Aztec Empire - 1519

Chair: Leah Day

Crisis Director: Carolyn Ours


AztecEmpire1519
DearDelegates,

Niltze

!WelcometoVAMUNXXXVIandtheAztecEmpire1519Committee!We
sincerelyhopethatyouwillenjoyyourtimeattheUniversityofVirginiaandthe
committeesanddelegateeventsthatweallhaveworkedsohardtoprepare.Weare
excitedthatyouhavechosenthiscommitteeandeagerlyanticipateaweekendfullof
stimulatingdebate,excitingcrises,conquest,andintrigue.

MynameisLeahDayandIwillbeservingasyourChair.Iama4thyearstudent
fromSterling,Virginia,studyingForeignAffairsandAnthropologyandam
simultaneouslybeginningmyfirstyearofgraduateschoolintheFrankBattenSchoolof
LeadershipandPublicPolicyatUVa.IonlybeganmyMUNcareerincollegehoweverI
havequicklymadeupforlosttime.IhaveChairedorViceChairedthepastthreeyears
ofVAMUN.IhavealsoViceChairedforourcollegiateconferenceVICSandservedtwice
ontheSecretariatforVICSasChargedAffaires.ThisyearIamservingasthe
SecretaryGeneralofVICSXXII.Iamexcitedtogetbackinthecommitteeroomthis
conferenceandseetheinnovativesolutionsyoucreateandthemannerinwhichyoucan
lobbyyourpositionstoreachcompromise.

IamCarolynOurs,yourCrisisDirector!IhavebeenfascinatedbytheSpanish
conquestofMexicoforalongtimeandampersonallythrilledtobemakingthis
committeeareality.OneofmymostformativeModelU.N.experiencesinvolvedthe
invasionofanancientempire,andIhopetobringyouinteractiveanduniquecrisesover
thecourseoftheweekend.IamathirdyearfromSpringfield,Virginiaandamstudying
PublicPolicyandSpanish.IhavebeenparticipatinginModelU.N.sincetheseventh
gradeandmostrecentlyservedasChairfortheOPECStrategySummitatVICSXXI,our
collegiateconference.

Hopefully,youwillfindthisbackgroundguidetobeausefulstartingpointtodive
intoafascinatingtopic.InformationontheSpanishConquestisrelativelyabundant,but
firsthandAztecaccountsarealittlemoredifficulttoparse.Takethisintoaccountwhen
doingyourresearch,andutilizetheresourcesthatwementionbelow.Ifyouarehaving
difficultyfindinginformationonyourposition,keepinmindthatasolidhistorical
foundationcombineswellwithcreativefastthinkingandtrynottoworry.Position
papersarerequiredandarenottoexceedonepage,singlespaced(TimesNewRoman,
size12).Pleasedonothesitatetocontactuswithquestionsyoucandirect
committeespecificonestousattheemailsprovidedbelow,andgeneral,
conferencerelatedqueriestoourUnderSecretaryGeneral,YashTekriwal
(vamun.crisis@gmail.com).Happyresearchingandseeyousoon!

Best,

LeahDay&CarolynOurs
led3zr@virginia.edu||cao5eq@virginia.edu


AztecEmpire1519
CommitteeOverview
Thiscommitteewillrepresentaspecialcouncilconvenedattherequestofthe
AztecEmperor.TheChairwillserveas

HueyTlatoani,MoctezumaII,GreatSpeaker
andEmperoroftheTripleAlliance.WhileAzteccustomdictatesthatnooneis
permittedtolookat,speakto,orlistentotheEmperordirectly,thisprotocoliswaived
inemergencycircumstances.Thiscommitteewillqualifyassuchanoccasion.Delegates
tothecommitteewillrepresentoneofthemanygenerals,princes,judges,andpriests
whowillrepresenttheirregionorprofessionalinterestwithinthecouncil.These
positionswilleachhaveportfoliopowersthatarecommensuratewiththeirauthority
withintheTripleAlliance,anothernamefortheAztecEmpire.Thelistofpowers
includesbutisnotlimitedtomovementofmilitarypersonnel,cropproduction,
taxation,andpoliticalmaneuvers.ThisCouncilwillfacethetraditionalstrugglesof
politicalbodies:balancinginternaltensions,popularopinions,desiresoftheelites,and
externalpressures.
ThecommitteesstartdatewillbeearlyMarchof1519andyoumayexpectthata
spanofatleasttwoyearswillbecoveredoverthecourseoftheconference.Intermsof
parliamentaryprocedure,thecommitteewilloperateunderarunningmoderated
caucus,pendingdelegateapproval,toallowforcontinuousdebateandchangeintopics
assituationsdevelop.Directiveswillpassbyasimplemajoritybasedonquorum.There
isnosettopicforthiscommittee,butdebatewillcenteronthepresentinvasionofAztec
territorybytheSpanish,andknowledgeofthedomesticpoliticsandexternalconcerns
willundoubtedlycomeintoplay.Weunderstandandacknowledgethatitmaybe


