Vogt1

KatieVogt
5/20/16
ENG748
DerivativeDerrida:Perpetuatingthe(Dead?)Aquatrope
TheOxfordEnglishDictionarysfirstentryforderivestatesthatitmeans
To
conduct(astreamofwaterorotherfluid)
from
asource,reservoir,mainstream,etc.
to
or
into
achannel,place,ordestinationtolead,draw,conveydownacourseorthrough
achannel(OEDOnline).Andalthoughitslabeledasobsoleteandarchaic,itisthefirst
recordedandetymologicaldefinition,comingfromtheFrench
driver.
Soeveryone,
whethertheyknowitornot,isusingmetaphoricallanguagewhentheyusederiveto
meantooriginatefrom,orwhentheyusederivativeasapejorativedenotinga
hierarchy.AndDerrida,commentingonhowwecannotescapeusingmetaphoric
languagewhenconceptualizingordescribingmetaphorinWhiteMythology,also
proveshimselfcorrectbyalsousingthemetaphoricalderivethroughouttheessay.
Onepassageinparticular,drawsattentiontoallofthistermspossiblemeanings:
Inclassifyingmetaphorsaccordingtotheirnativeregions,onewould
necessarilyandthishasindeedhappenedhavetoreducethelending
discourses,thediscoursesof
origin
inoppositiontotheborrowing
discoursestotwomajortypes:thosewhichpreciselyappear
more
original
inandofthemselves,andthosewhoseobjecthasceasedtobe
original,natural,primitive
.Thefirstkindprovidesmetaphorsthatare
physical,animal,andbiological
,andthesecondthosethatare
artificial
,
economic,cultural,social
,etc.This
derivative
opposition,(of
physis
andto
tekhn
,or
physis
to
nomos
),isatworkeverywhereThese

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taxonomicalprinciplesdonot
derive
fromaparticularproblemofmethod.
Theyaregovernedbytheconceptofmetaphorandbyitssystem.(Derrida
220,boldingmine)
Throughouttheessay,Derridadiscussestheheliotrope(thefigurativeuseofthesun)
astheprevailingmetaphorofmetaphorsbutwhenonerhetoricallyanalyzeshisuseof
deriveandderivative,onenoticesthatDerridainsteadwhetherconsciouslyor
unconsciouslyrhetoricallyperpetuatesacountermetaphorofmetaphors,whatIam
callingtheaquatrope(thefigurativeuseofwaterflow).
UsingtheAquatropetoBreakOriginal/DerivativeBinaryandtheHeliotrope
Intheaboveblockquote,Derridaisdiscussingphilosophysneedtotaxonomize
andcategorizetypesofmetaphorsandwheretheycomefrom,andthatmetaphors
inevitablygetcollapsedintotwotypes:natural/primitiveandconstructed/artificial.This
sortingbasicallyboilsdowntoanoriginalvsderivativehierarchy,whereamore
originalmetaphorisinherentlybetterandtruerthanaderivativemetaphor(thathas
ceasedtobeoriginal)is,becausethemorenaturalametaphor,themoreitreachesa
Platonicideal.Thiscollapseisapparentlynecessary(220)tokeepthesystemand
hierarchyrunning,becauseasDerridalatergoesontosay,Platoscriteriafora
classificationofphilosophicalmetaphorsareborrowedfroma
derivative
philosophical
discourse(224,boldingmine)ifthePlatonicidealhierarchyoforiginalvs.derivativefor
metaphoristomaintainitself,itmustobscurethefactthatallmetaphorisderivative,
andnotevenfromthenaturalworld,butfromitself.Thereisntanythingflowingfrom
anylargerbodyofwaterofknowledgethereisntanagenttakingorgivinginherentor

Vogt3

propermeaning.Thephysicalworldisntlendingitsdiscoursetometaphoritisnteven
present.Instead,metaphorrecursivelyandconstantlyborrowsfromitself.
Derivativeandderive,intheblockquote,havemultipledifferentcontextsand
meanings,butDerridausesthemdifferentlywithoutcomment,inhisusual
modus
operandi
ofplayingwithlanguage.ButeventhoughDerridadoesntexplicitlystatethat
metaphorisalwaysdefinedanddescribedbymoremetaphorforanotherseveral
sections,hespreviewingthatclaimwithhisplaywithderiveandtheaquatropein
general.Heusesthephrasederivativeoppositionbothasadescriptiveandtoembody
theimpliedpejorativethatcreatesthehierarchy
tekhn
(craft)and
nomos
(socialnorms
orcustom)metaphorsboth
comefrom

