CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project on Metal Coupling has been

satisfactorily performed by Harshita Passi studying in Apeejay
School of class XII-B under the guidance of Mrs Bharti Ratan
during the academic year 2016-2017.

Signature
of
Head
Signature of External Examiner

School
Stamp

Of

Department

Acknowled
gement
I would like to expressmy sincere gratitudeto my
Chemistry mentor and Mrs.Bhartiforhervitalsupport
guidanceandencouragementwithoutwhichthisproject
wouldnothavecomeforthfrommyside.
Iwouldliketoexpressmyheartygratitudetothelab
assistantforhissupportduringthemakingofthisproject.
Iwouldliketothankmyparentsandfriendswhohave
helpedmewiththeirvaluablesuggestionsandguidance
hasbeenhelpfulinvariousphasesofthecompletionof
theproject.

Index

INTRODUCTION
ELECTROCHEMICAL MECHANISM
(Rusting) METHODS OF
PREVENTION OF CORROSION AIM
MATERIALS
REQUIRED
PROCEDURE
OBSERVATION
ASSOCIATED
REACTIONS
CONCLUSI
ON
BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION
Metalsandalloysundergorustingand
corrosion.Theprocessbywhichsomemetals
whenexposedtoatmosphericconditioni.e.,
moistair,carbondioxideformundesirable
compoundsonthesurfaceisknownas
corrosion,Thecompoundsformedareusually
oxides.Rustingisalsoatypeofcorrosionbut
thetermisrestrictedtoironorproductsmade
fromit.Ironiseasilypronetorustingmaking
itssurfacerough.Chemically,rustisahydrated
ferricoxide.
Titanicsbowexhibitingmicrobialcorrosion
damageintheformofrusticles

Rusting an Electrochemical
Mechanism
Rustingmaybeexplainedbyanelectrochemicalmechanism.Inthe
presenceofmoistaircontainingdissolvedoxygenorcarbondioxide,the
commercialironbehaveasifcomposedofsmallelectricalcells.Atanode
ofcell,ironpassesintosolutionasferrousions.Theelectronmoves
towardsthecathodeandformhydroxylions.Undertheinfluenceof
dissolvedoxygentheferrousionsandhydroxylionsinteracttoformrust,
i.e.,hydratedferricoxide.

Methods of

Prevention of Corrosion and Rusting

Someofthemethodsusedtopreventcorrosionandrustingare

BarrierProtection

Inthemethod,abarrierfilmisintroducedbetweenironsurfaceand
atmosphericair.Thefilmisobtainedbypainting,varnishingetc.

SacrificialProtection

Themetallicironiscoveredbyalayerofmorereactivemetalsuchas
zinc.Theactivemetallosseselectronsinpreferenceofiron.Thus,
protectingfromrustingandcorrosion.

ElectricalProtection
Themetallicironisconnectedwithmoreactivemetalslike
magnesiumorzinc.Theactivemetalhaslowerreductionpotential
thanironandwillloseelectroninpreferencetoiron,
Thismethodisusedforprotectingironarticleswhichareincontact
withwater.

AntiRustSolution
Toretardthecorrosionofiron,certainantirust solutionsareused.
examplealkalinephosphateandalkalinechromates.

Aim
In this project the aim is to
investigate effect of the metals
coupling on the rusting of iron.
Metalcouplingaffectstherustingofiron.If
thenailiscoupledwithamoreelectro
positivemetallikezinc,magnesiumor
aluminum rustingispreventedbutifonthe
otherhand,itiscoupledwithlesselectro
positivemetalslikecopper,therustingis
facilitated.

Materials Required

1)TwoPetridishes
2)Fourironnails
3)Beaker
4)Sandpaper
5)Wiregauge
6)Gelatin
7)Copper,zinc&magnesiumstrips
8)Potassiumferricyanidesolution
9)Phenolphthalein
10)BunsenBurner

PROCEDURE
1)Atfirstwehavetocleanthesurfaceofironnails
withthehelpofsandpaper.
2)Afterthatwehavetowindzincstriparoundone
nail,acleancopperwirearoundthesecond&clean
magnesiumstriparoundthethirdnail.Thentoput
allthesethreeandafourthnailinPetridishessothat
theyarenotincontactwitheachother.
3)ThentofillthePetridisheswithhotagaragar
solutioninsuchawaythatonlylowerhalfofthe
nailsarecoveredwiththeliquids.CoveredPetri
dishesforonedayorso.
4)Theliquidssettoageloncooling.Twotypesof
patchesareobservedaroundtherustednail,oneisblue
andtheotherpink.Bluepatchisduetotheformationof
potassiumferroferricyanide[()]wherepink
patchisduetotheformationofhydroxylionswhich
turnscolourlessphenolphthaleintopink.

Observation

S.No.

