Manual de Inglés

Manual de Ingls
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Verbos Irregulares en Ingls

Gramtica
Pronombres personales
Preposiciones bsicas
Tips para traducir
Bibliografa
Verbos Irregulares en Ingls

INFINITIVO
PASADO
PARTICIPIO
(Base Form)
SIMPLE
PASADO
TRADUCCIN
Arise
Arose
Arisen
Surgir, Levantarse
Awake
Awoke
Awoken
Despertarse
Be/ am, are, Was / Were

is
Been
Ser / Estar
Bear
Bore
Borne / Born
Soportar, dar a luz
Beat
Beat
Beaten
Golpear
Become
Became
Become
Llegar a Ser
Begin
Began
Begun
Empezar
Bend
Bent
Bent
Doblar
Bet
Bet
Bet
Apostar
Bind
Bound
Bound
Atar, encuadernar
Bid
Bid
Bid
Pujar
Bite
Bit
Bitten
Morder
Bleed
Bled
Bled
Sangrar
Blow
Blew
Blown
Soplar
Break
Broke
Broken
Romper
Breed
Bred
Bred
Criar
Bring
Brought
Brought
Traer Llevar
Broadcast
Broadcast
Build
Built
Built
Edificar
Burn
Burnt /Burned
Burnt / Burned
Quemar
Burst
Burst
Burst
Reventar
Buy
Bought
Bought
Comprar
Cast
Cast
Cast
Arrojar
Catch
Caught
Caught
Coger
Come
Came
Come
Venir
Cost
Cost
Cost
Costar
Cut
Cut
Cut
Cortar
Choose
Chose
Chosen
Elegir
Cling
Clung
Clung
Agarrarse
Creep
Crept
Crept
Arrastrarse
Deal
Dealt
Dealt
Tratar
Dig
Dug
Dug
Cavar
Do (Does)
Did
Done
Hacer
Draw
Drew
Drawn
Dibujar
Broadcast
Radiar
Dream
Dreamt / Dreamed Dreamt / Dreamed
Soar
Drink
Drank
Drunk
Beber
Drive
Drove
Driven
Conducir
Eat
Ate
Eaten
Comer
Fall
Fell
Fallen
Caer
Feed
Fed
Fed
Alimentar
Feel
Felt
Felt
Sentir
Fight
Fought
Fought
Luchar
Find
Found
Found
Encontrar
Flee
Fled
Fled
Huir
Fly
Flew
Flown
Volar
Forbid
Forbade
Forbidden
Prohibir
Forget
Forgot
Forgotten
Olvidar
Forgive
Forgave
Forgiven
Perdonar
Freeze
Froze
Frozen
Helar
Get
Got
Got / Gotten
Obtener
Give
Gave
Given
Dar
Go (Goes)
Went
Gone
Ir
Grow
Grew
Grown
Crecer
Grind
Ground
Ground
Moler
Hang
Hung
Hung
Colgar
Have
Had
Had
Haber o Tener
Hear
Heard
Heard
Oir
Hide
Hid
Hidden
Ocultar
Hit
Hit
Hit
Golpear
Hold
Held
Held
Agarrar Celebrar
Hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Herir
Keep
Kept
Kept
Conservar
Know
Knew
Known
Saber Conocer
Kneel
Knelt
Knelt
Arrodillarse
Knit
Knit
Knit
Hacer punto
Lay
Laid
Laid
Poner
Lead
Led
Led
Conducir
Lean
Leant
Leant
Apoyarse
Leap
Leapt
Leapt
Brincar
Learn
Learnt / Learned
Learnt / Learned
Aprender
Leave
Left
Left
Dejar
Lend
Lent
Lent
Prestar
Let
Let
Let
Permitir
Lie
Lay
Lain
Echarse
Light
Lit
Lit
Encender
Lose
Lost
Lost
Perder
Make
Made
Made
Hacer
Mean
Meant
Meet
Met
Met
Encontrar
Mistake
Mistook
Mistaken
Equivocar
Overcome
Overcame
Overcome
Vencer
Pay
Paid
Paid
Pagar
Put
Put
Put
Poner
Read
Read
Read
Leer
Ride
Rode
Ridden
Montar
Ring
Rang
Rung
Llamar
Rise
Rose
Risen
Levantarse
Run
Ran
Run
Correr
Say
Said
Said
Decir
See
Saw
Seen
Ver
Seek
Sought
Sought
Buscar
Sell
Sold
Sold
Vender
Send
Sent
Sent
Enviar
Set
Set
Set
Poner(se)
Meant
Significar
Sew
Sewed
Sewed / Sewn
Coser
Shake
Shook
Shaken
Sacudir
Shear
Shore
Shorn
Esquilar
Shine
Shone
Shone
Brillar
Shoot
Shot
Shot
Disparar
Show
Showed
Shown
Mostrar
Shrink
Shrank
Shrunk
Encogerse
Shut
Shut
Shut
Cerrar
Sing
Sang
Sung
Cantar
Sink
Sank
Sunk
Hundir
Sit
Sat
Sat
Sentarse
Sleep
Slept
Slept
Dormir
Slide
Slid
Slid
Resbalar
Smell
Smelt
Smelt
Oler
Sow
Sowed
Sowed / Sown
Sembrar
Speak
Spoke
Spoken
Hablar
Speed
Sped
Sped
Acelerar
Spell
Spelt
Spelt
Deletrear
Spend
Spent
Spent
Gastar
Spill
Spilt / Spilled
Spilt / Spilled
Derramar
Spin
Spun
Spun
Hilar
Spit
Spat
Spat
Escupir
Split
Split
Split
Hender / partir /
rajar
Spoil
Spoilt / Spoiled
Spoilt / Spoiled
Estropear
Spread
Spread
Spread
Extender
Spring
Sprang
Sprung
Saltar
Stand
Stood
Stood
Estar en pie
Steal
Stole
Stolen
Robar
Stick
Stuck
Stuck
Pegar Engomar
Sting
Stung
Stung
Picar
Stink
Stank/Stunk
Stunk
Apestar
Stride
Strode
Stridden
Dar zancadas
Strike
Struck
Struck
Golpear
Swear
Swore
Sworn
Jurar
Sweat
Sweat
Sweat
Sudar
Sweep
Swept
Swept
Barrer
Swell
Swelled
Swollen
Hinchar
Swim
Swam
Swum
Nadar
Swing
Swung
Swung
Columpiarse
Take
Took
Taken
Coger
Teach
Taught
Taught
Ensear
Tear
Tore
Torn
Rasgar
Tell
Told
Told
Decir
Think
Thought
Thought
Pensar
Throw
Threw
Thrown
Arrojar Tirar
Thrust
Thrust
Thrust
Introducir
Tread
Trod
Trodden
Pisar, hollar
Understand
Understood
Understood
Entender
Undergo
Underwent
Undergone
Sufrir
Undertake
Undertook
Undertaken
Emprender
Wake
Woke
Woken
Despertarse
Wear
Wore
Worn
Llevar puesto
Weave
Wove
Woven
Tejer
Weep
Wept
Wept
Llorar
Wet
Wet
Wet
Mojar
Win
Won
Won
Ganar
Wind
Wound
Wound
Enrollar
Withdraw
Withdrew
Withdrawn
Retirarse
Wring
Wrung
Wrung
Torcer
Write
Wrote
Written
Escribir
Gramtica
Presente simple:
AFIRMATIVO
NEGATIVO
S+V (base form)+C
S+Aux (do)+Neg+V (base form)+C
I
He
He
You
You
She
eat
We
eats
We
It
They
Do not She
eat
It
Does not eat
They
INTERROGACIN
Aux (do)+S+V ( base form )+C+?
I
He
You
Do
We
Eat?
Does
She
Eat?
It
They
Excepcin en tercera persona se aade una -s final. Cuando el verbo termina en -s, -ss, -sh, -o, -ch, -x se
aade a la tercera persona singular la terminacin '-es'. Cuando termina en 'y' precedida de consonante
cambia la 'y' por 'ies'.
Para la forma negativa e interrogativa se recurre al verbo 'to do' que realiza una funcin auxiliar. En la
tercera persona la forma 'do' cambia a 'does'.
Pasado simple:
AFIRMATIVO
NEGATIVO
S+V (pasado)+C
S+Aux (did)+Neg+V ( base form )+C
I
He
He
You
We
You
studied
She
studied
did
not She
study
It
We
It
They
did
study
not
They
INTERROGACIN
Aux (did)+S+V ( base form )+C+?
I
Did
He
study?
You
Did
study?
She
We
It
They
Nota:
El pasado simple funciona con el auxiliar 'did' para todas las personas (incluida la tercera persona singular
'he/she/it'). En la forma afirmativa, el auxiliar 'did' no aparece, empleamos en su lugar la terminacin 'ed',
esta es la forma de pasado para todos los 'Verbos Regulares'. Si termina en -d o -t, se le pone -ed como
slaba aparte; si termina en cualquier otra consonante, se aade tambin -ed pero sin hacer slaba aparte;
si termina en -e, se le pone slo d; una -y final que sigue a cualquier consonante se cambia en - ie ms
d.
Futuro simple:
AFIRMATIVO
NEGATIVO
S+Aux (will)+V ( base form )+C
S+Aux (will)+Neg+V ( base form )+C
I
He
He
You
We
You
Will
travel
She
Will
travel
Will not She

travel
It
We
It
They
Will
travel
not
They
INTERROGACIN
Aux (will)+S+V ( base form )+C+?
I
He
You
Will
travel?
We
She
Will
travel?
It
They
Nota:
Presente simple contino:
AFIRMATIVO
NEGATIVO
S+ be (pres. Simpl.)+V (ing)+C
S+ be (pres. Simpl.)+Neg+V (ing)+C
He
I am walking
She
You
are
walking
It
He
is
I am not walking
walking You
She
are
not
walking It
is
not
walking
We
We
They
They
INTERROGACIN
Be (pres. Simpl.)+S+V (ing)+C+?
Am I walking?
He
You
Are
She
Is
We
walking?
walking?
It
They
Nota:
Pasado simple contino:
AFIRMATIVO
NEGATIVO
S+ be (pasd. Simpl.)+V (ing)+C S+ be (pasd. Simpl.)+Neg+V (ing)+C

I was driving
You
We
She
were
driving
I was not driving
He
It
They
You
was
driving
We
He
She
were not
It
driving
was
driving
They
INTERROGACIN
Be (pasd. Simpl.)+S+V (ing)+C+?
Was I driving?
He
You
Were
We
Was
driving?
They
Nota:
Futuro simple contino:
AFIRMATIVO
NEGATIVO
She
It
driving?
not
S+ Aux(will)+ be(base form)+V (ing) S+ Aux(will)+Neg+be(base form)+V