physis
(natureorinherentqualityofbeing),and
thereforethey
derive
fromitliterally.Butthisderivationalsomeansthattheyare
thereforeinherentlylesser,sincetheyareonestepmoreremovedfromthetruestateof
being.Butintheverynextline,Derridacheekilysaysthatthisderivationhierarchy
doesntderivefromfromaparticularproblemofmethod(220),basicallythrowing
derivationspejorativeconnotationbackinPlatosandphilosophysface.
Derridaisalsoplayingwiththeagencyoftheaction.Whenusedinthepejorative
sense,thefigurativeriverofmetaphoris
drawnfrom
alargerbodyoffigurativewater,in
thiscasenature,bylanguage.ButwhenDerridausesderiverightafterthat(These
taxonomicalprinciplesdonot
derive
fromaparticularproblemofmethod...)heusesit
inamuchmoreactivesense,thatmetaphorstaxonomy
flowsout
ratherthanisdrawn
outfrom.Thisambiguityofagency,ofmovement,iswhattheaquatropeconveys,and

Vogt4

againpreviewsDerridaspointthatthereisnooutside/insideoragent/objectwith
metaphoritsflowingoutfromandbeingdrawnoutfromitselfentirely.
Thisambiguousmovementitselfpresentsacontradictionitmakestheriver
figurebothoriginaryandderivative.Therivercomesfromsomewhere,is
derivatively
drawnoutfromsomewhereinmovement,butthatsamemovementisthe
origin
of
waterflowingoutwardstosomewhereelse.Ariveritselfisusuallytreatedinthe
singular,asoneholisticfigureinsteadofthemultiplicitoussystemofbranchesbreaking
offintosmallerandsmallerpieces.Theaquatrope,liketheriveritimplies,isinternally
multiplefromaseeminglysingularsourceororigin.Derivationandoriginseemtobe
twoseparate,wholeentities,whenreallytheyarethesamething,thesamemovement
connectedtogethertoothersystemsofmovingwater/knowledge.Thisconstant
movementofwaterflowinginariver,beingbothoriginaryandderivative,bringstomind
thepreSocraticphilosopherHeraclitusandhisparaphrasedphilosophythatNoman
everstepsinthesamerivertwiceorputanotherway,"Evernewerwatersflowon
thosewhostepintothesamerivers."Ariverisagaininternallymultipleinitsmakeup,
butHeraclitussphilosophyrevealsthisatthemicroscaleinsteadofthemacro
branchingscalethemovementofthewateritselfmeansthateverysecondderivation
andoriginaresimultaneouslyhappening.Theseeminglywholeandstaticsystemof
originandderivation,andthereforeofmetaphysicsandepistemologyingeneral,cannot
holdbecauseariverisinherentlyboth,andisinherentlyalwayschanging.The
aquatrope(andDerridasusageofderiveandderivative)alsoconstantlychangesand
mutateswithoutcomment,liketheseamlessflowofwaterdownariverthebranches

Vogt5

thatchangethedirectionormeaningmakesensebecausetheyareconnectedtogether
asalinkedsystem.
Notonlydoestheaquatropeanditsfigurativeriverdenoteabranching,linked
system,butsodoesthesystemthatmetaphysicsandpostPlatonicphilosophytriesto
usetocontrastthis:thetaxonomy.Ataxonomy,asasystemofclassification,consists
ofcategoriesandsubcategoriesbranchingofffromoneanotheraccordingtotheir
metonymicalrelationshipsinawaythatparallelstheaquatropesriverfigureandthat
addsinthefigureofthetreegrowingoutward.Intheblockquote,Derridapointsoutthat
traditionalphilosophysimpulsestosortmetaphorsintophysicalandderivativeonesis
areguidedbytaxonomicalprinciples,andDerridatakes60pagestoenumerateand
explicateeverypossiblemodelofmetaphortaxonomythathasbeenputforthby
metaphysics,creatingataxonomyofhisownandreappropriatingthetaxonomyforthe
aquatrope.Alsointheblockquote,Derridasuggeststhatphilosophysinappropriate

use
oftaxonomydo[es]not
derive
fromaparticularproblemofmethod.Theyaregoverned
bytheconceptofmetaphorandbyitssystem(220),meaningthatphilosophycannot
helpbutusethemethodologyofabranchingfigureliketaxonomytodescribemetaphor
becausethatshowmetaphorworksitneedsmetaphortodescribemetaphor.However,
traditionalphilosophysuseofthismethodologyhasbeenleftunquestioned,andas
longasthisconceptisnotsolicited,themethodologicalreformremainswithoutimpact
(220).
Whatthemethodologyofanoriginal/derivativetaxonomyprovidesisnotan
accuratedepictionofthesystemofmetaphorinstead,oncequestioned,the