AztecEmpire1519
somewhatchallengingtofindinformationontheindividualsyouarerepresentingand
assuch,pleaselimityourpositionpapertoonepage(singlespaced,12pointTimesNew
Romanfont).Oncecommitteestarts,eventsmayormaynotfollowthedocumented
historicaltrajectoryoftheAztecEmpirein1519.

HistoricalBackground
First,itisimportanttonotethatthetermAztecEmpireisnottraditional.
Rather,itisamoderndeviceusedtoencompasstheTripleAllianceandtheirtributary
statesthatextendedthroughoutmoderndayMexico.Thisalliancewassolidifiedin
1428CEafterthedefeatoftheAzcapotzalcointheTepanecWar,whenaTripleAlliance
formedbetweenTexcoco,Tenochtitlan,andarebelcityfromtheTepenec,Tlacopan.
Whilethethreegroupsworkedtogetherandsharedmanybenefits,ultimately,
Tenochtitlanemergedasthecapitalcityanddominantleader.TheAztecEmpire
continuedexpandingoverthenextcenturywiththehelpofitsimpressivemilitary
capabilities.Aztecwarriorscontinuedsiegingsmallercitiesinthesurroundingareas
untiltheempirecovered135,000squarekilometers,themajorityofmodernday
1

Mexico.
Tenochtitlan,thecapitalcity,wasthelargestandmostdevelopedcityinthe
PreColumbianAmericas.Thecityisbelievedtohavebeenhometoover200,000
2

peoplebytheearly16thcenturyCE. Sociallifeinthecity,andbyextensiontheEmpire,

Schmal,JohnP.,TheRiseoftheAztecEmpire,HoustonInstituteforCulture,July2015,
www.houstonculture.org/mexico/aztecs.html
2
Cadman,Steve.SacredPrecinct,Tenochtitlan.AncientHistoryEncyclopedia,24September2013.
www.ancient.edu/Tenochtitlan
1


AztecEmpire1519
washighlyregimentedbysocialstratification.Thestratadesignatedthelocalrulers
(teteuhctin)asthehighestmembersofsociety,followedbythenobles(pipiltin),
3

commoners(macehualtin),serfs(mayeque),andlastlytheslaves(tlacohtin).
Tenochtitlanwasthepolitical,religious,andcommercialcapitaloftheAztecEmpire.
Thecityboastedseverallargebuildings,temples,andsculptures.Furthermorethe
extensivecanalsystemallowedforwatertobeavailablethroughoutthecityand
protectedagainstflooding.Thecityisrememberedtodayforitssize,architectureand
remarkablymodernfeatures.
ThemajorityoftheAztecpeopleareethnicallyreferredtoasMexica(pronounced
Mehcheeka),specificallythosewholivedinTenochtitln.Debatestillpersistsamong
scholarsoverinterchangeableuseofthetwodistinctions.Thelanguagespoken
throughoutmuchoftheempire(andprimarilyinthethreecentralcitystates)was
4

Nahuatl.

AguilarMoreno,Manuel.HandbooktoLifeintheAztecWorld(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,2006),
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0966116313
4
Schmal,JohnP.,TheRiseoftheAztecEmpire,HoustonInstituteforCulture,July2015,
www.houstonculture.org/mexico/aztecs.html


AztecEmpire1519

Figure1:MapoftheAztecEmpireanditsTributaryProvinces,1519
Source:SolanesCarraroandVelaRamirez

TheEmpireUnderAhuitzotl
The8themperoroftheAztecsandpredecessortoMoctezumaII,Ahuizotlisbest
rememberedforhisgreateffortsinexpandingtheempire.UnderAhuizotl,theAztec
Empirestretchedasfaras700milesawayfromTenochtitlnandextendedasfarsouth
aspresentdayGuatemala.Byutilizingmilitaryforce,particularlyintheformofsurprise
attacksandambushes,Ahuitzotlconqueredneighboringcitystatesanddramatically
increasedthewealthoftheTripleAlliancebyincreasingtheflowoftributestothe
5

capital. KeyterritoriesintheValleyofOaxacaandthesouthwesterncoastofMexico
securedaninfluxoftropicalproducts,includingcacao.Throughtheseconquests,
Ahuitzotlcontinuedtoamassincreasingpoweroverthetlatoani(rulersofacitystate)
5

