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K.S.V.B.R.Krishna, S.Vigneshwaran,
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K.Sivaprasad, R.Narayanasamy &
K.Venkateswarlu
The International Journal of
Advanced Manufacturing Technology
ISSN 0268-3768
Int J Adv Manuf Technol
DOI 10.1007/s00170-016-8863-2
1 23
1 23
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
* K. Sivaprasad
ksp@nitt.edu
1 Introduction
Aluminum-lithium (Al-Li) alloys are of low density, high
stiffness, and high specific strength, promising material for
strategic applications like avionics [1]. Most of the strategic
sectors like aerospace industry demand high specific strength
and ultralight weight materials. The addition of lithium reduces the density of Al alloy and enhances the specific
strength as demonstrated by Rioja [2]. Cu and Mg in Al-Li
alloys like AA2090 and AA8090 cause precipitation of phases
that are highly resistant to dislocation shear as reported by
Wang and Prangnell [3]. Zirconium in the range of 0.1
0.12 wt% in AA8090 alloy results in uniform grain size and
improves the tensile property and also it prevents recrystallization during fabrication [4]. AA8090 alloy derives its
strength from (Al3Li) precipitates especially. Pasang et al.
showed the coherent spherical (Al3Li) precipitates with
FCC crystal structure [5]. Severe plastic deformation (SPD)
is one among the methods available for further enhancing the
mechanical properties of these Al-Li alloys.
SPD is a well-established method to produce bulk ultrafine/
nanostructured materials [6, 7]. SPD techniques like highpressure torsion (HPT) [8], equal channel angular extrusion
(ECAE) [3], and cryorolling (CR) [911] are proven methods
to fabricate bulk ultrafine grain materials with high strength
and ductility combinations. As compared with other SPD
techniques, CR is a promising and potential process that enhances the mechanical properties significantly [12]. This enhancement of mechanical properties is generally attributed to
the suppression of dynamic recovery during rolling at cryogenic temperature and with subsequent heat treatment
2 Experimental procedure
AA8090 alloy sample with an initial thickness of 6 mm was
used for the experimental investigation. The chemical composition obtained by wet analysis for the AA8090 alloy in weight
percent is 2.4 % Li, 1.3 % Cu, 1 % Mg, 0.1 % Zr, and rest Al.
The as-received samples were solutionized at 530 C (803 K)
for 1 h as per ASTM: B918M standard. The unrolled samples
were rolled to 75 % reduction in thickness at RT, i.e., 28 C
(301 K), and at liquid nitrogen (LN) temperature, i.e., 196 C
(77 K). Samples were rolled in multiple passes with 5 % reduction in thickness for each pass to avoid adiabatic heating.
In the case of CR condition, the samples were kept in LN bath
for 20 min before rolling and 2 min of immersion in LN for
subsequent rolling passes. Using Wolpert Wilson 402 MVD
RTR
CR
123 109
101 109
0.00446
0.00414
9.52 1014
10.7 1014
3
is the dislocation density due to do2
D2
K 2
=b is the dislocation density due to
main size. S
where D
Fig. 2 a X-ray diffraction patterns of AA8090 in various conditions. b Broadening effect in Al (220) peak
Process condition
Microhardness (Hv)
Unrolled
RTR
134 6
193 5
CR
200 6
Fig. 3 True stress-true strain plot of AA8090 in both rolled and unrolled
conditions
Process
condition
Yield strength
(MPa)
Ultimate tensile
strength (MPa)
Non-uniform
elongation (%)
Strain hardening
exponent, n
RTR
CR
547 56
602 8
586 9
653 0
5.3 0.1
5.5 0.5
0.06649
0.06841
Fig. 4 Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) data of AA8090 a unrolled condition, b room temperature rolled condition, c cryorolled condition, (d)
grain size distribution in various conditions, and e Kernal misorientation angle distribution in various conditions
sample (Fig. 4c) shows more fineness in grains than the RTR
sample (Fig. 4b). The fraction of ultrafine grains (less than
1 m) is observed to be 0.48926 for the RTR sample, and this
fraction increases to 0.5733 in the case of CR sample. In the
observed bimodal distribution of rolled samples, the plastic
deformation is accommodated by the coarse grains particularly at the necking stage, and they are responsible for the improved plasticity [28] along with controlled void growth during any forming process. The Kernal misorientation plot is
presented in Fig. 4e. The unrolled sample does not show any
orientation of grain. The CR sample exhibits considerably
higher fraction of low angle grain boundaries (0.34) than the
RTR sample (0.32).
Fig. 5 Fractography of tensile
specimen a RTR and b CR (arrow
marks and ellipse representing
various parameters obtained from
SEM fractography using the Auto
CAD software)
4 Conclusions
low due to larger void size. The void area is higher in the RTR
sample than the CR sample, which is due to the presence of
larger voids, a corresponding increase in void area value occurs. The existence of bimodal distribution with higher proportions of coarse grains enhanced the void size and void area
with lower ligament thickness in the case of RTR sample. This
is in good correlation with the orientation image shown in
Fig. 4b, grain size plot Fig. 4d, and crystallite size in
Table 1. The other parameter, L/W ratio value, is marginally
low for the CR sample than the RTR sample, which indicates
the resistance to fracture is more in the CR sample than in the
RTR sample. Similar kind of observations was projected in the
case of Al-Mg-Si alloy also [19], where the CR sample
showed lower value of L/W ratio. This resistance to fracture
is attributed to the presence of higher fraction of ultrafine
grains that reduces the nucleation of flaws, with enhanced
resistance to crack growth [25]. In addition to that, the strain
hardening exponent (n) value is indicated to be higher for the
CR sample than the RTR sample as denoted in Table 3. The
highest n value will resist the void coalescence along with
improved resistance to fracture [19]. In the present study, the
resistance to fracture in the CR sample resulted to low void
size and void area value when compared to the RTR sample.
From the tensile test reports shown in Table 3, the CR sample
reveals enhanced UTS, YS, and elongation to failure (%) than
the RTR sample. The presence of coarse and ultrafine grains is
quantitatively evidenced by EBSD analysis. The grain size
plot reported in Fig. 4d shows that the grains with less than
0.1 m size are higher in quantity for the CR sample. This
increase in number of ultrafine grains results in enhanced
strength in the CR sample. The proportion of coarse grains
(greater than 30 m) is higher in the case of RTR sample. The
existence of more ultrafine grains exhibited better tensile
property in the CR sample with the support of subzero temperature rolling. In the case of Velmanirajan et.al [18], increase in annealing temperature has revealed enhanced tensile
property with better void coalescence behavior in rolled
AA8011 aluminum alloy. In contradiction to the above work,
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