+C
(ing)+C
I will not
lending
I will be lending He
You
We
She
will
be It
lending
Will
be
lending
They
be
You
He
She
will not
It
be
lending
We
They
will not
be
lending
INTERROGACIN
Aux (will)+S+be (base form)+V (ing)+C+?
Will I be lending?
He
You
Will
We
Be
lending?
She
Will
be lending?
It
They
Nota:
Presente perfecto:
AFIRMATIVO
NEGATIVO
S+ Aux.(have/has)+V (P.p)+C
S+ Aux.(have/has)+Neg+V (P.p)+C
I have bought
I have not bought He
You
We
They
have
bought
(youve)
He
She
It
has
bought
(hes)
You
She
We
They
have not
bought
It
(havent)
has
not
bought
(hasnt)
INTERROGACIN
Aux.(have/has)+S+V (P.p)+C+?
He
Have I bought?
Has
You
Have
bought?
We
bought?
She
It
They
Nota:
El presente perfecto, se forma con "to have" a modo de auxiliar y el verbo en participio pasado. En la
tercera persona se emplea el "has".
Pasado perfecto:
AFIRMATIVO
NEGATIVO
S+ Aux.(had)+V (P.p)+C
S+ Aux.(had)+Neg+V (P.p)+C
I had bought (Id)
He
I
had
bought
You
She
We
They
had
bought
It
had
bought
(hed)
(youd)
not
You
We
They
He
had
not
bought
(hadnt)
She
had not
bought It
(hadnt)
INTERROGACIN
Aux.(had)+S+V (P.p)+C+?
Had I bought?
He
You
Had
Had
We
bought?
She
Bought?
It
They
Nota:
Futuro perfecto:
AFIRMATIVO
NEGATIVO
S+ Aux.(will)+(have)+V (P.p)+C
S+ Aux.(will)+Neg+(have)+V (P.p)
+C
He
I will have bought
She
He
will
have
I will not have

bought
She
will not
have
You
You
will have
bought
We
It
(youll
have)
They
will not
have
bought It
(wont
have)
bought We
(hell
have)
They
bought
(wont
have)
INTERROGACIN
Aux.(will)+S+(have)+V (P.p)+C+?
Will I have bought?
He
You
We
Will
She
Will
have bought?
have
bought?
It
They
Nota:
Presente perfecto contino:
AFIRMATIVO
NEGATIVO
S+ Aux.(have/has)+be(P.p)+V(ing) S+ Aux.(have/has)+Neg+be(P.p)+V(ing)
+C
+C
I have
selling
You
We
They
been
I have not been

selling
He
He
have
been
selling
She
It
has
been
selling
(hes
been)
(youve
been)
You
We
They
She
have not
been
It
selling
(havent
been)
have not
been
selling
(hasnt
been)
INTERROGACIN
Aux.(have/has)+S+be(P.p)+V(ing)+ C+?
Have I been selling?
He
You
Have
We
They
Has
been selling?
She
It
been selling?
Nota:
Pasado perfecto contino:
AFIRMATIVO
NEGATIVO
S+ Aux.(had)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C
S+
+C
I had
selling
I had not been

selling
He
been
He
had
been
selling
You
We
They
She
It
had
been
selling
(hed
been)
(youd
been)
Aux.(had)+Neg+be(P.p)+V(ing)
You
We
They
She
had not
been
It
selling
(hadnt
been)
had not
been
selling
(hadnt
been)
INTERROGACIN
Aux.(had)+S+be(P.p)+V(ing)+ C+?
Had I been selling?
He
You
We
Had
She
Had
been selling?
been selling?
It
They
Nota:
Futuro perfecto contino:
AFIRMATIVO
NEGATIVO
S+ Aux.(will)+(have)+be(P.p)+V(ing)
+C
S+ Aux.(will)+Neg+(have)+be(P.p)+V(ing)
+C
He
I will have been
selling
She
You
It
will have
been
selling
He
will
have
been
selling
(hell
have
I will not have been

selling
She
You
It
will not
have
will not
have
been
selling
We
They
been
selling
(wont
have
been)
We
(youll
have
been)
been)
They
INTERROGACIN
Aux.(will)+S+(have)+be(P.p)+V(ing)+C+?
Will I have been selling?
He
You
Will
We
Will
She
have
been
selling?
It
have been selling?
They
Nota:
Pronombres personales
sujeto complemento
Singsingular
1 I
Me
Myself
2 You
You
Yourself
Him
Himself
Her
Herself
It
Itself
1 We
Us
Ourselves
Each other
2 You
You
Yourselves
Each other
3 They
Them
Themselves Each other
He
3 She
It
Preposiciones bsicas
Pronombre Pronombre
reflexivo
reciproco
B.P
at
Used
Example
Specific times
Definite place
Full address
Speed
Idea of definite time
and place
He has class at 8:30.

My brother is at school.
They live at 2388 Park Road.
He was driving at 90 miles per hour.
The exercise is at the end of the lesson.
Exception: at night: use in for

the other parts of the day.
Inside
Cities, boroughs
States, countries
Parts of countries
Continents
Parts of the day
Months,
seasons,
in
years
We are in the kitchen.

The school is in the UCV.
How long have you lived in Caracas?
I live in the West.
We saw many interesting sights in Europe.
We have class in the morning.
Graduation will be in July.
Youll have your exam in seven days.
Ill be back in ten minutes.
The book was on the table.

Their house is on First Street.
My apartment is on the sixth floor.
My birthday is on October 22nd.
There is no class on Saturday.
He works on campus.
Hes usually here on time.
Time (length of time)

within
on
On the surface
Streets, avenues
Floors
Dates
Days of the week
On a farm, a planet,
an island, campus
Note: in time for something)
Punctuality
by
Means, by way of You learn by repeating.

(pasando por; por va de; You can get there by car.
como; por medio de; a modo
de)
Possessive of things
of
The leg of the chair was broken.

I bought a pound of carrots.
Parts of a whole
Exact
over
to
(vertical)
position The light is over jack.

The cabinets are over the counter.
Destination
Leave for
Arrive at place
We are going to New York.

The plane to Houston left an hour ago.
He got to his office at eight.
They will arrive in New York tonight.
Arrive in a city
Degree higher than
above
Location higher than
The temperature is above 40.

There are cabinets above the sink.
To a lower degree
Is Caracas above or below sea level?
below
Tips para traducir
1.
2.
3.
Cuando nos encontramos ante la presencia de palabras en el idioma ingls que se asemejan a
ciertas palabras en el idioma espaol y poseen el mismo significado, estas palabras son
llamadas: verdaderas cognadas.
Cuando nos encontramos con palabras en el ingls que se parecen a ciertas palabras en el
espaol, pero que su significado es diferente, estas palabras son llamadas: falsas cognadas.
Cuando nos encontramos con varias palabras seguidas unas de otras que pueden ser sustantivos, adjetivos o
adverbios, nos detendremos a leer en el primer verbo, preposicin, conectivo o signo de puntuacin y
procederemos a leer de derecha a izquierda sin omitir ninguna palabra. Solo jugaremos con los adjetivos o
adverbios en el idioma espaol. (Marbella Delgado,
Adjectives
Adjectives are used to describe nouns, that is, people, places
and things. Sometimes it is necessary to use Be with adjectives:
John is big. Marsha is thin. The food is delicious. They are Russian.
Sometimes we use them before nouns:
The big man. The thin girl. The delicious food. The Russian people
Check here for a complete list of common adjectives
Some adjectives with their compararatives and superlatives
are listed below:
(irregular adjectives)
angry - angrier - the angriest
bad - worse - the worst
beautiful - more beautiful - the most beautiful
big - bigger - the biggest
careful - more careful - the most careful
cheap - cheaper - the cheapest
difficult - more difficult - the most difficult
early - earlier - the earliest
easy - easier - the easiest
expensive - more expensive - the most expensive
far - farther - the farthest/ - further - the furthest
good - better - the best
healthy - healthier - the healthiest
heavy - heavier - the heaviest
kind - kinder - the kindest
loud - louder - the loudest
near - nearer - the nearest
new - newer - the newest
noisy - noisier - the noisiest
old - older - the oldest
proud - prouder - the proudest
small - smaller - the smallest
tall - taller - the tallest
ugly - uglier - the ugliest
young - younger - the youngest
Adverbs
Adverbs are used to describe verbs. We use adverbs to talk about
how someone does or did something. A lesson on adverbs here.
David plays the guitar well. She sings beautifully. Mike works hard.
Some useful English adverbs are listed below. Remember that the
adjectives on the left are used to describe nouns:
bad - badly
beautiful - beautifully
careful - carefully
careless - carelessly
easy - easily
loud - loudly
polite - politely
slow - slowly
quick - quickly
A few are exceptions and don't take the -ly or -ily ending:
good - well
hard - hard
fast - fast
Articles
Articles are a big problem for students, because it's difficult to know
when to use them. There are three articles- a, an and the. A and an are indefinite articles, and are used before nouns
not specifically identified by the speaker.
I bought a shirt. A man is in the corridor.
We heard a woman screaming.
In the above examples, the specific nouns referenced above have not been identified in the context. The is more
specific, and identifies the noun in the context.
I bought the shirt. The man is in the corridor.
We heard the woman screaming.
In these examples the shirt, the man and the woman all refer to entities that are known in context to the speaker and
almost always to the listener also. As if to say, "I bought the shirt I saw in the shop yesterday. You were there with me
and know about this shirt."
Common Adjectives Table
Appearance | Condition | Feeling | Shape | Size | Sound | Speed | Taste | Time | Touch
Appearance
adorable
alert
average
beautiful
blonde
bloody
blushing
bright
clean
clear
cloudy
colourful
concerned
crowded
curious
cute
dark
dirty
drab
distinct
dull
elegant
fancy
filthy
glamorous
gleaming
graceful
grotesque
homely
light
misty
Condition
alive
brainy
broken
busy
careful
cautious
clever
crazy
damaged
dead
difficult
easy
fake
false
famous
forward
fragile
guilty
helpful
helpless
important
impossible
infamous
innocent
inquisitive
mad
modern
open
outgoing
outstanding
poor
powerful
puzzled
Touch
blunt
boiling
breakable
breezy
broken
bumpy
chilly
clean
cold
cool
crooked
cuddly
curly
damaged
damp
different
dirty
dry
dusty
filthy
flaky
fluffy
fuzzy
greasy
grubby
hard
icy
loose
plastic
prickly
ripe
rough
rubbery
motionless
muddy
plain
poised
quaint
scary
shiny
smoggy
sparkling
spotless
stormy
strange
ugly
unsightly
unusual
Feelings - negative
afraid
angry
annoyed
anxious
arrogant
ashamed
awful
bad
bewildered
bored
concerned
condemned
confused
creepy
cruel
dangerous
defeated
defiant
depressed
disgusted
disturbed
doubtful
eerie
embarrassed
envious
evil
fierce
foolish
frantic
frightened
grieving
guilty
helpless
hungry
hurt
ill
jealous
lonely
mad
naughty
nervous
obnoxious
real
rich
right
robust
sane
scary
shy
sleepy
stupid
super
tame
thick
tired
wild
wrong
Feelings - neutral
alright
calm
different
fair
fine
OK
pleasant
puzzled
scratchy
shaky
shaggy
sharp
silky
slimy
slippery
smooth
soft
solid
steady
sticky
tight
uneven
unusual
unripe
warm
weak
wet
wooden
wooly
Feelings - positive
agreeable
alert
amused
brave
bright
charming
cheerful
comfortable
cooperative
courageous
delightful
determined
eager
elated
enchanting
encouraging
energetic
enthusiastic
excited
exuberant
faithful
fantastic
friendly
frowning
funny
gentle
glorious
good
happy
healthy
helpful
hilarious
innocent
jolly
kind
lively
lovely
lucky
obedient
perfect
proud
outrageous
panicky
repulsive
safe
scared
shy
sleepy
sore
strange
tense
terrible
tired
troubled
unusual
upset
uptight
weary
wicked
worried
relaxed
relieved
silly
smiling
splendid
successful
thoughtful
victorious
vivacious
well
witty
wonderful
Shape
broad
crooked
curved
deep
even
flat
hilly
jagged
round
shallow
square
steep
straight
thick
thin
triangular
uneven
Size
average
big
fat
gigantic
huge
large
little
long
massive
medium
miniature
narrow
petite
short
skinny
small
tall
tiny
wide
Speed
fast
quick
rapid
slow
swift
cooing
deafening
faint
harsh
high-pitched
hissing
hushed
husky
loud
melodic
moaning
mute
noisy
purring
quiet
raspy
screeching
shrill
silent
soft
squeaky
squealing
thundering
voiceless
whispering
Taste
bitter
bland
delicious
different
fresh
greasy
hot
juicy
repulsive
revolting
ripe
rotten
salty
sour
Sound
Time
ancient
brief.
early
late
long
modern
new
old
old-fashioned
quick
short
young
spicy
stale
strong
sweet
tasteless
tasty
terrible
wonderful
Adverbs
Adverbs are used to describe actions. They may come before or after a verb, but not between a
verb and its object.
Mrs.Jenner sang softly. (Most common word order.)
Mrs. Jenner softly sang. (Also possible.)
Mrs. Jenner softly sang a lullaby.
Mrs. Jenner sang a lullaby softly.
Mrs. Jenner sang softly a lullaby. (Not correct.)
Adverbs may come between a main verb and its auxiliaries.
Mrs. Jenner is softly singing a lullaby.
Mrs. Jenner softly is singing a lullaby. (Not correct.)
Mrs. Jenner has been softly singing that lullaby for a long time.
Some time and frequency adverbs are movable. That is, they can be placed at various points in
a sentence.
Yesterday I visited the dentist.
I visited the dentist yesterday.
Jack Prompt is here already.
Jack Prompt is already here.
Caution:
Even though some adverbs can be used in certain sentence positions, others can not.
I yesterday visited the dentist.
(Not okay.)
I already visited the dentist.
(Okay.)
Already I visited the dentist.
(Not okay.)
Adverbs such as quite, very, really, extremely, and absolutely are used to modify adjectives and
other adverbs.
They come directly before the words they describe.
Greg is quite happy with his new boss.
Sue eats very slowly.
Youre absolutely right!
Many adverbs can be formed by adding ly to adjectives:
Carl is a quick runner.
Carl runs quickly.

