CERTIFICATE

A Seminar
Report

on
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled HTML that is being
submitted by M.veeraiah bearing Regd No:151FA05193 in partial fulfilment
for the award of II year I semester B.Tech degree in Electronics and
Communication Engineering to Vignans Foundation for Science Technology and
Research University, is a record of bonafide work carried out by them under the
internal guidance of V.VENKATA REDDY of ECE Department.

HTML

submitted by
Signature of the Facultyguide

M.veeraiah

Department
V.Venkata Reddy

151FA05193

Signature of Head of the

Dr. N. Usha rani

Assistant Professor
Professor

(ACCREDITED BY NAAC WITH A GRADE)

MHRD NIRF 88 RANK

TABLE OFCONTENTS

POLYTRONICS

Abstract

Introduction

History of Html

Versions of Html

5
6

Active Display Matrix

Electronic Paper

Polytronics Contributions

conclusion

10

References

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

Title
Page

1
top

LCD with top polarizer removed from device and placed on

1

18 parallel CCFLs as backlight for a 42-inch LCD TV

3

Working of LCD
3

ABSTRACT
HTML5 is currently under development as the next major revision of the HTML standard. Likeits immediate
predecessors, HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.1, HTML5 is a standard for structuringand presenting content on
the World Wide Web. The new standard incorporates features likevideo playback and drag-and-drop that have
been previously dependent on third-party browserplug-ins such as Adobe Flash, Microsoft Silverlight, and
Google Gears.The HTML5 specification was adopted as the starting point of the work of the new
HTMLworking group of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) in 2007. According to the W3Ctimetable,
it is estimated that HTML5 will reach W3C Recommendation by late 2010.The HTML5 syntax is no longer
based on SGML despite the similarity of its markup. HTML5also incorporates
Web Forms 2.0

I. INTRODUCTION
Most fundamentally, when you look at a webpage in a Web browser, you see words. But
most of the time webpages contain styled text rather thanplain text. Nowadays, webpage
designers have access to hundreds of different fonts, font sizes, colors, and even alphabets
(e.g. Spanish, Japanese, Russian), and browsers can for the most part display them
accurately. Webpages may also contain images, video clips, and background music. They
may include drop-down menus, search boxes, or links you can follow to access other pages
(whether on the same site or another site). Some websites even let visitors customize the
page display to accommodate their preferences and challenges (e.g., sight challenges,
deafness, or color blindness). Often a page contains content boxes that move (scroll) while
the rest of the page remains Atypical webpage depends on several technologies (such
as CSS, JavaScript, AJAX, JSON) to control what the end-user sees, but most
fundamentally, developers write webpages in HTML, without which there can be no
webpages. To display the page on the client-side device, a browser starts out by reading the
HTML.
The W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) and
the WHATWG (Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group ) maintains the
HTML (HyperText Markup Language ) international standards and specifications. The
WHATWG treats HTML as a constantly evolving "living standard", whereas the W3C
works both on HTML evolution (HTML 5.1) and on "snapshots" of HTML (of which the
most recent is HTML5).The HTML specification defines a single language that can be
written either with the relaxed HTML syntax or the stricter XML syntax (Extensible
Markup Language). HTML also addresses the needs of Web apps. HTML only describes the
meaning of the content, not style and formatting.

