Professional Documents
Culture Documents
. Irak-tan ekilmenn
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agorakitapht
115
ANTHONY ARNOVE
Howard Zinn'le birlikte, Zinn'in Amerika'nn gemiindeki (ve amzda
ki) isyanclann, muhaliflerin ve hayalcilerin grlerini yansm A People's
History of the United States adl kitabn tamamlayter nitelikteki Voices of a
People's History of the United States adl kitabn editrlgn yapmtr. Ay
nca, Iraq Under Siege: The Deadly lmpact of Sanctions and War ile ll Ey
ll'den sonra Howard'la yaptklan syleilerden oluan Terrorism and War
adl kitaplann editrdr. Uluslararas Sosyalist Orgt ile Ulusal Yazarlar
Birlii'nin yesi ve Znet'in srekli yazarlanndan olan Amove, International
Socalist Review ve Haymarket Books'un yaytn kurulu yesi olup, eitli der
OSMAN AKINHAY
1960, !zmir, demi domlu. 1976'da SBF'ye, 1980'de hapse girdi. Ieride
evirmenlie balad, 70'i akn kitap evirdi. Gn Agarmasa (2002) ve l
me Bakmak (2005) adl iki roman; Piyasa Sosyalizmi Tartmas (1991) ve
Anthony Amove
IRAK'TAN EKLMENN
MANTIGI
Howard Zinn'in nsz' ve Sonsz'yle
Trkesi: Osman Aknhay
a
agorakitapl
Siyaset-Inceleme 20
Irak'tan ekilmenin Mantg
Anthony Amove
Eserin zgn ad:
e-posta: agora@agorakitapligi.com
llNDEKlLER
nsz (Howard Zinn)
Sunu
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1 ) Tercih Sava
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1
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Yeni Beyaz Adamn Mesuliyeti
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Bir lgal Tarihi . . . . . . . . .. . ......... . . ........ .55
Irak'ta Direni
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69
Geri ekilmenin Mantg
81
Hemen kalm!
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1 05
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2) lgalin Gerekligi
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
nsz
Howard Zinn
viii
Sunu
xii
xiii
xiv
xv
xvi
xvii
TABLO
Ingiltere
8,500
l*
Aralk2005
Gney Kore
3,200
Bulgaristan
Dominik Cumhuriyeti
Mays2004
!talya
Polonya
2,600
Ho nduras
Mays 2004
Macaristan
Aralk 2004
1,500
Avustralya
900
Grcistan
898
863
Romanya
Moldova
ubat2005
Hollanda
Nisan2005
Yeni Zelanda
Eyll2004
japonya
600
Nikaragua
ubat2004
Danimarka
Norve
Kasm2005
El Salvador
530
380
Filipinler
Temmuz2004
Azerbeycan
150
Portekiz
ubat2005
Fiji
Letonya
150
135
Ispanya
Nisan2004
Arnavutluk
120
Tayland
Tonga
Aralk2004
Mogolistan
litvanya
120
Ukrayna
Aralk2005
no
Slovakya
104
ek Cumhuriyeti
Ermenistan
102
Bosna ve Hersek
36
34
Estonya
Makedonla
Kazakistan
Agustos2004
46
32
27
xviii
xix
IRAK'TAN EKlLMENlN
MANTIGI
TERClH SAVAI
Bush ynetiminin Irak igalini hakl gstermek iin bavurdu. gu her argmann yanl ve temelsiz oldugu aka ortaya km
bulunuyor. Irak'ta kitle imha silahlan yoktu; Irak, Amerika Birle
ik Devletleri'ne dogrudan tehdit oluturmuyordu; Irak'n El-Ka
ide'yle de l l Eyll 200l'de gerekletirilen terrist saldrlarla da
ilikisi yoktu. Irak, kitle imha silahianna sahip oldugu iin degil,
olmadg iin saldrya ugrad (ABD'nin mdahalesine hedef olma
potansiyeli tayan diger lkelerin akllanndan karmamalar ge
reken bir gerek) . Amerikan askerleri Irak'ta kurtarclar olarak
karlanmadlar ve igal , ok az asker gerektirip, ok abuk sonu
lanmadg iin, hesaplanandan ok daha agr bir bedele mal oldu.