Some adverbs are identical to adjectives in form. Others are completely different.
Carl is a fast runner. (Adjective)
Jill is a good student.
(Adjective)
Carl runs fast.
Jill studies well.
(Adverb)
(Adverb)
Be careful with words like hardly and lately, which have no relation to the adjectives/adverbs
hard and late.
Jacob kicked the ball hard.
(He kicked the ball with tremendous force.)
Jacob hardly kicked the ball.
(He barely touched the ball.)
Trudy came to class late.
(She was tardy.)
Trudy hasnt come to class lately.
(She hasnt been to class recently.)
Adverbs of Time (When?)

yesterday
today
tomorrow
now
then
later
tonight
right now
last night
this morning
next week
already
recently
lately
soon
immediately
still
yet
. . . ago
Adverbs of Place (Where?)
(Note: Do not use these with "to.")
here
there
over there
everywhere
anywhere
nowhere
home*
downtown*
back*
away
out
*These are also used as nouns and sometimes adjectives.
Adverbs of Manner (How?)
very
quite
pretty
really
fast
well
hard
quickly
slowly
carefully
hardly
barely
mostly
almost
absolutely
together
alone
Adverbs of Frequency (How Often?)
always
frequently
usually
sometimes
occasionally
seldom
rarely
never
Related words
normally
regularly
every day
once in a while
once a week
twice a day
again
Frequency Adverbs
The most common frequency adverbs in English are:

Always
100% of the time
Frequently
about 90% of the time
Usually
Often
Sometimes
Occasionally
Seldom
Rarely
Never
Note: The percentages here are rough estimates only.

Frequency adverbs can be placed at various points in the sentence, but are most commonly used before the
main verbs and after be verbs.
I always come to work on time.
They are seldom home when we call.
Hes usually eating breakfast at this time.
Shes never been to Maine.
A: Do you come here often?
B: Yes. Im here occasionally.
A: What do you usually do here?
B: Sometimes I just sit and ponder the meaning of life.
Note: The adverbs seldom, rarely, never and hardly ever are considered negative.
A: Do you always carry a briefcase?
B: (Yes,) I usually do.
No, I usually dont.
No, I rarely do.
No, I hardly ever do.

Other frequency adverbs and expressions are as follows:
Every day/week/month
Every other day/week
Once a week/month/year
Twice a year/day, etc.
(Every) once in a while
Every so often
These expressions are used at the beginning and end of sentences, not before main verbs.
Every once in a while I visit my grandmother in Minnesota.
I visit my grandmother in Minnesota every once in a while.
I every once in a while visit my grandmother in Minnesota. (Incorrect)
Regularly
(according to schedule)
Normally
(commonly nowadays)
Traditionally
(commonly in the past)
These words can come at various points in the sentence.
I regularly floss my teeth.
I floss my teeth regularly.
Traditionally, that was considered childs play.
I normally get up around 6 oclock.
Normally, I get up around 6 oclock.
Conditionals
There are four basic conditionals in English. The General Conditional is used to express habit or routine, and takes
the Present Simple. (If + Present Simple.)
He gets sick if he eats too much. If I feel bad I don't go to work.
The second conditional is used to express result in the future, and takes the modal verbs will, won't and might. This
is the Present Real Conditional. (If + will, won't or might.)
If it rains we'll stay home. He won't come it he's sick.
I might go if it's sunny.
The third conditional is the Present Unreal Conditional. It is used
to express an unlikely or hypothetical situation, and takes the Past Tense. (If - would + Past Tense.)
If John studied he would be a good student.
If she ate less she would lose weight.
It is also used with adjectives:
I would buy the car if it were cheaper.
If he were friendlier we would like him.
The fourth conditional is the Past Unreal Conditional, and is used to express an impossible situation. It requires the
Past Perfect Tense. (If - would have + Past Perfect.)
If I had known, I would have told you.
I would have gone if I had felt well.
Conjunctions
Some common English conjunctions are below:
Would you like coffee or tea?
I bought the sugar and salt at the shop.
I asked him, but he didn't answer.
The movie was boring, so we decided to leave.
He got sick because he ate too much.
I'll tell her if I see her.
We'll leave when the guests arrive.
Connectors
Connectors are used for agreement and disagreement.
I'm an American. So am I.
We aren't hungry. Neither am I.
He's from New York. I'm not.
I like pizza. So do I.
I don't like chicken. Neither do I.
We play football. He doesn't.
Gerunds
Gerunds (sometimes called verbal nouns) are used to convert the verb form to a noun with an -ing ending. In this way
the verb can become the subject of the sentence.
Playing basketball is important to Tim. Knitting is Judy's hobby.

The verbs play and knit have become nouns and also the subjects.
Modal Verbs
Below are common English Modal verbs:
Can
Can is used to express ability and possibility.
He can speak several languages. I can call you tomorrow.
Could
Could is used basically as a polite request and expressing
possibility in the past.
Could I use your telephone?
I couldn't play football when I was younger.
May
May is also often used as a polite request and expressing likely possibilities.
May I borrow your hammer? He may come, or he may not.
Might
Might is used to express a likely event or possibility. It is similar to may but is not used as a polite request.
He might come, or he might not. I might go to the cinema tomorrow.
Must
Must is used to express subjective obligation. It is not used
in the Past Tense.
You must come to my party. She mustn't forget her things.
Should
Should is used for opinion and advice. It is not as strong as must.
You should go to the doctor. He shouldn't eat so much.
Will / Won't
Will and Won't are used to express future events, usually decided
at the moment of speaking.
Tina will help us if we ask her. I'll try to come on time.
He won't come.
Would
Would is used to express a hypothetical situation and

offers or invitations.
I would play if I could. Would you like to come to my party?
Passive
In active English speech, we are concerned with
who does something.
Judy will do the report. He built his house last year.
But in passive speech, we are concerned with what is done.
The report will be done by Judy. The house was built last year.
Look at the passive tenses below:
Past Passive
The bridge was built by the French. He was injured in the war.
Present Passive
Dinner is served at 6:00.
Traveler's checks are cashed in all the hotels.
Future Passive
500 workers will be laid off next spring.
The project will be completed next week
Going to
I'm going to go to the movies.
Going to is used to talk about the future. Notice again how
the verb be is used.
I'm going to
You're going to
He's going to
She's going to
EAT
It's going to
We're going to
They're going to
Notice how only be changes in the phrases above. The verb
eat remains the same.
I'm going to take a shower. He's going to clean his apartment.
We're going to have a picnic. They're going to go out tonight.
Remember that the negative forms of be are not, isn't and aren't.
He isn't going to clean his apartment.
They aren't going to go out tonight.
Lesson 2:
Verbs IV
I'm going to take my umbrella.

