Lecture 1

Basic structure of computer

History of computer development

Chapter 1

Basic structure of computer

Computer Systems

Is a system that includes computer as one of

its components

Computer Organization

Towards the operation units and

interconnection which realize computer
architecture specification

What is a Computer ?
Electronic device under the instruction and
programming control; and execute four
basic operation

input
processing
output
storage

IPOS cycle
IPOS : Input, Processing, Output, Storage

Types of Computer

Special purpose computer

Eg: Traffic light controller

General purpose computer

Computer for individual
Computer for organization

Individual Computer

Professional workstation
Desktop computers
Networked computers (NC)
Notebook computers
Subnotebooks
Personal Digital Assistants (PDA)/
Handheld computers/ Palmtop

Computer for Organization

Supercomputer
Fastest
Most expensive

Mainframe

High speed
More expensive
Process huge amount of data and fast
Support many users
perform server jobs

Minicomputer
Performance and speed lesser than mainframe

Server

Computer Systems
Hardware
Physical component of computer such as
mechanical & electronic circuit which can be
touched

Software
Program which instructs computer to do
something
Consist from bunch of programming, algorithm
and instruction set which cant be touched

Computer Software
System software:
All program related to computer operation
coordination
Eg
Operating System- Windows 98, Mac OS, Unix,
Linux, MS Dos
Utility programs file management
compiler, interpreter

Application software
Program that direct computer to do specific task
text processing (Microsoft Word), mathematical
operation (Microsoft Excel), database management.

Personal Computer Hardware

Component inside microcomputer system

Digital & Analog System

Digital System
- Any system which handle digital signal
(discrete)

Analog System
Any system which handle analog signal

4 Basic Functional Unit of a

Computer

1. Input Unit
Computer receive coded information from input where the
function is to read data
Example of input device: keyboard, joystick, trackball,
mouse.

2. Output Unit
Its function is to send processed data to be displayed
Output device example:

3. Storage Unit

Store program and data in extended period of time

Fix
Reliable
Easy to find and fetch data swiftly

Compressed storage
Diskettes 500 book pages
Optical Disk 500 books
Economy
Save in term of physical storage cost
Convenient and fast in filing and access data

Storage type
Magnetic disk storage
Optical disk
Magneto-optical
CD-ROM
CD-R
CD-RW
DVD-ROM
Magnetic Tape Storage

Diskette

Low capacity small file

Portable
Layered with metallic
substance
Hard plastic jacket for
protection
3 inch, 1.44 MB

High Capacity Portable Diskette

Large file
Portable
High capacity
120 / 200 MB
Eg: Superdisk

Zip disk
250 MB
Not compatible with 3 inch diskette

Hard Disk
Variety of size (Mb,Gb)
Portable characteristic
Generally is not portable
Portable hard disk is also available

Hard scrap layered with metallic material

4. Processing Unit

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Types of Storage
Program execution
Search data inside memory

System Unit
Microprocessor
Semiconductor memory
Bus line
Speed and power

Unit Pemprosesan Pusat(CPU)

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Change data to information

Control center
One set of electronic circuit which execute stored
instruction program
Two parts
Control Unit (CU)
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Control Unit

Device which responsile to control

Instruct computer system to execute
program
Communicate with other parts inside a
device

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Perrform mathematical operation

Perrform logical operation

Arithmetic Operation

Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division

Logical Operation

Evaluate condition
Compare
Can compare
Numbers
Characters
Specialized character

Register
Special purpose
High speed
Temporary storage
Inside CPU
Instruction register
Hold instruction
currently being used

Control
Unit

ALU

Register
Memory
Data register
Hold data which waiting to be
processed
Hold answers from
processing outcome

Types of Storage
Secondary
Data which will be used in the end
Long term

Main Memory
Data which will be used in short period of time
Temporary
Access faster that secondary storage

Register
Data which related to opeation being execute
Access faster than main memory

Measure storage capacity

KB kilobyte
1024 byte
diskette
Cache memory

MB megabyte
million byte
RAM

GB gigabyte
Billion bytes
Hard disk
CDs and DVDs

TB terabytes
Trillion bytes
Large hard disk

Memory

Primary storage
Primary memory
Main storage
Internal storage
Main memory

Types of memory
RAM
Random Access Memory
ROM
Read Only Memory

RAM

Need electric energy to store data

Not fix
Data and instruction can be read and altered
User always referred to this type of storage

What inside a RAM?

Operating system
Program thats running
Data needed by the program
Intermediate answer which wait to be
displayed as output

ROM
Fix
Instruction to start computer
Data and instuction can be read but cant be
altered
Mostly, instruction is written in the factory

Execute Program
Control unit (CU) received one instruction and placed in
memory
CU decode the instruction
CU inform related device to take action
Control in transferred to related device
Task executed
Control returned to CU

Machine Cycle
I-time + E-time
Instruction time (I-time)
CU fetch one instruction inside memory and place
in one register
CU decode the instruction and determine the
memory location for the needed data

Machine Cycle

Execution time (E-time)

Execution
CU moved data from memory to register in ALU
ALU is given the control and execute the instruction
Control is returned to control unit

CU store operation answer inside memory or

register

System Clock
Clock system produced pulse in a fix rate
Every pulse is one machine cycle
One instruction program actually might be
consist of a number of instruction to the
CPU
Every CPU instruction will take one pulse
CPU has one instruction set instructions
which it can understand and process

Finding data inside a memory

Each location inside memory have unique address
Address never change
Content might change

Memory location can hold one instruction or one data

Programmer used symbolic names

Data representation
On/Off
Binary number system represent
circuit condition

Bit, Byte, Word

BIT
Binary DigIT
On/off circuit
1 or 0

BYTE
8 bit
Store one alphanumeric character
01001010 = J

WORD
Register size
Number of BIT processed by CPU in one unit
Differ from one computer to another computer (64bit/8
bit)