Vogt6

original/derivativetaxonomycreatesahierarchymeanttocontroltheinherent
metonymyandendlesssubstitutionoflanguagethroughcreatingcertainknowledge
aboutwords,metaphors,andtheirmeanings.Derivationandartificialitymustbecomea
secondclasscitizen,amarginal,pejorativeframetotheprizedoriginal/literal/physical
meaningofwordsinorderforthesystemtomaintainandstabilizeitself.ButDerridas
persistentusageoftheaquatroperevealshowessentialthatframeandits
marginalizationareforkeepingtheentireparadigminexistence.Thepejorative
derivativeisdefinitionallyrequiredandmutuallyinclusivetothevaluedliteralmeaning
originalityandnaturalnessneedderivativenessinordertohaveanyvalueatall.Inorder
tobetheliteral,propermeaning,therehavetobeamultiplicityofartificialorderivative
meaningstocontrastagainstandsetitselfapartfromonahigherlevel.Derridapoints
thisoutinSignature,Event,Context,explainingthatthoseeffects[ofcommunication
asasystem]donotexcludewhatisgenerallyopposedtothem,termbytermonthe
contrary,theypresupposeit,inanasymmetricalway,asthegeneralspaceoftheir
possibility(19)thedominanthalfofthebinaryneedstheexcludedorsuppressedhalf
inordertoexist,tohavethepossibilityofhavinganeffecttheyarenotmutually
exclusive,butareinsteadmutuallyinterdependent.However,Derridaspersistent,
implicitassertionoftheaquatropefocalizestheframetorevealhowitsactuallythe
centerofthesystemtheaquatropeandderivationmakeupthetrueparadigmof
metaphorbecauseallmetaphorisderivativeofitself,despitemetaphysicsassertionof
thenaturalheliotrope.

Vogt7

TheHeliotropeandTheAquatrope:AlwaysGeneralizedandOverdetermined
Theprimaryexampleoftherecursivederivationofmetaphorcomeswhen
Derridadescribesphilosophysultimatemetaphorofmetaphor:theheliotrope.
Enlightenment,vision,horizonsofideas:allofthesephilosophicalconcepts(and
metaphors)ofknowledgerelyonthefigureoflightandtheSun.Yet,althoughallof
thesetermshavethesamenaturalfigureastheirsource,theyarepolysemicboth
betweeneachotherandwithineachtermitself,thereisamultiplicityofmeanings.Even
asunflower,whichhasnothingtodowithknowledge,usesthemetaphorofthesunin
itsname.Thesunsusageinsunflower(andinallofEnlightenmentandphilosophyin
general)isalwaysmetaphoricaltheliteralsunisnotinvolved.Butifitsalways
metaphoricalthenitcannolongerbenaturalitbecomesandalreadyisanartificial
construction,andthereforenothingremainsnaturalaboutnature(sinceasunfloweris
literallypartofnature)noraboutthenaturalizingimpulseofmetaphorinphilosophy.
Everythingisartificialandderivative.
ThisaquatropeovercomingtheheliotropebringsDerridatoacountermetaphor
ofmetaphors,acounterdiscourseofknowledge.Whetherherealizesitornot,instead
ofknowledgecomingfromlighttouchingoneseyesormind,itflowsoutfrom
somewhereitdoesntcomefromsometranscendentaloutside,butis
always
derivative
(ofitself,asitlaterturnsout).Withhispersistentuseofderivethroughouttheessay(I
countedatleast67differentinstances),Derridaisimplicitlysayingthatderiveandthe
aquatropeshouldbethemetaphorofmetaphor,notlight/thesunandtheheliotrope,
becausetheaquatropemoreaccuratelydescribesthefunctionandconceptualizationof

