Harolds Calculus Notes

Cheat Sheet
26 April 2016

AP Calculus
Limits
Definition of Limit
Let f be a function defined on an open
interval containing c and let L be a real
number. The statement:
lim () =

means that for each > 0 there exists a

> 0 such that
if 0 < | | < , then |() | <
Tip :
Direct substitution: Plug in () and see if
it provides a legal answer. If so then L =
().
The Existence of a Limit
The limit of () as approaches a is L if
and only if:

lim () =

lim () =

Prove that () = is a continuous function.

Definition of Continuity
A function f is continuous at c if for
every > 0 there exists a > 0 such that
| | < and |() ()| < .
Tip: Rearrange |() ()| to have
|( )| as a factor. Since | | < we
can find an equation that relates both
and together.

|() ()|
= |( 2 1) ( 2 1)|
= | 2 1 2 + 1|
= | 2 2 |
= |( + )( )|
= |( + )| |( )|
Since |( + )| |2|
|() ()| |2||( )| <

So given > 0, we can choose = || > in the

Definition of Continuity. So substituting the chosen

for |( )| we get:
1
|() ()| |2| (| | ) =
2
Since both conditions are met, () is continuous.

=1
0

Two Special Trig Limits

1
=0
0

Copyright 2015-2016 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor

1

Derivatives
Definition of a Derivative of a Function
Slope Function
Notation for Derivatives

0. The Chain Rule

1. The Constant Multiple Rule

2. The Sum and Difference Rule
3. The Product Rule
4. The Quotient Rule
5. The Constant Rule
6a. The Power Rule
6b. The General Power Rule
7. The Power Rule for x
8. Absolute Value
9. Natural Logorithm
10. Natural Exponential
11. Logorithm
12. Exponential
13. Sine
14. Cosine
15. Tangent
16. Cotangent
17. Secant

(See Larsons 1-pager of common derivatives)

( + ) ()
() = lim
0

()

()
() = lim

(), () (), , , [()], []

[(())] = (()) ()

[()] = ()

[() ()] = () ()

[] = +

[ ]=

2

[] = 0

[ ] = 1

[ ] = 1 = ()

[] = 1 ( = 1 0 = 1)

[||] =
||

1
[ln ] =

[ ] =

1
[log ] =

(ln )

[ ] = (ln )

[()] = cos()

[()] = ()

[()] = 2()

[()] = 2 ()

[()] = () ()

Copyright 2015-2016 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor

Derivatives
18. Cosecant
19. Arcsine
20. Arccosine
21. Arctangent
22. Arccotangent
23. Arcsecant
24. Arccosecant
25. Hyperbolic Sine
26. Hyperbolic Cosine
27. Hyperbolic Tangent
28. Hyperbolic Cotangent
29. Hyperbolic Secant
30. Hyperbolic Cosecant
31. Hyperbolic Arcsine
32. Hyperbolic Arccosine
33. Hyperbolic Arctangent
34. Hyperbolic Arccotangent
35. Hyperbolic Arcsecant
36. Hyperbolic Arccosecant
Position Function
Velocity Function
Acceleration Function
Jerk Function

(See Larsons 1-pager of common derivatives)

[()] = () ()

1
[sin1 ()] =

1 2

1
[cos 1()] =

1 2

1
[tan1()] =

1 + 2

1
[cot 1 ()] =

1 + 2

1
[sec 1()] =

|| 2 1

1
[csc 1 ()] =

|| 2 1

[()] = cosh()

[()] = ()

[()] = 2()

[()] = 2 ()

[()] = () ()

[()] = () ()

1
[sinh1()] =

2 + 1

1
[cosh1()] =
2

1
[tanh1 ()] =

1 2

1
[coth1()] =

1 2

1
[sech1()] =

1 2

1
[csch1()] =

|| 1 + 2
1
() = 2 + 0 + 0
2
() = () = + 0
() = () = ()
() = () = () = (3) ()

Copyright 2015-2016 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor

Applications of Differentiation
Rolles Theorem
f is continuous on the closed interval [a,b],
and
f is differentiable on the open interval (a,b).

