Computer Prediction of Water Drive of Oil and Gas Mixtures

Through Irregularly Bounded Porous MediaThree-Phase Flow

R. V. HIGGINS
MEMBER AIME
A. J. LEIGHTON
JUNIOR MEMBER AIME

ABSTRACT
Interest by petroleum engineers in the flow of three
phases-oil, gas and water-in irregularly bounded porous
media lies mostly in the performance calculation of water
floods of reservoirs that have been partially depleted as
the result of expansion of much of the originally dissolved
gas.

The authors present a method to furecast three-phase

fluw in complex geometry and explain the details by the
lise of a specific example of a five-spot water flood of a
partially depleted stratified reservoir. In this example, the
fluid and rock properties of a field given by Prats, et al/
were used. The computed results fit the field performance
more accurately than Prats, et aI, and Slider.' The time
required for the high-speed digital computer to make the
calculations, including the contributions from the different
layered zones, is about one minute.

INTRODUCTION
The declining rate of discoveries of new oil fields in the
United States makes the recovery of more oil from known
reservoirs more attractive than previously. Water flooding
has an excellent proved background for recovering additional oil economically. Accordingly, the main interest
of this paper is in this type of recovery.
In petroleum engineering studies, commercial interest
in three-phase flow is mostly in the water flooding of reservoirs in which the oil has been partially produced by
the expansion of dissolved gas. When water is pumped
into these reservoirs, three-phase flow takes place. Although
this paper is concerned with these conditions, the principles involved could be used for other conditions when
and where they come to the fore.
Many investigators have made contributions to nonempirical forecast methods using basic scientific engineering principles. Several of these used the oil in place at
the start of the water flood and the oil remaining after
a large quantity of water has passed through a core for
key values in their calculations. Recently, Prats, et al,'
and Slider' have reduced assumptions by adding the third

U. S. BUREAU OF MINES
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF.

phase-gas-in their for.ecasting methods. Slider uses the

mobilities in the immediate vicinity of inlet and outlet
wells as an aid to simulate the resistance effect in the fivespot pattern of the flow of oil, gas and water. Prats, et aI,
minimize assumptions by using previously determined
laboratory data for determining sweep efficiency in the
five-spot pattern. In neither of these papers is the saturation
profile continuously affected by permeability-saturation
curves.
Sheldon and Dougherty' recently described a method
that employs continuously changing saturation profiles
using permeability curves, has a minimum of assumptions
and needs no prior sweep efficiency. The Higgins-Leighton
method, described in this paper, has all of these features;
however, many of the techniques are different from those
of Sheldon and Dougherty. The Higgins-Leighton method,
tested in May, 1961, is direct and easy to apply and requires very little computer time to calculate a forecast.
The short computer time is especially helpful in the study
of a reservoir containing many layers of different relative
permeabilities.
In the Higgins-Leighton method, the individual pressures do not have to be calculated, as the resistance to
flow in each cell in the flow pattern is readily determined
without the use of any iterative techniques. The saturation
and permeability distributions are readily determined.
These data and the shape factor, which is measured only
once from the potentiometric model when mobility ratio
is one, determine the resistance to flow in each cell.
THEORY
The authors showed in a previous paper4 that, as an
aid to calculating performance, the reservoir can be divided into channels using the streamlines of a potentiometric model as a guide. See Fig. 1. This procedure also
was used in this paper. The authors also showed that, by
treating conduits as approximately one-dimensional and
neglecting pressure gradients transverse to the main flow,
the Buckley-Leverett equation may be expressed as

IX' </>(x)A(x)dx = Qd'

(1)

X1

Original manuscript received in Society of Petroleum Engineers offiel.:'

Feb. 27. 1962. Revised manuscript received July 9. 1962. Paper pn'sented at SPE Production Research Symposium. April 12-13. 1962. in
Tulsa. Okla.
1

References given at end of paper.