Vogt8

metaphors.Allmetaphorsarederivative,soallmetaphorsfallunderthepurviewofthe
aquatrope.
Asmentionedbefore,traditionalphilosophyandmetaphysicsusesthe
original/derivativetaxonomyasahierarchyinordertocontrolmeaningandmetonymy
withwordsandmetaphors.Throughthemisuseofthetaxonomy,theheliotropeismade
intoanoriginalmetaphor,onebasedonthenaturalandphysicalworld,inorderto
attempttomakethesystemstaticinaparticularway.ButasDerridapointsout,fora
wordtobeproperorhaveliteralandcertainmeaning,itmustclaimtobetruth/essence,
butusuallyitdoessowithoutdirectlystatingsaidtruth.Thegapbetweenawords
essenceandproprietyiswhatallowsfortheplayofmetaphorandtheabilityto
substitutepropertiesof2metaphors/words/things,andsothehierarchyoftheheliotrope
islyingaboutitsownfunctionasmetaphoriftherewasonlyonepossiblemeaningtoa
metaphor,therewouldbenomoremetaphorbecausethemetaphoricalmeaningwould
becometheproper,literalone,collapsingthewholesystemintosingularity.Derrida
restatesaformofthisinSignature,Event,Contextwhenherhetoricallyasks(and
answershimself),
Whyisthisidentity[ofasign]paradoxicallythedivisionordissociationof
itself,whichwillmakeofthisphonicsignagrapheme?Becausethisunity
ofthesignifyingformonlyconstitutesitselfbyvirtueofitsiterability,bythe
possibilityofitsbeingrepeatedintheabsencenotonlyofitsreferent,
whichisselfevident,butintheabsenceofadeterminatesignifiedorof

Vogt9

theintentionofactualsignification,aswellasofallintentionofpresent
communication.(10)
Theonlywayawordorametaphorcanhavemeaningandwholenessisifitisinfinitely
repeatableoriterableinawaythatremovesallcertainmeaningandconnectiontothe
(nonexistent)originalreferent.Theheliotropetriestohidethis,butwithoutthis
possibility[ofbeingcutofffromthereferent],whichisalsothatofiterabilityingeneral,
generable,andgenerativeofallmarks,therewouldbenoutterance(Derrida
Signature11).
Theheliotropeismeanttoberepressive,toshutoutanyandallothermeansof
viewingmeaningmakingandepistemologyinordertomaintainaparticularpower
structureanditselfasasystemmetaphysicsuseshierarchytohidethecontradictions
andpowerstructureofprivilegingtheheliotrope,tohideitself.Theheliotrope,by
becomingoriginal,alsobecomesnaturalandnaturalized,tothepointwhereitseems
likeitstheonlyoptionormodelformetaphoricity.Derridaexplainsthatphilosophytries
tomaketaxonomiesseemtobecontrolledandmadeupbyphilosophicalconceptsand
history,butgiventhatdefinition
ametaphorology[ataxonomyofmetaphor]wouldbe
derivative
as
concernsthediscourseitallegedlywoulddominate,whetheritdoessoby
takingasitsruletheexplicitconsciousnessofthephilosopherorthe
systematicandobjectivestructureofhistext...whetherornotitelaborates
anidiomaticmetaphorics(propertoaphilosopher,asystem,ora
particularbodyofwork)basedonamoregeneral,moreconstricting,more

Vogt10

durablemetaphoricsphilosophyisdeprivedofwhatitprovidesitself.Its
instrumentsbelongingtoitsfield,philosophyisincapableofdominatingits
generaltropologyandmetaphorics.(228,boldingmine)
Philosophysmisuseoftaxonomyisanattempttocontroltropesandmetaphorsby
makingitselfthecenterofthesystem,andthereforeoriginalandnatural.Butinfactall
taxonomiesandmetaphoringeneralarederivativewithitsmisuseoftaxonomyeven
philosophybecomesderivativeofitself(justlikemetaphorisderivativeofitself)and
thereforeemptyofexactlyofwhatphilosophywasattemptingtoachieveinthefirst
place:stable,fixedmeaningandcontroloverfigurativelanguagesinfinite
substitutabilitythroughmetonymy.
Theaquatropeissimilarinstructuretotaxonomy,andtaxonomyitselfisnotan
inaccuraterepresentationofmetaphorandhowitfunctionsbutDerridassubtle
assertionofitasderivationandriverisamoretransparentmodelofmetaphor,onethat
revealstheinfinitesubstitutionofmetonymywhenitcomestowordandmetaphorical
associations.Derivationandtheaquatropearenotpurposelymisused,unlikethe
heliotrope,andinsteadrevealhowthesystemofmetaphoractuallyworks:asa
branching,linkedsystemwithnodefiniteoriginbutthatsomehowstillholdstogetherin
commonality.
Derridamaybesuggesting(onpurposeornot)thattheaquatropecanbeseen
asamoreintermediatestepduringinfinitesubstitutionandmetonymy,ratherthanas
thestricthierarchythattheheliotropetriestoconstructandhidebehind.Inhisown
taxonomy,DerridaquotesBachelardsconceptualizationofmetaphorics,whosaysa