If f(a) = f(b), then there exists at least one number c in

(a,b) such that f(c) = 0.
() ()

() = () + ( )()
Find c.
()
lim () = lim
=

()

Mean Value Theorem

If f meets the conditions of Rolles
Theorem, then

LHpitals Rule

() =

0
{ , , 0 , 1 , 00 , 0 , } , {0 },
0
()
()
()
lim
= lim
= lim
=
()
()
()

Graphing with Derivatives

Test for Increasing and Decreasing
Functions

The First Derivative Test

The Second Deriviative Test

Let f (c)=0, and f (x) exists, then
Test for Concavity
Points of Inflection
Change in concavity

Analyzing the Graph of a

Function
x-Intercepts (Zeros or Roots)
y-Intercept
Domain
Range
Continuity
Vertical Asymptotes (VA)
Horizontal Asymptotes (HA)
Infinite Limits at Infinity
Differentiability
Relative Extrema
Concavity
Points of Inflection

1. If f (x) > 0, then f is increasing (slope up)

2. If f (x) < 0, then f is decreasing (slope down)
3. If f (x) = 0, then f is constant (zero slope)
1. If f (x) changes from to + at c, then f has a relative
minimum at (c, f(c))
2. If f (x) changes from + to - at c, then f has a relative
maximum at (c, f(c))
3. If f (x), is + c + or - c -, then f(c) is neither
1. If f (x) > 0, then f has a relative minimum at (c, f(c))
2. If f (x) < 0, then f has a relative maximum at (c, f(c))
3. If f (x) = 0, then the test fails (See 1 derivative test)
1. If f (x) > 0 for all x, then the graph is concave up
2. If f (x) < 0 for all x, then the graph is concave down
If (c, f(c)) is a point of inflection of f, then either
1. f (c) = 0 or
2. f does not exist at x = c.
(See Harolds Illegals and Graphing Rationals Cheat
Sheet)
f(x) = 0
f(0) = y
Valid x values
Valid y values
No division by 0, no negative square roots or logs
x = division by 0 or undefined
lim () and lim+ ()

lim () and lim+ ()

Limit from both directions arrives at the same slope

Create a table with domains, f(x), f (x), and f (x)
If () +, then cup up
If () , then cup down
f (x) = 0 (concavity changes)

Copyright 2015-2016 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor

Approximating with
Differentials
( )
( )
= +
= ()( ) + ()

Newtons Method
Finds zeros of f, or finds c if f(c) = 0.

+1 =

Tangent Line Approximations

Function Approximations with
Differentials

Related Rates

( + ) () + = () + ()
Steps to solve:
1. Identify the known variables and rates of change.

( = 15 ; = 20 ; = 2 ; = ? )

2. Construct an equation relating these quantities.

( 2 + 2 = 2 )
3. Differentiate both sides of the equation.
(2 + 2 = 0)
4. Solve for the desired rate of change.

( = )

5. Substitute the known rates of change and quantities

into the equation.
15
3
( = 2 =
)
20
2

Copyright 2015-2016 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor

Summation Formulas

=
=1

=
=1

( + 1) 2
=
+
2
2 2

2 =
=1

( + 1)(2 + 1) 3 2
=
+ +
6
3
2 6
2

= ( ) =
=1

Sum of Powers

=1

2 ( + 1)2 4 3 2
=
+ +
4
4
2
4

( + 1)(2 + 1)(32 + 3 1) 5 4 3
4 =
=
+ +
30
5
2
3 30
=1

5 =
=1

6 =
=1

7 =
=1

2 ( + 1)2 (22 + 2 1) 6 5 54 2
=
+ +

12
6
2
12 12
( + 1)(2 + 1)(34 + 63 3 + 1)
42
2 ( + 1)2 (34 + 63 2 4 + 2)
24

( + 1)+1
1
+1
() = =

(
) ()
+1
+1

=1

=0

( + 1) = + =
=1

Misc. Summation Formulas

=1

=1

( + 1)( + 2)
3

=
( + 1) + 1
=1

=1

1
( + 3)
=
( + 1)( + 2) 4( + 1)( + 2)

Copyright 2015-2016 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor

Numerical Methods

0 () = () = lim ( )
0

=1

where = 0 < 1 < 2 < < =

and = 1
and = { }
Types:
Left Sum (LHS)
Middle Sum (MHS)
Right Sum (RHS)

Riemann Sum

0 () = () ( ) =

=1

[(1 ) + (2 ) + (3 ) + + ( )]

where =

Midpoint Rule

and = 2 (1 + ) = [1 , ]
Error Bounds: | |

()3
242

1 () = ()

[(0 ) + 2(1 ) + 2(3 ) + + 2(1 )