Ayrca, igal, dnyay daha gvenli bir yer yapmad, ya da kitle im
s.
137-147.
derecede tek yanl bir dnemimizmi, "3 diyerek, benzer bir sonu
ca varmt.
Pentagon muhabiri Thomas Ricks, "Gazete, n sayfa haberle
rinde bilinli seimler yapyordu," dedi. "Ynetimin iddialan n
sayfada yer alyordu. Ynetimin grlerinin aleyhine aklama
larsa Pazar gn sayfa Al8'e, Pazartesi gn sayfa A24'e kondu.
Editrlerin tutumu yleydi: Bakn, biz savaa giriyoruz, bu
aleyhte haberlerden dolay niye kayg duyalm ki?" ...
lkenin her tarafnda "savaa dair soru soran sesler yalnz
kald" diyordu [ef editr Leonard] Downie Url. "Aznlgn g
rlerini pek umursamyorduk. "4
Times
satlannn ABD dolan yerine, Avro zerinden yaplmas eilimine n ayak olacag
korkusundan Irak savana srklendigini iddia etmilerdir. Amerika Birleik
Devletleri dolara dayal petrol ticaretinden kazan elde etse, dolann dnyann balca
rezerv paras olmasndan daha ok fayda saglasa bile, ABD asndan gerek dl,
dnya petrol ilemlerinin dolarla yaplmas degil, petroln ve petrol ak zerinden
gerekleen jeostratejik stnlklerin denetiminin saglanmasdr. Bu argmann
daha kapsaml bir yorumu iin bkz. Anthony Amove, Siyasal Iktisat Araunna nite
si degerlendinnesi, Behind the Invasion of Iraq (New York: Monthly Review Press,
2002),Incmaional Socialis Revicw 32 (Kasm-Aralk 2003), s. 83.
gerektirmesi
18) Thomas Catan ve David Ibison, "Libya Opens Up its Oil to Asia and Europe",
Financlal Times (Londra), 4 Ekim 2005, s. 32. Ken Belson, "Why ]apan Steps
Gingerly in the Middle East", Ntw York Times, 17 Eyll 2002, s. Wl. ABD petrol itha
latyla ilgili aynntl veriler iin bkz. Enerji Enformasyon Dairesi (Enerji Bakanlg1),
Annual Energy Outlook 2005, Tablo 1 1 7, Imported Petroleum by Source:
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaflaeo/supplement/supref.html. Bu hesaplamada Ortadogu
kategorisi, Kuzey Afrika petrolne dahil edilmez. Kuzey Afrika petrol de dahil edil
diginde, rakam 2004 yl iin yzde 1 5'e yaklamaktadr. Aynca bkz. Michael Klare,
"Resources", ed. john Feffer, Power Trip: U.S. Unilateralism and Global Strategy Afttr
Scptember 11 (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2003), s. 53-55.
19) Keith Bradsher, "2 Big Appetites Take Seats at the Oil Table", Ntw York Times, 18
ubat 2005, s. c.
20) Michael Klare, "For Oil and Empire? Retbinking War with Iraq", Current History
102, No: 662 (Mart 2003), s. 1 34. Aynca bkz. Klare, "U. N. Charade: Timing of Iraq
War in Bush's Hands from Start", Pacific News Service, 12 ubat 2003.
21) Michael Klare, "The Carter Doctrine Goes Global", The Progrcsslve, Aralk 2004,
s. 18. Aynca bkz. Michael Klare, Blood and Oil: The Dangcrs and Consequcnccs of Amc
rica's Growing Petroltum Dcpcndcncy (New York: Owl BooksiHenry Holt, 2005). Car
ter bu doktrini, 1 980'deki Ulusa Sesieni konumasnda dile getirmiti. "Quotation of
the Day" , New Yorl Times, 24 Ocak 1980, bolm 2, s. 1 .
22) Klare, "The Cartcr Doctrine Goes Global" , s. 17.
lO
l2
l3
38) "Secretary of State Colin Powell, Remarks in Egypt with Egyptian Foreign
Minister Amre Moussa", 24 ubat 2001. Akt. John Pilger, "The Big Lie", Daily
Mirror (Londra), 22 Eyll 2003, s. 6. Ayrca bkz. Pilger'in mthi filmi: Brealing
the Silence: Truth and Lies in the War on Terror (Oley, Pennsylvania: Bullfrog
Films, 2003).
