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PROBLEMS FORMULATION
1. How is the relationship between the amount of heat to the temperature rise?
2. How is the relationship between the mass of a substance with the amount of
heat?
3. How to formulate the equations of heat?
4. What is the heat of melting ice?
OBJECTIVES
1. Can understand the relationship between the amount of heat (Q) to the
temperature rise (T)
2. Can understand the relationship of the mass of a substance (m) the amount of
heat (Q)
3. Can formulate the equations of heat
4. Can determine the heat melting ice
EXPERIMENT METHOD
Basic theory
The water is heated in a pot will start to heat and eventually will boil.
These events often encountered in everyday life. Process water into hot and
boiling involving heat transfer from the heat source to the surrounding
environment. Heat source is a flame, so that it can be said that the larger the
flame, then it means the greater the heat that is owned, or the longer heated, the
more heat is released. Due to the provision of the heat, the water temperature will
rise where the longer heated, the greater the increase in water temperature
( Herman, 2015 : 1 )
Two containers of different water masses, when heated to the same time,
the temperature measured on the second container will be different. The water
temperature in the container is thinking about a smaller mass of water which
would have the higher temperature than the container that contains more water. It
can be concluded that there is a relationship between a lot of heat (Q), the
temperature rise (T) and water mass (m). A glass of hot water mixed with a glass
of cold water, it will feel warm. It is caused by the presence of heat transfer from
hot water to cold water. That is why the hot water temperature drops and cold
water temperature rose after the two mixed up. On the mixing process, heat is
released hot water absorbed by the cold water. So the amount of heat that is
released is equal to the amount of heat that is absorbed. This statement is called
Azaz Black mathematically can be written;
Qoff = Qabsorption
(1.1)
(1.2)
( Herman , 2015 : 2 )
Specific heat is the heat capacity per unit mass, unit of heat energy
Historically, calorie, first - initially defined as the amount of heat energy required
to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius (or one Kevin
because Kelvin degrees centigrade and equal) ( Tipler , 2015 : 599 ).
A certain amount of heat energy required to change the phase of a
particular substance. The heat is proportional to the mass of matter. The heat
needed to melt a substance mass m without any change in temperature is:
Q=m Lf
with
Lf
(1.3)
called latent heat of fusion of these substances. For ice melting into
water at a pressure of 1 atm, the latent heat of fusion was 333.5 kJ / kg = 79.7 kcal
/ kg ( Tipler ,2015 : 604 ).
Based on the results of experiments that have been conducted, the
scientists then interpret the heat is not as substance, and not even as a form of
energy. Rather, heat is the "transfer of energy": when the heat flow on hot object
to cooler objects, energy was transferred from hot to cold. Thus, heat is the energy
that is transferred from one object to another because of differences in
temperature. In SI units, the unit's heat is is joule. By using the kinetic theory,
temperature (in Kelvin) is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the
molecules individually ( Giancoli , 2015:490-491 ).
Equipment List
1. Thermometer (1 piece)
2. Tripod + gauze asbestos (1 piece)
3. spritus burner (1 piece)
4. chemical glass 250 ml (2 pieces)
5. Stopwatch (1 piece)
6. stative (1 piece)
7. Balance ohauss 311 grams (1 piece)
8. Matches (1 piece)
9. spritus (1 piece)
10. Water
Variables identification
Activity 1: The relationship between the amount of heat (Q) to the temperature
rise (T)
1. Variable manipulation: prolonged heating (s)
2. Response variables: the final temperature ()
3. Control variables: initial temperature (), volume (ml), and the type of liquid
Activity 2: The relationship between the mass of a substance (m) the amount of
heat (Q)
1. Variable manipulation: the mass of liquid (g)
2. Response variables: prolonged heating (s)
3. Control variables: temperature rise () and the type of liquid
Work Procedures
The first activity . The relationship between the amount of heat (Q) with the
increase in temperature (T)
1. Firstly water is poured into a measuring cup to taste.
2. The initial temperature of the water to be heated is measured
3. Water is heated above three legs are coated with asbestos by using a burner
spritus.
No
Initial
temperature (
T0
)
Prolonged heating
(s)
Final temperature
T
( C)
()
()
1.