Practice saying the verbs below.
help, paint, answer, show, ride
find, think, build, remember, carry
take, pay, throw, come, make
Exercise 1 Use the verbs build, throw, make, ride and answer in the sentences below.
1. Mr. Thomas is going to
a new house.
2. Peter is going to
his new bicycle.
3. Sarah is going to
the ball to Mike.
4. I'm going to
the questions tomorrow.
5. Mother is going to
dinner this evening.
Restablecer
Exercise 2
Choose the correct answer.
1. What's father going to do? (make breakfast)
a. He's going to make breakfast.

b. He going to make breakfast.
c. He's going make breakfast.
2. What are Mr. and Mrs. Jones going to do? (paint their bedroom)
a. They going to paint their bedroom.

b. They're going to paint their bedroom.
c. They're going to painting their bedroom.
3. What's Melissa going to do? (show us her new house)
a. She's going show us her new house.

b. She going to show us her new house.
c. She's going to show us her new house.
4. What are the students going to do? (answer the questions)
a. They going to answer the questions.

b. They're going to answering the questions.
c. They're going to answer the questions.
5. What's Phillip going to do? (help me do my homework)
a. He's going to help me do my homework.

b. He's going to help me do homework.
c. He's going help me do my homework.
Restablecer
Lesson 3:
Short Answers
Are you going to wash your hair?
No, I'm not.

Again short answers are necessary with going to. But you
already know be, so it will be easy for you.
Are you going to go to the movies? Yes, I am.
Is John going to play basketball today? No, he isn't.
Exercise 3 Practice answering the questions with short
answers. SPEAK!
1. Are you going to paint your house? (yes)
2. Is Paul going to come to the party? (no)
3. Is Larry going to fix his car? (yes)
4. Is your brother going to make dinner? (yes)
5. Is your father going to show us his new car? (yes)
6. Are you going to eat? (no)
7. Are they going to help us? (yes)
8. Are you going to take your briefcase? (no)
9. Is Judy going to ride the horse? (no)
10. Is Lucy going to go to New York? (yes)
Answers
1. Yes, I am. 2. No, he isn't. 3. Yes, he is. 4. Yes, he is. 5. Yes, he is. 6. No, I'm not.
7. Yes, they are. 8. No, I'm not. 9. No, she isn't. 10. Yes, she is.
Lesson 4:
Might II
I might play soccer tomorrow.

We discussed might with be earlier when we talked about
possible ownership. However might is very often used to express possible future intent. Speakers use
might when they aren't sure what will happen. If we say, for example, I'm going to go to
the movies, then it is definite. If we say I might go to the movies,
then it is indefinite. The speaker at the moment of speaking isn't
sure. Might is also a modal verb, so unlike other verbs
it is not conjugated.
I
You
He
She
MIGHT
It
We
They
I might go to the theater.
She might swim in the lake.
He might take us to the shopping mall.
My mother might bake a cake.
Exercise 4
Answer the questions with the information.
1. What are you going to do this weekend? (go to the beach)
2. Where are you going to go for your vacation? (Mexico)
3. What are you going to do tonight? (go to the library)
4. Where are you going to go for lunch? (go to a cafeteria)
5. What are you going to have for dinner? (chicken)
Restablecer
Exercise 5
Reading
Ms. Montgomery's Party
Ms. Montgomery is going to have a party on Saturday night. She's going to invite her friends and
neighbors to the party. Many people are going to come. Ms. Montgomery is going to serve appetizers. But
she doesn't know what kind of appetizers to serve. She might have crackers and cheese, or she might
have shrimp cocktails.
She's going to serve an entree. But she doesn't know what
kind of entree to serve. She might have fish, or she might have chicken. She's also going to serve dessert.
But she doesn't know what kind of dessert to serve. She might have apple pie, or
she might have ice cream.
Good luck with your party, Ms. Montgomery!
Lesson 5:
If + might
If it's sunny tomorrow, we might go on a picnic.

It's necessary now to learn about English conditionals.
Conditionals are used to express a connection between
two events. Basically one clause depends on the other.
If it rains, I might go to a museum.
If I get hungry, I might eat a pizza.
If John works hard, he might get a raise.
If you eat too much, you might get sick.
Notice that the first clause is present simple. If it rains, ... If John works hard, ... This is a basic rule with
this conditional. We
can't say, for example, If it will rain. We say If it rains, and then express the possible future intent or
consequence.
What's Felix going to do?
... I might stay home.
... I might go skiing.
... I might rent a video.
Vowels - Vocales
a
English vowels have short and long sounds.

Las vocales en Ingles tienen sonidos cortos y largos.
Short Sound
cat, red, sit, hot, up
Long Sound
make, see, tie, rope, rule
If the last letter in a word is an e vowel, then the vowel
sound before it is almost always long.
Si la ultima letra de una palabra es una vocal e,entonces el sonido vocal antes de ella es casi siempre
largo.
Look at the examples:
Mira estos ejemplos:
at - ate let - leave kit - kite hop - hope cut - cute
Exercise 1 Practice reading the sentences. Practica leyendo las oraciones.
He is at home.
We ate lunch.
I hope she comes.
I leave early.
I cut the meat.
She is cute.
Lesson 2:
The Vowel Cluster ai

El agrupamiento Vocal ai
The ai cluster is usually a long a sound. /ei/
El agrupamiento ai es usualmente un largo sonido a. /ei/
rain, pain, paint, wait, raise
Exercise 2
Practice saying the sounds. Practica diciendo los sonidos.
1. ran - rain 2. pan - pain 3. what - wait 4. bat - bait 5. sat - sail
Exercise 3
I ran.
Practice reading the sentences. Practica leyendo las oraciones.
It is raining.
I'm waiting.
Where is the pan?
She sat in the chair.
I sail a boat.
Lesson 3:
The Vowel Cluster ea

El agrupamiento Vocal ea
The ea cluster is usually a long e sound. /i:/
El agrupamiento ea es usualmente un largo sonido e. /i/
read, leave, meat, seat, eat
Exercise 4
Practice saying the sounds. Practica diciendo los sonidos
1. red - read 2. let - leave 3. met - meat 4. set - seat 5. get - eat
Exercise 5
My car is red.
I read a book.
I cut the meat.
We met the boss.
This seat is free.
I eat early.
Lesson 4:
The Vowel cluster ee

El agrupamiento Vocal ee
The ee cluster is usually a long e sound. /i:/
El agrupamiento ee es usualmente un largo sonido e. /i/
meet, teeth, feet, feel, seem
Exercise 6
1. met - meet 2. bet - beet 3. wet - weep 4. jet - Jeep 5. let - leek
Exercise 7 Practice reading the sentences. Practica leyendo las oraciones.
I met the boss.
I'm wet.
I'll meet her.
The jet is fast.
The beet is good.
Let's go.
Lesson 5:
The Vowel Cluster oa

El agrupamiento Vocal oa
The oa cluster is almost always a long o sound. /ou/
El agrupamiento oa es casi siempre un largo sonido o. /ou/
road, soap, load, boat, coat
Exercise 8
1. rod - road 2. sock - soap 3. lot - load 4. mop - boat 5. cot - coat
Exercise 9
The road is long.

This is my cot.
Where is the soap?

That is your sock.
I have a boat.
Your coat is there.
Asking Direct Questions with Do

Do you speak English?
When we need to ask questions about routine action then do is necessary. Let's start first with direct
questions. Direct questions
are used to get a yes or no response.
Look at the chart below.
Do I get up early?
Does he get up early?
Do you get up early?
Does she get up early?
Do we get up early?
Does it get up early?
Do they get up early?

It is important to remember that he, she and it use does. And I, you, we and they use do. This is a problem
for students because when asking questions there is a tendency to say, for example, You get up early?
This is incorrect. Questions about routine require do or does.
Exercise 7
Correct the questions with do or does.
1. You speak English?
2. You watch TV in the evening?
3. He wait for his wife every day?
4. They finish work at 5:00?
5. Mike read books at home?
6. You write letters to friends?
7. Penny listen to rap music?
8. Mark study German?
9. Your mother cook every day?
10. You eat pizza?
Restablecer
Notice that the verb does not change when asking questions.
Do you eat in the morning?
Does he eat in the morning?
Only do and does change. Remember that it is incorrect to say
Does he eats in the morning? The verb eat remains the same.
Exercise 8
Change the statements into questions with do or does.
1. He plays basketball.
2. Tina washes her clothes on Monday.
3. Pat speaks Russian.
4. She studies every night.
5. The teacher speaks English.
6. You do homework every day.
7. He watches TV on the weekend.
8. Mother eats cereal in the morning.
9. She takes a shower in the evening.
10. Martin gets to work on time.
Restablecer
Lesson 7:
Short Answers
Do you speak Italian? Yes, I do.

Like be we also use short answers with do.
Yes, I do.
No, I don't.
Yes, you do.
No, you don't.
Yes, we do.
No, we don't.
Yes, they do.
No, they don't.
Yes, he does.
No, he doesn't.
Yes, she does.
No, she doesn't.
Yes, it does.
No, it doesn't.
Do you work every day? Yes, I do.

Does your mother go to college? Yes, she does.
Do the students speak French? No, they don't.
Exercise 9
Answer the questions with the correct short answer.
1. Does your father listen to rock music?
2. Do you often wash clothes?
3. Does your sister cook?
1. Yes,
2. Yes,
3. No,
4. Do the teachers work on the weekend?
5. Does Joshua watch TV every day?
6. Do you always ask questions?
4. No,
5. No,
6. Yes,
7. Do they clean their apartment on Saturday?
8. Does Lucy always go out on Friday night?
9. Does Jeff look for his keys every morning?
10. Do Mr. and Mrs. Smith usually stay in?
7. Yes,
8. No,
9. Yes,
10. Yes,
Restablecer
Lesson 8:
Asking Open Questions with Do
Where do you live? I live in New York.

Open questions require a much more detailed answer than
just yes or no. There are various possibilities.
What...?
What kind of ...?
DO
What time ...?

When ...?
Where ...?
Which ...?
DOES
Who ...?
How often ...?
What do you do?
I'm a lawyer.
What kind of magazines do you read?

What time do you get up?
When do you go out?
Where do you live?
I read sports magazines.
I get up at 7:15.
I usually go out on the weekend.

I live in New York.
Again there is the habit of students to forget do and ask, for example, What kind of magazines you read?
This is incorrect.
You must use do when asking questions about routine or
repetitive action.
Exercise 10
Correct the questions below.
1. Where you work?

1.
2. How often you wash your clothes?

2.
3. Which newspaper he reads?

3.
4. When the boss goes to lunch?

4.
5. Who you call every day?

5.
6. When Tom takes a shower?

6.
7. What you eat for breakfast?

7.
8. Where your mother shops?

8.
9. What your father does?

9.
10. Who you go out with?

10.
Restablecer
Who can be a problem because it is used as both subject and object in questions.
Who do you go out with?
Who goes out with you?
Who do you write to?
Who writes to you?
Lesson 9:
OBJECT >
SUBJECT>
OBJECT>
SUBJECT>
I usually go out with Steve.

Steve does.
I always write to my mother.
My friends do.
Have / Has
I have two brothers.