39) Ulusal Gvenlik Danman Condoleezza Rice'la grme, John King, La
te Edition with WolfBlitzer, CNN, 29 Temmuz 200 1. Akt. Pilger, "The Big Lie",
s. 6.
*) Ingiltere'deki babakanlk binas. (.n.)
l4
41) Akt. Maureen Dowd, "Desert Spring, Sprung", Nw York Timts, 9 Mart 2003, bO
lm 4, s. 15.
16
lGALlN GEREKLlGl
17
18
19
20
21
22
20) Ne il King Jr., "Bush Officials Draft Broad Plan For Free-Market Economy in
Iraq", Wall Stru ]oumal, 1 Mays 2003, s. Al.
2 1 ) jeff Madrick, "The Economic Plan for Iraq Seems Long on Ideology, Short on
Common Sense", New York Times, 2 Ekim 2003, s. C2.
23
24
25
26
27
yor.
36) Mike Alien, "Bush Defends Year-Ago Claim of End of 'Major Combat' in
Iraq", Washington Post, 1 Mays 2004, s. A7.
29
Red Cross (ICRC) on the Treatment by the Coalition Forces ofPrisoners of War and
Other Protected Persons by the Geneva Conventions in lrllJl During Arrest, Intern
ment and Interrogation (ubat 2004). Bkz. The Guardian (Londra), 8 Mays 2004,
s. 4.
39) Akt. Hendrik Hertzberg, "Unconventional War" , New Yorher, 24 Mays
2004, s. 3 1 .
40) Sewell Chan ve Michael Amon, "Prisoner Abuse Probe Widened", Washing
ton Post, 2 Mays 2004, s. Al.
30
32
34
36
37
cious Circle: The Dynamics of Occupation and Resistance in Iraq, Part One: Patterns
ofPopular Discontent (Project on Defense Alternatives Research Monograph, No:
10), IS Mays 2005; keza, Oxford Research Inernatinal, Irak apnda aratr
ma, Haziran 2004.
66) Independent Institute for Administration and Civil Society Studies (11ACSS) , Public Opinion in Iraq: Hrst Poll Following Abu Ghraib Revelations ( 15 Ha
ziran 2004), s. 35. Bu anket 1 4-23 Mays 2004'te Bagdat, Bakuba, Basra, Divani
ye, Hilla ve Musul'da yaplmtr.
67) A.g.y., s. 13.
38
68) Irene Sege, "Something Happened to Jeff", Boston Globe, Mart 2005, s. Al.
Ayrca bkz. Charles W. Hoge vd., "Combat Duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, Men
tal Health Problems, and Barriers to Care", New England journal of Medicine,
35 , No: ( Temmuz 2004), s. 13-22.
69) Amy Goodman'la sylei: Democracy Now/, 15 Mart 2005.
39
1 ) Francis Fukuyama, "The Bush Doctrine, Before and After", Financial Times
(Londra), l l Ekim 2005, s. 21.
2) Sidney Lens, The Forging of the American Empire, 2. basm (Chicago: Haymar
ket Books, 2004), s. 1 . Ayrca bkz. Howard Zinn'in 2004 basmna Sunu yazs.
41
42
7) A.g.y.
8) john O'Sullivan, "The Sun Set on One, but It Rises on Another", Wall Street
journal, 10 Nisan 2003, s . DS, u kitabn eletirisi: Niall Ferguson, Empire: The
Rise and Demise of the British World Orden and the Lessons for Global Power (New
York: Basic Books, 2003). Aynca bkz. Niall Ferguson, Colossus: The Rise and Fall
of the American Empire (New York: Penguin, 2004) .
43
agrmlaryla yank
9) Kipiing'in 1899 tarihli "Beyaz Adamn Mesuliyeti" iirini tam olarak aktarma
ya deger:
44
45
46
2002, blm 6,
47
1'
16
15) Michael lgnatieff, "The Burden", New York Times Magazine, 5 Ocak 2003,
blm 6, s. 24. Aynca bkz. Michael lgnatieff, The Lesser Evi!: Political Ethics in
the Age of Terror (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), vejeanne More
field'in eletirel degerlendirmesi: Perspectives on Politics 3, No: 3 (Eyll 2005) , s.
