Physics Unit 1 test

Question

Answer

A wave is a traveling variation in quantities

called wave _________?

Variables

Sound is a traveling vaiation in quantites

called _________ variables.

Acoustic

Ultrasoud is sound with a frequency greater

than __________ Hz.

20,000

Acoustic variables include _________,

__________, and particle vibration.

pressure, density

Which of the folling is not an acoustic

variable? A. Pressure B. Propagation Speed C.
Density D. Particle Motion

B. Propagation Speed

Frequency is the number of ________ an

acoustic variable goes through in a second.

Cycles

The unit of frequency is ________, which is

abbreviated ________.

hertz, Hz

Period is the ________ that it takes for one

cycle to occur.

Time

Period DECREASES as _________ INCREASES.

Frequency

Wavelength is the length of ________ which one

Space
cycle occurs.
Popagation speed is teh speed with which a(n)
Wave
_______ moves through a medium.
Wavelength is equal to ________ _________
divided by _________.

Propagation Speed,
Frequency

The ________ and ________ of a medium

determine propagation speed.

Density, Stiffness

Propagation speed INCREASES if ________ is

INCREASED.

Stiffness

The average propagation speed in soft tissues

1540, 1.54
is ________ m/s or ________ mm/microsecond.
Propagation speed is determinded by the
________.

Medium

Place the following in order of increasing

sound propagation speed: Liquid, Solid, Gas

Gas - Liquid - Solid

The wavelength of 7 - MHz ultrasound in soft

tissues is ________ mm.

.22

Wavelength in soft tissues ________ as

frequency INCREASES.

INCREASES

It takes ________ microseconds for ultrasound

to travel 1.54 cm in soft tissue.

10

Propagation speed in bone is ________ that in

soft tissues.

Higher than

Sound travels faster in ________. A. Air B.

Helium C. Water D. Steel

D. Steel (fastest in solids)

Solids have higher propagation speeds than

liquids because they have greater ________.

Stiffness

Sound travels slowest in ________.

Gases

Sound is a ________ ________ wave.

Mechanical, Longitudinal or
Compressed

If propagation speed is doubled (a different

medium) and frequency is held constant, the
wavelength is ________.

Doubled

If the wavelength is 2mm and frequency is

doubled, the wavelength becomes ________
mm.

If frequency in soft tissue is doubled,

propagation speed is ________.

Unchanged (determined by
medium)

Waves can carry ________ from one place to

another.

Information

T or F - If two media have different stiffnesses,

the one with the higher stiffness will have the True
higher propagation speed.
The second harmonic of 3 MHz is ________
MHz.

The odd harmonics of 2 MHz are ________ MHz. 6, 10, 14

The even harmonic of 2 MHz are ________ MHz. 4, 8, 12
Nonlinear propagation means that ________ .

Propagation speed depends

on pressure and the
waveform changes shape as

it travels
T or F - If two media have the same propagatio
speed but different densities, the one with the True
higher density will have the higher impedance.
T or F - If two media have the same density
but different propagation speeds, the one with
True
the higher propagation speed will have the
higher impedance.
Impedance is ________ multiplied by ________
________.

Density x Propagation
Speed

The abbreviation CW stands for ________.

Continous Wave

Pulse Repetition Frequence (PRF) is the

number of ________ occuring in 1 second.

Pulses

Pulse Repetition ________ is the time from the

beginning of one pulse to the beginning of the Period
next.
Pulse Repetition Period (PRP) ________ as PRF
INCREASES.

DECREASES

Pulse duration is the ________ it takes for a

pulse to occur.

Time

Spatial pulse length (SPL) is the ________ of

________ that a pulse occupies as it travels.

Length, Space

________ ________ is the FRACTION of time that

pulsed ultrasound is actually on.

Duty factor

Pulse duation equals the number of cycles in

the pulse multiplied by ________.

Period

SPL equals the number of cycles in the pulse

multiplied by ________.

Wavelength

The duty factor of continuous wave sound is

________.

1 (100%)

If the wavelength is 2mm, the SPL for a threecycle pulse is ________ mm.

The pulse duration in soft tissue for a twocycle pulse of frequency 5 MHz is ________
microseconds.

.4 (Period is .2 ms, soft

tissue is irrelevant.)

For a 1-kHz PRF, the pulse repetition period is

________ ms.

1 (1,000 pulses per second)

How many cycles are there in 1 second of

continuous wave 5-MHz ultrasound?