The verb have is conjugated differently from other verbs.
I have
He has
You have
She has
We have
It has
They have
I have a car.
I don't have a car.
He has a car.
He doesn't have a car.
They have a dog.
They don't have a dog.
Notice again that the verb have doesn't change with negative statements. It is not possible to say I don't
has a car. You must
say I don't have a car.
Exercise 11
Correct the sentences below with have or has.
1a. I
a dog.
1b. Bill doesn't
2a. I
a dog.
a sister.
2b. Ann doesn't
a sister.
3a. Phillip
a car.
3b. I don't
a car.
4a. My brother
4b. I don't
blue eyes.
blue eyes.
5a. Tina
noisy neighbors.
5b. Jane doesn't
noisy neighbors.
Restablecer
When students answer questions they often give a short answer such as Yes, I have or No, he hasn't. This
is incorrect if we use do.
Do you have any children? Yes, I do.
Does Becky have a brother? No, she doesn't.
Exercise 12 Answer the questions.
Does Jerry have a piano?
Does Tom have a brother?
Do you have a bowtie?
Does Rachel have a truck?
Does your apartment building

have a stairway?
Do you have a dog?
Answers
1. No, he doesn't. He has a guitar. 2. No, he doesn't. He has a sister. 3. No, I don't. I have a necktie. 4. No,
she doesn't. She has a car. 5. No, it doesn't. It has an elevator. 6. No, I don't. I have a cat.
Lesson 10:
The Imperative
Wash your hands!

The English imperative isn't so difficult because it requires no special endings as in other languages. It is
basically the infinitive without to. The imperative is a command, a strong request
or instructions.
Go to your room! Eat your dinner!

Wait for me! Get up and get dressed!
If a speaker wants to suggest doing something together
then Let's is used.
Let's hurry. Let's go to the movie theater.
Let's go to a restaurant. Let's go home.
Cardinal Numerals
Numeros Cardinales
Listen and say the numbers.
Escucha y di los numeros.
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25
30 40 50 60 70
80 90 100 200 300
Some numbers are problems for students
Algunos numeros son problematicos para los estudiantes.
3 13 30
4 14 40
5 15 50
Lesson 2:
Telephone Numbers
Numeros telefonicos
Whats your telephone number?

Its 387-9026.
Listen and say the telephone numbers.
Escucha y di los numeros telefonicos.
445-6789 291-1015
654-7023 789-3365
We can say 0 as zero or O, like the letter O (Oh).
Usually in everyday speech O (Oh) is used.
Podemos llamarle al '0' zero o O como la letra 'O' (Oh).
Usualmente,en lo cotidiano se utiliza 'O' (Oh).
Exercise 1 Answer the questions with the information. SPEAK! Contesta las preguntas con la
informacion. HABLA!
1. Whats Bobs telephone number? (458-6565) Its 458-6565.
2. Whats Jennys telephone number? (589-3508)
3. Whats Hectors telephone number? (293-9064)
4. Whats Lucys telephone number? (578-0293)

5. Whats Beths telephone number? (338-9475)
Answers
1. It's 458-6565. 2. It's 589-3508. 3. It's 293-9064. 4. It's 578-0293. 5. It's 338-9475.
Exercise 2 Answer the questions with the information. Practice the possessive adjectives. Contesta las
preguntas con la informacion. Practica los adjetivos posesivos.
1. Is your brothers telephone number 528-8364? (528-8365)
No, it isnt. His telephone number is 528-8365.
2. Is your telephone number 229-5678? (229-5679)
No, it isnt.
3. Is Tanyas telephone number 483-2897? (483-2896)
No, it isnt.
4. Is your sisters telephone number 689-5849? (689-5848)
No, it isnt.
5. Is your daughters telephone number 749-2839? (749-2838)
No, it isnt.
6. Is Mikes telephone number 269-5847? (269-5846)
No, it isnt.
7. Is your sons telephone number 897-5732? (897-5733)
No, it isnt.
8. Is your parents telephone number 996-0465? (996-0466)
No, it isnt.
9. Is your friends telephone number 874-3902? (874-3903)
No, it isnt.
10. Is your teachers telephone number 573-9027? (573-9028)
No, it isnt.
Restablecer
Lesson 3:
Time La hora
What time is it? Its 12:45.

Notice how be is used with time.
Date cuenta como se utiliza be con la hora.
It's 7:45. It's 9:00. It's 8:30.
It's 1:15. It's 10:00. It's 11:30.
Sometimes it is possible to see a.m. and p.m. written with time.
A.M. is the time after midnight through the morning. P.M. is the afternoon and evening.
Algunas veces es posible leer a.m. y p.m. con la hora. A.M. es la hora despues de la medianoche hasta la
maana. P.M. es en la tarde y en la noche.
7:30 a.m. or 7:30 in the morning.
1:00 p.m. or 1:00 in the afternoon.
7:30 p.m. or 7:30 in the evening.
Good morning!
Exercise 3
Look at the times and SPEAK! Mira las horas y HABLA!
1. 5:30 p.m. It's 5:30 in the afternoon. Good afternoon!

2. 6:00 p.m.
3. 7:00 a.m.
4. 8:45 a.m.
5. 6:30 p.m.
6. 10:00 a.m.
7. 11:45 p.m.
8. 4:30 p.m.
9. 5:00 p.m.
10. 9:15 a.m.
Good afternoon!
Good
evening!
Answers
1. It's 5:30 in the afternoon. Good afternoon! 2. It's 6:00 in the evening. Good evening! 3. It's 7:00 in the
morning. Good morning! 4. It's 8:45 in the morning.
Good morning! 5. It's 6:30 in the evening. Good evening! 6. It's 10:00 in the morning. Good morning! 7. It's
11:45 in the evening. Good evening! 8. It's 4:30 in the afternoon. Good afternoon! 9. It's 5:00 in the
afternoon. Good afternoon!
10. It's 9:15 in the morning. Good morning!
It is possible to say "seven-thirty" (7:30) or "half past seven." You can also say "a quarter after eleven"
(11:15) or "a quarter to twelve" (11:45). However remember that numbers are used very often, especially in
the United States. In this lesson try to concentrate on the numbers for now. Also notice in Exercise 4 how
the preposition at is used with time.
Es posible decir "seven-thirty" (7:30) o "half past seven". Tambien puedes decir "a quarter after eleven"
(11:15) o "a quarter to twelve" (11:45). Sin embargo,recuerda que los numeros son utilizados muy
frecuentemente, especialmente en los Estados Unidos. En esta leccion trata de concentrarte en los
numeros por ahora. Tambien pon atencion en el ejercicio 4 como utilizamos la preposicion at con la hora
del dia.
It's nine
o'clock.
Exercise 4
It's one thirty.
It's ten fortyfive.
It's two
fifteen.
It's eight
thirty.
Answer the questions. SPEAK! Contesta las preguntas. HABLA!
1. What time is your appointment? (9:00) Its at 9:00.

2. What time is your lecture? (1:30)
3. What time is your English lesson? (10:45)
4. What time is your football game? (2:15)
5. What time is your meeting? (8:30)
Answers
1. It's at 9:00. 2. It's at 1:30. 3. It's at 10:45. 4. It's at 2:15. 5. It's at 8:30.
Lesson 4:
Age Edad
How old is he? Hes ten years old.

We use be to talk about age. We can talk about the age of people
or things. It is important to say, for example, He is ten years old, and not He is ten years. However you can
also say simply He is ten.
Podemos utilizar be para hablar acerca de la edad. Podemos hablar acerca de la edad de las personas o
las cosas. Es importante decir ,por ejemplo, He is ten years old, y no He is ten years. Sin embargo
puedes simplemente decir He is ten.
How old is Sarah? She's fifteen years old.
How old is Martin? He's forty-one years old.
How old are you? I'm thirty.
Exercise 5
Answer the questions. Contesta las preguntas.
1. How old is Steve? (38)

Hes thirty-eight years old.
2. How old is your son? (2)
.
3. How old is his car? (5)
.
4. How old is she? (19)
.
5. How old is your dog? (4)
.
6. How old are their children? (8 and 12)
.
7. How old is Connie? (25)
.
8. How old is your guitar? (10)
.
9. How old are Mike and Ron? (23 and 26)
.
10. How old is this building? (46)
.
Restablecer
Lesson 5:
Personal Information
Informacion personal.
What's your name?

Look at the information below and try to answer the questions
about yourself.
Ve la informacion abajo y trata de contestar las preguntas acerca de ti.
John - What's his name?

New York - Where is he from?
84 15th Avenue - What's his address?
765-8346 - What's his telephone number?
Shannon - What's her name?

Atlanta - Where is she from?
122 Main Street - What's her address?
234-0976 - What's her telephone number?
________ What's your name?

________ Where are you from?
________ What's your address?
________ What's your telephone number?
________ How old are you?
It is often necessary to spell. Practice spelling the names below.
Frecuentemente es necesario deletrear. Practica deletreando los nombres abajo.
My name is Charles Baker. B - A - K - E - R.
My name is Paul Winslow. W - I - N - S - L - O - W.
My name is Patrick Friday. F - R - I - D - A - Y.
What's your first name? It's Judy.
What's your last name? It's Kackland.
Exercise 6
Practice spelling the names. SPEAK! Practica deletreando los nombres. HABLA!
1. Thomas T-H-O-M-A-S
2. Martin
3. Bedford
4. Montgomery
5. Ellis
Perfect Modals
The primary perfect modals used in English are Could have,

Must have, and Should have. Could have (or might have) is
used to express a event that could have occurred but didn't.
Mike could have had an accident. Jane could have gotten hurt.
Mike didn't have an accident, and Jane didn't get hurt. But
because of some prevailing circumstances it could have
happened, but didn't. Must have is used to express an
opinion that we believe is true.
He must have forgotten. Maria must have come late.
When we say He must have forgotten, we are not sure he forgot.
But we believe this to be true. Should have is used to express opinion after an event regarding obligation or necessity.
Paul should have gone to the doctor. You should have called me.
Prepositions
There are many prepositions in English. Below are many that you should know. Try to memorize the prepositions and
the situations
in which to use them.
Prepositions of Movement
Go across the bridge.
Walk around the building.
He's going into the building.
Drive past the university.
She walked along the river.

They're running down the hill.
He's coming out of the building.
I'm going to work.
Prepositions of Location
My apartment is across from the river.
The shop is below our window.
The bus stop is nearby.
Please stand behind the yellow line.

The shop is between the bank and the cinema.
She is standing next to Bob.
Prepositions of Time and Function

What are you talking about?
I went to a restaurant after work.
Lucy won't be here before 9:00.
I go to work by car.
This letter is for you.
I have to work in the morning.
She's about twenty years old.