2
3
4
5
6
The second Activity. the relationship between the mass of a substance (m) the
amount of heat (Q)
1. Mass measuring cup weighed using a balance ohauss 311 grams
2. Water entered into a measuring cup so that shows a certain volume record
volume of water used (use the smallest volume in the measuring cup is used)
and note the appointment of the temperature with a thermometer.
3. The mass of water in the glass was measured by using a balance ohauss 311
grams.
4. Determine the reference temperature (greater than the temperature at first about
5 ) and a large increase in the desired temperature.
5. the water heats were coated with Three feet above asbestos using methylated
spirit burner.
6. Observed increase in temperature on the thermometer and right turn on the
stopwatch when the thermometer indicates the reference temperature. measure
the time it takes to raise the temperature of the water at a predetermined
temperature rise. Record the results in Table observations.
7. Replace the water used and repeated langah 5 and 6 different remedy water
volume (greater than the previous volume). repeat until obtaining a minimum
of 6 data.
Tabel 1.2 The relationship between the mass of a substance (m) with the amount
of heat (Q)
No
The type of
liquid
prolonged heating
1.
2
3
4
5
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
Measurement
The mass of calorimeter empty with his stirring
The mass calorimeter + stirr +hot water
Temperature of hot water and calorimeter
Ice temperature
Temperature of the mixture
The mass calorimeter + stirrer +hot weter +
water (ice cubes melt )
Mas
|100 1|ml
= |94,500 0,005|gram
Table 1.1 The relationship between the amount of heat (Q) with the increase in
temperature (T)
No
Initial of
temperature (
T0
)
Prolonged heating
(s)
()
Final temperature
T
( C)
()
|40.0 0.5|
|60.0 0.1|
|48.0 0.5|
2.
|40.0 0.5|
|120.0 0.1|
|55.0 0.5|
3.
|40.0 0.5|
|180.0 0.1|
|63.0 0.5|
1.
4.
|40.0 05|
|240.0 0.1|
|69.0 0.5|
5.
|40.0 0.5|
|300.0 0.1|
|74.0 0.5|
6.
|40.0 0.5|
|360.0 0.1|
|79.0 0.5|
The second Activity. The relationship between the mass of a substance (m) the
amount of heat (Q)
T =|5.0 0.5|
Table 1.2 the relationship between the mass of a substance (m) the amount of heat
No
Type of liquid
1.
Mass of liquid ( gr )
Prolonged heating
(s)
Water
|49.900 0.005|
|20.5 0.1|
2.
Water
|60,650 0.005|
|31.5 0.1|
3.
Water
|84.380 0.005|
|39.0 0.1|
4.
Water
|108.830 0.005|
|49.8 0.1|
5.
Water
|136.690 0.005|
|52.2 0.1|
Measurement
1.
2.
3.
|66.0 0.5|
4.
Ice temperature
|10.0 0.05|
5.
|46.0 0.5|
6.
|156.100 0.005| gr
Graph Analysis
Activity 1. The relationship between the amount of heat to the temperature rise
90
80
70
60
50
final temperature (C) 40
30
20
10
0
0
50
Activity 2. The relationship between the mass of a substance with the amount of
heat
60
f(x) = 0.35x + 7.39
R = 0.91
50
40
prolonged heating (s)
30
20
10
0
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
M L T =M c
2
c=
ML T
M
c=
L2 T 2
c=
J
kg K
dQ1 =
| |
dQ1 =
Q1
d mes +
mes
| |
Q1
d T
T
mes T
d m es +
mes
mes T
d T
T
d Q1
Q1
| |
T
d mes
+
Q1
| |
mes
d T
Q1
d Q1
Q1
| |
d mes
mes
Q1
Q1
| |
mes
mes
|dTT |
|TT |
Q1
Q1 =
Q1 =
gram 1
+
|0.01
10,5 gram 10 |
mes T
+
mes
T
52,5 kal
RE =
Q1
Q1
100 % =
DC = 100% - RE
= 100% - 10,95 %
=89.05 %
Physics Report;
PR = Q1 Q1
Q1 = 52 5kal
5,75 kal
52.5 kal
100 % = 10.95 %
2. Heat to raise the temperature of 10.5 grams of water from 0 C until the
mixture temperature (Tc = 46 C).