Ahuitzotl:AztecKing,EncyclopediaBritannica.N.d.www.britannica.com/biography/Ahuitzotl.
5


AztecEmpire1519
ofTexcocoandTlacopan(theothertwomembersoftheTripleAlliance),andtheterm
hueytlatoaniGreatSpeakeroriginatedduringhisreigntobetterencompasshis
supremeauthority.

AdministrationUnderMontezumaII
MoctezumaIIcametopowerin1502,succeedinghisuncleAhuitzotl,andwas
alreadywellknownforbeingawarriorofprodigiousskillwhobelievedferventlyinthe
expansionismofthepreviousemperor.Historicalaccountsofhisleadershipvary,and
whilehewasundisputedlyautocratic,hisharshnessorbrutalityisfrequentlydebated.
Hesetastrongprecedentforhisleadershipimmediatelypriortohiscoronationby
engaginginamilitarycampaignagainstthecitystatesofNopallanandIcpatepec,both
ofwhomwereengagedinrebellionandrefusingtopaytributetoTenochtitln.He
furtherattemptedtoextendthereachoftheTripleAlliancebyrekindlinga
longstandingconflictwithTlaxcala,andbringingtheZapotecandMixtecpeopleinto
7

theEmpiresfold. Moctezumassocialpolicieswidenedthealreadyprominentdivide
thatexistedbetweenthenobilityandcommoners.Heeliminatedthecuauhpilli,aclass
ofcommonpeopleworkinginservicetoroyalty,andinsteadfilledthesepositionswith
nobility.Thiscreatedasignificantriftbetweenthesocialclasseswithregardtotheir
occupation,income,andspheresofsocialinteraction.Thedistinctattirethateachclass
waspermittedtowearinwarandpeacetimeactivityalikewasafurtherphysical

AguilarMoreno,Manuel.HandbooktoLifeintheAztecWorld(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,2006),
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0966116313
7
Seaman,RebeccaM.ConflictintheEarlyAmericas(SantaBarbara:ABCCLIO,2013).
www.books.google.com/books?isbn=1598847775
6


AztecEmpire1519
manifestationofthesesocioculturaldivisions.Moctezumalimitedsocialmobility
betweenclasseswiththesepolicies,butalsostrategicallystrengthenedloyaltieswithin
thenobility,onwhomhewasfarmoredependent.Bycreatingmoreopportunitiesfor
employmentofnobilitywithintheroyalcircle,thenewpoliciesallowedmorenoblesto
beeducated,controlledby,andessentiallyindoctrinatedinTenoctitln.Furthermore,
theirphysicalpresenceinthecityallowedforMoctezumatousethesenoblesasleverage
8

againstpotentiallyrebelliousandhostilecitystates.

GovernmentoftheAztecEmpire
TheTripleAlliancewasundoubtedlyanempire,butperhapsnotwithinthe
conventionaldefinitionthatisappliedininstancesofcompleteeconomic,social,and
politicalcontrol.AsthegeographicalboundariesoftheAztecempireexpanded,newly
conqueredterritorieswereallowedtoretainlocalsystemsofgovernmentandreligion,
givingthemastructurethatcanbestbecalledacitystate.Atlatoani(plural:tlatoque)
wasarulerofanaltepetl(citystate).Likeanyleader,atlatoaniwasresponsiblefor
protectinghissubjectsandunitingthemundertheirsharedgovernment,economy,and
religiousbeliefs.Tlatoqueoversawtheland,themarketplaces,andthetempleswithin
theirjurisdictions.Themaintenanceofpublicfacilitiesandproperobservanceofrituals
andholidayscountedamongtheirtypicalconcerns.Theytooktributefromcommoners
andlessernoblesintheregionwhilealsocoordinatingmilitarycampaignsanddefense

AguilarMoreno,Manuel.HandbooktoLifeintheAztecWorld(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,2006),
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0966116313
8


