Kai Velten, Mathematical Modeling and Simulation, Wiley-VCH, 2009

MMS-V2 Manual
Version 2 of the book software (May 1st, 2010)

This text and the book software:

sites.google.com/site/BookSoftwareMMS

Contents
1 MMS.zip will be continuously updated...............................................................................3
2 CAELinux ..........................................................................................................................3
2.1 CAELinux 2008, CAELinux 2009, and CAELinux 2010.............................................3
2.2 What you should know about CAELinux 2009...........................................................3
2.2.1 Login, password, root commands, terminals.....................................................3
2.2.2 Keyboard ............................................................................................................3
2.2.3 Automatic login....................................................................................................4
2.3 New ideas regarding CAELinux and the book software ............................................4
2.3.1 Option 1: Using no CAELinux..............................................................................4
2.3.2 Option 2: Using CAELinux based on the Live-DVD............................................4
2.3.3 Option 3: Using CAELinux based on a hard-disk installation.............................4
2.3.4 Option 4: Using "virtualized" CAELinux ..............................................................5
2.3.4.1 Hardware requirements...............................................................................5
2.3.4.2 Step 1: Download and installation of VirtualBox..........................................5
2.3.4.3 Step 2: Download CAELinux 2009...............................................................5
2.3.4.4 Step 3: Installation of CAELinux in a virtual machine..................................5
2.3.4.5 Step 4: Installing Guest Additions and Folder Sharing................................5
2.4 Installation of missing R packages.............................................................................6
2.5 Use Syntax Highlighting..............................................................................................7
3 CFD, structural mechanics etc. using OpenFOAM ...........................................................8
3.1 Outstanding role of OpenFOAM.................................................................................8
3.2 Advantage of using OpenFOAM in CAELinux ...........................................................8
3.3 Example......................................................................................................................8
3.3.1 Flow problem.......................................................................................................8
3.3.2 Geometry construction and mesh generation in Salome-Meca..........................9
3.3.3 Solution of the flow problem in OpenFOAM......................................................14
3.3.4 Postprocessing in ParaView..............................................................................17
4 Design of Experiments ....................................................................................................20
4.1 R-Commander plugin for DOE.................................................................................20
4.2 Workaround based on VirtualBox and Ubuntu.........................................................20
4.3 Optimal and latin hypercube designs etc.................................................................20
5 Comments on book programs and examples..................................................................21
5.1 Salome-Meca sample session..................................................................................21
5.2 Backward facing step example.................................................................................21
5.3 Parameter estimation programs...............................................................................22
5.4 International csv format............................................................................................22
5.5 Using the Maxima programs.....................................................................................23
5.5.1 Starting wxMaxima in CAELinux 2009..............................................................23
5.5.2 Start Maxima programs using load() instead of batch()....................................23
5.5.3 Directories in the Maxima programs.................................................................23
5.5.4 Simplified initialization command using MMS.mac...........................................23
6 Other useful software.......................................................................................................24
6.1 Available in CAELinux 2009......................................................................................24
6.1.1 GMSH................................................................................................................24
6.1.2 JabRef...............................................................................................................24
6.1.3 Kile.....................................................................................................................24
6.2 Not available in CAELinux 2009...............................................................................24
6.2.1 g3data................................................................................................................24
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1 MMS.zip will be continuously updated

The book and its later editions provide an introduction into the fundamental concepts of
mathematical modeling and simulation as well as up-to-date open source software for
mathematical modeling and simulation. As a part of this effort, the book software in the file
MMS.zip will be continuously updated. The latest releases are available at
http://sites.google.com/site/BookSoftwareMMS
If there are problems with that site, go to my homepage at hs-rm.de which is currently
located at
http://www.hs-rm.de/fbg/ueber-uns/personen/personalseiten-fb-geisenheim/prof-dr-kaivelten/index.html (German, but with a link to an English version)
Please send any comments to kai.velten@gmail.com.

