DASAR FISIKA USG DOPPLER

Johanes C. Mose

Maternal Fetal Medicine Div.

Dept Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine
UNPAD BandungBandung-Indonesia

THE DOPPLER EFFECT

Austrian physicist,
physicist Johann Christian Doppler
1842
Doppler shift,
shift, adalah perubahan panjang
gelombang atau frekuensi suara akibat
pergerakan sumber, penerima atau
reflektor suara.

Doppler Modes

Continuous Wave Doppler (CW)

Pulsed--duplex Doppler (PD)
Pulsed
Color Doppler (CD)

Continuous Wave Doppler

Single transducer both transmits and receives the

US signals.
Two piezoelectric elements within the transducer
: one continuously transmits while the other
continuously receives reflected echoes.
Limitation : inability to discriminate the origin of
Doppler--shifted echoes; and cannot be used to
Doppler
produce color flow images
Widely used for fetal heart monitoring.

Pulsed Doppler

Uses single crystal to both transmit and

receive.
Range gating : select the target
depth, precisely localizes a specific target
vessel and measurement of flow velocities.
Doppler Duplex : both placement of
sample volume and assess Doppler shift
signals indicating flow velocity.
Simultaneous display of Doppler and
imaging modes.

Color Doppler

The addition of color to US image to

indicate direction of blood flow.
Flow toward the transducer is assigned the
color red and flow away from the
transducer is assigned the color blue.

CDS Control

Threshold
Color Gain
Pulsed--Repertition Frequency
Pulsed
Zero Shift
Color Filter
Ensemble Length
Color Write Priority
Color Display

Threshold

Echoes from walls and valves are generally

much larger than the echoes from flowing
blood
Threshold can be used to select echoes
that should only be processed by CDS

Color Gain

Is related to sensitivity
If it is too high, red and blue noise will be
generated
If it is too low, less sensitive to the smaller
shift frequencies.

Pulse--Repetition Frequency
Pulse

Is the sampling rate.

rate
Determines measurable flow velocity range
and viewing depth.
Increasing PRF : limits the field of view to
superficial structures and add the potential
for range ambiguity errors
Decreasing the PRF will improve
sensitivity and better detect slow flow

Zero Shift

Relates to velocity aliasing in the color

display
If the blood flow velocity exceeds the
measurable range, it will be diasplayed in
reversed color
An abrupt change from red to blue in the
center of an aneurysm.
Overcome : adjust Zero Shift Adjustment.

Color Filter

To separate blood flow signals from other

signals.
Flash artifacts (that can be overcome) due
to a strong echo from tube or vessel wall
overriding the Doppler signal.
Low--frequency cutoff filter: to eliminate
Low
wall motion
High--frequency cutoff filter: to eliminate
High
high frequency noise

Ensemble Length

Is related to the number of pulse pairs

used to estimate velocity.
This affects image refresh rate and slow
flow sensitivity
More pulsepulse-pair averaging improves slow
flow sensitivity at the expense of frame
rate

Color White Priority

Determines whether a given pixel will be

diaplayed cas color or gray shade
This is related to threshold and color gain
Often incorporated into other functions

Color Display

To display flow toward the probe as red

Flow away from the probe as blue
Slow flow toward the probe as red tending
to yellow
Slow flow away from the probe as blue
tending to light blue
This format may be changed if desired

Variance Display

A measure of turbulence
Often displayed in shades of green added
to the more traditional color display
It is independent of flow direction
It is independent on the degree of
turbulence

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Power Display Mode

The brightness of the display

indicates the intensity of the received
echoes

ARTIFACTS

Low-velocity Flow
LowAliasing
Gain setting
Mirror Image
The Uncertainty Priciples
Ghosting
Crosstalk

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Low--Velocity Flow
Low

The use of a highhigh-pass filter seta t a high

level
Avoided by :
- Ajusting the high
high--pass filter properly
- Changing Doppler angle (reducing the
angle of insonation)

Aliasing

Occurs when the sampled frequency is

greater than half the PRF / sampling rate
(Wraparoud effect)
= Nyquist limit
The more superficial the vessel, the higher
the velocities that can be measured and
the lower the possibility of aliasing

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Overcoming Aliasing

Increase the PRF ( adjusting the Doppler

scale)
Decreasing the field of view
Changing the baseline
Scanning at an angle close to 900 (enlarge
the angle)
Using transducer with lower frequency
(decrease the frequency)

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Gain Setting

Low gain setting valuable information

may be lost (low flow will not be
picked up)
Too high gain setting will degrade the
spectrall display
di l (high
(hi h spikes
ik off noise)
i )

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Mirror Image

Duplication of a visible object

More likely recognized with CD iamaging
Complete reflection of sound
Mostly occur in the diaphragmatic and
subclavicular regions or region close to the
lungs
Gas reflects close to 100 % of sound

The Uncertainty Principle

Axial resolution is improved with a shorter

US pulse or broad
broad--banded pulse.
Continuous Wave Sampling: best frequency
resolution (better velocity) with a narrownarrowbanded transmission, without depth
resolution

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Ghosting

High-amplitude,
Highamplitude low frequency echoes from
vessel walls and valves can create
misregistration artifacts (Ghost)
Wall filters (low(low-frequency cutoff filters)
can be used to eliminate these ghosts

Crosstalk

When the Doppler angle is near 90o the

system may be unable to coirrectly
separate forward and backward flow.
Identical velocity signals occur in both
channels producing mirror images.
channels,
images.

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Operational Consideration

Transducer Frequency
Gain setting
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF)
Motion Discrimination

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Doppler Waveforms

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1. Pulsatility Index (PI)

2. Pourcelot Ratio (RI)

3. Systolic / diastolic Ratio =

4. B / A Ratio

A-B
mean
A-B
A
A
B
B
x 100 %
A

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