Vogt11

nonimmediate,constructedmetaphorisusefulwhenitcomestoillustrateknowledge
wrestedfrombadmetaphor.Itsvalueisthenessentiallypedagogical(259).Metaphors
shouldbeintermediary,nonimmediate,andshouldfacilitatesomeunderstandingor
instruction.WithhislessderisivetreatmentofBachelard,Derridaisimplyingthat
metaphorsshouldbeusedtoconcretizeabstractideasinablendofimagesthatis
intermediary
,meaningthatitshouldbeusedtopragmatically
illustrate
abstractideas.
Derridatellsusthatweneedanewparadigmforarticulatingmetaphorandconcept(as
wellastheconceptofmetaphor),andtheaquatropeiswhatheimplicitlyputsforthas
thebetter,counterdiscoursebecauseofitsintermediarystructure.Derivationshowsthe
connectionsbetweenideas,words,andmetaphorstransparentlywithoutplacingone
metaphor,idea,ormeaningoveranother.Themetaphoricalwaterintheriverofthe
aquatropeflowsthroughthesystemseamlessly,andmetaphorcanflowthroughany
numberofbranchestoreachadifferentmeaningorconnotation.Theendless
substitutionofmetonymyisfacilitatedbytheflowofmetaphordownaninfinitenumber
ofpathsandbranchesoftheaquatropesriver.
But,Derrida,whetherhesawareofitornot,isguiltyofperpetuatingwhathe
critiquesinDuMarsaissusageoftheborroweddwellingwhendescribingTropeand
metaphor(253).Inthissectionoftheessay,DerridaexplainsthatDuMarsaisusestwo
differentmetaphorswhendefiningmetaphorasaTrope:lightandtheborrowed
dwelling.ButDuMarsaisexplicitlypointsoutthatlightismetaphoricallanguage,andyet
heusestheborroweddwellingasaseeminglyliteraldescription,whenitisactually
anothermetaphordescribingametaphor.Hedoesnotcommentonthis(orpossibly

Vogt12

evennoticethisslippage,dependingonhisintent),andDerridaconcludesthatDu
Marsaisdoesnotgivetheotherfiguretheborroweddwellingasonemetaphoramong
othersitisthereinordertosignifymetaphor
itself
itisametaphorofmetaphor(253).
However,Derridaisdoingthisexactsamething.Derridagoesthrough60pagesof
describingataxonomyofconceptualizationsofmetaphorsasifeachoneisone
exampleamongothers,asonemetaphoramongothers(253),butheusesderive,a
wordwithheavyandambiguousmetaphoricalmeanings,likeDuMarsaisusesthe
borroweddwelling:withoutexplicitcomment,andtosignifymetaphoritself,asa
metaphorofmetaphor.WhatDerridasaysoftheheliotropeisalsotrueoftheaquatrope
hehimselfputsforth:
Thisentirephilosophicaldelimitationofmetaphoralreadylendsitselfto
beingconstructedandworkedbymetaphors....Nowalltheconcepts
whichhaveoperatedinthedefinitionofmetaphoralwayshaveanorigin
andefficacitythatarethemselvesmetaphorical,touseawordthatthis
time,rigorouslyisnolongersuitabletodesignatetropesthatareasmuch
definingasdefined.(252)
Derridaeitherimplicitlybutpurposelyorunconsciouslyusesametaphortodescribe
metaphor,buteitherwaythisoperationisinevitable.
So,Derridasuseoftheaquatropejustreinforces,whetherconsciouslyornot,his
argumentthatmetaphorcannotbeexplainedwithoutmoremetaphor.Butjustlikethe
heliotrope,hismetaphorofmetaphor,theaquatropeisalwaysoverdeterminedand
boundtoexplodeitselffrombothitsemptinessanditsoverburdenedamountof