2 CAELinux
2.1 CAELinux 2008, CAELinux 2009, and CAELinux 2010
The book was published based on CAELinux 2008 which is still available at caelinux.com.
The current book software version MMS-V2 is based on CAELinux 2009 which can be
obtained at caelinux.com.
Jol Cugnoni, the inventor of CAELinux, is currently working on a new version CAELinux
2010 which will appear this year at caelinux.com. CAELinux 2010 will include the newest
versions of all software packages discussed in the book, and later versions of MMS.zip will
of course refer to CAELinux 2010.
However, you don't need to wait for CAELinux 2010 since almost everything works
perfectly well in CAELinux 2009. The only little problem is that a useful new R-Commander
plugin for DOE that appeared this year doesn't work on the CAELinux 2009 platform since
a newer R version is needed, but there is a workaround, see section 4.

2.2 What you should know about CAELinux 2009

2.2.1 Login, password, root commands, terminals
Use "caelinux" both as user name and password in CAELinux 2009. CAELinux 2009 is
based on the 64-bit Ubuntu Linux distribution. See the Ubuntu help pages for details on
the (very user-friendly) Ubuntu Linux distribution. Note that whenever you need root rights
in CAELinux 2009, e.g. for commands such as sudo, you can use the "caelinux" password.
For some of the procedures described below, you need to open a terminal as follows:
Applications Accessories Terminal.
2.2.2 Keyboard
If you encounter keyboard problems, use
System Preferences Keyboard

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2.2.3 Automatic login

Choose
System Administration Login Window Security Enable Automatic Login
and then select user caelinux to enable the comfortable automatic login procedure.

2.3 New ideas regarding CAELinux and the book software

In Appendix A of the book (page 317) it is recommended to use CAELinux as a Live-DVD.
After the book was published, however, I began to use CAELinux "virtualized" within a
window of my original operating system, which is a very elegant and comfortable way of
using CAELinux. Altogether, there are four possible ways to use the book software:
2.3.1 Option 1: Using no CAELinux
A great part of the book software can be used without CAELinux on your original operating
system. E.g., all .r and .mac programs can be used after the installation of R and Maxima
on your system, following the procedures described on the appropriate websites rproject.org and maxima.sourceforge.net (you may also refer to the book appendices
devoted to R and Maxima). Regarding OpenFOAM, however, it is much more efficient to
use CAELinux where all necessary components are readily installed (see section 3).
2.3.2 Option 2: Using CAELinux based on the Live-DVD
This procedure is described in Appendix A of the book (page 317). The main advantage of
this procedure is its simplicity: you just boot from the CAELinux-DVD and everything works
without any installations. There are two main disadvantages, however, which become
apparent if you are working with CAELinux more frequently:
(1) You don't see your original operating system while you are working with CAELinux
"live".
(2) You cannot permanently install programs or store data permanently in the
CAELinux-Live-System, anything will be "forgotten" when you live-boot CAELinux
the next time.
Beyond this, you cannot perform the R package installations described in section 2.4 in the
live-procedure, which means that some of the R programs from the book software will not
run. To run these programs, you have to go back to CAELinux 2008, see section 2.1.
2.3.3 Option 3: Using CAELinux based on a hard-disk installation
You may use the CAELinux DVD for a permanent installation of CAELinux on the hard
disks of your system. In this way, you can avoid problem (2) mentioned in section 2.3.2.
However, some expertise in advanced issues such as hard disk partitioning is required if
you want to establish a hard disk installation of CAELinux in parallel with other operating
system such as Windows. Specifically, there is some danger to destroy or affect other
operating systems on your hard disks if you proceed in this way.

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2.3.4 Option 4: Using "virtualized" CAELinux

The last option is to use CAELinux "virtualized" within a window of your original operating
system. This can be realized based on open source virtualization software such as
VirtualBox (see below). If you proceed in this way, both disadvantages mentioned in
section 2.3.2 can be avoided. To be able to use CAELinux "virtualized", however, you need
modern and powerful hardware as described below in section 2.3.4.1. Computers with too
little RAM capacity, for example, may run into performance problems if computationally
demanding problems are solved e.g. based on OpenFOAM (see section 3).
In the next subsections, I will give a short description of my own procedure to work with
CAELinux "virtualized" based on VirtualBox.
2.3.4.1 Hardware requirements