1048

SPE 283

The principles expressed by this equation are employed

extensively in the three-phase flow, as they were in twophase flow. In the three-phase flow, the channels (the size
and shape of which are taken from a potentiometric model)
JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY

are divided into cells of equal volume. Although the

_ volume of each cell in each channel is the same, the volume of a cell in one channel is not the same as in the
other channels because the volumes of the channels
themselves are different. The division of channels into
cells of equal volume is convenient for three-phase flow
calculations because the movement of the gas and oil
from the invaded cell can be determined in terms of
number of cells and fractions thereof of a cell through
which the gas and oil phases are displaced.
Part of the theory on which the calculations are based
is that the entry of the water phase forms a bank in the
shape of a piston. The shape of the piston is determined
by the permeability to water and oil in the presence of
the irreducible gas, if any. The permeability data are determined in the laboratory. Holmgren and Morse: Richardson and Perkins: and McEwen' have presented contributions to permeabilities to oil and water and recovery of
oil from cores containing free gas prior to water flooding.
The piston displaces the gas to the irreducible gas saturation as it moves from cell to cell. The displacement efficiency of the piston depends upon the viscosity of the
oil being displaced and upon the permeability characteriStic:, of the rock. The shape of the piston is determined
by tne derivatives of the fractional flow equation extending
by equal intervals from the saturation at the sum of the
iU"~uucible gas and oil to the saturation that would occur
at the first breakthrough of water. After the breakthrough
of the water, the ending derivative corresponds to the
saturation at the outlet face.
The values of the derivative from these points-irreducible oil to breakthrough or the outlet face after breakthrough-are made the dimensionless length (abscissa) of
the piston, and the ordinates for the contour of the piston
are the water saturations corresponding to derivatives for
the dimensionless abscissa.

From the shape of the piston, the saturation distribution and the mean permeability (or its reciprocal,
the resistance) are obtained as in Fig. 2. The average
saturation determines the amount of oil and gas displaced
by the water. The mean permeability combined with the
shape factor G of the cell determines the resistance due
to the water and oil phases in the invaded cell or cells.
Laboratory data and Buckley-Leverett calculations show
that the gas phase is lowered to its irreducible saturation
very abruptly. In the absence of laboratory data for the
displacement of gas intermingled with oil by water, it is
assumed that the displacement of the gas is rapid and
thorough because the viscosity of the gas is low and the
relative permeability to the gas is high; that is, the gas
has a high mobility.
In the calculations after the first cell is invaded, the
piston is elongated from cell to cell according to a normalized shape. The displaced gas and oil move ahead of
the piston, and the quantity of gas and oil displaced
depends upon the water and oil saturation distribution
associated with the piston.
Fig. 3 is an example of the relative permeabilities to
water and oil. The Sur is shown in order that the figure
may represent the general case. Sgr can be O. O.
Fig. 4 is an example of the saturation distribution in
a reservoir before the start of the water flood. By means
of the permeabilities in Fig. 3, the water saturation at
breakthrough and the shape of the piston shown in the
first cell of Fig. 5 are obtained in a manner similar to
that described in the previously mentioned paper.' Mobile
saturations are distinguished from irreducibles. In this
schematic example, after the first cell was invaded, the
piston had increased the average water saturation from
0.20 to 0.55 and reduced the average mobile oil saturation
Sa,n from 0.45 to 0.25 for a net change of 0.20. In the
first cell, because of the change in the water saturation,
the oil has displaced the floodable gas from Su", = 0.15 to
.9~---------------------,

~ .8

0:

=>
~

.7

'"
0:
UJ

!;i .6
;l:

.5

J
.8

Equipotential lines

..... -

Streamlines

FIG. I-EQUIPOTENTIAL LI!'<ES AND STREAMLINES USED TO CAL'

CULATE PERFORMANCE OF A FIVESPOT WATER FLOOD (AFTER
VACGHN AND WATKINS1O). CHANNEL 1 WAS CHOSEN BETWEEN
STREAMLINES 1 AND 2, CHANNEL 2 BETWEEN STREAMLINES 2 AND
3, ETC. THE QCADRANT BOU!'<DARY WAS USED J'ISTEAD OF
STREAMLINE 5 FOR CHA'INEL 4.
SEPTEMBER, 1962

0
I
0

0.2

0.4
I
0.2

0.6

0.8
1.0
DERIVATIVE, f'
I
0.4

I
0.6

_ _ _ _ _.J2

1.2

1.4

1.6
!

0.8

1.87~
J

1.0

lil'LVn

fRACTION Of TOTAL VOLUME, Tolal Volume

FIG. 2-WATER SATURATION AND WATER PERMEABILITY VS DERIVATIVE OF FRACTIONAL FLOW AND FRACTION OF TOTAL VOLUME
BEHIND FLOOD FRONT.