Q3 = mes cair T
Q3 = 10,5 gram 1 kal/gr.oC (46 oC 0 oC)
Q3 = 483 kal
Relative Error ( Q)
Q3 = mes T
dQ3 =
| |
dQ3 =
| |
Q3
d mes +
mes
Q3
d T
T
mes T
d m es +
mes
mes T
d T
T
d Q3
Q3
d Q3
Q3
Q3
Q3
Q3 =
| |
| |
| | | |
d mes
m es
mes
d T
Q3
T
d mes
+
Q3
dT
T
| | | |
mes
mes
mes T
+
mes
T
T
T
Q1
Q3 =
gram 1
+
|0.01
10,5 gram 46 |
483 kal
RE =
Q3
Q3
100 % =
10,62 kal
483 kal
100 % = 2,2 %
DC = 100% - RE
= 100% - 2,2%
= 97,8 %
Physics Report;
PR = Q3 Q3
Q3 = 483 10 kal
3. Heat is lost from the 83.6 grams of water are cooled from 66 C until the
mixture temperature (Tc = 46 C).
Q4 = mair cair T
Q4 = 83,6 gram 1 kal/gr.oC (66oC 46 oC)
Q4 = 83,6 kal/ oC 20
Q4 = 1672 kalori
Relative Error ( Q)
Q4 = mes T
dQ4 =
| |
dQ4 =
Q4
d mair +
mair
| |
Q4
d T
T
mair T
d mair +
mair
mair T
d T
T
d Q4
Q4
d Q4
Q4
Q4
Q4
| |
| |
| | | |
mair
d T
Q4
T
d mair
+
Q4
d mair
mair
d T
T
| | | |
mair
mair
T
T
Q4 =
Q4 =
gram 1
+
|0.01
83,6 gram 20 |
mair T
+
mair
T
Q4 = |0.0001+0.05|
Q1
1672 kal
1672 kal
Q4 = 83.79 kal
RE =
Q4
Q4
100 % =
83.79 kal
1672kal
100 % = 5.01 %
DC = 100% - RE
= 100% - 5.01%
= 94.99 %
Physics Report;
PR = Q4 Q4
Q4 = 1672.0 83.7 kal
4. Heat is lost from the calorimeter with cooled from a temperature of 66 C until
the mixture temperature (Tc = 46 C).
Q5 = mcalorimeter caluminium T
Q5 = 62,000 gram 0.22 kal/gr.oC (66oC 46 oC)
Q5 = 13.64 kal/ oC 20
Q5 = 272,8 kal
Relative Error ( Q)
Q5 = m calorimeter
dQ5 =
Q5
d mcalorimeter +
mcalorimeter
| |
Q5
d T
T
dQ5 =
mcalorimeter T
d mair +
mcalorimeter
mair T
d T
T
d Q5
Q5
d Q5
Q5
Q5
Q5
| |
T
d m calorimeter
+
Q5
d mcalorimeter
mcalorimeter
mcalorimeter
d T
Q5
| | |
mcalorimeter
mcalorimeter
| | |
+
Q5 =
Q5 =
0.005 gram 1
+
|62,000
gram 20 |
mcalorimeter T
+
mcalorimeter
T
Q5 = |0.00008+0.05|
d T
T
T
T
Q1
272,8 kal
272,8 kal
RE =
Q5
Q5
100 % =
DC = 100% - RE
13,66 kal
272,8 kal
100 % = 5,0
= 100% - 5,0 %
= 95 %
Physics Report;
PR = Q5 Q5
Q5 = 272 13cal
5. For determine the molten ice heat , so used azaz black :
Qabsorption = Qoff
Q1 + Qmelting + Q3 = Q4 + Q5
mice Lice = (Q4 + Q5) - (Q1 + Q3)
Lice =
Lice =
Lice =
1409 kal
10,5 gram
Les =
dLes =
L es
d Q4
Q4
L es
d Q5
Q5
L es
d Q1
Q1
L es
d Q3
Q3
L es
d mes
mes
|mes1|
dLes =
d Q4
|mes1|d Q 5
|mes1|d Q 1
|mes1|d Q 3
| |
| |
Q
( 4 +Q5Q1Q3)
dLes
| |
d Q4
mes
| |
d Q5
mes
d Q1
mes
Q
( 4 +Q5Q1Q3)mes2 d mes
| || || || |
Les =
Q 4 Q 5 Q 1 Q3
+
+
+
+ ( Q 4 +Q5Q1Q 3 ) mes2
mes
mes
mes
mes
d Q3
mes
Les =
83,7 kal
|10,5
gram|
kal
|10,513gram
|
|10,55 kalgram|
Les =
111,7 kal
|10,5
gram|
RE =
100 % =
10,767 kal/gr
134,19 kal /gr
Physics Report:
PR = Les Les
Les = 134 10cal/gr
%diff =
LteoriL praktikum
Lratarata
|80134
78.5 |
|54
107 |
= 50,46 %
100 %
100 %
100 %
100 % = 8.02 %
kal
|10,510gram
|
DISCUSSION
In the first activity we will understand the relationship between the amount
of heat to change the temperature rise, data from the observations which have
been obtained, we can understand that the amount of heat proportional to the
change in temperature rise, meaning that the greater the amount of heat generated,
the greater the rate of temperature rise , an increase in the amount of heat is