The procedure described below needs a processor with "hardware virtualization" support.
For many Intel processors, this is indicated by a "VT" in the name of the processor.
Usually, it is no problem to find out about the "hardware virtualization" capabilities of a
particular processor if you perform a web search for the name of the processor.
If you encounter "hardware virtualization" related problems in the procedure described
below, it may be necessary to activate virtualization in the BIOS. Usually, the BIOS setup
can be accessed by something like typing F2 during booting.
2.3.4.2 Step 1: Download and installation of VirtualBox

VirtualBox can be downloaded at virtualbox.org. You will find there an open-source version
VirtualBox-OSE and a non-open-source version. VirtualBox-OSE can e.g. be comfortably
used on platforms such as OpenSUSE (my own platform). However, since there is no
Windows binary available at virtualbox.org, Windows users may have to use the nonopen-source version (or look for appropriate VirtualBox-OSE binaries in the web). The
non-open-source version is based on a license that requires "that you use the Product on
the same Host Computer where you installed it yourself and that no more than one client
connect to that Host Computer at a time for the purpose of displaying Guest Computers
remotely", see virtualbox.org for details.
2.3.4.3 Step 2: Download CAELinux 2009

Load CAELinux 2009 from caelinux.com. Store the iso-file caelinux2009.iso on your
harddisk (you don't need a DVD for this procedure).
2.3.4.4 Step 3: Installation of CAELinux in a virtual machine

Start VirtualBox and generate a new virtual machine for 64-bit-Ubuntu (CAELinux 2009 is
based on 64-bit-Ubuntu). When you start that virtual machine for the first time, choose
caelinux2009.iso as the installation device. Follow the CAELinux installation instructions in
the VirtualBox window (e.g., you must enter INSTALL in the first screen).
2.3.4.5 Step 4: Installing Guest Additions and Folder Sharing

It is a good idea to install the "Guest Additions" of the VirtualBox software, e.g. for folder
sharing, but also for mouse integration and optimized graphics, see the VirtualBox help
pages for details. Use the following menu option to install the "Guest Additions":
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Devices Install Guest Additions

After this, confirm the installation within CAELinux. If anything goes wrong, you can also
use terminal commands such as:
cd /media/cdrom
sudo sh VBoxLinuxAdditions-amd64.run
sudo /usr/lib/VBoxGuestAdditions/vboxadd setup
After installing the Guest Additions, I have created a folder named CAELinux on my
original operating system, and I have attached this folder to the CAELinux virtual machine
by editing the properties of that machine in the VirtualBox GUI. To connect this folder with
a folder /home/caelinux/virtualbox in CAELinux, I have done the following in CAELinux:
Terminal commands (in the home directory /home/caelinux):
mkdir virtualbox
cp /etc/init.d/rc.local /home/caelinux
Then I have opened rc.local using an editor (e.g., click on Places/Home Folder and then
double-click on rc.local) and I have added the following line at the end of that file:
mount -t vboxsf -o uid=1000,gid=1000 CAELinux /home/caelinux/virtualbox
Then, after saving rc.local, again a terminal command:
sudo cp /home/caelinux/rc.local /etc/init.d/rc.local
After restarting the virtual machine, you should see the content of the CAELinux folder of
your original operating system within CAELinux in the folder /home/caelinux/virtualbox.

2.4 Installation of missing R packages

In CAELinux 2009, some of the R packages needed by book software programs are
missing. To add these packages, make sure that you are connected to the Internet. Then,
start R with root rights (password caelinux) as follows:
sudo R
Within R, type
install.packages("/home/caelinux/virtualbox/mms/R-packages/rgl_0.79.tar.gz",repos=NULL)
install.packages("/home/caelinux/virtualbox/mms/R-packages/simecol_0.6-1.tar.gz",repos=NULL)

to install the rgl and simecol packages, where I have assumed that the book software is
located in /home/caelinux/virtualbox/mms (see section 2.3.4). Then type
install.packages()
and after choosing a server in your region, install the following packages:
Rcmdr, odesolve, fUtilities, agricolae, deSolve
Note: rgl and simecol cannot be installed via install.packages() from the Internet since the
newest versions of these packages require a newer version of R than the one that is
installed within CAELinux 2009. Hence, an older version from the R-packages directory of
MMS must be installed here. If you should encounter similar problems with the other
packages, you can use the same procedure as it was used above for the rgl and simecol
packages.
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2.5 Use Syntax Highlighting