1049

S",,, = 0.0, leaving a net flood able oil saturation (So>n)

of 0.25 in the first cell. The oil represented by the difference between the 0.45 minus 0.25, or 0.20, has displaced
the flood able gas from the upstream cells. The number
and fraction of cells swept out of the flood able gas are the
first cell (gas is removed by water flood) and 0.20/0.15,
or 1)~, cells more; that is, the flood able gas from the first
and second cells, and from one-third of the third cell, has
been pushed forward. The ease of determining the cell
and fraction thereof swept shows the advantage of cells
of equal volume.

The resistance to flow in each cell due to the presence

of oil, water and gas phases in each cell is determined
after each progressive water invasion. This resistance to
flow, combined with the shape factor of each cell and
the p;'essure drop from input to outlet well, determines
the flow from a channel. The combined flow from all the
channels at the same elapsed time gives the net performance of the five-spot pattern.
The only assumptions are that the oil bank has d:splaced
the gas thoroughly to Sg, as determined in the laboratory,
no oil is displaced by the mobile gas and the flow performance calculations can be aided by the use of channels.
The last assumption was found to be valid by the authors
for two-phase flow by comparison with laboratory performance of a five-spot water flood in which oil-to-water
viscosity ratios varied from 0.083 to 754.
No attempt was made to include in the calculations the
change in the volume of the oil phase due to the rate of
gas going into solution in the oil as influenced by pressure
gradients or changes in the viscosity of oil because, in
performance calculations of this type, it usually has been
neglected. According to the principles explained by Higgins,' the time element is long enough and the pore size
is small enough for the rapid solution of the gas in the
oil. Therefore, the time transient could be disregarded.
The time for the coexistence of oil and soluble gas is
relativ,ely short compared with the complete history of
the field. In addition, in a water flood where the oil and
soluble gas coexist in the reservoir, the pressure differences are small because of the radial nature of flow,
except in the immediate vicinity of the well. All these
factors minimize the need for a changing oil viscosity.
However, when data such as permeabilities can be determined in the laboratory more accurately and when the

thickness of the pay, interstitial water, gas and oil sarurations can be estimated more accurately for the reservoir,
then the viscosity changes in the oil and displacement of
some of the oil by the mobile gas can be included easily
in the method.
DESCRIPTION AND APPLICATION
After the method worked satisfactorily on a hypothetical reservoir, it was tried using the reservoir rock
and fluid properties presented in the paper by Prats, e! al.'
As only the permeabilities to oil and water were given
at one saturation, monotonic permeability curve. were
drawn through these points to the residual oil and water
saturations. In the absence of data to the contrary, these
curves are assumed to be representative of the reservoir
rock properties, as each curve passes through three guide
points-zero permeability, permeability given by Prats,
e! al,' and the permeability obtained by extrapolation to
S".,. and S",.
By use of these permeability curves, the computer calculated the water saturation at the downstream face of
the piston, the average water saturation of the piston, and
the derivatives
Sgr = .05

sor = .05

1
Sor=.15

Sgm= .15

Sor = .15

Sgm= .15

1
1

Sgm= .15

1
1

Cell
4-0IL,

1
Som: .45

Swr : .20

I
FIG.

1
Swr : .20

I
Som: .45

1
1

T
1

1
1

Sor = .05

Sor = .15

Som= .45

1
1

Swr

= .20

I
Cell

1
1
1

Cell

GAS AND WATER SATURATIONS AT THE START

FLOOD OF HYPOTHETICAL EXAMPLE.

SQr : .05

Sgr = .05

1
Sor: .15

I~
Som'25

Sor

= .15

1
1

1
Som = .60

1
1

Average
Sw = .55

Sgr = .05

OF

1
1

Sor : .15

ISgm

1
.15 1
1
1
1

1
:Som = .45
1

---------

r-

Swr

-j

1050

3-ILLUSTRATlVE OIL AND WATER PER~l E

ABILITIES FOR HYPOTHETICAL EXAMPLE.

I
1

Swr = .20

Cell 2

I
1
I

Cell
FIG.

Swr = .20

Cell

FIG. 5-0IL, GAS AND WATER SATURATIONS IN THE HYPOTHETICAl.

EXAMPLE AFTER THE FIRST CELL Is INVADED WITH WATER.

JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY

~=~

aswos

[ 1

kofLw .

(2)

+ 1-k-

wjJ-o

I"Omean n

from the saturation at breakthrough to the saturation at

the outlet face in a series of equal saturation intervals.
From these values of the derivatives, the saturation and
permeability profiles of the displacing piston were obtained. After the first cell is invaded, the average saturation of movable oil not displaced from that cell is
Som

= 1.0 - (Sw + So, + So,)

+--

)G"

fL"

i = No. "nd/or
Fraction of Cells
in Oil Bank

i = No. Cell.
Invaded

~Gk'

k = Fraction and

k,o

Cell No. Ahead

of Oil Bank

(3)

In this case Sor is 0.0. The length of the oil bank and the
quantity of gas displaced are determined from the oil and
gas originally in place and from the SO," the So,, and the
average saturation of movable oil remaining.