characterized by prolonged heating of different liquids in each time interval, such
as the first data, use the old warming | 60,0 0,1 | second, and obtained changes
in temperature rise of | 48.0 0, 5 | C, while the second data which is used to
increase the heating time for | 120.0 0.1 | second and the temperature changes by
| 55 0,5 | C. The initial temperature used in this experiment is | 40 0,5 | C.
The results obtained show that the experiments have been carried out are in
accordance with the theory.
While the two events we would understand the relationship between the
amount of heat the liquid mass (m), an increase in the mass of liquid marked by
numerous volumes of liquid used in the experiment. Based on observations, the
relationship between the amount of heat the liquid mass is proportional and it also
can be seen in the second graph the relationship between the mass of the amount
of heat that the graph shows a linear line, which means that the greater mass of
matter then the longer it takes to raise temperatures of | 5.0 0.5 | C, this also
means that the more the amount of calorific. In the first data when we use water
masses of | 49,900 0005 | gram so long heating is | 20,5 0,1 | s. In the second
data we use water masses by | 60.650 0.005 | gram so long heating is | 31.5 0.1
| s. This shows that the greater mass of liquid so the longer the time it takes to
raise a certain temperature and it means the greater the amount of calorific.
Based on the experimental results and anlisis data on first and second
activity, it can be concluded that the factors - factors that affect the amount of heat
of a substance is the mass of these substances and keaikan changes in temperature.
This is in accordance with the theory. By using the dimensional analysis be
obtained mathematical equation is Q = m c T. Where Q is the amount of heat
CONCLUSION
Based on the analysis of data and experiments have been conducted, it can
be concluded that:
1. The amount of heat is proportional to the temperature rise means that the
longer the heating, the more heat is applied, the temperature rise even greater.
2. The mass of a substance is directly proportional to the amount of heat, which
means that the greater mass of the liquid, the greater the amount of heat
required to raise the temperature.
3. Heat equation mathematically is Q = m c T
4. Ice melting heat gained from the experiment is 134.19 calories / gram.
SUGGESSITON
1. In the experiment, the practitioner should observe closely and more carefully
so that more accurate data is obtained.
2. Should the temperature of ice measured just in time for the ice to put in the
calorimeter because if not, the temperature of the ice could be changed due to
the influence of the temperature of the surrounding environment.
REFERENCES
Giancoli.2001.Fisika Edisi Kelima Jilid 1(Terjemahan).Jakarta: Erlangga.
Herman. 2015. Penuntun Praktikum Fisika Dasar 2. Makassar: Jurusan Fisika
FMIPA UNM.
Tipler, Paul A. 2001. Fisika untuk Sains dan Teknik Edisi Ketiga Jilid I.Jakarta:
Erlangga.