I'll be there at 2:00.
I have to leave by 5:00.
She'll be here for two weeks.
I got a package from my parents.
We haven't seen him since Friday.
Pronouns
There are five English pronouns.
SUBJECT
ADJECTIVE
POSSESSIVE
OBJECT
REFLEXIVE
my
mine
me
myself
you
your
yours
you
yourself / selves
he
his
his
him
himself
she
her
hers
her
herself
it
its
its
it
itself
we
our
ours
us
ourselves
they
their
theirs
them
themselves
Perfect Modals
The primary perfect modals used in English are Could have,
Must have, and Should have. Could have (or might have) is
used to express a event that could have occurred but didn't.
Mike could have had an accident. Jane could have gotten hurt.
Mike didn't have an accident, and Jane didn't get hurt. But
because of some prevailing circumstances it could have
happened, but didn't. Must have is used to express an
opinion that we believe is true.
He must have forgotten. Maria must have come late.
When we say He must have forgotten, we are not sure he forgot.
But we believe this to be true. Should have is used to express opinion after an event regarding obligation or necessity.
Paul should have gone to the doctor. You should have called me.
Prepositions
There are many prepositions in English. Below are many that you should know. Try to memorize the prepositions and
the situations
in which to use them.
Prepositions of Movement
Go across the bridge.
Walk around the building.
He's going into the building.
Drive past the university.
She walked along the river.

They're running down the hill.
He's coming out of the building.
I'm going to work.
Prepositions of Location
My apartment is across from the river.
The shop is below our window.
The bus stop is nearby.
Please stand behind the yellow line.

The shop is between the bank and the cinema.
She is standing next to Bob.
Prepositions of Time and Function

What are you talking about?
I went to a restaurant after work.
Lucy won't be here before 9:00.
I go to work by car.
This letter is for you.
I have to work in the morning.
She's about twenty years old.

I'll be there at 2:00.
I have to leave by 5:00.
She'll be here for two weeks.
I got a package from my parents.
We haven't seen him since Friday.
Pronouns
There are five English pronouns.
SUBJECT
ADJECTIVE
POSSESSIVE
OBJECT
REFLEXIVE
my
mine
me
myself
you
your
yours
you
yourself / selves
he
his
his
him
himself
she
her
hers
her
herself
it
its
its
it
itself
we
our
ours
us
ourselves
they
their
theirs
them
themselves
Combination Nouns I
Sustantivos combinados I
It is often possible to make one word from two. Look at
the examples.
Frecuentemente es posible hacer una palabra de dos. Mira estos ejemplos.
armchair
nightclub
football
Exercise 18 Match the nouns together and write a single word.

Place your mouse over the italicized words on the far left to find the answer. Relaciona los sustantivos entre si y
escribe una sola palabra. Ubica tu raton sobre las palabras italizadas en el extremo izquierdo para encontrar la
respuesta.
side
way
1. side
bed
line
2. bed
week
walk
3. w eek
sales
room
4. sales
stomach
dryer
5. stomach
repair
end
6. repair
fire
man
7. fire
girl
box
8. girl
home
work
9. home
mail
person
10. mail
news
road
11. new s
rail
friend
12. rail
hair
place
13. hair
clothes
paper
14. clothes
hall
ache
15. hall
Restablecer
Lesson 12:
Problem Plurals
Plurales problematicos.
The people are downstairs.
Remember that English plurals are usually formed with the -s or -es endings. Nouns which end with a -y take the -ies
ending.
Recuerda que los plurales en Ingles usualmente se forman con finales -s o -es. Los sustantivos que terminan en una -y
toman el final -ies.
secretary - secretaries
library - libraries
There are three basic sounds for plurals- [S], [Z], and [IZ].
Practice saying the words below.
Existen 3 sonidos basicos para los plurales -(S).(Z). y (IZ). Practica diciendo las palabras de abajo.
[S] books students cats cups
[Z] girls schools stores shoes
[IZ] offices classes buses glasses
Nouns which end with a -ce or -s almost always have the [Iz] sound. Some nouns are irregular. However, there are not
many. Look at a few of them.
Los sustantivos que terminan en -ce o en -s casi siempre tienen un sonido (Iz).
Algunos sustantivos son irregulares. Sin embargo, no son muchos. Mira algunos de ellos.
man - men woman - women child - children person - people
Remember NOT to say mans, childrens or peoples.
THIS IS WRONG!
Recuerda NO decir mans,childrens o peoples. ESTO ESTA MAL!
Lesson 13:
The Weather El Clima
It's sunny today.
It's sunny.
It's cloudy.
Practice the phrases below and memorize them.

Practica las frases de abajo y memorizalas.
It's sunny today.
It's raining today.
Lesson 14:
It's cloudy today.

It's snowing today.
Practice Dialogs Dialogos de practica.
A:
B:
A:
B:
Is this your notebook?

No, it isn't.
Is that your notebook?
Yes, it is.
A:
Is that your umbrella?
It's raining.
It's snowing.
B:
No, it isn't. That umbrella is green, and mine is red.
A:
B:
A:
B:
Whose shoes are these?

They're Arnold's.
Are you sure they're his?
Yes, I am.
A:
B:
Are those your shoes?

No, they aren't. But they might be Jane's.
A:
B:
Excuse me. How much are these socks?

They're five dollars and ninety cents.
A:
B:
How is the weather today?

It's cloudy.
Lesson 15:
glove
sandwich
fries
sure
Really?
bowl
cup
computer
men
Vocabulary Review
Revision de Vocabulario
car
scarf
bicycle
might
parents
towel
toilet paper
newspaper
women
table
slippers
toy
appointment
cafeteria
toothpaste
desk
mailbox
children
hamburger
document
gold
drawer
guy
razor
sidewalk
outside
neighbor
dictionary
key
silver
closet
fork
shampoo
stomachache
weekend
downstairs
From now on all of the contents is completely in English.

A partir de aqui todo el contenido es enteramente en Ingles.
Relative Clauses
Relative clauses are used to give more information about a
person, thing or idea. We use that, who and which.
The man that lives next door is retired.
The woman who told me about the problem is sick.
It was the small car which caused the accident.
Reported Speech
The sequence of tenses is below:
I'm upset.
To Be + Adjective > To Be + Past Tense
He said he was upset.
I'm going home.
Present Continuous > Past Continuous
He said he was going home.
I eat lunch at work.
Present Simple > Past Simple
He said he ate lunch at work.
I went to work.
Past Simple > Past Perfect
He said he had gone to work.
I was eating.
Past Continuous > Past Perfect Continuous
He said he had been eating.
I've eaten.
Present Perfect > Past Perfect
He said he had eaten.
I'll call later.
Will > Would
He said he would call later.
I can come over.
Can > Could
He said he could come over.
Polite Requests
Polite requests are generally used with can, could, may and would.
Can I use your telephone? Could you call back later?
May I borrow your pen? Would you mind working late today?
Tags
Tags are used for confirmation and closing a sentence.
You're from England, aren't you? He lives in New York, doesn't he?
She's sick, isn't she? You don't believe me, do you?
Time Clauses
Some common English time clauses are listed.
a long time ago
in the evening
two weeks ago
this morning
last month
recently
the other day
tomorrow
the day before yesterday
the day after tomorrow
last night
next year
Wishes
Wish clauses can be a problem for students because it depends
on the tense used. Look at the examples:
I don't know Bob. I wish I knew Bob.
In the above example we are talking about a present situation.
If we want to refer to the past, then it is different.
I didn't know Bob. I wish I had known Bob.
With can we use could.
I can't speak French. I wish I could speak French.
Present Simple
I go.
I don't
We go.
We don't
He goes.
He doesn't
You go.
You don't
She goes.
She doesn't
They go.
They don't
It goes.
It doesn't go.
Routine Action
The Present Simple is used to express routine action.
I get up every day at 6:00. She never comes late.
We usually go to the movies on Saturday.
Facts
The Present Simple is used to express facts and information.
She likes rock music. This bus goes downtown.
Friday is my day off.
Short Answers
Do I drink coffee?
Yes, I do.
No, I don't.
Does he drink coffee?
Yes, he does.
No, he doesn't.
Does she drink coffee?
Yes, she does.
No, she doesn't.
Does it drink coffee?
Yes, it does.
No, it doesn't.
Do we drink coffee?
Yes, we do.
No, we don't.
Do you drink coffee?
Yes, you do.
No, you don't.
Do they drink coffee?
Yes, they do.
No, they don't.
Practice Dialogs
Practice the dialogs with a friend. Try to use the
different expressions.
1. (washing my clothes / playing tennis / washing my hair
/ cleaning my apartment)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Hello Jim.
Hello Tina. How are you doing?
Fine. And you?
Just great.
What are you doing?
I'm washing my clothes.
Do you wash your clothes every day?
No, I don't. I usually wash clothes on the weekend.
2. (repairing his car / washing his car)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Where is Alfred?
He's in the garage.
What's he doing?
He's repairing his car.
Does he repair his car often?
Yes, he does. It's a very old car!
3. (7:00, 8:30, 12:30 / 7:30, 9:00, 12:00)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
What time do you get up every day?

I get up at 7:00.
What time do you get to work every day?
I get to work at 8:30.
What time do you eat lunch?
I eat lunch at 12:30.
4. (bacon and eggs / pizza / sushi / chicken soup)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
What's Sharon doing?

She's eating.
What's she eating?
She's eating bacon and eggs.
Does she eat bacon and eggs often?
No, she doesn't.
How often does she eat bacon and eggs?
She eats bacon and eggs every Saturday.
5. (Ben Flowers, Toronto, architect, Pickering and Associates)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
What's your name?

My name is Ben Flowers.
Where are you from?
I'm from Toronto.
What do you do?
I'm an architect.
Who do you work for?
I work for Pickering and Associates.
6. (Phillip Alderman, painting his fence, lawyer / Betty Thomas, feeding her dog, doctor)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Who is that?
That's Phillip Alderman. He's my neighbor.
What's he doing?
He's painting his fence.
What does he do?
He's a lawyer.
7. (supermarket / shopping mall / bazaar)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Where do you usually go shopping?

I usually go to the supermarket in my neighborhood.
Is it an expensive supermarket?
No, it isn't. The prices are very good.
Does it have a large selection of products?
Yes, it does. And the shop assistants are very friendly
Present
Continuous
I'm (I am) eating.
I'm not
We're (We are) eating.
We aren't
He's (He is) eating.
He isn't
You're (You are) eating.
You aren't
She's (She is) eating.
She isn't
They're (They are) eating.
They aren't
It's (It is) eating.
It isn't eating.
Expressing Action at a Given Moment

The Present Continuous is used to express action at a
given moment.
I'm playing the guitar. He's taking a shower.
We're going to work.
Expressing Temporary Activities
The Present Continuous is also used to express action that
the speaker sees as temporary.
I'm reading a very good science fiction book.
I'm working a lot of overtime right now.
Future Arrangements
The Present Continuous is also used to talk about future
arrangements. We mean arrangements when we are talking about
plans made before the time of speaking. This is similar to going to
in the future. However in this case the Present Continuous is almost
always used with a time expression, such as tomorrow,
at lunch or at 5:00.
I'm meeting my wife at 12:00.
We're going to a concert tomorrow.
He's coming today.
Short Answers
Am I eating?
Yes, I am.
No, I'm not.
Is he eating?
Yes, he is.
No, he isn't.
Is she eating?
Yes, she is.
No, she isn't.
Is it eating?
Yes, it is.
No, it isn't.
Are we eating?
Yes, we are.
No, we aren't.
Are you eating?
Yes, you are.
No, you aren't.
Are they eating?
Yes, they are.
No, they aren't.
Practice Dialogs
1. (bathroom, brushing my teeth and washing my face
/ bedroom, getting dressed)
A:
B:
A:
B:
Where are you?