Coding Scheme
One code to determine which bit group representing which
character on keyboard
ASCII
Use one byte (8-bit)
28 = 256 combination or character
Almost all PC and larger computer

EBCDIC
Use one byte (8-bit)
28 = 256 combination or character
Used mainly on IBM compatible mainframes

Unicode

Use two bytes 8-bit (16 bits)

216 = 65,536 combination or character
Support character for all language in the world
Compatible with ASCII

System Unit
Store electronic component
Main board
Storage device
Interconnection

A number of Apple Macintosh have system unit in

its monitor

System Unit

Main Board
Microprocessor chip
Memory chip
Interconnection to other
devices parts
Additional chip mathematical processor

System Unit
Storage Device
Hard Drive
Disk Drive
CD-ROM Drive
DVD-ROM Drive

Microprocessor

CPU etched on chip

One chip is x inci
Consist of silicon
Consist of million gates
Electric switch that allows electric supply to flow

Microprocesors Component

Control Unit - CU
Arithmetic Logic Unit ALU
Register
System clock

Development of a better microprocessor

Microprocessor computer print circuit on
microchip
Cheaper
Faster

Perform other device task

Current mathematical co-processor is part of
microprocessor
Current multimedia instruction is part of
microprocessor

Development of a better microprocessor

More functions combined in one
microprocessor:
Faster computer execution
Cheaper it is made
More reliable

Types of Microprocessor

Intel

Compatible Intel

Pentium
Celeron
Xeon and Itanium

Cyrix
AMD

Types of Microprocessor
PowerPC
Collabration of Apple, IBM, and Motorola
Used in Apple Macintosh PC group
Inside server and additional system

Alpha
Produced by Compaq
High power server and workstation

Semiconductor memory

Reliable
Small
Low cost
Low power consumption
Economically produced in bulk
Not fix
All circuit together become one storage unit that
cant be separated

Semiconductor memory CMOS

Complementary metal oxide semiconductor

Use low electric supply
Used inside PC to store device control
needed to start a computer
Store information using power from battery

RAM
Store instruction and data for current
program
Data inside memory can be randomly
accessed
Easy and fast access
Not fix
Can be erased
Able to be Rewrite

Types of RAM

SRAM (Static RAM)

Store content when power exist
Faster than DRAM

Types of RAM
DRAM (dynamic RAM)
Must always refresh
Used in most PC memory because of size and cost
SDRAM
Faster than DRAM

Rambus DRAM
Faster than SDRAM
Expensive

Adding RAM

Buy memory module packaged on circuit board

SIMMS chip on one side
DIMMS chip on two sides
Maximum RAM that can be installed is based on
main board design

ROM
Program and data that has been
permanently recorded in factory
Read only
Cant be changed by user
Store start computer routine which is
activated when computer is switched on
Fix

PROM

Programmable ROM
ROM burner can change instruction on
some ROM chip

Bus Line
Path which transfer electric signal
Bus system
Transfer data between CPU and memory

Bas width
Bit data numbers which can carried at one time
Most of the time the same size woth CPU word

Speed is measured in MHz

Bus Line

Larger bus width

More powerful computer

CPU can transfer more

data at one time

Faster computer

More memory can be

used

CPU can refer larger

address

CPU can support more and variety of instruction

Expansion Bus
Connect main board to expansion slot
Attach expansion board to slot
Interface card
Changeable card

External connection/port
Serial
Parallel

Expansion Bus

Bus and PC Port

ISA

Slow device like mouse and modem

PCI

Fast device like hard disk and network card

AGP

Connect memmory and graphic card to present faster video

USB

Support daisy-chaining eliminate the needs to have variety

type of expansion card; hot change

IEEE 1394
(FireWire)

High speed bus connects video device with computer

PC Card

Credit card size PC card devices mostly found in laptop

computer

Speed and power

What make computer fast?

Microprocssor speed
Bus line size
Cache
Flash memory
RISC type computer
Parallel processing

Computer processing speed

Time to executer one instruction
Millisecond
Microsecond
Nanosecond
Modern Computer

Picosecond
In the future

Computer processing speed

Clock speed
Megahertz (MHz)
Gigahertz (GHz)

Number of instruction per second

Million Instruction per Second (MIPS)
Complex mathematic operation
One million operation floating point per second
(Megaflop )

Cache
Small memory block and temporary
Accelerate data transfer
Always used recent instruction and data

Cache

P
R
O
C
E
S
S
O
R
Step 1
Processor
ask data or
instruction

Step 3
Transfer to main CPU and cache
R
Cache

A
M

Step 2
Go to address in main
memory and read
The next processor ask
See first in cache
Go to memory

Types of Cache
Internal Cache
Level 1 (L1)
Embed in microprocessor
Up to 128KB

External Cache

Level 2 (L2)
External chip
256KB or 512 KB
SRAM technology
Cheaper and slower than L1
Faster and more expensive than memory

Flash memory
RAM that is not change
Used in

Mobile phone
Digital camera
Digital music recorder
PDA

Instruction set
CISC Technology
Complex Instruction Set Computing
Conventional computer
A lot of the instruction is not used

RISC Technology
Reduce Instruction Set Computing
Small instruction subset
Increase speed
Program with a number of complex instruction
Graphic
Engineering

Types of processing
Serial processing
Executer one instruction at one time
Fetch, decode, execute and store

Parallel Processing
More than one processor used simultaneously
Can do trillion floating point per second teraflops
Example: Network server, supercomputer

Types of Processing
Pipelining
instruction do not need to finish before the next is
started
Fetch instruction 1, start to decode and fetch
instruction 2