" = Last Cell

+2

J
(4)

where the average water permeability in each cell is

j+l

df'

f'j

The instantaneous injection rate after the first and subsequent cells are invaded and until the oil bank reaches
the outlet well is

kl'tVrneann

f'

J '.

f )

(5)

j+l

---df'
k,wU')

TABLE 1-SCHEMATIC FLOW DIAGRAM FOR COMPUTER PROGRAM

INITIAL CALCULATIONS

(Re-entry Point)
Compute instantaneous injection rate, using Eq. 5b. Set oil

Compute water saturation....:'t outlet face at breakthrough, SWbr'

rate equal to injection rate, water rate;::: O.

and average saturation SWbr' Generate a set of Swat equal

intervals of Sw between input face and flood front.

i.e., if breakthrough from last cell

Compute kro ' krw' fw' f' for each Sw'

YES

NO
Determine number of cell s and fractions thereof depleted of
gas during invasion of one cell by water.
I

(Re-entry Point)
Reduce abscissa, (, by predetermined increment to yield
fbr_m

Compute volume of oil produced during invasion of each cell

between breakthrough of oil and breakthrough of water, using
Eq. 100.

Compute average water permeability to f

Compute the volume of water injected during invasion of a

cell, using Eq. 10.
After the breakthrough of water:

using Eq. 7.

Compute the instantaneous injection rate at end of interval

with Eq. 6.

Calculate the average water saturation, using selected f

Sw look-up table, computed fw and Eq. 11.

br-m'

vs

Compute volume of oil produced at each step after water

breakthrough with Eq. 12.

Compute instantaneous oil and water rate from injection

rate and water-oil ratio, and with Eqs. 6 and 9.

I
Test if maximum water-oil ratio has been exceeded.

Compute water-oil ratio at each step after water breakthrough,

using oil and water relative permeabilities corresponding to
SWbr_m and Eq. 8.

NO
Advance m and i by 1.
Go to re-entry point.

I
Compute the average water and oil permeabilities behind flood
front, using Eq. 50 and similar equation for oil.

CALCULATION OF OIL RECOVERY,

AVERAGE RATES, AND OVER-ALL PERFORMANCE

CALCULATION OF TERMINALI
RATES FOR INVASION STEPS
Consider the first cell invaded by water, i.e.,

Compute average oil and water production rates and wate;

injection rates for all intervals, using Eq. 13.

= 1.

Determine position of oil-gas interface at invasion of each cell,

NINVAS.

--i

Compute elapsed time between instantaneous rates with Eqs.

14 and 140.

(Re-entry Point)

Compute the instantaneous injection rate at end of invasion

of cell, using Eq. 4. Set oil and water production rates =O.

Increase

Test if NINVAS
face.

by 1 so that another cell will be invaded.

When the performance of all channels has been computed,

~EI'TEMBER,

NO

1962

= NCELLS,

I
Compute the accumulative time, oil recovery, cumulative in..

jection and water-oil ratio at each interval.

YES

combine oil and water rates, oil recoveries and cumulative

i.e., if oil has reached outlet

YES

injection from all channels at the same time to obtain the

performance of a single layer.

I
Using the performance of each layer, sum performance from all
layers to get combined field performance.

1051

e~b')

and

(Sa)
"All Areas Under llk,w .
L vs I' Curve in the nth Cell
where j = number of cells which have been invaded. An
equation similar to Eq. Sa was used for the oil permeability. The use of the reciprocal relationship is shown
graphically in Fig. 2.
The instantaneous injection rate after the oil bank
reaches the outlet face is

(12)

The average oil rate is

(13 )

Similar equations are used for water production and injection rates.
The elapsed time between the instantaneous rates is
V". LV

(14)

tj=-q1li[)ij

qwlNj

before water breakthrough, and

==

tj

i = No. Cells and

Fraction Thereof

~(krfL--oo'w)G;

+ 2:
i = No. Cells

(5b)
j.

Invaded + 1

After the first breakthrough of water,

K.6.P
1

n - No. Cells

qwINj -

(14a)

QOj-l/2

in Oil Bank

Vo
= --'-

after water breakthrough.