To edit the R or Maxima programs in CAELinux, you can use the text editor:
Applications Accessories Text Editor
This text editor offers syntax highlighting for R-programs, which can be accessed as
follows:

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3 CFD, structural mechanics etc. using OpenFOAM

3.1 Outstanding role of OpenFOAM
In the book, example partial differential equation models in applications such as
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) or structural mechanics are solved based on SalomeMeca, Code-Aster and Code-Saturne. All this still works perfectly well based in CAELinux
2009.
The most powerful open-source software in this field, however, is OpenFOAM. It wasn't
used in the book because the preprocessing step seemed too complicated for people
using this kind of software for the first time. After the book was published, however, I
realized that the preprocessing step for OpenFOAM can be done very comfortably based
on Salome-Meca see the example in section 3.3.

3.2 Advantage of using OpenFOAM in CAELinux

Currently, only Linux versions for OpenFOAM are offered at OpenFOAM's official website
openfoam.com. In the web, you will find some efforts to transfer OpenFOAM on other
platforms, such as freefoam.sourceforge.net.
Using OpenFOAM within a "virtualized" CAELinux as described in section 2.3.4, however,
certainly is one of the most comfortable ways of using OpenFOAM on arbitrary operating
systems today.

3.3 Example
The fastest way to get acquainted with a software like OpenFOAM is to work with
examples, so a worked-out example is described in the next sections. It is a flow problem,
but almost the same procedure is also used when OpenFOAM is applied e.g. to problems
from structural mechanics. See chapter 4 of the book for any details on numerical methods
for PDE's.
3.3.1 Flow problem
Assume a geometry consisting of a
large cylinder with a small cylinder on
top like this:
Assume that a fluid enters this volume
with 1 m/s through the bottom surface
of the big cylinder, and that the fluid
leaves the system through the top
surface of the small cylinder. The
resulting flow pattern will now be
computed using OpenFOAM in
CAELinux 2009.

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3.3.2 Geometry construction and mesh generation in Salome-Meca

1. Start Salome-Meca as follows:
Applications CAELinux Salome-Meca
2. Choose the geometry module in the drop down list
and select "New" in the next window.
3. Choose
New Entity Primitives Cylinder
and make these selections:

4. Generate a second cylinder the same way, but with a radius of 0.5 (0.5 m, since SI units
are used).

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5. Use the menu

Operations Transformation Translation
to translate the inner cylinder 1 m upward in the z direction:

6. Fuse the two cylinders into a single object using

Operations Boolean Fuse
with these settings:

7. Choose
New Entity Group Create
to define the boundaries for the fluid flow simulation.

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7.1. Definition of the outlet boundary where the fluid leaves the system:
Use the
mouse to
highlight the
top surface.

7.2 Definition of the impermeable walls of the cylinder:

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7.3 Definition of the inlet boundary where the fluid enters the system:

inlet

8. Start the mesh module using the drop down list from step 2 above.
9. Choose
Mesh Create Mesh
and apply the following settings:

Note: Press the button in the Hypothesis line to open up the "Hypothesis Construction"
window.

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10. Click on "Mesh" in the Object Browser, right click to open the context menu below, then
choose Compute (or do the same thing in the Mesh menu).