688-689. Morefield ayrca u faydal almann yazardr: Covenans Withou
Swords: Idealis Liberalism and the Spirit of Empire (Princeton: Princeton Univer
sity Press, 2004).
16) Bakan George W. Bush, Filipinler Kongresi'nde Konuma, Manila, Filipin
ler, 18 Ekim 2003.
48
17) David E. Sanger, "Bush Cites Philippines as Model in Rebuilding Iraq", New
York Times, 19 Ekim 2003, blm 1, s. 1 .
18) A.g.y.
49
Christian Advocate, 22 Ocak 1903, s. 17. Yeniden basm iin bkz. ed. Daniel
Schirmer ve Stephen Rosskamm Shalom, The Philippines Reader (Boston: South
End Press, 1987), s. 22-23. ROportaj 21 Kasm 1899'da yaplmu.
20) Henry Stimson ile john] . McCloy arasndaki konuma metni: 8 Mays 1945,
Stimson MSS, Kutu 420. Akt. john Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the Ori
gins of the Cold War, 1941-1947 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972),
s. 226.
50
21
"26
26) Seymour M. Hersh, "The Gray Zone: How a Seeret Pentagon Program Came
to Abu Ghraib", New Yorher, 24 Mays 2004, s. 42. Aynca bkz. Emran Qureshi,
"Misreading 'The Arab Mind'", Boston Globe, 30 Mays 2004, s. O l .
54
BR GAL TARH
57
Study of lraq's Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of lts Communists,
Bat'hists, and Free Officers (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), s. 324.
6) Stivers, Supremacy and Dil, s. 28.
7) Eastem Committee Fifth Minutes, 24 Nisan 1918, British Cabinet Records
27/24. Akt. Stivers, Supremacy and Dil, s. 28-29.
8) Tutanaklar, Sava Kabinesi 94, 12 Mart 1917, British Cabinet Records 23/1.
Akt. Stivers, Supremacy and Dil, s. 33-34.
9) Lord Curzon'un memorandumu, "German and Turkish Territories Captured
in the War", 12 Aralk 1917, British Cabinet Records 23/1. Akt. Stivers, Supremacy and Dil, s. 34.
10) Stivers, Supremacy and Oil, s. 68-69.
58
59
1 7) Cabinet Paper 1 790, British Cabinet Records 24/1 10. Akt. Stivers, Supre
61
British and Foreign Sat Paptrs 1 19, s. 389-394. Akt. Stivers, Suprtmacy and Oil,
s. 79.
62
63
1958 devrimine yol aan "isyanc ruh, tek bir olayla kendini
gstermi degildi," diye yazyordu Irakl tarihi Hanna Batatu,
"agr agr ve kademe kademe birikip yogunlamt" .30 1958 dev
rimine Irak ordusunun Hr Subaylar' nderlik etmiti. "Halkn
derinliklerine yaylm gl duygular, ordunun derinliklerinde
de ayn esintiler dogurdu. Bunun sebeplerini anlamak zor degil
dir. Ordu 1935'ten beri byk lde mecburi askerlige dayan
yordu, bu bakmdan her kademesinde toplumun bileimini yan
stan bir aynayd ve eninde sonunda halkn tutkularyla isyankar
lgnn aracs ilevini grecekti. Daha tesi. . . subay kadrosunun
byk ksm, yoksul ve orta snf kkenli insanlardan olumak
tayd."31 Subaylar, Britanya'nn kurdugu "monari ile Irak'n ihti
yalan arasnda uzlatnlamaz bir elikinin varlgna tamamen
ikna olmu durumdaydlar".32 "O gece Irak manark Nuri es-Sa
id devrildi, monarinin sembol olan Paysal'n heykeli param
para edildi ve Bagdat fatibi General Maude'nin resmi, alev alev
yanmakta olan eski Britanya Kanlaryas'nn dndaki toz top
rakta ayaklar altnda ignendi."33
Irak'n bagmszlgnn kazanlmas, milliyetileri, Hr Subay
lar', pan-Arabistleri, dini fraksiyonlar ve Irak Komnist Partisi
yelerini iine alan geni bir yelpaze oluturan muhalif glerin
ortak baarsyd. Ne var ki, "muhalefetin bu krlgan birligi, dev
rimden sonras dnemde fazla dayanamazd"; nitekim, ok ge
meden Irak politikasnn ynetici gc olarak Baas Partisi ortaya
kt.)i Parti, denetimini saglamlatrmak amacyla 1963'te bir
darbe dzenledi ve komnist militanlada sempatizanlara ynelik
sistemli bir kym politikasna giriti. Baas Partisi, muhaliflere
30) Bkz. Batatu, The Old Social Classes and the Revulotionary Movements of Iraq,
s. 765-766.
