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DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
Topic 2
Plane Truss
ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
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Figure 1
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Type 1
The trusses may be connected by a common
joint & bar
Type 2
The trusses may be joined by 3 bars, as in
the case of the shaded truss ABC connected
to the larger truss DEF
Type 3
The trusses may be joined where bars of a large simple
truss, called the main truss, have been substituted by
simple truss, called secondary trusses
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FAC
FAC
x
FAB
FAB
FY+ = 0
FX+ = 0
Fy + = 0
Fx
FAC Sin = 0
FAC Sin = 0
FAC = 0 #
FAB = 0 #
FAC = 0 #
FAB = 0 #
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+=0
FAD
FAC
x
FAB
FY+ = 0
FX+ = 0
FAC Sin = 0
FAC = 0 #
FAB = FAD #
FAD
FAB
FY + = 0
FAC Sin = 0
FAC = 0 #
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Method of Joints
2.
Method of Sections
3.
Graphical Method
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Satisfying the equilibrium equations for the forces exerted on the pin at each
joint of the truss
When using this method, it is necessary to draw each joints free body
diagram before applying the equations
Always assume the unknown member forces acting on the joints free body
diagram to be in tension
Numerical solution of the equilibrium equations will yield positive scalars for
members in tension & negative for those in compression
The correct sense of direction of an unknown member force can in many cases
be determined by inspection
A +ve answer indicates that the sense is correct, whereas a ve answer
indicates that the sense shown on the free-body diagram must be reversed
ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
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Example 1
Refer to Figure 1 below, determine forces for all member using the method of
joints.
500 kN
2m
C
2m
Figure 1
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Example 1
Step 1.
Step 2.
500 N
2m
HA
reactions
using
MA + = 0
FY+ = 0
FX+ = 0
500(2) VC(2)=0
VA + VC = 0
HA + 500 = 0
VC = 500 kN #
VA = 500 kN
HA = 500 kN
VA
2m
VC
Step 3.
Select a joint with minimum number of unknown and solve for the unknown forces.
Joint B
500 N
FBC Cos
FAB
FBC Sin 450
450
FX+ = 0
FBC Cos 450 + 500 = 0
FBC = - 707.107 N #
FBC
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FY+ = 0
-FAB - FBC Sin 450 = 0
-(-707.107 x Sin450) = FAB
FAB = 500 N #
Topic 2 Plane Truss
Example 1
Step 4.
Step 5.
Joint A
FX+ = 0
FAB
FBC
FBC Sin
450
FAC
HA
HA + FAC = 0
FAC = 500 kN
FX+ = 0
FAC
VC
FY+ = 0
VC + FBC Sin 450 = 0
500 500 = 0
VA
Step 6.
Tabulate the member forces in tension or compression
Member
Force (kN)
Conditions (+ / -)
AB
500
AC
500
BC
707.107
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Example 2
Refer to Figure 2 below, determine forces for all member using the method of
joints.
5 kN
E
5 kN
4m
A
4m
4m
Figure 2
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Example 2
Step 1.
Draw Free Body Diagram (FBD).
5N
HE
5N
4m
HA
VA
4m
4m
Step 2.
Calculate the external reactions using Equations of Equilibrium
MA + = 0
FX+ = 0
FY+ = 0
H A HE = 0
VA 5 5= 0
HE = 15 kN #
HA = 15 kN #
VA = 10 kN
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Example 2
Step 3 and 4
Select a joint with minimum number of unknown and solve for the unknown forces.
Proceed to other joints, concentrating on joints that a minimum number of unknowns.
Joint A
Joint C
FX+ = 0
HA +FAB = 0
FAB = -15 kN #
FAB
FAC
HA
VA
FY+ = 0
FAE + VA = 0
FAE = -10 kN #
5 kN
FCD
FBD
FBC
5 kN
FX+ = 0
-FCD - FBC Cos 450= 0
FCD = 5 kN #
Joint E
Joint D
FDE
FY+ = 0
- FBC Sin 450 5 = 0
FBC = -7.071 kN #
FCD
FX+ = 0
FCD - FDE = 0
FDE = 5 kN #
HE
FY+ = 0
- FBD 5 = 0
FBD = -5 kN #
FDE
FBE
FAE
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FX+ = 0
HE + FDE + FBE Cos 450= 0
FBE = 14.14 kN #
Example 2
Step 5.
