Method of Construction (Steel Structure)

Bolting
Very rapid field erection processes that require less skilled labor compared to riveting
and welding
Give economic advantage over other connection methods, if skilled labor is needed,
the cost will increase which other method had problems on.
Although high strength bolt is expensive than rivet, overall cost of bolted connection
is cheaper than riveted construction because of reduced labor cost and equipment
costs, smaller number of bolt required to resist the same loads.

Two grades of bolt are commonly used. These are grade 4.6 and 8.8. The first digit relates
to the ultimate strength of the material, whilst the second is the ratio of yield stress to ultimate
strength. Thus grade 4.6 bolts have an ultimate material strength of 400 N/mm 2, and the yield
(or proof) stress is 60% of the ultimate strength. Similarly grade 8.8 bolts have an ultimate
strength of 800 N/mm2 and a ratio of yield/proof stress to ultimate strength of 80%. Simple
grade 4.6 bolts without corrosion protection are commonly called 'black bolts'.
Rivets are no longer a practical method of forming structural connections.
Rivets used to be a very common method of forming steelwork connections, but they are
almost never used now. Before fitting, rivets are rather like unthreaded bolts. They are
installed hot in pre-drilled holes, and then the portion of shank protruding from the hole is
hammered down to form a second 'head' to the rivet.

unthreaded
Threaded

Corrosion Protection

Paint coatings
Metallic coatings
o Hot-dip galvanizing
o Thermally sprayed metal coatings

http://www.steelconstruction.info/Surface_preparation
http://www.steelconstruction.info/Connections_in_bridges#Eurocode_terminology

Ultrasonic test - http://www.olympusims.com/en/knowledge/ultrasound/applications/ultrasonic-faq/

Magnetic Particle inspection https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sVQYVh1y8J8
https://www.ndeed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/MagParticle/Introduction/introduction.htm
Paint Test Steel coating - https://www.gov.mb.ca/mit/contracts/pdf/manual/1070.pdf
Bolt Tightening Test - http://www.boltscience.com/pages/quality.htm
Software for steel modeling - http://www.tekla.com/in/solutions/students
Construction for Steel work, Steel erection, H&S, Quality Management http://www.steelconstruction.info/Construction#Temporary_works