Metal Pair

Colour
of
the
Pink

Nails
Rust
No

Iron-Zinc

Iron-Magnesium

Pink

No

Iron-Copper

Blue

Yes

Iron-Nail

Blue

Yes

Associatedreactions
Therustingofironisanelectrochemicalprocessthatbeginswiththe
transferofelectronsfromirontooxygen.Theironisthereducingagent
(givesupelectrons)whiletheoxygenistheoxidisingagent(gains
electrons).Therateofcorrosionisaffectedbywaterandacceleratedby
electrolytes,asillustratedbytheeffectsofroadsaltonthecorrosionof
automobiles.
Thekeyreactionisthereductionofoxygen

+ +

Becauseitformshydroxideions,thisprocessisstronglyaffectedbythe
presenceofacid.Indeed,thecorrosionofmostmetalsbyoxygenis
acceleratedatlowpH.
Providingtheelectronsfortheabovereactionistheoxidationofironthat
maybedescribedasfollows:
+

Thefollowingredoxreactionalsooccursinthepresenceofwaterandis
crucialtotheformationofrust:
+

+ +

Inaddition,thefollowingmultistepacidbasereactionsaffectthecourse
ofrustformation:
+

+()+ +()+
asdothefollowingdehydrationequilibria:
()+()()+

()+
Fromtheaboveequations,itisalsoseenthatthecorrosionproductsare
dictatedbytheavailabilityofwaterandoxygen.Withlimiteddissolved
oxygen,iron(II)containingmaterialsarefavoured,includingFeOand
blacklodestoneormagnetite().Highoxygenconcentrationsfavour
ferricmaterialswiththenominalformulae()/.Thenatureof
rustchangeswithtime,reflectingtheslowratesofthereactionsofsolids.
Furthermore,thesecomplexprocessesareaffectedbythepresenceof
+
otherions,suchas ,bothofwhichserveasanelectrolyte,andthus
acceleraterustformation,orcombinewiththehydroxidesandoxidesof
irontoprecipitateavarietyofCaFeOOHspecies.
Onsetofrustingcanalsobedetectedinlaboratorywiththeuseofferroxyl
+
indicatorsolution.Thesolutiondetectsboth ionsandhydroxylions.
FormationofFe2+ionsandhydroxylionsareindicatedbyblueandpink
patchesrespectively.

CONCLUSION

Itisclearfromtheobservationthatcouplingofiron
withmoreelectropositivemetalssuchaszincand
magnesiumresistscorrosionandrustingofiron.
Couplingofironwithlesselectropositivemetals
suchascopperincreasesrusting.

Bibliography
1. www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust
2. www.class12guide.wordpress.com
3. www.academia.edu/Metal_Coupling
4. NCERTChemistryTextbookforXII
5. Comprehensive(PracticalChemistryXII)

OfcIcheckmymail.

LastcoupleofdayshavebeendifficultformeandItriedmybesttocoveritup,im
notsurefromwhomaybeevenmyself.IhavethisthinginwhichIwilltellmyself
imdoinggoodandactuallystartbelievingthatandIguessIneveracknowledgemy
trueemotionssoIneverheallikeneglectingtreatment.

AndhonestlyIdontevenknowwhatyouwantanymore.Thelasttimewetalked
youmadeitprettyclearthatwewillnolongerbeanything.Iaskedyouifyouwere
closingthedooralltheway,hopingmiserablyandthinkingthatofcyouwont.But
yousaidyoullhaveto.AndIdecidedtorollwithitandrespectyourdecisionbutit
waskillingme.
AndyouknowMayankitsnotevenaboutme,evenyoudontknowwhatyouwant
anymoreormaybeforalongtimenow.Youtoldmethatitwashightimeandyou
hadtostartstudyingforiitandIunderstoodthat,iitisyourdreamandyour
ambition.Butthenwhydoyoukeepcomingbacktome?
Youshouldnothaveletyourselfgetsoattachedtome,youshouldnothavestarted
thisrelationshipinthefirstplacemayank.Youcreatedhopeandmademebuild
thesedreamsandmademeawareofallthepossibilitiesoftheinfinitiesand
bountieswecanhave.Ithoughtwewillhaveitall.Andthenonedayyoumessage
metostoptalkingtoyoubecauseapparentlyaftermorethan6monthsyourealize
thatyoucannothandledistractionschannelingthroughme.AndwhenIaskyouif
youareleavingyoutellmethatitsnotlikeyouregoingforever.Andthatisthe
mostoverusedandunworthyandmiserableliepeopletelleachother.Iexpected
youtoatleastcomeupwithsomethingoriginalandintellectual,comeonI
deservedbetter,didnti?
IspentthelasttwoweekstryingtofigureouthowtogetoveryouandIshitatold
metotryandgetclosureandIjustcouldnt.AndyouknowhowIfigurethings
out?Bywritingob