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TEMPERATURE AND HEAT

Hardianti Medi, Nurasia, Nur Alam Jamaluddin


ICP B of Physics Department 2015
Abstrac
Have done experiment about temperature and heat that purpose to understand the relationship
between the amount of heat and the temperature rises, the masses understand the relationship with
the amount of heat a substance, formulating heat equation, and determine the melting heat of ice.
The experiment consists of three activities, the first activity was conducted to determine the
relationship between the amount of heat to the temperature rise, namely by measuring the final
temperature of water heated in a predetermined time interval. The initial temperature used in this
experiment is | 40.0 0.5 | C. The second activity is conducted to determine the relationship
between the amount of heat (Q) with a liquid mass (m), by manipulating the mass of the liquid
and the third activity is to determine the melting heat of ice. Based on the analysis of ice melting
calorific values obtained Les = 134.19 cal / g. Based on the experimental results it can be
concluded that the results showed that the longer the heating, the final temperature is obtained so
that the greater the greater the change in temperature rise.
Keywords : heat, heat melting ice, specific heat, temperature

PROBLEMS FORMULATION
1. How is the relationship between the amount of heat to the temperature rise?
2. How is the relationship between the mass of a substance with the amount of
heat?
3. How to formulate the equations of heat?
4. What is the heat of melting ice?
OBJECTIVES
1. Can understand the relationship between the amount of heat (Q) to the
temperature rise (T)
2. Can understand the relationship of the mass of a substance (m) the amount of
heat (Q)
3. Can formulate the equations of heat
4. Can determine the heat melting ice
EXPERIMENT METHOD
Basic theory
The water is heated in a pot will start to heat and eventually will boil.
These events often encountered in everyday life. Process water into hot and
boiling involving heat transfer from the heat source to the surrounding

environment. Heat source is a flame, so that it can be said that the larger the
flame, then it means the greater the heat that is owned, or the longer heated, the
more heat is released. Due to the provision of the heat, the water temperature will
rise where the longer heated, the greater the increase in water temperature
( Herman, 2015 : 1 )
Two containers of different water masses, when heated to the same time,
the temperature measured on the second container will be different. The water
temperature in the container is thinking about a smaller mass of water which
would have the higher temperature than the container that contains more water. It
can be concluded that there is a relationship between a lot of heat (Q), the
temperature rise (T) and water mass (m). A glass of hot water mixed with a glass
of cold water, it will feel warm. It is caused by the presence of heat transfer from
hot water to cold water. That is why the hot water temperature drops and cold
water temperature rose after the two mixed up. On the mixing process, heat is
released hot water absorbed by the cold water. So the amount of heat that is
released is equal to the amount of heat that is absorbed. This statement is called
Azaz Black mathematically can be written;
Qoff = Qabsorption

(1.1)

In addition to the above experiment, the amount of heat required to raise


the temperature of objects we can also observe when we boil water. To boil water
in a kettle with a stove takes a certain time interval. The more volume of water
boil the longer the interval required. This indicates that the temperature depends
on the magnitude of the increase in object temperature and mass.
Mathematically it can be written:
Q=m . c . T

(1.2)

( Herman , 2015 : 2 )
Specific heat is the heat capacity per unit mass, unit of heat energy
Historically, calorie, first - initially defined as the amount of heat energy required

to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius (or one Kevin
because Kelvin degrees centigrade and equal) ( Tipler , 2015 : 599 ).
A certain amount of heat energy required to change the phase of a
particular substance. The heat is proportional to the mass of matter. The heat
needed to melt a substance mass m without any change in temperature is:
Q=m Lf
with