3 1 ) A.g.y., s. 764.
32) A.g.y., s. 767.
33) A.g.y., s. 805.
34) Haj, The Making of Iraq, 1 900-1963, s. 80.
65
66
67
68
IRAK'TA DlRENl
69
70
71
72
lik saldnlar devam edip de daha fazla sayda asker hayatn kaybet
tike, Beyaz Saray yetkilileri isyan Saddam Hseyin'in ynettigini
ileri srdler ve bana 25 milyon dolar dl koydular. Sonra, Ara
lk 2003'te Saddam yakalanp isyan yine devam ettiginde, Bush y
netimi bu defa yabanclann lkeye mdahale ettiklerinden dem
vurdu ve yeni kurulacak bir 'egemen' geici Irak hkmetinin hu
zursuzluklan ortadan kaldracagn savundu. Bu hamle de fiyaskoy
la sonulandktan sonra, ynetim btn dikkatini, direnii sona er
direcegi varsaylan dzmece Ocak 2005 seimlerine kanalize etti.
Fakat igal yine srd; iin geregi, igalin boyutlan daha da artt.
lsyann trmanarak yaylmasna kar Bush ynetimi, ark edip
eski mantrasna dnerek, Irak'n El-Kaide'ye kar savata merkezi
cepheyi tekil euigini, Irak'taki direnite byk lde yabanc
mihraklann parmag oldugunu tekrarlamaya balad. Tabii bu ge
reke de uydurnayd. Felluce'deki 300 bin insan topluca cezalan
dnp Kasm 2004'te l ,OOO'i akn kiiyi ldrdkten sonra igal yet
kilileri, yabanc pasaportuna sahip sadece 72 kiiyi gzaltna alabil
diklerini aklamak durumunda kaldlar.10 Ocak 2005'te Irak'taki
askeri yetkililer, "Adalet Bakanlg'nn aklamalanyla Cenevre Sz
lemeleri'nin korumas altnda olmadgn dndkleri bu kiileri,
baka yerlerdeki gzalt merkezlerine gtrlmek zere lkeden
nakledilebilecek" 325 yabanc savay ellerinde tuttuklann iddia
ediyorlard. Ele geirilen kiilerin pek ogunun yabanc lkelerde
oturma ya da alma belgesine sahip Irakllar, pek ogunun da
dogrudan masum kiiler olmas ihtimalinin byklgnn yan s
ra, Irak'ta yakalanan kiilerin yzde 4'nden aznn yabanc sava
10) Peter Spiegel, "All Agree Insurgents Are Overwhelmingly Domestic, Sunni
and Nationalist", Financial Times (londra), 29 Ocak 2005, s. 7. Ayrca bkz. Ed
ward Wong, "8 Months After U.S.-led Siege, lnsurgents Rise Again in Falluje",
New York Times, 15 Temmuz 2005, s. A l .
l l) Douglas Jehl v e Neil A. lewis, "U.S. Said t o Hold More Foreigners i n Iraq
Fighting" , s. A l .
12) Gzaltnda tutulanlarn saylar iin bkz. jehl v e lewis, "U.S. Said t o Hold
More Foreigners in Iraq Fighting", s. A l .
73
13) Spiegel, "All Agree lnsurgents Are Overwhelmingly Domestic, Sunni and
Nationalistn, s. 7.
14) Anthony H. Cordesman, The Developing lraqi lnsurgency: Status a End-2004
(22 Aralk 2004) , s. lS. Aynca bkz. Anthony H. Cordesman, lraq's Evo!ving ln
surgency (S Agustos 200S). Her iki raporu da yayniayan yer olarak bkz. Center
for Stragetic and International Studies (httpJ/www .csis.org).
lS) Cordesman, lraq's Evolving lnsurgency, s. 47.