AztecEmpire1519
andservingasthelastresortfordecidingjudicialmattersthatcouldnotberesolved
9

throughthelowercourts.
Thehueytlatoani(greatspeaker)waschosenfromaspecificsubsetofthe
tlatoqueandhadmilitaryandpoliticalauthorityoverthem.Acouncilofmalerelatives
ofthepreviousrulerelectedthehueytlatoani.Candidatesforthepositionhadtohave
beenpartofthesuprememilitarycounciloftheEmpire,thetlaceteccatl.Menonthis
councilwerethemostrenownedwarriorsintheTripleAlliance,aswellasrelativesof
thecurrenthueytlatoani.Sowhilethepositiondidstaywithinfamilylines,itwasnot
hereditaryandwassemidemocratic.TheGreatSpeakerhadsupremeauthorityoverthe
TripleAlliance,andwasbelievedtocommunicatedirectlywiththedeitiesTezcatlipoca
10

andHuitzilopoctli,whichservedasfurtherjustificationofhisundisputableauthority.
Secondincommand,assumingarolethatcanbestbeequatedtothatofaprime
ministerwasthecihuacoatl(womanserpent,althoughthepositionwasalwaysheldby
aman).Thecihuacoatlhandledfinancialandmilitarymatters,andalsoservedasthe
highestjudgeintheempire.Intheabsenceofthehueytlatoani,heassumedthe
11

responsibilitiesofleadership. MoctezumaIIlimitedtheresponsibilitiesandoversight
12

ofthecihuacoatlduringhisreign,furtherconsolidatinghisexecutivepower.
SincetheAztecsdidnotdisentanglereligionfrompoliticsandgovernance,the
priestswithintheempirewereessentialtoallaspectsoflife.Onlythesonsofnoblemen,

AguilarMoreno,Manuel.HandbooktoLifeintheAztecWorld(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,2006),
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0966116313
10
Ibid.
11
Ibid.
12
Ibid.
9


AztecEmpire1519
orespeciallygiftedcommoners,werepermittedtoenterthecalmecacschools,where
priestsweretrainedinbothritualandrhetoric.Thehighestorderofpriestswerethe
Quetzalcoatl,ofwhichthereweretwopriestswhoeachassumedresponsibilityforthe
GreatTempleinTenochtitlan.Thesepriestswerenobleinoriginandhadtohave
demonstratedanexemplarylifeofrighteousnessagood,pure,andcompassionate
heart.Thesepriestswereelectedbythetlatoani.TheMexicatlTeohuatzinwasa
generaloverseerofallritualsandthedirectorofthecalmecacschools.Priestsofvarious
ordersandcultsperformedawiderangeoftasks,focusingespeciallyonperforming
rituals,overseeingthetemples(withrespecttotheirupkeepandconstruction),and
educatingboththepopulaceandthenewgenerationsofpriestswithinthecalmecac.
Bothmenandwomenwerepermittedtoenterthecalmecac,althoughtheywere
13

segregatedbygender.Highpriesthoodwasreservedformembersofthetlatoque.

CurrentChallengesandRealitiesoftheAztecEmpire
DomesticPoliticalIssuesin1519
DuetothelackofdirectpoliticaloversightfromTenochtitlninthealtepetl,
rebellionswererelativelycommonintheAztecEmpire.Rebelliousstatescouldbe
subduedinmanyways.Occasionally,directmilitaryinterventionwasrequired,withthe
capitalreplacinglocalleaderswithmoreloyaltlatoque.Additionally,manycitystates
weregrantedparcelsoflandfromthecapital,whichweregeographicallydistantfrom
theirregion.Theprofitsfromtheselandgrantswereusedasleveragetofurther

AguilarMoreno,Manuel.HandbooktoLifeintheAztecWorld(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,2006),
https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0966116313
13


AztecEmpire1519
14

manipulaterebellingaltepetl. AnothermanipulativetoolemployedbyTenochtitln
wasritualsacrifice.WhilehumansacrificewasanessentialpartofAztecreligionthat
perhapscannotorshouldnotbejudgedbymodernethicalstandards,takinglarge
numbersofsacrificesfromaconcentratedgeographicalareacausedsignificant
15

resentment. Finally,aspreviouslymentioned,Moctezumasnewpoliciesthatwidened
thegapbetweennobilityandcommonersdrasticallyreducedsocialmobilitywithinthe
16

AztecEmpire. Whilepowerremainedvestedfirmlyinthenobility,itisimportantto
notethesignificanceofpublicopinionwithinanygivenaltepetl.Furthermore,taxation
andtributesincreasedundertheadministrationofMoctezuma,inpartduetothe
militaryandceremonialexcessesofTenochtitlnduringthattime.Thisincrease
affectednotonlycitizensandcommonersofthetributarycitystates,butalsothe
merchantclasswhotradedgoodsthroughouttheEmpireandwerevitaltotheeconomy.
17

Taxationwasstrictlyenforcedbyphysicalviolenceorenslavementifnecessary.