2
+ ( )]

where =

and = +

Trapezoidal Rule

Error Bounds: | |

()3
122

2 () = ()

Simpsons Rule

[(0 ) + 4(1 ) + 2(2 ) + 4(3 ) +

3
+ 2(2 ) + 4(1 ) + ( )]
Where n is even

and =
and = +
Error Bounds: | |

()5
1804

[MATH] fnInt(f(x),x,a,b), [MATH] [1] [ENTER]

TI-84 Plus

TI-Nspire CAS

Copyright 2015-2016 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor

Example: [MATH] fnInt(x^2,x,0,1)

1
1
2 =
3
0
[MENU] [4] Calculus [3] Integral
[TAB] [TAB]
[X] [^] [2] [TAB]
[TAB] [X] [ENTER]

Integration

(See Harolds Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Cheat Sheet)

() = () +

Basic Integration Rules

Integration is the inverse of
differentiation, and vice versa.

() = ()

() = 0

0 =

() = = 0

= +

The Constant Multiple Rule

The Sum and Difference Rule
The Power Rule
() =

() = ()
[() ()] = () ()
=

+1
+ , 1
+1

= 1, 1 = ln|| +

The General Power Rule

If = (), = () then

+1

=
+ , 1
+1

Reimann Sum

( ) ,

=1

= =

Definition of a Definite Integral

Area under curve

lim ( ) = ()

Swap Bounds
Additive Interval Property

=1

() = ()

() = () + ()

The Fundamental Theorem of

Calculus

() = () ()

() = ()

()

() = (()) ()

The Second Fundamental

Theorem of Calculus

()

() = (()) () (())()

()

Mean Value Theorem for

Integrals
The Average Value for a
Function

Copyright 2015-2016 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor

() = ()( ) Find .

1
()

Integration Methods
1. Memorized

See Larsons 1-pager of common integrals

(()) () = (()) +
Set = (), then = ()

2. U-Substitution

() = () +
= _____

= _____

=
= _____
= _____

3. Integration by Parts

= _____
= _____

Pick using the LIATED Rule:

L Logarithmic : ln , log , .
I Inverse Trig.:
tan1 , sec 1 , .
A Algebraic:
2 , 3 60 , .
T Trigonometric: sin , tan , .
E Exponential:
, 19 , .
D Derivative of:
()

()
where () () are polynomials

4. Partial Fractions

Case 1: If degree of () ()
then do long division first
Case 2: If degree of () < ()
then do partial fraction expansion
2 2
Substutution: = sin
Identity: 1 2 = 2

5a. Trig Substitution for

2 2
Substutution: = sec
Identity: 2 1 = 2

5b. Trig Substitution for

2 + 2
5c. Trig Substitution for +
6. Table of Integrals
7. Computer Algebra Systems (CAS)
8. Numerical Methods
9. WolframAlpha

Substutution: = tan
Identity: 2 + 1 = 2
CRC Standard Mathematical Tables book
TI-Nspire CX CAS Graphing Calculator
TI Nspire CAS iPad app
Riemann Sum, Midpoint Rule, Trapezoidal Rule, Simpsons
Rule, TI-84
Google of mathematics. Shows steps. Free.
www.wolframalpha.com

Copyright 2015-2016 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor

Partial Fractions
Condition

Example Expansion

Typical Solution

(See Harolds Partial Fractions Cheat Sheet)

()
() =
()
where () () are polynomials
and degree of () < ()
If degree of () ()
()
( + )( + )2 ( 2 + + )

+
=
+
+
+
2
2
( + ) ( + ) ( + )
( + + )

= | + | +
+

Sequences & Series

(See Harolds Series Cheat Sheet)

lim = (Limit)

Sequence

Example: ( , +1 , +2 , )
(1 )

1
1

= lim
Geometric Series

Convergence Tests

Series Convergence Tests

Taylor Series

only if || < 1
where is the radius of convergence
and (, ) is the interval of convergence
(See Harolds Series Convergence Tests Cheat Sheet)
1. Divergence or Term

6. Ratio

2. Geometric Series

7. Root

3. p-Series

8. Direct Comparison

4. Alternating Series

9. Limit Comparison

5. Integral

10. Telescoping

(See Harolds Taylor Series Cheat Sheet)

() = () + ()
+

Taylor Series

=
=0

() ()
(+1) ( )
( ) +
( )+1
!
( + 1)!

where (worst case scenario )

and lim () = 0
+

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