge development potential.
27
1. The wind farm is open and flat and
the land surface is dominated by
sparse tropical shrubs, which is
suitable for the construction of
large-scale PV power stations.
2. According to the numerical
simulation analysis, this wind farm has
excellent radiation source conditions
and huge development potential.
28
1. The wind farm is open and flat and
the land surface is dominated by
grasslands, which is very suitable for
the construction of large-scale PV
power stations.
2. According to the numerical
30
1. It is about 11km away from Awash
Hydropower Station and about 25km
away from Koka Hydropower Station,
so the outward transmission
conditions are relatively convenient.
2. It is near the load center of
Metehara. The consumption is
convenient.
30
1. It is less than 2Km away from
AWASH Substation, so the outward
transmission conditions are
convenient.
2. The power is transmitted to the
local power grid for consumption,
which can reduce the load flow
transmission supplied by the local
power grid.
30
1. It is about 11km away from Awash
Hydropower Station and about 25km
away from Koka Hydropower Station,
so the outward transmission
conditions are relatively convenient.
2. It is near the load centers of Dera
223
25
1. The area is flat and open and is
dominated by wastelands. The
construction conditions are
excellent.
2. It is next to Highway 4. The
transportation conditions are
convenient without restrictions.
30
1. The area is flat and is dominated
by wastelands. The construction
conditions are excellent.
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the PV
station.
95
10
The PV station
is an animal
protection area,
so please pay
attention to
avoiding the
impact on
animal habitats
on site.
92
3
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
farm.
10
Based on the
elementary
understanding,
there is no
sensitive target
in the wind
99
97
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Conditions of wind energy and
solar radiation resources
Construction conditions
Name
Weight scores
Project site
Type
No.
28
30
Others
Weight
percent.: 10%
farm.
Score
100
10
224
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Attached Figure 1
225
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Attached Figure 2
226
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Attached Figure 3
Available Installed Capacity Distribution of the Wind Resources all over Ethiopia (Unit: Wind Power Density Grade)
227
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Attached Figure 4
228
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Attached Figure 5
Schematic Diagram of the Development Schedule of Planning Wind and Solar Power Generation Projects in Ethiopia
229
Master Plan Report of Wind and Solar Energy in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Attached Figure 6
230