By means of these equations and the foregoing principles, the performance of each channel is calculated. The
behavior of the channels at the same time intervals was
combined to determine the over-all performance of a
single layer. The single-layer performance was used to
determine the contributions from each layer at the same
given times. The contributions were summed at each time
to obtain the total field performance.

--;--;,--------;---__ G"
n=l

qOj

kr"meann

k,.omeann )

fL."

fLo

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

---+---

(6)

qWj

where the average permeability to water in each cell is

I'br-m

No. Cells
(7)
" Areas Under llkrw
L vs I' Curve in nth Cell
and the oil permeability is determined in the same way.
The water-oil ratio is
WORj"m+NcELLB

=(

~: )(::)

for S., at the outlet face, which is Swat

(8)

I".-m'

After the breakthrough of water, the instantaneous oil

and water rates were obtained from the instantaneous
water-oil ratio and the sum of water and oil rates, using
Eqs. 6 and 9.
==

q
OJ

q 10 m + NCELLS

(9)

WORm + NCELLE

wher.e j = m

+ NCELLS.

The volume of water injected between invasion of consecutive cells before breakthrough of water is
V

wIN

(V)

('S"'br
- Snlw)
NCELLS

(10)

Oil produced for each cell increment between breakthrough of oil and breakthrough of water is
Val

(V p )

SWbr - SWIW - Sum ]. .

NCELLS _ NCELLS
DINCEL

(lOa)

Oil produced after the breakthrough of water was obtained by use of Welge's' Eq. 7, which is
-

S Wm
1052

=s

I-j

10m

+---"~
I'm'

(11 )

The results of the calculations using the Prats, et aI,'

data are shown by the solid line in Fig. 6. The predicted
behavior fits the reservoir performance, shown by the
dashed line, relatively closely for a field comparison. The
fit is excellent through the first peak, and less so through
the remaining peaks. The fit is much better than that
calculated by Prats, et aI,' (as shown by the line made
up of long dashes) and than that calculated by Slider'
(as shown by the dash-dot line).
Because of the short time required to make a calculation,
if the accuracy of any of the basic data (either laboratory
or field) is questionable, these data can be altered to
tailor-fit the performance to that of the field very quickly.
By so doing, accurate values can be obtained which often
serve as an aid to petroleum engineers in evaluating
...
reserves.
The result of a possible trial tailor-fit is shown in Fig. 7.
In this example, all input reservoir data are the same
except the thickness of one of the layers which was
reduced by 20 per cent. The closer fit of the last two
peaks (cumulative injection between 0.8 and 1.0) shows
the effect if the sand count of that layer is reduced by
20 per cent.
The number of assumptions used in the Higgins-Leighton
method is less than the number used by Prats, et aI,' and
by Slider.' Also, the assumptions used are supported or
of a relatively small order of magnitude. The degree of
fit of the prediction by the Higgins-Leighton method to
the field data shows that fluid mechanics may be a helpful
aid in forecasting performances.
CONCLUDING STATEMENT
The authors have presented the theory and working
details for a method to calculate, in about one minute
on a high-speed digital computer, the performance of
three-phase flow in reservoirs with complicated well-spacing
patterns. In these studies no crossflow between channels
was considered because the results without crossflow
JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY

duplicated laboratory and field data within the accuracy

_ to whioh either could be reproduced at the present state
of the art or science of making measurements in the
laboratory or field. At present, commercial interest in
three-phase flow centers on the water flooding of partially
depleted reservoirs. The method was used to compute
the performance of this type of reservoir. The agreement
between the calculated and field performances was good.
When laboratory and field data can be measured more
accurately, the additional features can be readily added to
the method as warranted.
When one or more of the basic field or laboratory data
is suspected of being of questionable accuracy, the method
can improve on these questionable data by tailor-fitting
the prediction to the field performance by changing the
questionable variables somewhat. This can be done inexpensively because the computer time for a prediction is
short.

j = index of time increment

j -

liz = index of average value for jth increment

Ka = absolute permeability
k raIw
k"mean

relative permeability to oil in oil bank (Sw is

interstitial)

= average

relative permeability to oil in a section of k"lj vs /' curve

k"w mean

average relative permeability to water in a

section of k,w vs /' curve

index of increments after water breakthrough

index of cell number

NCELLS

=
=

number of cells into which channel is divided

NINV AS

cell number where oil-gas interface is at end

of increment

6.P = pressure drop between input and output wells

NOMENCLATURE*

q.