74
16) Gareth Porter, "How Basra Slipped Out of Control: Portent in the Shiite So
uth?" Foreign Policy in Focu.s, 12 Ekim 2005, s. 1 .
1 7) jonathan Steele ve Rory McCarthy, "Sunni and Shia U ni te Against C om mon
Enemy", Guardian (Londra), 10 Nisan 2004, s. 5.
75
18) A.g.y.
19) Sami Ramadani, Eric Ruder'le sylei, "lraqis Need Our Active Solidarity",
International Socialis Review 40 (Mart-Nisan 2005) , s. 29.
76
.20
77
78
79
29) Tank Ali ve David Barsamian, Spaking of Empire and Resistance: Conversati
with Tariq Ali (New York: The New Press, 2005), s. 220. Aynca bkz. Tank
Ali'nin igalin karakteri ile direniin niteligi arasndaki ilikiyi tartmas (s. 228).
30) Roy, Public Power in the Age of Empire, s. 33. Aynca bkz. Tank Ali, Bush in
Babylon: The Recolonisation of Iraq, 2. basm (New York: Verso, 2004).
ons
80
Washington
P os t ABC anketlerinde
-
81
82
83
4) Yararl aklamalar iin bkz. Dilip Hiro, Stcrtts and Lits: Operation 'Iraqi Fre
tdom' and After (New York: Nation Books, 2004) ve Scott Ritter, Iraq Confidtn
tial: The Untold Story of the Intelligence Conspiracy to Undermine the UN and
Ovtrthrow Saddam Hussein (New York: Nation Books, 2005). Aynca bkz. Hans
Blix, Disarming Iraq (Nt:w York: Pantheon Books, 2004), s. 219.
85
87
88
89
90
20) Bkz. BBC World Service Poll, "In 18 of 21 Countries Polled, Most See Bush's
Reelection as Negative for World Security", 19 Ocak 2005: http://www .pipa.org.
21) Harold Pinter, Torino niversitesi'nde Fahri Doktorluk konumas, Torino,
ltalya, 27 Kasm 2002: http://www .haroldpinter.orglhomelturinunispeech.html.
91
92
25) A.K. Gupta, "Unraveling lraq's Seeret Militias", Z 18, No: 5 (Mays 2005), s.
33-37. Aynca bkz. A.K. Gupta, "(ivil War in Iraq, Made in the USA", Indypen
dent (New York), 4 Agustos 2005, s. 8-9: http:l/nycv.indymedia.orglen/2005/081
5497l.htm.
26) Savunma Bakan Donald Rumsfeld, Senato Ihtisas Komitesi, Washington,
D.C., 16 ubat 2005. Aynca bkz. Anthony Shadid ve Steve Fainaru, "Militias on
the Rise Across Iraq", Washington Post, 21 Agustos 2005, s. Al; Shadid ve Faina
ru, "Kurdish Officals Sanction Abductions in Kirkuk", Washington Post, 15 Ha
ziran 2005, s. Al.
93
94
95
96
32) Mikel Alien ve Sam Coates, "Bush Says U .S. Wili Say and Finish Task",
Washington Post, 23 Agustos 2005, s. A l O.
33) Cindy Sheehan, "lt's Time the Aniwar Choir Sarted Singing", International
Socialis Review 43 (Eyll-Ekim 2005), s. 14.
34) john Kifner, James Dao ve Albert Salvato, "Confronting Their Losses, Ohio
Families Are Shaken" , New York Times, 5 Agustos 2005, s. A7.
35) Eve Ensler, "My Son Brought Me Here" , 0: The Oprah Magazine (Kasm
2005), s. 218.
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
48) Klein, "You Break lt, You Pay for lt," s. 12. Irak borlan zerine aynnuh ra
porlar iin bkz. htpJ!www .jubileeiraq.orglresources.htm.