Lf

(1.3)

called latent heat of fusion of these substances. For ice melting into

water at a pressure of 1 atm, the latent heat of fusion was 333.5 kJ / kg = 79.7 kcal
/ kg ( Tipler ,2015 : 604 ).
Based on the results of experiments that have been conducted, the
scientists then interpret the heat is not as substance, and not even as a form of
energy. Rather, heat is the "transfer of energy": when the heat flow on hot object
to cooler objects, energy was transferred from hot to cold. Thus, heat is the energy
that is transferred from one object to another because of differences in
temperature. In SI units, the unit's heat is is joule. By using the kinetic theory,
temperature (in Kelvin) is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the
molecules individually ( Giancoli , 2015:490-491 ).
Equipment List
1. Thermometer (1 piece)
2. Tripod + gauze asbestos (1 piece)
3. spritus burner (1 piece)
4. chemical glass 250 ml (2 pieces)
5. Stopwatch (1 piece)
6. stative (1 piece)
7. Balance ohauss 311 grams (1 piece)

8. Matches (1 piece)
9. spritus (1 piece)
10. Water
Variables identification
Activity 1: The relationship between the amount of heat (Q) to the temperature
rise (T)
1. Variable manipulation: prolonged heating (s)
2. Response variables: the final temperature ()
3. Control variables: initial temperature (), volume (ml), and the type of liquid
Activity 2: The relationship between the mass of a substance (m) the amount of
heat (Q)
1. Variable manipulation: the mass of liquid (g)
2. Response variables: prolonged heating (s)
3. Control variables: temperature rise () and the type of liquid

Operational definition of variables


Activity 1: The relationship between the amount of heat (Q) with the temperature
rise (T)
1. Prolonged heating is used to heat water that is measured by using a stopwatch
in the second unit.
2. The final temperature is the temperature reached by the water during heating
with a certain time that is measured by using a thermometer in units

3. Initial temperature is the temperature that was agreed as a reference


temperature to start to see the temperature rise at specified intervals during the
heating, which is measured using a thermometer in the unit ().
4. Volume is the large number of liquid and in this experiment was measured by
using a beaker in units milliliter (ml).
5. Type of liquid is the material used in the experiments is water.
Activity 2: The relationship between the mass of a substance (m) the amount of
heat (Q)
1. Liquid mass is the amount of material contained in the liquid, and in this
experiment is measured by using the balance ohauss 311 grams in units of
grams.
2. Prolonged heating is used to heat water that is measured by using a stopwatch
in the second unit.
3. The rise in temperature is a big difference in temperature from the initial
temperature of the water with a final temperature of water that has been heated,
which is measured using a thermometer in units .
4. Type of liquid is the material used in the experiments is water.

Work Procedures
The first activity . The relationship between the amount of heat (Q) with the
increase in temperature (T)
1. Firstly water is poured into a measuring cup to taste.
2. The initial temperature of the water to be heated is measured
3. Water is heated above three legs are coated with asbestos by using a burner
spritus.

4. Appointment of observed temperatures at specified intervals (using the same


intervals for each data), the results are recorded in Table observations.
5. Activities carried out the same with different initial temperature
6. The time required each time interval the temperature rise recorded in the
observation table.
Table 1.1 The relationship between the amount of heat (Q) with temperature rise
(T)

No

Initial
temperature (
T0
)

Prolonged heating
(s)

Final temperature
T
( C)

()

()

1.
2
3
4
5
6

The second Activity. the relationship between the mass of a substance (m) the
amount of heat (Q)
1. Mass measuring cup weighed using a balance ohauss 311 grams
2. Water entered into a measuring cup so that shows a certain volume record
volume of water used (use the smallest volume in the measuring cup is used)
and note the appointment of the temperature with a thermometer.
3. The mass of water in the glass was measured by using a balance ohauss 311
grams.
4. Determine the reference temperature (greater than the temperature at first about
5 ) and a large increase in the desired temperature.