= instantaneous

area or mean effective cross-sectional area of

a cell
DINCEL = number of cells and fractions thereof depleted of gas for invasion of one cell by
water
j" = fractional flow of water
j"'m = fractional flow of water at outlet face at mth
increment after water breakthrough
/' = first derivative of fractional flow of water
with water saturation, i.e., dj wldS"
/' 'r = first derivative of fractional flow at water
breakthrough, i.e., dj wldS w at SWbr
/',,,._,,, = first derivative of fractional flow at the mth
increment after breakthrough of water
/'m = same as /' b,'-m
G = geometrical resistivity, or shape factor, determined from potentiometric model-length
of cell divided by mean cross-sectional area
of cell
i = index of cell not yet invaded by water

q,.

=
=
=

qwIX

q"

oil flow rate

instantaneous water flow rate

instantaneous rate of water injection
total rate of flow through sand body

Q'I' = cumulative volume of displacing fluid entering sand body

SUI = initial gas saturation

Sgm

saturation of mobile gas

S". = saturation of mobile oil

Sw = average water saturation

= water saturation at outlet

SWbr

face at break-

through of water
Swn...

interstitial water saturation, same as SWr for

this paper

Swm

water saturation at mth increment after water

breakthrough

Swm

= average water saturation at mth increment

after water breakthrough

V" = volume of oil produced during a time incre-

ment
';'For other symbol definitions, see AIME Symbols List in Trans .
AIME (19;;6) 207, 363.

I-V
I
I \ I y" '""
I '- A,' / \ ',~ "'I
y-'/"
,----.
PRATS ET AL

u
~
o
o
oc
~

o-'

~Ij

.2

.5

METHOD

METHOD

.3

HIGGINS- LEIGHTON
METHOD

/......

~ FIELD DATA

'-.........

,'/
/j

HIGGINS -LEIGHTON

"'" \- - - ... '-.1:--;- ~

~
\

I , /

.2

VOl = volume of oil produced during a time incre-

.2

.1

Q.

~ fiELD OAT'"

-'

.4

.6

CUMUlll,TIVE INJECTION

1.0
IN

FLOODA6LE

1.2

1.4

VOlliMiS

FIG. 6-COMPARISON OF FIELD BEHAVIOR WITH PREDICTED PER'

FORMANCES BY THE METHODS OF PRATS, ET AL,' SLIIJER' A:,\D
HIGGINS LEIGHTON
SEPTEMBER, 1962

.2

.4
CUMULATIVE

.6
INJECTION

.8
IN

I 0
FLOODASLE

1.2

14

VOLUMES

FIG. 7-COlVIPARISON OF FIELD PERFORMANCE WITH CALCULATED

PERFORMANCE USING THE HIGGINS' LEIGHTON METHOD WHEN THI:
THICKNESS OF ONE LAYER Is REDUCED BY 20 PER CENT.

1053

ment between oil breakthrough and water

breakthrough
V p = pore volume of a channel
V WIN = volume of water injected during a time increment
WOR = water-oil ratio
X, x = length
REFERENCES
1. Prats, M., Matthews, C. S., Jewett, R. L. and Baker, J. D.:
"Prediction of Injection Rate and Production History for
Multifluid Five-Spot Floods", Trans., AI ME (1959) 216, 98.
2. Slider, H. c.: "New Method Simplifies Predicting Water/lood
Performance", Pet. Engr. (Feb., 1961) 33, B68.
3. Sheldon, J. W. and Dougherty, E. L.: "The Approximation
of 'Secondary Recovery Projects Using Moving Interfaces",
Paper SPE 182 presented at the 36th Annual Fall Meeting
ofSPE in Dallas, Tex. (Oct. 811, 1961).
4. Higgins, R. V. and Leighton, A. J.: "A Computer Method to

1054.

Calculate Two-Phase Flow in Any Irregularly Bounded

Porous Medium", lour. Pet. Tech. (June, 1962) 679.
5. Holmgren, C. R. and Morse, R. A.: "Effect of Free G,as Saturation on Oil Recovery by Water Flooding", Trans., AIME
(1951) 192, 135.
6. Richardson, J. G. and Perkins, F. M.: "A Laboratory Investigation of the Effect of Rate on Recovery of Oil by Water
Flooding", Trans., AIME (1957) 210, 114.
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Water Tracers Reach Well-What Tracer Concentrations to
Use", Oil and Gas lour. (Sept. 7, 1959) 57, 189.

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