CH 5

Fresh Concrete

Ch 5 Fresh Concrete Part 3

Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar

7 April 2016

Duhok Polytechnic University

CH 5

Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar

Fresh Concrete- Segregation

7 April 2016

Duhok Polytechnic University

CH 5

Fresh Concrete- Segregation

Segregation

The separation of coarse aggregate from the concrete

mix in plastic stage is called segregation.
Concrete is not a homogenous material but rather a
mixture of materials of different specific gravities.
So there is always a tendency for the coarser and heavier
particles to settle down and for lighter materials to rise
to the surface.
Segregation reduces the strength and durability of
concrete.
Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar

7 April 2016

Duhok Polytechnic University

CH 5

Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar

Fresh Concrete- Segregation

7 April 2016

Duhok Polytechnic University

CH 5

Fresh Concrete- Segregation

Causes of segregation:
1. There is too much of water in the mix.
2. There are badly graded aggregates.
3. There are too much shocks to a concrete mix due to
transport over longer distances.
4. Discharge of concrete from a considerable height (more
than 1m) , Pumping of concrete.
5. Leakage of mortar from formwork.
6. Concreting is done under-water.

Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar

7 April 2016

Duhok Polytechnic University

CH 5

Fresh Concrete- Segregation

Prevention of segregation.

1. The mix should be designed correctly and minimum

amount of water should be used for mixing.
2. The height of free fall of concrete should not exceed 1m in
any case.
3. The air-entraining agents should be used for reducing
segregation as these reduce the quantity of mixing water.
4. The concreting operations should be supervised strictly.

Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar

7 April 2016

Duhok Polytechnic University

CH 5

Fresh Concrete- Bleeding

Bleeding: The appearance of water along with some particles

of cement and very fine sand on the surface of freshly placed
concrete after compaction is called bleeding
Causes of bleeding.
1. presence of excess water.
2. Deficiency ( )of fine aggregate.
3. Too much finishing.

Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar

7 April 2016

Duhok Polytechnic University

CH 5

Fresh Concrete- Bleeding

Bleeding

Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar

7 April 2016

Duhok Polytechnic University

CH 5

Fresh Concrete- Bleeding

Prevention of bleeding.

bleeding can be prevented by

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Controlling the water- content ratio

Providing finer grading of fine aggregates.
Using finely ground cement.
Controlling compaction.
The air-entraining agents should be used to prevent
bleeding.

Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar

7 April 2016

Duhok Polytechnic University

CH 5

Fresh Concrete-Unit weight and yield

Unit weight: Is the ratio of the weight of the concrete to its volume
(kg/m).
Yield of concrete: The amount of concrete produced from sack of
cement is called yield.
Cement Factor: is the amount of cement used for one cubic meter
of concrete.
Cement Factor
Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar

7 April 2016

1
=

Duhok Polytechnic University

CH 5

Fresh Concrete

Example:
Find the unit weight ,yield and cement factor for the fresh
concrete mix
(1:2:4) of (W/C) =26 lit/sack and the air voids are 1.5% from
the volume of concrete
The specific gravity of sand and gravel=2.65

The specific gravity of cement =3.15

Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar

7 April 2016

Duhok Polytechnic University

Material
Cement
Water
Sand
Gravel
Volume
Air

Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar

CH 5

Fresh Concrete

%
1
0.52
2
4

Weight(Kg) Volume(m)
0.016*
50
0.026
26
0.0378
100
0.0756
200
0.1554
0.0022**

7 April 2016

Duhok Polytechnic University

CH 5
Volumn =

Fresh Concrete

. 1000

Volume of Air = 1.5 % x 0.1554 = 0.0022

Total Volume = 0.1554 + 0.0022 = 0.158 m
Total Weight = 376 kg
Unit Weight =

Yield (= )

376
0.158

Cement Factor=
Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar

1
0.158

= 2380 kg/m

0.158
1

= 0.158 m/

= 6.33 sack / m
7 April 2016

Duhok Polytechnic University

CH 5

Fresh Concrete

Note:

. =

Volume

Volume of water

Density of water = 1 g/cm= 1000 kg/m

Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar

7 April 2016

Duhok Polytechnic University

CH 5

Fresh Concrete

H.W:
Find the unit weight ,yield and cement factor for the fresh
concrete mix
The mix was (1:1:2) of (W/C) =20 lit/sack and the air voids
are 1% from the volume of concrete
The specific gravity of sand and gravel=2.65

The specific gravity of cement =3.15

Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar

7 April 2016

Duhok Polytechnic University

CH 5

Fresh Concrete

Air Voids
Compressive strength increase with increasing density (i.e.
reducing air voids).
5% air voids can lower strength by 30%.

Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar

7 April 2016

Duhok Polytechnic University

Air Voids

3-8 % by volume of concrete

Air Voids

Air Voids

CH 5

Fresh Concrete

Thank You

Lecturer.Lawend Kamal Askar

7 April 2016

Duhok Polytechnic University