10/15/2016 TypesOfCamAndFollowersBasicOfTheoryOfmachine|MechanicalEngineeringWorld|ProjectIdeas|SeminarTopics|Ebooks(Pdf)|NewTre

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TYPES OF CAM AND FOLLOWERS-BASIC OF THEORY

OF MACHINE
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Types Of Cam And Followers-Basic Of Theory

Of machine
A cam is a rotating machine element which gives reciprocating or oscillating motion to
another element known as follower. The cam and the follower have a line contact and
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10/15/2016 TypesOfCamAndFollowersBasicOfTheoryOfmachine|MechanicalEngineeringWorld|ProjectIdeas|SeminarTopics|Ebooks(Pdf)|NewTre

constitute a higher pair. The cams are usually rotated at uniform speed by a shaft, but
the follower motion is pre- determined and will be according to the shape of the cam.
The cam and follower is one of the simplest as well as one of the most important
mechanisms found in modern machinery today.
The cams are widely used for operating the inlet and exhaust valves of internal
combustion engines, automatic attachment of machinery, paper cutting machines,
spinning and weaving textile machinery, feed mechanism of automatic lathes etc.

1. According to the surface in contact.

The followers, according to the surface in contact, are as follows:

(a) Knife edge follower.

When the contacting end of the follower has a sharp knife edge, it is called a knife edge
follower, as shown in Fig.. The sliding motion takes place between the contacting
surfaces (i.e. the
knife edge and the cam surface). It is seldom used in practice because the small area of
contacting surface results in excessive wear. In knife edge followers, a considerable side
thrust exists between the follower and the guide.

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Types Of Followers according to surface of contacts

(b) Roller follower.

When the contacting end of the follower is a roller, it is called a roller follower, as shown
in Fig. Since the rolling motion takes place between the contacting surfaces (i.e. the roller
and the
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cam), therefore the rate of wear is greatly reduced. In roller followers also the side thrust
exists between the follower and the guide. The roller followers are extensively used
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where more space

is available such as in stationary gas and oil engines and aircraft engines.

(c) Flat faced or mushroom follower.

When the contacting end of the follower is a perfectly at face, it is called a at-faced
follower, as shown in Fig. It may be noted that the side thrust between the follower and
the guide is much reduced in case of at faced followers. The only side thrust is due to

friction between the contact surfaces of the follower and the cam. The relative motion
between these surfaces is largely of sliding nature but wear may be reduced by osetting the axis of the follower, as shown in Fig so that when the cam rotates, the
follower also rotates about its own axis. The at faced followers are generally used
where space is limited such as in cams which operate the valves of automobile engines.

(d) Spherical faced follower

When the contacting end of the follower is of spherical shape, it is called a spherical
faced follower, as shown in Fig. It may be noted that when a at-faced follower is used in
automobile engines, high surface stresses are produced. In order to minimize these
stresses, the at end of the follower is machined to a spherical shape.

2. According to the motion of the follower.

The followers, according to its motion, are of the following two types:

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a. oscillating Follower b. Reciprocating followers

(a) Reciprocating or translating follower.

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When the follower reciprocates in guides as the cam rotates uniformly, it is known as
reciprocating or translating follower.
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(b) Oscillating or rotating follower.

When the uniform rotary motion of the cam is convertedinto predetermined oscillatory
motion of the follower, it is called oscillating or rotating follower. The follower, as shown
in Fig ., is an oscillating or rotating follower.

3. According to the path of motion of the follower.

The followers, according to its path of motion, are of the following two types:

a. Raidal b. O-set follower

(a) Radial follower.

When the motion of the follower is along an axis passing through the centre of the cam,
it is known as radial follower.

(b) O-set follower.

When the motion of the follower is along an axis away from the axis of the cam centre, it
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is called o-set follower,

CAMS :
Cams can be classied into the following three types based on their shapes.

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Types Of Cams

1.) Plate or disk cams:

Plate or disk cams are the simplest and most common type of cam. A plate cam is
illustrated in gure. This type of cam is formed on a disk or plate. The radial distance
from the center of the disk is varied throughout the circumference of the cam. Allowing
a follower to ride on this outer edge gives the follower a radial motion.

2) Cylindrical or drum cam:

A cylindrical or drum cam is illustrated in gure . This type of cam is formed on a
cylinder. A groove is cut into the cylinder, with a varying location along the axis of
rotation. Attaching a follower that rides in the groove gives the follower motion along
the axis of rotation.
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3) Linear cam:
A linear cam is illustrated in gure. This type of cam is formed on a translated block. A
groove is cut into the block with a distance that varies from the plane of translation.
Attaching a follower that rides in the groove gives the follower motion perpendicular to
the plane of translation.

Applications of cams
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Cams are widely used in automation of machinery, gear cutting machines, screw
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machines, printing press, textile industries, automobile engine valves, tool changers of
machine centers, conveyors, pallet changers, sliding fork in wearhouses etc.
Cams are also used in I.C engines to operate the inlet valves and exhaust valves.The cam
shaft rotates by using prime moveres. It causes the rotation of cam. This rotation
produces translatory motion of tappet against the spring. This translatory motion is used
to open or close the valve.

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