Step 6.
Tabulate the
compression
Joint B
member
forces
in
tension
or
FBD
Member
Force (kN)
Conditions (+ / -)
AB
15
AE
10
BC
7.071
BD
BE
14.14
CD
DE
FBE
FBC
FAB
FX+ = 0
FY+ = 0
FBC Sin 450 + FBE Sin 450 + FBD = 0
(-7.071)(Sin 450) + (14.14)(Sin 450) + (-5) = 0 #
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Review
Problems
ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
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Problem 1
Refer to Figure P1 below, determine forces for member BD using the method of
joints. State if the member in tension or compression
10 kN/m
3m
A
4m
B
C
4m
4m
Figure P1
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Problem 2
Refer to Figure P2 below, determine forces for member CG using the method of
joints. State if the member in tension or compression
D
4m
C
4m
15 kN/m
E
A
G 4m
6m
6m
3m
F
3m
6m
6m
Figure P2
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Problem 3
Refer to Figure P3 below, determine
forces for member AE using the method
of joints. State if the member in tension
or compression
20 kN
D
60 0
4m
A
B
6m
6m
Figure P3
ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
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Problem 4
Refer to Figure P4 below, determine forces for member CF using the method of
joints. State if the member in tension or compression
2 kN
2 kN
3m
A
F
6 kN
6 kN
4m
4m
4m
Figure P4
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Example 3
Refer to Figure 3 below, determine forces for member BC, BD and DE using the
method of sections.
5 kN
E
5 kN
4m
A
4m
4m
Figure 3
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Example 3
Step 1.
Draw Free Body Diagram (FBD).
5N
HE
5N
4m
HA
VA
4m
4m
Step 2.
Calculate the external reactions using Equations of Equilibrium
MA + = 0
FX+ = 0
FY+ = 0
H A HE = 0
VA 5 5= 0
HE = 15 kN #
HA = 15 kN #
VA = 10 kN
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Example 3
HE
Step 3.
FDE
HE
FBC
FBD
4m
HA
B
VA
5N
4m
4m
Figure 1a
OR
5 kN
HA
A
VA
B
4m
FDE
4m
FBD
FBC
5 kN
4m
4m
Figure 1b
ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
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Example 3
Step 4.
Consider Figure 1b. Solve for the unknown forces.
MB + = 0
5 kN
FDE
5(4) - FDE(4) = 0
FDE = 5 kN#
FBD
FBC
5 kN
4m
FX+ = 0
-FDE FBC Cos450 = 0
FBC = -7.071 kN
4m
Figure 1b
FY+ = 0
5 5 FBD FBC Sin 450 = 0
FBD = -5 kN
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Review
Problems
ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
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Problem 5
Refer to Figure P5 below, determine forces for member BD, BE and EF using the
method of sections. State if the member in tension or compression
10 kN/m
3m
A
4m
B
C
4m
4m
Figure P5
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Problem 6
Refer to Figure P6 below, determine forces for member BC, CG and FG using the
method of sections. State if the member in tension or compression
4m
C
4m
15 kN/m
E
A
G 4m
6m
6m
3m
F
3m
6m
6m
Figure P6
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Problem 7
Refer to Figure P7 below, determine
forces for member AC, AE and BC using
the method of sections. State if the
member in tension or compression
20 kN
D
60 0
4m
A
B
6m
6m
Figure P7
ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
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Problem 8
Refer to Figure P8 below, determine forces for member AB, BF and CF using the
method of sections. State if the member in tension or compression
2 kN
2 kN
3m
A
F
6 kN
6 kN
4m
4m
4m
Figure P8
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Example 4
Refer to Figure 4 below, determine forces for all member using the graphical
method.
500 kN
2m
C
2m
Figure 4
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Example 4
Step 1.
Step 3.
500 N
2m
500 N
3
HA
VA
2m
C
2m
VC
HA
2 VA
Step 2.