I'm in the bathroom.
What are you doing?
I'm brushing my teeth and washing my face.
2. (office, typing his report /

corridor, talking to the visitors)
A:
B:
A:
B:
Where's Mr. Holmes?

He's in his office.
What's he doing?
He's typing his report.
3. (supermarket, library / post office, sports club)
A: Hello Mary! How are you?

B: Fine. And you?
A: Fine. Where are you going?
B: I'm going to the supermarket. How about you?
Where are you going?
A: I'm going to the library.
B: Well, nice seeing you.
A: Nice seeing you, too.
4. (Mr. Jacobs, company president,
talking to the employees)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Who is that?
That's Mr. Jacobs.
Who is he?
He's the company president.
What's he doing?
He's talking to the employees.
Present Perfect
I've (have) eaten.

I haven't
We've (have) eaten. We haven't
He's (has) eaten.
He hasn't
You've (have) eaten.
You haven't
She's (has) eaten.
She hasn't
They've (have) eaten.
They haven't
It's (has) eaten.
It hasn't eaten.
Expressing an Indefinite Past Event

The Present Perfect is used to express indefinite past events
that are in some way connected to the present at the time of speaking. Time expressions are not usually
used in the sentence.
I've seen this movie. He's been to Spain.
We've already had breakfast.
Expressing an Event Which Hasn't
Happened 'Yet'
The Present Perfect is used to express an event which hasn't happend 'yet', but the speaker feels or
believes will probably
happen in the future. The word 'yet' indicates that this is so.
They haven't called me yet.
She hasn't finished the report yet.
Expressing an Event Which Hasn't Happened

in Some Time
The Present Perfect is used to express events which haven't happened in some time. The prepositions for
and since are
generally used.
I haven't seen my parents since last year.
We haven't talked to Bill for two weeks.
Expressing an Event Which is Incomplete
The Present Perfect is used to express events the speaker
believes are incomplete.
I've been married for ten years.
He's lived in London since January.
Expressing an Event Which Has Just Happened
The Present Perfect is used to express events that occur just before the time of speaking. The result of the
past action is
somehow connected to the present.
I've broken my arm! Susan has had an accident!
We've won!
Short Answers
Have I finished?
Yes, I have.
No, I haven't.
Has he finished?
Yes, he has.
No, he hasn't.
Has she finished?
Yes, she has.
No, she hasn't.
Has it finished?
Yes, it has.
No, it hasn't.
Have we finished?
Yes, we have.
No, we haven't.
Have you finished?
Yes, you have.
No, you haven't.
Have they finished?
Yes, they have.
No, they haven't.
Practice Dialogs
1. (oysters / clams / squid)
A:
B:
A:
B:
Have you ever eaten oysters?

No, I haven't. But I've eaten shrimp.
Really?
Yes. I went to a seafood restaurant once in Italy.
I had shrimp there.

2. (report / essay)
A:
B:
Have you finished your report yet?

No, I haven't. But I'm going to finish it today.
3. (telephone dialog)
A: Hello?
B: Hello, Sue? This is Phil.
A: Hi! Where are you?
B: I'm at work. I haven't left yet.
A: When will you leave?
B: In about five minutes.
I just wanted to tell you I'll be a little late.
A: No problem.
B: OK. Bye.
A: Bye.
4. (math / history / physics)
A:
B:
Have you taken your math exam yet?

No, I haven't. But I have to take it next week.
5. (Mark Smith / Reggie Arnold)
A: Do you know Mark Smith?

B: Yes, I do. We met a long time ago.
A: Oh, really? How long have you known him?
B: Since 1978. We went to college together.
When did you meet him?
A: I met him yesterday.
He started with our firm last week.
B: Really? I haven't seen him for three years!
Which office is he in?
A: He's in Mr. Drake's office on the fifth floor.
6. (telephone dialog)
A: Hello?
B: Hello, Bob? This is Al.
A: Hi.
B: What are you doing?
A: I'm painting my kitchen.
B: Really?
A: Yeah. I've been painting it since morning.
B: Do you still want to go to the movies today?
A: I don't know. I haven't finished painting yet.
I'll probably finish in an hour. Call me back and I'll let you know.
B: OK. I'll call back.
A: OK. Bye.
Past Simple
I worked.
I didn't
We worked.
We didn't
He worked.
He didn't
You worked.
You didn't
She worked.
She didn't
They worked.
They didn't
It worked.
It didn't work.
Completed Events
The Past Simple is used to express single events, thoughts
and feelings completed before the time of speaking.
I went to work. She forgot her money.
They wanted to leave early.
Short Answers
Did I eat breakfast?
Yes, I did.
No, I didn't.
Did he eat breakfast?
Yes, he did.
No, he didn't.
Did she eat breakfast?
Yes, she did.
No, she didn't.
Did it eat breakfast?
Yes, it did.
No, it didn't.
Did we eat breakfast?
Yes, we did.
No, we didn't.
Did you eat breakfast?
Yes, you did.
No, you didn't.
Did they eat breakfast?
Yes, they did.
No, they didn't.
Practice Dialogs
1. (worked in the garden / played tennis / went to the movies)
A:
B:
A:
B:
What did you do yesterday?

I worked in the garden.
Did your wife work with you?
Yes, she did.
2. (French / English / German)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Did you study last night?

Yes, I did.
What did you study?
I studied French.
What else did you do?
I watched TV.
3. (chess, tennis / basketball, soccer)
A:
B:
A:
B:
Did you play chess last night?

No, I didn't. I played tennis.
Did you play with your friend?
Yes, I did.
4. (salad, hot dog / hamburger, piece of pie)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Did you eat lunch today?

Yes, I did.
What did you eat?
I ate a salad.
What else did you eat?
I ate a hot dog
Past Continuous
I was sleeping.
I wasn't
We were sleeping.
We weren't
He was sleeping.
He wasn't
You were sleeping.
You weren't
She was sleeping.
She wasn't
They were sleeping.
They weren't
It was sleeping.
It wasn't sleeping.
A Specific Time in the Past

The Past Continuous is used to express an event in progress at some specific time in the past.
I was eating at 8:00 this morning.
She was cooking in the afternoon.
Background to Events
The Past Continuous is also used to give background
to past events.
I lost my wallet while I was jogging.
I was eating when you called.
Short Answers
Was I sleeping?
Yes, I was.
No, I wasn't.
Was he sleeping?
Yes, he was.
No, he wasn't.
Was she sleeping?
Yes, she was.
No, she wasn't.
Was it sleeping?
Yes, it was.
No, it wasn't.
Were we sleeping?
Yes, we were.
No, we weren't.
Were you sleeping?
Yes, you were.
No, you weren't.
Were they sleeping?
Yes, they were.
No, they weren't.
Practice Dialog
Practice the dialog with a friend.
A: What are you doing?
B: I'm warming up dinner in the microwave.
A: I thought you already warmed it up.
B: I did. But while I was warming it up my wife called.
It got cold so I'm warming it up again
Past Perfect
I had gone.
I hadn't
We had gone.
We hadn't
He had gone.
He hadn't
You had gone.
You hadn't
She had gone.
She hadn't
They had gone.
They hadn't
It had gone.
It hadn't gone.
Expressing an Event Before a Past Point in Time

The Past Perfect is used to express an event which had
occurred before a past point in time.
When we got to the party the guests had left.
When I got to work the boss had finished.
Expressing an Event Which Hadn't Happened
in Some Time
The Past Perfect is used to express an event which hadn't
happened in some time.
I hadn't seen her for ten years.
We hadn't eaten out since January.
Expressing an Event Which Had Never
Happened Before
The Past Perfect is used to express an event which had never happened before.
I had never flown in a helicopter before.
She had never eaten Korean food before.
Short Answers
Had I eaten?
Yes, I had.
No, I hadn't.
Had he eaten?
Yes, he had.
No, he hadn't.
Had she eaten?
Yes, she had.
No, she hadn't.
Had it eaten?
Yes, it had.
No, it hadn't.
Had we eaten?
Yes, we had.
No, we hadn't.
Had you eaten?
Yes, you had.
No, you hadn't.
Had they eaten?
Yes, they had.
No, they hadn't.
Practice Dialogs
1. (quiche / shrimp / lobster)

A: Have you ever eaten quiche?
B: Yes, I have. In fact, I ate some the other day and I had
never eaten any before.
2. (girlfriend / friend / English teacher)
A: Did you call your old girlfriend yesterday?
B: Yes, I did. It was interesting because I hadn't spoken
to her in ten years
Future
Expressions
Going to
I'm going to go.
I'm not going to
We're going to go.
We aren't going to
He's going to go.
He isn't going to
You're going to go.
You aren't going to
She's going to go.
She isn't going to
They're going to go.
They aren't going to
It's going to go.
It isn't going to go.
Going to is used to express a future event already planned or thought about before the time of speaking.
I'm going to leave work early today.
She's going to take her vacation in July.
Will
I'll call her.
I won't call her.
We'll call her.
We won't call her.
He'll call her.
He won't call her.
You'll call her.
You won't call her.
She'll call her.
She won't call her.
They'll call her.
They won't call her.
It'll call her.
It won't call her.
Will is used to express a future event at the moment of speaking.

I'll pick you up at the airport.
We'll be late.
I'll call you tomorrow.

The Present Continuous
The Present Continuous is also used to express future
arrangements, and it is almost always used with a time
expression (see the Present Continuous Tense Review).
I'm meeting Tom at 5:00.
Short Answers
We're going to Tokyo this afternoon.
Am I going to go?
Yes, I am.
No, I'm not.
Is he going to go?
Yes, he is.
No, he isn't.
Is she going to go?
Yes, she is.
No, she isn't.
Is it going to go?
Yes, it is.
No, it isn't.
Are we going to go?
Yes, we are.
No, we aren't.
Are you going to go?
Yes, you are.
No, you aren't.
Are they going to go?
Yes, they are.
No, they aren't.
Practice Dialogs
1. (train / plane / bus)
A:
B:
A:
B:
Will the train arrive soon?

Yes, it will. It'll arrive in fifteen minutes.
Will it be crowded?
I'm not sure. It might be crowded.
2. (working / playing tennis / watching TV)
A: What are you doing?