Vogt13

meanings.ItcannotbetheexceptiontotherulesDerridahassetuphimself,whichare
that:1)philosophicallanguageisasystemofforcedmetaphors/catachresesthatlies
becauseitdoesntactuallyrelatewordstonaturalmeaning,especiallysincenatural
meaningdoesntexistanyways,2)ifmetaphorissupposedtobetruth,itdoessoby
looseningitselffrom
certain
truthbottomlessoverdeterminability(241)and
metaphorizationofmetaphorleavetwolayersofmanifestation,meaningandtruth,that
aresupposedtobeone,andareinherentlybuiltintothestructureofthisparticular
articulationofmetaphor,and3)Themetaphorofmetaphorprohibits(exact)definition,
yetalsocreatesacheckpointorafixedlimititmakesmetaphoralwaysbothafigure
andaparadigmofmetaphorization,whichleadstoidealizationandreappropriationof
meaning(s).Theaquatropeofderivedoesallofthesethingsderivesmetaphorical
meaningisacatachresistothepointwheremostnativespeakersofEnglishdonteven
realizethatderive
has
a

metaphoricalmeaning.Touseittoliterallymeantheflowof
waterorthedrawingofwaterfromsomewherewouldseemawkwardandarcane,and
themetaphoricalmeaningoftocomefromisseenastheproper,literalmeaning
instead.Derivehasmultiplemeanings,andevenambiguousmovementsandagency
builtintotheword,soithasnocertaintruthanymore,andisbottomlessly
overdeterminedinorderforittohaveanyrelativetruthatall.Andasitsbeendescribed
beforeinthispaper,thispreventionofexactmeaningallowsforreappropriationof
meaningintomoregeneralizedspheres,onesevenlessrelatedtowaterflowing.

Vogt14

Conclusion:SupernovaorGeyser?EitherWayanEruptionDestructionof
Metaphor
Inordertodescribethemetaphorofmetaphors,Derridahastousederive,what
isbasicallyanothermetaphor,withitsmetaphoricalmeaningnowsoerasedthatits
consideredtobearchaicandobsoletebytheOxfordEnglishDictionary,andisnow
overburdenedwithadditionalmeanings,evenfinancialandmathematicalones.The
aquatropehasdiedderivebothisandisntametaphor,andDerridasusageofderive
asadead/dying/zombiemetaphorproveshimselfrightonanimplicitlevel.Derridadoes
useittosuccessfullydismantletheheliotropeasanaturalizedandstaticfigure,butin
theendheskillingsomethingthatsalreadydead(oratleastsomethingthatwould
selfdestructanyways)andkillshisownlanguageandmetaphoricalargumentinthe
process.IwillfullyadmitthatDerridamaybedoingwhatIvejustdescribedinthispaper
onpurposeinordertoproveapoint,hispointaboutmetaphorinparticular.Hedefinitely
demonstratesthattheheliotropepurposelyhidesitselfanditspredilectiontowards
selfdestruction,andheprovesthatmetaphoringeneralcannothaveasingular
meaningorevencontrolledmultiplicitousmeaningsWhiteMythologysexplicituseof
theheliotropeandimplicittreatmentoftheaquatroperevealsthatmetaphoralways
beingpluralmeansboththatitwillnotbecomeexhaustedfrominterpretationandthatit
isoverdeterminedtothepointofdestroyingitself.ButwhetherDerridaisasexplicit
abouttheaquatropeasheisabouttheheliotropeislesscertain.Nonetheless,his
critiqueofmetaphysicsviewofmetaphorstilldoesnot,andIbelievecannot,avoid
metaphorandcanalsobecritiqued,justasImsuremycritiquehassomesortof

Vogt15

metaphoricrunningthroughitandcanbecritiquedaswell.Andsothecycleof
metaphoricrecursioncontinues,flowingandexploding,shiningandevaporating.

WorksCited:
"derive,v."
OEDOnline
.OxfordUniversityPress,March2016.Web.15April2016.

Derrida,Jacques.WhiteMythology.
MarginsofPhilosophy.
Trans.AlanBass.
Chicago:UofChicagoP,1982.207271.Print.

Derrida,Jacques.Signature,Event,Context.
LimitedInc.
Ed.GeraldGraff.Evanston:
NorthwesternUP,1988.121.Print.