2. History of Html
Tim Berners-Lee, then a contractor at CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear
Research), devised a way in the late 1980s for scientists to share documents over
the Internet. Before that, Internet communication had been limited to plain text, using
technologies such as email, FTP (File Transfer Protocol), and Usenet-based discussion
boards. HTML used a content model stored on a central server but transferrable to a local
workstation and viewable in a browser, simplifying access to content and making "rich"
content possible (such as sophisticated text formatting and images). HTML is derived
from SGML, which is a complex syntax for marking up or binding of content (text or
graphics) in documents; as of HTML5, HTML no longer attempts to adhere to SGML
syntax
In 1980, physicist Tim Berners-Lee, a contractor at CERN,
proposed and prototyped ENQUIRE, a system for CERN researchers to use and share
documents. In 1989, Berners-Lee wrote a memo proposing an Internetbased hypertext system.[3] Berners-Lee specified HTML and wrote the browser and server
software in late 1990. That year, Berners-Lee and CERN data systems engineerRobert
Cailliau collaborated on a joint request for funding, but the project was not formally adopted
by CERN. In his personal notes [4] from 1990 he listed[5]"some of the many areas in which
hypertext is used" and put an encyclopedia first. The first publicly available description of
HTML was a document called "HTML Tags", first mentioned on the Internet by Tim BernersLee in late 1991. It describes 18 elements comprising the initial, relatively simple design of
HTML. Except for the hyperlink tag, these were strongly influenced by SGMLguid, an inhouse Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)-based documentation format at
CERN. Eleven of these elements still exist in HTML 4.
HTML is a markup language that web browsers use to interpret and compose text, images,
and other material into visual or audible web pages. Default characteristics for every item of
HTML markup are defined in the browser, and these characteristics can be altered or
enhanced by the web page designer's additional use of CSS. Many of the text elements are
found in the 1988 ISO technical report TR 9537Techniques for using SGML, which in turn
covers the features of early text formatting languages such as that used by the RUNOFF
command developed in the early 1960s for the CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System)
operating system: these formatting commands were derived from the commands used by
typesetters to manually format documents. However, the SGML concept of generalized
markup is based on elements (nested annotated ranges with attributes) rather than merely
print effects, with also the separation of structure and markup; HTML has been progressively
moved in this direction with CSS.
Berners-Lee considered HTML to be an application of SGML. It was formally defined as
such by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) with the mid-1993 publication of the first
proposal for an HTML specification:"Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)" InternetDraft by Berners-Land Dan Connolly,

3.Versions of Html
November 24, 1995
HTML 2.0 was published as IETF RFC 1866. Supplemental RFCs added capabilities:
January 14, 1997
HTML 3.2was published as a W3C Recommendation. It was the first version developed and
standardized exclusively by the W3C, as the IETF had closed its HTML Working Group on
September 12, 1996.Initially code-named "Wilbur", HTML 3.2 dropped math formulas
entirely, reconciled overlap among various proprietary extensions and adopted most
of Netscape's visual markup tags. Netscape's blink element and Microsoft's marquee
element were omitted due to a mutual agreement between the two companies. [13] A markup
for mathematical formulas similar to that in HTML was not standardized until 14 months
later in MathML.December 18, 1997 HTML 4.0] was published as a W3C Recommendation.
It offers three variations: Initially code-named "Cougar",[17] HTML 4.0 adopted many
browser-specific element types and attributes, but at the same time sought to phase out
Netscape's visual markup features by marking them as deprecated in favor of style sheets.
HTML 4 is an SGML application conforming to ISO 8879 SGML.April 24, In July 2012,
WHATWG and W3C decided on a degree of separation. W3C will continue the HTML5
specification work, focusing on a single definitive standard, which is considered as a
"snapshot" by WHATWG. The WHATWG organization will continue its work with HTML5
as a "Living Standard". The concept of a living standard is that it is never complete and is
always being updated and improved. New features can be added but functionality will not be
removed ]In December 2012, W3C designated HTML5 as a Candidate Recommendati The
criterion for advancement to W3C Recommendation is "two 100% complete and fully
interoperable implementations After HTML 4.01, there was no new version of HTML for
many years as development of the parallel, XML-based language XHTML occupied the
W3C's HTML Working Group through the early and mid-2000s. October 28, 2014
HTML5 was published as a W3C Recommendation. XHTML 1.0, published January 26,
2000, as a W3C Recommendation, later revised and republished August 1, 2002. It offers the
same three variations as HTML 4.0 and 4.01, reformulated in XML, with minor restrictions.
XHTML 1.1,] published May 31, 2001, as a W3C Recommendation. It is based on XHTML
1.0 Strict, but includes minor changes, can be customized, is reformulated using modules
from Modularization of XHTML, which was published April 10, 2001, as a W3C
Recommendation. XHTML 2.0 was a working draft, work on it was abandoned in 2009 in
favor of work on HTML5 and XHTML5. XHTML 2.0 was incompatible with XHTML 1.x
and, therefore, would be more accurately characterized as an XHTML-inspired new language
than an update to XHTML 1.x. An XHTML syntax, known as "XHTML5.1", is being defined
alongside HTML5 in the HTML5 draft.