Calculate the external
Equations of Equilibrium
reactions
MA + = 0
FY+ = 0
500(2) VC(2)=0
VA + VC = 0
VC = 500 kN #
VA = 500 kN
using
C
2m
VC
FX+ = 0
HA + 500 = 0
#
HA = 500 kN
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Example 4
Step 4.
30
25
500 N
B
3
20
500 N
15
10
500 N A
C
1
500 N
Step 5.
Measure the magnitude of the force in
each member from the force polygon and
determine whether the members are in
tension or compression.
10
15
20
25
30
Member
Force (N)
Conditions (+ / -)
AB
500
AC
500
BC
707.107
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Example 5
Refer to Figure 5 below, determine forces for all member using the graphical
method.
5 kN
E
5 kN
4m
A
4m
4m
Figure 5
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Example 5
Step 1.
Draw Free Body Diagram (FBD).
5N
HE
5N
4m
HA
VA
4m
4m
Step 2.
Calculate the external reactions using Equations of Equilibrium
MA + = 0
FX+ = 0
FY+ = 0
H A HE = 0
VA 5 5= 0
HE = 15 kN #
HA = 15 kN #
VA = 10 kN
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Example 5
Step 3.
Label the truss by moving clockwise begin with the outside of the truss and then inside of the truss.
HE
4m
5N
5N
6
HA
5
1
VA
4m
4m
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Example 4
Step 4.
Draw to scale the force polygon according
to the label begin with the outside of the
truss.
30
25
HE
4m
5N
2
HA
5
VA
4m
20
1/3
15
10
5N
2
8
6
4m
5
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10
15
20
25
30
Example 4
Step 5.
Measure the magnitude of the force in each member from the force polygon and determine whether the
members are in tension or compression
Member
Force (kN)
Conditions (+ / -)
AB
15
AE
10
BC
7.071
BD
BE
14.14
CD
DE
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Review
Problems
ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
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Problem 9
Refer to Figure P9 below, determine forces for member BD, BE and EF using the
graphical method. State if the member in tension or compression
10 kN/m
3m
A
4m
B
C
4m
4m
Figure P9
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Problem 10
Refer to Figure P10 below, determine forces for member BC, CG and FG using the
graphical method. State if the member in tension or compression
4m
C
4m
15 kN/m
E
A
G 4m
6m
6m
3m
F
3m
6m
6m
Figure P10
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Problem 11
Refer to Figure P11 below, determine
forces for member AC, AE and BC using
the graphical method. State if the
member in tension or compression
20 kN
D
60 0
4m
A
B
6m
6m
Figure P11
ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
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Problem 12
Refer to Figure P12 below, determine forces for member AB, BF and CF using the
graphical method. State if the member in tension or compression
2 kN
2 kN
3m
A
F
6 kN
6 kN
4m
4m
4m
Figure P12
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Selected
Problems
ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
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Selected Problem
Refer to figure below, determine member forces using the method of joints, the
method of section and the graphical method.
1.5kN
18 kN
18 kN
3.9m
3m
9 kN
1.5kN
4m
4m
4m
Figure SP2
Figure SP1
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Selected Problem
a) Determine the force in each
member of the truss. State whether
the members are in tension or
compression. Assume P = 8 kN.
b) If the maximum force that any
member can support is 8 kN in
tension and 6 kN in compression,
determine the maximum force P that
can be supported at joint D.
Figure SP3
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Selected Problem
a) The Howe truss is subjected to
the loading shown. Determine
the forces in members CD, GC
and GF. State if the members
are in tension or compression.
Assume all members are pin
connected.
Figure SP4
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References
Hibbeler R.C, (2012), Structural Analysis, 8th Edition in S.I. Units,
Pearson, Singapore
Hibbeler R.C, (2009), Structural Analysis, 7th Edition in S.I. Units,
Pearson, Singapore
Hibbeler R.C, (2006), Structural Analysis, 6th Edition in S.I. Units,
Pearson, Singapore
UiTM Structural Division (2003), Basic Structural Analysis, Cerdik
Publications Sdn. Bhd.
UiTM Structural Division (2003), Basic Structural Mechanics, Cerdik
Publications Sdn. Bhd.
Mc Cormac N., (1999), Structural Analysis, 2nd Edition, John Wiley
and Sons.
ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
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