B: I'm working.
A: Are you going to work tomorrow?
B: No, I'm not.
A: What are you going to do?
B: I'm not sure. I might go to the lake,
or I might go to the beach.
3. (quarterly report / sales forecast)
A:
B:
A:
B:
Here's the quarterly report.

Oh, thank you. I'll read it tonight.
Will you call me tomorrow?
Yes, I will. And I'll give you my opinion.
4. (walk / cycle)
A:
B:
A:
B:
How are you going to get home?

I'm going to walk. It's a beautiful day.
OK. Have a nice weekend. I'll see you on Monday.
You, too
English Verb Tense Map
Please click on the links at the bottom of the page to go to other "levels".
Separable Phrasal Verbs

The object may come after the following phrasal verbs or it may separate the two parts:
You have to do this paint job over.
You have to do over this paint job.
When the object of the following phrasal verbs is a pronoun, the two parts of the phrasal verb must be separated:
You have to do it over.
Verb
Meaning
Example
blow up
explode
The terrorists tried to blow up the railroad station.
bring up
mention a topic
My mother brought up that little matter of my prison record again.
bring up
raise children
It isn't easy to bring up children nowadays.
call off
cancel
They called off this afternoon's meeting
do over
repeat a job
Do this homework over.
fill out
complete a form
Fill out this application form and mail it in.
fill up
fill to capacity
She filled up the grocery cart with free food.
find out
discover
My sister found out that her husband had been planning a surprise party for
her.
give away
give something to someone

else for free
The filling station was giving away free gas.
give back
return an object
My brother borrowed my car. I have a feeling he's not about to give it

back.
hand in
submit something
(assignment)
The students handed in their papers and left the room.
hang up
put something on hook or

receiver
She hung up the phone before she hung up her clothes.
hold up
delay
I hate to hold up the meeting, but I have to go to the bathroom.
hold up (2)
rob
Three masked gunmen held up the Security Bank this afternoon.
leave out
omit
You left out the part about the police chase down Asylum Avenue.
look over
examine, check
The lawyers looked over the papers carefully before questioning the
witness. (They looked them over carefully.)
look up
search in a list
You've misspelled this word again. You'd better look it up.
make up
invent a story or lie
She knew she was in trouble, so she made up a story about going to the
movies with her friends.
make out
hear, understand
He was so far away, we really couldn't make out what he was saying.
pick out
choose
There were three men in the line-up. She picked out the guy she thought
had stolen her purse.
pick up
lift something off something

else
The crane picked up the entire house. (Watch them pick it up.)
point out
call attention to
As we drove through Paris, Francoise pointed out the major historical sites.
put away
save or store
We put away money for our retirement. She put away the cereal boxes.
put off
postpone
We asked the boss to put off the meeting until tomorrow. (Please put it off
for another day.)
put on
put clothing on the body
I put on a sweater and a jacket. (I put them on quickly.)
put out
extinguish
The firefighters put out the house fire before it could spread. (They put it
out quickly.)
read over
peruse
I read over the homework, but couldn't make any sense of it.
set up
to arrange, begin
My wife set up the living room exactly the way she wanted it. She set it up.
take down
make a written note
These are your instructions. Write them down before you forget.
take off
remove clothing
It was so hot that I had to take off my shirt.
talk over
discuss
We have serious problems here. Let's talk them over like adults.
throw away
discard
That's a lot of money! Don't just throw it away.
try on
put clothing on to see if it fits
She tried on fifteen dresses before she found one she liked.
try out
test
I tried out four cars before I could find one that pleased me.
turn down
lower volume
Your radio is driving me crazy! Please turn it down.
turn down
(2)
reject
He applied for a promotion twice this year, but he was turned down both
times.
turn up
raise the volume
Grandpa couldn't hear, so he turned up his hearing aid.
turn off
switch off electricity
We turned off the lights before anyone could see us.
turn off (2)
repulse
It was a disgusting movie. It really turned me off.
turn on
switch on the electricity
Turn on the CD player so we can dance.
use up
exhaust, use completely
The gang members used up all the money and went out to rob some more
banks.
Inseparable Phrasal Verbs (Transitive)

With the following phrasal verbs, the lexical part of the verb (the part of the phrasal verb that carries the "verbmeaning") cannot be separated from the prepositions (or other parts) that accompany it: "Who will look after my
estate when I'm gone?"
Verb
Meaning
Example
call on
ask to recite in class
The teacher called on students in the back row.
call on (2)
visit
The old minister continued to call on his sick parishioners.
get over
recover from sickness or

disappointment
I got over the flu, but I don't know if I'll ever get over my broken
heart.
go over
review
The students went over the material before the exam. They should
have gone over it twice.
go through
use up; consume
They country went through most of its coal reserves in one year. Did
he go through all his money already?
look after
take care of
My mother promised to look after my dog while I was gone.
look into
investigate
The police will look into the possibilities of embezzlement.
run across
find by chance
I ran across my old roommate at the college reunion.
run into
meet
Carlos ran into his English professor in the hallway.
take after
resemble
My second son seems to take after his mother.
wait on
serve
It seemed strange to see my old boss wait on tables.
Three-Word Phrasal Verbs (Transitive)

With the following phrasal verbs, you will find three parts: "My brother dropped out of school before he could
graduate."
Verb
Meaning
Example
break in on
interrupt (a conversation)
I was talking to Mom on the phone when the operator broke in on our call.
catch up with
keep abreast
After our month-long trip, it was time to catch up with the neighbors and
the news around town.
check up on
examine, investigate
The boys promised to check up on the condition of the summer house

from time to time.
come up with
to contribute (suggestion,
money)
After years of giving nothing, the old parishioner was able to come up
with a thousand-dollar donation.
cut down on
curtail (expenses)
We tried to cut down on the money we were spending on entertainment.
drop out of
leave school
I hope none of my students drop out of school this semester.
get along with
have a good relationship

with
I found it very hard to get along with my brother when we were young.
get away with
escape blame
Janik cheated on the exam and then tried to get away with it.
get rid of
eliminate
The citizens tried to get rid of their corrupt mayor in the recent election.
get through
with
finish
When will you ever get through with that program?
keep up with
maintain pace with
It's hard to keep up with the Joneses when you lose your job!
look forward
to
anticipate with pleasure
I always look forward to the beginning of a new semester.
look down on
despise
It's typical of a jingoistic country that the citizens look down on their
geographical neighbors.
look in on
visit (somebody)
We were going to look in on my brother-in-law, but he wasn't home.
look out for
be careful, anticipate
Good instructors will look out for early signs of failure in their students
look up to
respect
First-graders really look up to their teachers.
make sure of
verify
Make sure of the student's identity before you let him into the classroom.
put up with
tolerate
The teacher had to put up with a great deal of nonsense from the new
students.
run out of
exhaust supply
The runners ran out of energy before the end of the race.
take care of
be responsible for
My oldest sister took care of us younger children after Mom died.
talk back to
answer impolitely
The star player talked back to the coach and was thrown off the team.
think back on
recall
I often think back on my childhood with great pleasure.
walk out on
abandon
Her husband walked out on her and their three children.
Intransitive Phrasal Verbs

The following phrasal verbs are not followed by an object: "Once you leave home, you can never really go back
again."
Verb
Meaning
Example
break down
stop functioning
That old Jeep had a tendency to break down just when I needed it the most.
catch on
become popular
Popular songs seem to catch on in California first and then spread eastward.
come back
return to a place
Father promised that we would never come back to this horrible place.
come in
enter
They tried to come in through the back door, but it was locked.
come to
regain consciousness
He was hit on the head very hard, but after several minutes, he started to
come to again.
come over
to visit
The children promised to come over, but they never do.
drop by
visit without
appointment
We used to just drop by, but they were never home, so we stopped doing
that.
eat out
dine in a restaurant
When we visited Paris, we loved eating out in the sidewalk cafes.
get by
survive
Uncle Heine didn't have much money, but he always seemed to get by
without borrowing money from relatives.
get up
arise
Grandmother tried to get up, but the couch was too low, and she couldn't
make it on her own.
go back
return to a place
It's hard to imagine that we will ever go back to Lithuania.
go on
continue
He would finish one Dickens novel and then just go on to the next.
go on (2)
happen
The cops heard all the noise and stopped to see what was going on.
grow up
get older
Charles grew up to be a lot like his father.
keep away
remain at a distance
The judge warned the stalker to keep away from his victim's home.
keep on (with
gerund)
continue with the

same
He tried to keep on singing long after his voice was ruined.
pass out
lose consciousness,
faint
He had drunk too much; he passed out on the sidewalk outside the bar.
show off
demonstrate haughtily
Whenever he sat down at the piano, we knew he was going to show off.
show up
arrive
Day after day, Efrain showed up for class twenty minutes late.
wake up
arouse from sleep
I woke up when the rooster crowed.

Manual de Inglés

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Manual de Inglés

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Manual de Ingls

Verbos Irregulares en Ingls

Verbos Irregulares en Ingls

Be/ am, are, Was / Were

Soportar, dar a luz

Dreamt / Dreamed Dreamt / Dreamed

S+V (base form)+C

S+Aux (do)+Neg+V (base form)+C

Does not eat

S+Aux (did)+Neg+V ( base form )+C

S+Aux (will)+V ( base form )+C

S+Aux (will)+Neg+V ( base form )+C

Will not She

S+ be (pres. Simpl.)+V (ing)+C

S+ be (pres. Simpl.)+Neg+V (ing)+C

S+ be (pasd. Simpl.)+V (ing)+C S+ be (pasd. Simpl.)+Neg+V (ing)+C

I was not driving

S+ Aux(will)+ be(base form)+V (ing) S+ Aux(will)+Neg+be(base form)+V

I have not bought He

I had bought (Id)

I will not have

Will I have bought?

I have not been

Have I been selling?

I had not been

Had I been selling?

I will not have been

Will I have been selling?

have been selling?

Themselves Each other

He has class at 8:30.

Exception: at night: use in for

We are in the kitchen.

The book was on the table.

Time (length of time)

Note: in time for something)

Means, by way of You learn by repeating.

The leg of the chair was broken.

position The light is over jack.

We are going to New York.

The temperature is above 40.

Is Caracas above or below sea level?

I already visited the dentist.

Already I visited the dentist.

Carl runs quickly.

Jill is a good student.

Carl runs fast.

Jill studies well.

(He kicked the ball with tremendous force.)

Jacob hardly kicked the ball.

(He barely touched the ball.)

Trudy came to class late.

(She was tardy.)

Trudy hasnt come to class lately.

(She hasnt been to class recently.)

Adverbs of Time (When?)

The most common frequency adverbs in English are:

about 90% of the time

about 80% of the time

about 70% of the time

about 50% of the time

about 40% of the time

about 20% of the time

about 10% of the time