Lecture 2: Fluid Mechanics

Physics 101
Physics for Scientists and
Engineers (6thth Edition)
R.A.Serway,
J.W.Jewett
Topics
1- Units and Dimensions
2- Elasticity and SHM
3- Fluid Mechanics
4- Thermodynamics
Canadian International College, CIC.

Dr. Hisham Anwer

Chapter 14: Fluid mechanics

Reading assignment:

Chapter14.1 -14.7

Tutorial Problems: 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 18, 20, 23, 25, 29, 38, 39

14.1 Pressure
14.2 Variation of Pressure with Depth (Pascals law)
14.3 Pressure Measurements
14.4 Buoyant Forces and Archimedess Principle
14.5 Fluid Dynamics (Continuity equation)
14.6 Bernoullis Equation
14.7 Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics
Items from 14.1 to 14.4 are discussed in Lecture 1

Canadian International College, CIC

Dr. Hisham Anwer

Fluids in motion!

Canadian International College, CIC

Dr. Hisham Anwer

14-5 Fluid Flow and Continuity

Principle
Whatever flows in must flow out
Given an ideal fluid (non-compressible) in a pipeline

This is a statement of conservation of mass

Canadian International College, CIC

Dr. Hisham Anwer

14-5 Fluid Flow and Continuity

The conservation of mass requires:

Canadian International College, CIC

1A1v1t = 2A2v2 t

Dr. Hisham Anwer

14-5 Fluid Flow and Continuity

In general, the continuity equation takes the form:

1A1v1 = 2A2v2
However, most gases are easily compressible; most
liquids are not. Therefore, the density of a liquid may
be treated as a constant, but not that of a gas.

Canadian International College, CIC

Dr. Hisham Anwer

14-6 Bernoullis Equation

When a fluid moves from a wider area of a
pipe to a narrower one, its speed increases.
Beroullis equation is essentially a statement
of conservation of energy in a fluid.

Canadian International College, CIC

Dr. Hisham Anwer

14-6 Bernoullis Equation

The general case, where both height and speed may
change, is described by Bernoullis equation:

Canadian International College, CIC

Dr. Hisham Anwer

14-7 Applications of Bernoullis Equation

The Bernoulli effect is simple to
demonstrate all you need is a
sheet of paper. Hold it by its end,
so that it would be horizontal if it
were stiff, and blow across the top.
The paper will rise, due to the
higher speed, and therefore lower
pressure, above the sheet.

Canadian International College, CIC

Dr. Hisham Anwer

14-7 Applications of Bernoullis Equation

This lower pressure at high speeds is what rips roofs off
houses in hurricanes and tornadoes, and causes the roof
of a convertible to expand upward. It even helps prairie
dogs with air circulation!

Canadian International College, CIC

Dr. Hisham Anwer

14-6 Torricellis Law

If a hole is punched in the side of an open
container, the outside of the hole and the top of
the fluid are both at atmospheric pressure.

Torricellis Law: The

speed of fluid exiting
a hole in a container a
depth h below the
surface:

Canadian International College, CIC

Dr. Hisham Anwer

Laminar Vs Turbulent flow

Laminar flow: is characterized by

smooth parallel line motion of fluid

Turbulent flow: is characterized by

an irregular motion of fluid

Canadian International College, CIC

Dr. Hisham Anwer

Illustrative Video!
Laminar Versus Turbulent Flow

Canadian International College, CIC

Dr. Hisham Anwer

Illustrative Video!
Laminar Flow is Reversible

Canadian International College, CIC

Dr. Hisham Anwer

Summary of Chapter 14

The pressure P at a depth h below the surface of

a liquid open to the atmosphere

P P0 g h

(P0 atmospheric pressure)

Archimedes principle:
An object completely immersed in a fluid experiences
an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of fluid
displaced by the object.

Volume of submerged part of an object:

Canadian International College, CIC

Dr. Hisham Anwer

Summary of Chapter 14
Equation of continuity:
Bernoullis equation:

Torricellis Law: The speed of fluid exiting a

hole in a container a depth h below the surface:

Canadian International College, CIC

Dr. Hisham Anwer

Canadian International College, CIC

Dr. Hisham Anwer