5,000,000

How many cycles are there in 1 second of

pulsed 5-MHz ultrasound with a duty factor of . 50,000
01(1%)?
For pulsed ultrasound, the duty factor is
always ________ ________ one.

Less than

________ is a typical duty factor for sonography. .1

Amplitude is the maximum ________ that
occurs in an acoustic variable.

Variation

Intensity is the ________ in a wave divided by

________.

Power, Area I = P/A

The unit for intensity is ________.

W/cm^2 or mW/cm^2

Intensity is proportional to ________ squared.

Amplitude

If power is doubled and area remains

unchanged, intensity is ________.

Doubled

If area is doubled and power remains

unchanged, intensity is ________.

Halved

If both power and area are doubled, intensity

is ________.

Unchanged

If amplitude is doubled, intensity is ________.

Quadrupled

Attenuation is teh reduction in ________ and

________ as a wave travels through a MEDIUM.

Amplitude, Intensity

Attenuation consists of ________, ________, and

________.

Absorbition, Reflection,
Scattering.

The Attenuation Coefficient is attenuation per

________ of sound travel.

CM (Centimeter)

Attenuation and teh attenuation coefficient are

given units of ________ and ________,
dB, dB/cm
respectively.
For soft tissues, there is approx. ________ dB of
.5
attenuation per cm for each MHz of frequency.
For soft tissues, the attenuation coefficient at
3 MHz is approx ________.

1.5 dB/cm

the attenuation coefficient in soft tissue

________ as frequency INCREASES.

INCREASES

For soft tissue, if frequency is doubled,

attenuation is ________.

Doubled

If path length is doubled attenuatio is ________. Doubled

If both frequency and path length are doubled,
Quadrupled
attenuation is ________.
If frequency is doubled and path length is
halved, attenuation is ________.

Unchanged

Absorption is the conversion of ________ to

________.

Sound to Heat

Can absorption be greater than attenuation in

a given medium at a given frequency?

No

Is attenuation in bone higher or lower than in

soft tissue?

Higher

The imaging depth (penetration) ________ as

frequency INCREASES.

DECREASES

When ultrasound encounters a boundary with

perpendicular incidence, the ________ of the
tissues must be different to produce a
reflection (echo).

Impedances

With perp incidence, two media ________ and

the incident ________ must be known to
calculate the reflected intensity.

Impedances, Intensity

With perep incidence, two media ________

must be known to calculate the intensity
reflection coefficient.

Impedances

T or F - If the impedances of the media are

equal, there is no reflection.

True For perp incidence

With perep incidence, the reflected intensity

depends on the ________.

Impedance difference and

impedance sum

Refraction is a change in ________ of sound

when it crosses a boundray.

Direction

Refraction is caused by a change in ________

________ at the boundary.

Propagation speed.

Under what tow conditions does refraction

NOT occur?

Perp incidence & Equal

media propagation speeds

Redirection of sound in MANY directions as it

encounters a rough media or particle
suspensions (hetrogeneous media) is called

Scattering

________.
T or F - Backscatter helps make echo reception
True
less dependent on incident angle.
What mus be known to calculate the distance
to a reflector?

Travel time and Speed

No reflection wil occur with perpendicular

incidence if the media ________ are equal.

Impedances

T or F - Scattering occurs at smooth

boundaries and within homogenous media.

False

The sound that encourtered a boundary btwn

2 media (BB2M) & travels thru onto the next
BB2M is ________.

Transmission

Portion of sound returned from a media

boundary (Echos) is ________.

Reflection

Rate at which energy passes through a unit

area is ________.

Intensity

If power INCREASES, intensity ________.

INCREASES

If frequency INCREASES, attenuation

coefficient ________.

INCREASES

If frequency INCREASES, attenuation ________.

INCREASES

2 or more cycles of waves followed by a

RESTING TIME describes a ________.

Pulse

The unit for Amplitued is ________.

Pa (Pascals)

The amount of time fron the BEGINNING to

END of a single PULSE is ________. THIS
EXCULDES RESTING TIME!!!

Pulse duration

Start of one pulse to the start of the next is

________. This INCLUDES LISTENING TIME!!!

PRP

The formula for PRP = ________.

PRP = 1/PRF Recipricol of

PRF

Duty factor compares machine ________ time

to the listening or ________ time. Fraction of
time the transducer is "ON".

On, Off

If PRP INCREASES, Duty Factor ________.

DECREASES

Avg. Duty Factor is ________ %.

1-2

If image depth INCREASES, PRF ________.

DECREASES

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