5. the water heats were coated with Three feet above asbestos using methylated
spirit burner.
6. Observed increase in temperature on the thermometer and right turn on the
stopwatch when the thermometer indicates the reference temperature. measure
the time it takes to raise the temperature of the water at a predetermined
temperature rise. Record the results in Table observations.
7. Replace the water used and repeated langah 5 and 6 different remedy water
volume (greater than the previous volume). repeat until obtaining a minimum
of 6 data.
Tabel 1.2 The relationship between the mass of a substance (m) with the amount
of heat (Q)
No

The type of
liquid

The liquid mass

prolonged heating

1.
2
3
4
5

The third activity . Determine the heat of melting ice


1. water in the beaker is heated until the temperature reaches about 75
2. calorimeter empty weighed along with his stirring
3. hot water was added calorimeter, the temperature is measured and weighed to
determine the mass of hot water + calorimeter stirrer along its
4. temperature measured ice cubes and ice was added calorimeter containing hot
water, covered and stirred for a moment until all the ice cubes melt.
5. ice temperature at that time was measured as the temperature of the mixture is
then weighed to determine the mass of a mixed mass of ice cubes the results
are recorded in Table observations.
Table 3 . determine the heat melting of ice

No
1
2
3
4
5
6

Measurement
The mass of calorimeter empty with his stirring
The mass calorimeter + stirr +hot water
Temperature of hot water and calorimeter
Ice temperature
Temperature of the mixture
The mass calorimeter + stirrer +hot weter +
water (ice cubes melt )

The measurement result

EXPERIMENT RESULT AND DATA ANALYSIS


Observation result
The first activity . The relationship between the amount of heat (Q) with the
increase in temperature (T)
Volume

Mas

|100 1|ml

= |94,500 0,005|gram

Type of liquid Air

Table 1.1 The relationship between the amount of heat (Q) with the increase in
temperature (T)

No

Initial of
temperature (
T0
)

Prolonged heating
(s)

()

Final temperature
T
( C)

()

|40.0 0.5|

|60.0 0.1|

|48.0 0.5|

2.

|40.0 0.5|

|120.0 0.1|

|55.0 0.5|

3.

|40.0 0.5|

|180.0 0.1|

|63.0 0.5|

1.

4.

|40.0 05|

|240.0 0.1|

|69.0 0.5|

5.

|40.0 0.5|

|300.0 0.1|

|74.0 0.5|

6.

|40.0 0.5|

|360.0 0.1|

|79.0 0.5|

The second Activity. The relationship between the mass of a substance (m) the
amount of heat (Q)
T =|5.0 0.5|
Table 1.2 the relationship between the mass of a substance (m) the amount of heat
No

Type of liquid

1.

Mass of liquid ( gr )

Prolonged heating
(s)

Water

|49.900 0.005|

|20.5 0.1|

2.

Water

|60,650 0.005|

|31.5 0.1|

3.

Water

|84.380 0.005|

|39.0 0.1|

4.

Water

|108.830 0.005|

|49.8 0.1|

5.

Water

|136.690 0.005|

|52.2 0.1|

Activity 3 . determine the heat melting of ice


No

Measurement

The Measurement Result

1.

The mass of calorimeter empty with its stirrer

|62.000 0.005| gram

2.

The mass calorimeter + stir +hot water

|145.600 0.005| gram

3.

Temperature of hot water and calorimeter

|66.0 0.5|

4.

Ice temperature

|10.0 0.05|

5.

Temperature of the mixture

|46.0 0.5|

6.

The mass calorimeter + stirrer +hot weter +


water (ice cubes melt )

|156.100 0.005| gr

Graph Analysis
Activity 1. The relationship between the amount of heat to the temperature rise
90
80

f(x) = 0.1x + 42.87


R = 0.99

70
60
50
final temperature (C) 40
30
20
10
0
0

50

100 150 200 250 300 350 400


prolonged heating (s)

Graph 1. The relationship between prolonged heating to the final temperature if


the temperature initially 40C.