ExternalPoliticalIssuesin1519
ThestateofaffairsbetweentheTripleAllianceandTlaxcala,Huejotzingo,and
Cholula(theTransmontanestates,astheyarepresentlycalled)canbeprimarily
characterizedbytheexistenceofguerrasfloridasflowerwars,namedbythe

Seaman,RebeccaM.ConflictintheEarlyAmericas(SantaBarbara:ABCCLIO,2013).
www.books.google.com/books?isbn=1598847775
15
TheFalloftheAztecEmpire.AztecHistory.com.20062010.
http://www.aztechistory.com/falloftheaztecempire.html
16
Smith,MichaelE.AztecCulture:AnOverview.ArizonaStateUniversity.2006.
http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/1CompleteSet/SmithAztecCultureWWW.pdf
17
Bancroft,HubertHowe.TheNativeRaces(SanFrancisco:Bancroft&Company,1886).
https://books.google.com/books?id=q9yjmfWmvuYC
14

10


AztecEmpire1519
Spanishwhichwerecontrolled,smallconflictswithasetofulteriormotivesto
traditionalwarfare.Flowerwarsconsistofthearrangedmeetingofopposingarmieson
thebattlefieldataspecifiedtime,andbattlebeginswithasignalfrequentlythe
burningofalargepyre.Theseconfrontationswerelimitedtocloserangecombatand
servedamultitudeofpurposes,includingthetrainingofwarriors(especiallyinthe
nobilityclass),anddemonstrationofmilitarysuperiorityamongenemies.Giventhe
tenuousrelationsbetweenprovinceswithintheTripleAlliance,themaintenanceofan
effectivefightingforceremainsparamount.Theflowerwarsalsogavecitystatesthe
capacitytograduallyweardownthemilitarycombatantsofpotentialexternalthreats,
whileperhapsmostimportantlyprovidingasteadysourceofcaptivesforsacrificetothe
gods.AsofthearrivalofSpanishforcesinYucatnandtheonsetofthiscommittee,the
18

flowerwarsareongoing.

TheArrivaloftheSpanish
Asearlyas1510,accordingtoAztecrecords,aseriesofeightomensbeganwhich
werebelievedtoforetellanunknowneventtocome.Deeplyconcerned,MoctezumaII
wenttoconsultwithhighpriestsinTenochtitlan,hopingtounderstandtheirmeaning
butunabletoreachaconclusion.Theseomensincludedfireconsumingthetempleof
Huitzilopochtli,cometsthatstreakedacrosstheskyforthreedaysstraight,theflooding
oftheLakeofMexicoinTenochtitlan,thesoundofaweepingwomanbeggingher
childrentoflee,andtheimagesofwarriorsonthebackofdeerlikecreaturesseenina

Hicks,Fredrick.FloweryWarinAztecHistory.UniversityofLouisville.N.d.
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/aztecs/Aztecwars.pdf
18

11


AztecEmpire1519
diademplacedontheplumeofabird.Byearly1519,theapparentcauseoftheomens
wasrevealedbyavillagerarrivingfromtheWestcoastwhobroughtnewsoftowersor
smallmountainsfloatingonthewavesandstrange,lightskinnedmenwithlongbeards
andshorthair.Moctezumaimmediatelysentenvoystoconfirmthisreport,whichthey
soondid.Theyreportedthatthestrangemenworeoddlycoloredoutfitsandstrange
headcoverings,andthattheyspentmuchofthedayfishinginsmallboatsalongthe
19

coast. ThisisthehistoricalpointatwhichourCouncilwillconvene,withverified
reportsofnewcomersinYucatnandnoideaastotheirintentions.Thereismuch
scholarlydebateoverwhetherornottheAztecstrulybelievedthattheomensforetold
thearrivalofthedeityQuetzalcatl.Opinionsonthismatterlikelywillvarybetween
councilmembersbasedontheiroccupationandexperiences.
Forfurtherreference,itisusefultounderstandthemagnitudeandlogisticsofthe
expeditiontoYucatnasconveyedbytheimperialenvoytothelandingsite.Upon
landinginYucatn,Cortscontingentconsistedof11ships,508soldiers,100sailors,
20

and16oftheunknownanimals. Nootherinformationabouttheexpeditionwillbe
presumedattheonsetofcommittee,althoughtheAztecsdidhaveafairlydeveloped
networkofspiesandmerchantswhowerecapableofconveyingintelligencefrom
aroundtheEmpirebacktoTenochtitln.

