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Aerodynamics

Extraordinary Exam

A) Sketch the dividing streamlines of a potential flow consisting on a uniform stream of velocity U1 in the
direction of the positive x-axis, a doublet of intensity M = U1 a2 and = 0 located at t = 0, and a source of
intensity Q = 2U1 a at t = 2a. HINT: you can take the roots of the polynomial x3 x2 x + 2 = 0 to be
equal to 1.2, 1.1 + i0.6 and 1.1 i0.6.
(1 point)

B) Within the framework of the thin airfoil theory, obtain the expression of the increment of cl produced by
a LE flap, as a function of the location of the hinge and the deflection of the flap.
(1 point)

C) Consider a NACA 0012 airfoil. At zero angle of attack and low velocity (M1 = 0) the minimum of the
pressure coefficient is equal to -0.4. Compute the critical Mach number of the airfoil. In order to increase the
critical Mach number, do we need a thiner or thicker airfoil? Why?
(1 point)

D) Sketch the cp (x) distribution on the upper surface of an airfoil with a long separation bubble in a pre-stall
angle of attack. Which airfoils are more prone to have this kind of separation?
(1 point)

Dept. of Bioengineering and Aerospace Engineering

2012/13

Aerodynamics

Extraordinary Exam

E) Consider an airfoil with camber line


zc (x)
=
c

c x/c
c 1/3(1

x/c)

0 < x/c < 1/4


1/4 < x/c < 1

and negligible thickness. The cruise condition for this airfoil is M1 =

5 and = 5 .

1. Compute the value of c that is necessary to have the centre of pressure at x = c when the airfoil flies at
cruise conditions.
(1 point)
2. Obtain the cp distribution on the upper surface of the airfoil when the airfoil is flying at M1 > 1. Express
the result as a function of both M1 and .
(1 point)
3. Compute
the angle of attack as a function of M1 , so that cl = 0.35 for the complete range of M1 =
p
[0, 5]. Is there any range of M1 where you do not trust your results? Explain why.
(1 point)

F) Consider a wing with an elliptical planform and thin symmetric airfoils. When the wing is moving at
velocity U1 and at an angle of attack at the central section equal to zero, (/2) = 0, the distribution of
circulation is

10
2
() = bU1
sin()
sin(3) .
AR
AR
Take b = 10m and AR = 10.
1. Compute dCL /d, CL and CD,i .

(1 point)

2. Compute the geometrical twist of the wing.

(1 point)

3. If the maximum lift coefficient of the symmetric airfoils forming the wing is cl,max = 1.5, determine when
() and where (y) does the stall begin.
(1 point)

Dept. of Bioengineering and Aerospace Engineering

2012/13

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