Activity 2. The relationship between the mass of a substance with the amount of
heat

60
f(x) = 0.35x + 7.39
R = 0.91

50
40
prolonged heating (s)

30
20
10
0
40

60

80

100

120

140

160

mass of liquid (gram)

Graph 2. The relationship between the mass of liquid by heating times, if T =


5C.
Data Analysis
Based on the experimental results, the unit of the specific heat in the analysis
dimensions are:
Q=mc T
2

M L T =M c
2

c=

ML T
M

c=

L2 T 2

c=

J
kg K

Activity 3. Determine the heat melting of ice


1. Heat to raise the temperature of 10.5 grams of ice from -10 C to 0 C.
Q1 = mes ces T
Q1 = 10,5 gram 0,5 kal/gr.oC (0 oC (-10 oC))
Q1 = 5,25 kal/oC 10oC
Q1 = 52,5 kalori
Relative Error ( Q)
Q1 = mes T

dQ1 =

| |

dQ1 =

Q1
d mes +
mes

| |

Q1
d T
T

mes T
d m es +
mes

mes T
d T
T

d Q1=| T |d mes +|mes|d T

d Q1
Q1

| |

T
d mes
+
Q1

| |

mes
d T
Q1

d Q1
Q1

| |
d mes
mes

Q1
Q1

| |
mes
mes

|dTT |

|TT |

Q1

Q1 =

Q1 =

gram 1
+
|0.01
10,5 gram 10 |

mes T
+
mes
T

52,5 kal

Q1 = |0.00095+0.1| 52,5 kal


Q1 = |0.1095| 52,5 kal
Q1 = 5,75 kalori

RE =

Q1
Q1

100 % =

DC = 100% - RE
= 100% - 10,95 %
=89.05 %
Physics Report;
PR = Q1 Q1
Q1 = 52 5kal

5,75 kal
52.5 kal

100 % = 10.95 %

2. Heat to raise the temperature of 10.5 grams of water from 0 C until the
mixture temperature (Tc = 46 C).
Q3 = mes cair T
Q3 = 10,5 gram 1 kal/gr.oC (46 oC 0 oC)
Q3 = 483 kal
Relative Error ( Q)
Q3 = mes T

dQ3 =

| |

dQ3 =

| |

Q3
d mes +
mes

Q3
d T
T

mes T
d m es +
mes

mes T
d T
T

d Q3=|T |d mes +|mes|d T

d Q3
Q3

d Q3
Q3

Q3
Q3

Q3 =

| |

| |

| | | |
d mes
m es

mes
d T
Q3

T
d mes
+
Q3

dT
T

| | | |
mes
mes

mes T
+
mes
T

T
T

Q1

Q3 =

gram 1
+
|0.01
10,5 gram 46 |

483 kal

Q3 = |0.00095+0.02| 483 kal


Q3 = |0.022| 483 kal
Q3 = 10,62 kal

RE =

Q3
Q3

100 % =

10,62 kal
483 kal

100 % = 2,2 %

DC = 100% - RE
= 100% - 2,2%
= 97,8 %
Physics Report;
PR = Q3 Q3
Q3 = 483 10 kal
3. Heat is lost from the 83.6 grams of water are cooled from 66 C until the
mixture temperature (Tc = 46 C).
Q4 = mair cair T
Q4 = 83,6 gram 1 kal/gr.oC (66oC 46 oC)
Q4 = 83,6 kal/ oC 20
Q4 = 1672 kalori

Relative Error ( Q)
Q4 = mes T

dQ4 =

| |

dQ4 =

Q4
d mair +
mair

| |

Q4
d T
T

mair T
d mair +
mair

mair T
d T
T

d Q4=| T| d mair +|mair| d T

d Q4
Q4

d Q4
Q4

Q4
Q4

| |

| |

| | | |

mair
d T
Q4

T
d mair
+
Q4

d mair
mair

d T
T

| | | |
mair
mair

T
T

Q4 =

Q4 =

gram 1
+
|0.01
83,6 gram 20 |

mair T
+
mair
T

Q4 = |0.0001+0.05|

Q1

1672 kal

1672 kal

Q4 = |0.0501| 1672 kal

Q4 = 83.79 kal

RE =

Q4
Q4

100 % =

83.79 kal
1672kal

100 % = 5.01 %

DC = 100% - RE
= 100% - 5.01%
= 94.99 %
Physics Report;
PR = Q4 Q4
Q4 = 1672.0 83.7 kal
4. Heat is lost from the calorimeter with cooled from a temperature of 66 C until
the mixture temperature (Tc = 46 C).
Q5 = mcalorimeter caluminium T
Q5 = 62,000 gram 0.22 kal/gr.oC (66oC 46 oC)
Q5 = 13.64 kal/ oC 20
Q5 = 272,8 kal
Relative Error ( Q)
Q5 = m calorimeter