19

LenPortilla,Miguel.BrokenSpears:TheAztecAccountoftheSpanishConquestofMexico(Boston:Beacon
Press,2006)http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/textidx?c=aclscc=aclsview=tocidno=heb02772.0001.001
20
Kirkwood,J.Burton.ThisHistoryofMexico,2ndEdition.(SantaBarbara:ABCCLIO,2010).

12


AztecEmpire1519
QuestionstoConsider
1. GiventheunknownmotivesofthemenarrivinginYucatn,whatisthebest
courseofactiontoproceed?Arediplomaticenvoyspreferredtoadisplayof
militaryforce?
2. WhatisthelevelofthreatthattheinvadersposetoAztecsocietyanddominance
intheregion?Whatistheirmilitarypotentialintermsofsizeandweaponry?
WhatwouldberequiredtoorganizesuccessfulAztecresistanceinthecaseof
militaryconflict?
3. Similarly,whatopportunitiesdothesenewcomersbringtothecontinent?How
canAztecsocietylearnfromthemorgaininsighttoculturaltraditionsbeyond
theirborders?CouldtheybestrategicpartnersinexpandingthecurrentEmpire?
4. HowstableisthetributarysystematpresentwithintheTripleAlliance?If
representingatributarycitystate,howdoyourpeoplerelatetocentral
authoritiesinTenochtitlanand/orneighboringterritories?
5. Howshouldinternalandexternalsourcesofpoliticalunrestbeaddressedinlight
ofthemostrecentdevelopmentsinYucatn?

GuidelinesforResearch

TheBrokenSpears:TheAztecAccountoftheConquestofMexico,MiguelLen
Portilla

TheConquestofNewSpain,BernalDazdelCastillo

13


AztecEmpire1519

Aztechistory.com(websiteauthoredbyascholarattheUniversidad
InternacionalinCuernavaca,Mexicowithreferencestoexpertsinartand
archaeology)

PrimaryDocumentsfromFordhamUniversitysColonialLatinAmerica
Sourcebook(http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook08.asp)

PassagesfromBernadinodeSagahnsFlorentineCodex

HandbooktoLifeintheAztecWorldbyManuelAguilarMoreno,muchofwhich
isaccessibleforfreeonGoogleBooks

Bibliography
AguilarMoreno,Manuel.HandbooktoLifeintheAztecWorld.Oxford:Oxford
University`Press,2006.https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0966116313
Ahuitzotl:AztecKing,EncyclopediaBritannica.N.d.
www.britannica.com/biography/Ahuitzotl.
Bancroft,HubertHowe.TheNativeRaces(SanFrancisco:Bancroft&Company,1886).
https://books.google.com/books?id=q9yjmfWmvuYC
Cadman,Steve.SacredPrecinct,Tenochtitlan.AncientHistoryEncyclopedia,24
September2013.www.ancient.edu/Tenochtitlan
TheFalloftheAztecEmpire.AztecHistory.com.20062010.http://www.aztec
history.com/falloftheaztecempire.html
Hicks,Fredrick.FloweryWarinAztecHistory.UniversityofLouisville.N.d.
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/aztecs/Aztecwars.pdf

14


AztecEmpire1519
Kirkwood,J.Burton.ThisHistoryofMexico,2ndEdition.SantaBarbara:ABCCLIO,
2010.
LenPortilla,Miguel.BrokenSpears:TheAztecAccountoftheSpanishConquestof
Mexico.Boston:BeaconPress,2006.http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text
idx?c=aclscc=aclsview=tocidno=heb02772.0001.001
Schmal,JohnP.TheRiseoftheAztecs,HoustonInstituteforCulture.July2016.
www.houstonculture.org/mexico/aztecs.html.
Seaman,RebeccaM.ConflictintheEarlyAmericas.SantaBarbara:ABCCLIO,2013.
www.books.google.com/books?isbn=1598847775
Smith,MichaelE.AztecCulture:AnOverview.ArizonaStateUniversity.2006.
http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/1CompleteSet/SmithAztecCultureW
WW.pdf

15

We appreciate your feedback about our conference. Please

direct all inquiries and comments to our Secretary-General.
Gary DePalo
Secretary-General
vamun.sg@gmail.com
You can also contact us at the mailing address below:
VAMUN c/o The International Relations Organization at
the University of Virginia
PO Box 400435
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