104
HEMEN lKALIMI
105
106
107
108
11
109
13) Eric Schmitt, "U.S. to Withdraw All Combat Unis from Saudi Arabia," New
i)
lll
les Times'ta Irak'taki 2,000. ABD askerinin lmnden sonra 16) Elisabeth Bumiller ve Jodi Wilgoren, "Ex-Administrator's Remark Puts Bush
on the Defensive,"New York Times, 6 Ekim 2004, s. A22. Ayrca bkz. General
Eric K. Shinseki'nin Senato Silahl Kuvvetler Komitesi'ndeki tanklg, Washing
ton, D.C., 25 ubat 2003.
1 7) Eric Schmitt, "Pentagon Contradicts General on Iraq Occupation Force's Si
ze," New York Times, 28 ubat 2003, s. A l .
1 8 ) Dexter Filkins, "The Fall o f the Warrior King," New York Times Magazine,
23 Ekim 2005, blm. 6, s. 56.
1 13
1 14
20) Sean Rayment, "Seeret Mo D Poll: Iraqis Support Attacks on British Troops,M
llS
nl+
24) james Dao, "2,000 Dead: As Iraq Tours Sretch On, a Grim Mark," New York
Times, 26 Ekim 2005, s. A l .
2 5 ) lki faydal genel degerlendirme iin bkz. Anya Kamenetz, "Coalition o f the
Unwilling," VillageVoice, 28 Ekim 2005, s. 39, ve Elizabeth Wrigley-Field, "A
New Battleground on Campuses," ZNet, 18 Haziran 2005 (www .zmag.org).
26) Damien Cave, "Growing Problem for Military Recruiters: Parents," New
York Times, 3 Haziran 2005, s. Al.
1 16
27) Bkz. ed. Elizabeth Weill-Greenberg, Ten Exeeliat Reasons Not to )oin the Mi
litary (New York: The New Press, 2006) ve ed. Tod Ensign, America's Military
Today: The Challenge of Militarism (New York: The New Press, 2005).
28) Dan Rather, Camilo Mejia'yla rportaj, CBS, 6 0 Minutes ll, 3 1 Mart 2004. Su
zanne Goldenberg, "The Stand," The Guardian (Londra), 5 Mays 2004, blm.
G2, s. 6. Bkz. Camilo Mejia, The Road from Ar Ramadi (New York: The New
Press, 2006).
29) joe Garofoli, "Anti-War Sailor Lifts Foes of Iraq Policy," San Francisco Chro
nicle, 28 Mays 2005, s. B l . Stuart Cashin, "War Objector Simply Put Conscien
ce First," Atlanta)oumal-Constitution, 10 Agustos 2005, s. l lA.
117
1 18
ll
120
TABLO 2
BAKAN BUSH'UN IRAK POUTIKASINA VERILEN DESTEK
9
0 %
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
"
' W<'o'J>f_.,.,,,,uuu.;uN.WU.I'h'_.,._.,.,_.,.,_.
.._...,.._.., "N'o._.,,._.....,.,,.v.v.-.,.-.v.,,,._.,.,.,.,H,'"N'._.,.
....u...... .._.uuu.v.,,v,.-,N.-.-..v,'f'h,
M A MJ J A S O N D J F M A MJ J A S O N D J F M A MJ J A S O
2004
2006
200 5
121
122
1 23
. ..
..a
1 24
125
1 26
127
54) Steve Negus, "Baghdad to Start Lifting Petrol Subsidies," Financial Times, 28
Ekim 2005, s. 7.
55) Howard Zinn, Terrorism and War, ed. Anthony Amove (New York: Seven
Stories Press/Open Media, 2003), s. 3 7 .
56) A.g.y.,
s.
38.
1 28
1 29
130
131
132
SONSZ:
AMERKAN STSNACILICI ZERNE
Howard Zinn
133
134
135
136
litary and Colonial Policy of the United States: Addresses and Reports by Elihu Ro
ot (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1916) iinde, s. 3.
137
138
140
141
142
143
144
22) Michael Gawenda, "Fresh Evidence of CIA Torture Network," Sydney Mor
ning Herald, 8 Mart 2005.
23) Albert Einstein, akt. ed. Alfred Uef, The Fight Against War (New York: john
Day, 1933), s. 37.
24) Bkz. Henry Mayer, All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of
Slavery (NewYork: St. Martin's Press, 1998), s. l l l .
145
EK:
STANBUL DEKLARASYONU
157
161
TEEKKRLER