dQ5 =

Q5
d mcalorimeter +
mcalorimeter

| |

Q5
d T
T

dQ5 =

mcalorimeter T
d mair +
mcalorimeter

mair T
d T
T

d Q5=|T |d mcalorimeter +|mcalorimeter|d T

d Q5
Q5

d Q5
Q5

Q5
Q5

| |

T
d m calorimeter
+
Q5

d mcalorimeter
mcalorimeter

mcalorimeter
d T
Q5

| | |

mcalorimeter
mcalorimeter

| | |
+

Q5 =

Q5 =

0.005 gram 1
+
|62,000
gram 20 |

mcalorimeter T
+
mcalorimeter
T

Q5 = |0.00008+0.05|

d T
T

T
T

Q1

272,8 kal

272,8 kal

Q5 = |0.05008| 272,8 kal


Q5 = 13,66 kal

RE =

Q5
Q5

100 % =

DC = 100% - RE

13,66 kal
272,8 kal

100 % = 5,0

= 100% - 5,0 %
= 95 %
Physics Report;
PR = Q5 Q5
Q5 = 272 13cal
5. For determine the molten ice heat , so used azaz black :
Qabsorption = Qoff
Q1 + Qmelting + Q3 = Q4 + Q5
mice Lice = (Q4 + Q5) - (Q1 + Q3)

Lice =

( Q4 +Q5 )(Q1 +Q3)


m es

Lice =

( 1672 kal+272 kal )(52 kal+483 kal)


10,5 gram

Lice =

1409 kal
10,5 gram

Lice = 134,19 cal/gr


Relative Error
Qabsorption =Qoff

Les =

( Q4 +Q5 )(Q1 +Q3)


m es

Les = ((Q4 + Q5) - (Q1 + Q3)) mes-1


Les = Q4 mes-1 + Q5 mes-1 - Q1 mes-1 Q3 mes-1

dLes =

L es
d Q4
Q4

L es
d Q5
Q5

L es
d Q1
Q1

L es
d Q3
Q3

L es
d mes
mes

|mes1|

dLes =

d Q4

|mes1|d Q 5

|mes1|d Q 1

|mes1|d Q 3

| |

| |

Q
( 4 +Q5Q1Q3)

dLes

| |
d Q4
mes

| |
d Q5
mes

d Q1
mes

Q
( 4 +Q5Q1Q3)mes2 d mes

| || || || |

Les =

Q 4 Q 5 Q 1 Q3
+
+
+
+ ( Q 4 +Q5Q1Q 3 ) mes2
mes
mes
mes
mes

d Q3
mes

Les =

83,7 kal
|10,5
gram|

kal
|10,513gram
|

|10,55 kalgram|

( 1672kal+272 kal52kal483 kal ) 0,01 gram


(10,5 gram)2

Les =

111,7 kal
|10,5
gram|

14,09 kal. gram


110,25 gram2

Les = 10,64 kal/gr + 0,127 kal/gr


Les = 10,767 kal/gr
Les
L es

RE =

100 % =

10,767 kal/gr
134,19 kal /gr

Physics Report:
PR = Les Les
Les = 134 10cal/gr

%diff =

LteoriL praktikum
Lratarata

|80134
78.5 |

|54
107 |

= 50,46 %

100 %

100 %

100 %

100 % = 8.02 %

kal
|10,510gram
|

DISCUSSION
In the first activity we will understand the relationship between the amount
of heat to change the temperature rise, data from the observations which have
been obtained, we can understand that the amount of heat proportional to the
change in temperature rise, meaning that the greater the amount of heat generated,
the greater the rate of temperature rise , an increase in the amount of heat is
characterized by prolonged heating of different liquids in each time interval, such
as the first data, use the old warming | 60,0 0,1 | second, and obtained changes
in temperature rise of | 48.0 0, 5 | C, while the second data which is used to
increase the heating time for | 120.0 0.1 | second and the temperature changes by
| 55 0,5 | C. The initial temperature used in this experiment is | 40 0,5 | C.
The results obtained show that the experiments have been carried out are in
accordance with the theory.
While the two events we would understand the relationship between the
amount of heat the liquid mass (m), an increase in the mass of liquid marked by
numerous volumes of liquid used in the experiment. Based on observations, the
relationship between the amount of heat the liquid mass is proportional and it also
can be seen in the second graph the relationship between the mass of the amount
of heat that the graph shows a linear line, which means that the greater mass of
matter then the longer it takes to raise temperatures of | 5.0 0.5 | C, this also
means that the more the amount of calorific. In the first data when we use water
masses of | 49,900 0005 | gram so long heating is | 20,5 0,1 | s. In the second
data we use water masses by | 60.650 0.005 | gram so long heating is | 31.5 0.1
| s. This shows that the greater mass of liquid so the longer the time it takes to
raise a certain temperature and it means the greater the amount of calorific.
Based on the experimental results and anlisis data on first and second
activity, it can be concluded that the factors - factors that affect the amount of heat
of a substance is the mass of these substances and keaikan changes in temperature.
This is in accordance with the theory. By using the dimensional analysis be
obtained mathematical equation is Q = m c T. Where Q is the amount of heat

(Joule), m is the mass of a substance (grams), c is the specific heat of substances


(J / Kg.K) and T is the change in temperature ()
In the third activity is to determine the melting heat of ice. To determine
the heat of melting ice, we need variables were measured among which the mass
of the empty calorimeter stirrer along with it, the mass of calorimeter and hot
water, the temperature of the hot water and the calorimeter, the temperature of ice,
the temperature of the mixture, as well as mass calorimeter, hot water, and ice
melt stone. From the analysis of the data, we get ice melting calorific value of
134.19 calories / gram. The value obtained is very much different from the theory,
where the value kaor Melting ice on the theory of 80 cal / gram. This is due to
several factors, including the level of accuracy praktikan less especially when
measuring temperature, mass, and time and at a good reading on the balance scale
ohauss 311 grams, thermometer and stopwatch. However, the main factor
affecting ice melting calorific value is an error in the temperature measurement of
ice cubes, ice cubes where large temperature used is -10 C. The ice temperature
measured at the time they are in the fridge. By him, the temperature of the ice that
we do not really know, because when the ice removed from the freezer, we do not
measure the temperature. And we know that e situ temperature still affected by the
surrounding environment.

CONCLUSION
Based on the analysis of data and experiments have been conducted, it can
be concluded that:
1. The amount of heat is proportional to the temperature rise means that the
longer the heating, the more heat is applied, the temperature rise even greater.
2. The mass of a substance is directly proportional to the amount of heat, which
means that the greater mass of the liquid, the greater the amount of heat
required to raise the temperature.
3. Heat equation mathematically is Q = m c T

4. Ice melting heat gained from the experiment is 134.19 calories / gram.
SUGGESSITON
1. In the experiment, the practitioner should observe closely and more carefully
so that more accurate data is obtained.
2. Should the temperature of ice measured just in time for the ice to put in the
calorimeter because if not, the temperature of the ice could be changed due to
the influence of the temperature of the surrounding environment.
REFERENCES
Giancoli.2001.Fisika Edisi Kelima Jilid 1(Terjemahan).Jakarta: Erlangga.
Herman. 2015. Penuntun Praktikum Fisika Dasar 2. Makassar: Jurusan Fisika
FMIPA UNM.
Tipler, Paul A. 2001. Fisika untuk Sains dan Teknik Edisi Ketiga Jilid I.Jakarta:
Erlangga.

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