11. The resulting mesh looks like this:

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12. To integrate the boundaries of the flow problem into the mesh file, choose
Mesh Create Groups from Geometry
and then apply the following selections:

13. After selecting Mesh_1, export the mesh in unv-format using

File Export UNV file
which gives Mesh_1.unv

3.3.3 Solution of the flow problem in OpenFOAM

1. Close Salome_Meca and choose
Applications CAELinux OpenFOAM terminal
to open up a special terminal that accepts OpenFOAM commands.
2. Type
mkdir example
to generate a working directory.
3. We are going to compute incompressible, laminar flow here, which means we need
OpenFOAM's icoFoam solver. If you want to know more about this and other available
solvers, see section "3.5 Standard solvers" on page 83 in the file UserGuide.pdf which is
located in:
/home/caelinux/OpenFOAM/OpenFOAM-1.5/doc/Guides-a4
For quick access to this directory and the user guide you may start e.g. with
Places Home Folder

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in CAELinux. Several icoFoam examples can be found in

/home/caelinux/OpenFOAM/OpenFOAM-1.5/tutorials/icoFoam
We will solve our flow problem by a modification of the "cavity" example in that directory.
To do this, copy the cavity directory into the working directory, e.g. by typing something like
cp -r /home/caelinux/OpenFOAM/OpenFOAM-1.5/tutorials/icoFoam /home/caelinux/example

4. Copy Mesh_1.unv into /home/caelinux/example/cavity.

5. Within that directory, use the command
ideasUnvToFoam Mesh_1.unv
to generate a mesh in appropriate openFOAM format.
6. To define the pressure boundary conditions, edit the file "p" in the cavity/0 directory. An
appropriate editor is automatically invoked if you choose
Places Home Folder
and then go to examples/cavity/0
In the "p" file, we need to change the "boundaryField". In the OpenFOAM's original cavity
example that we are editing here, the boundaryField looks like this:

"movingWall", "fixedWalls" etc. are the boundaries in OpenFOAM's original cavity

example, so we must replace these by conditions on the boundaries of our example: inlet,
outlet, and wall.

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We use the following settings here (which you can easily modify to solve other flow
problems):

7. Velocity Boundary conditions are imposed by editing the "U" file in cavity/0 similar to
step 6. We use the following settings:

Note that we are imposing 1 m/s inflow in the positive z direction as required by the
problem described above.
8. Now the flow problem is solved by typing
icoFoam
in the OpenFOAM terminal.

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3.3.4 Postprocessing in ParaView

1. Type
paraFoam
in the OpenFOAM terminal to start ParaView with the data of the flow computation. You
can read some basic facts about ParaView's structure in OpenFOAM's UserGuide.pdf (see
above). We will skip all general considerations here and just see how we can quickly
generate a meaningful plot.
2. In the "Properties" tab of the "Object Inspector", apply the following settings:

3. Use the color bar button and drop down list immediately below the File menu to color
the figure according to pressure levels:

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After a little editing of the background color and the color bar options, this gives:

4. Now you can e.g. use

Filters Common Glyph
to generate an arrow plot. To see the arrow plot, first click on the top eye symbol in the
"Pipeline Browser" to hide the plot generated above, then click on "Apply" in the
"Properties" tab of the "Object Inspector" for the "Glyph1" plot. After a little editing of the
options, you may generate a plot like this:

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5. If you want to see the arrows in the original geometry, reactivate the first plot using the
top eye symbol in the "Pipeline Browser". After a little editing of the properties of the first
plot you may arrive at something like this:

Note that the "opacity" option has been used here to make the geometry transparent.

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4 Design of Experiments
4.1 R-Commander plugin for DOE
A very useful package for design of experiments (DOE) has been published this year on rproject.org. It is called "RcmdrPlugin.DoE", and it can be downloaded via the CRAN link on
r-project.org in the "contributed packages" section. Unfortunately, it cannot be used in
CAELinux 2009 without larger modifications since the R version in CAELinux is too old. In
CAELinux 2010, however, you will be able to install this package as described in section
2.4. Until CAELinux 2010 will appear, we recommend the workaround described below.
Note: Examples of using this package will be provided in the next version of
MMS.zip based on CAELinux 2010.

4.2 Workaround based on VirtualBox and Ubuntu

Install VirtualBox as described in section 2.3.4. Within VirtualBox, install Ubuntu from
ubuntu.com, similar to the installation of CAELinux described in section 2.3.4.4. The
following procedure is based on Ubuntu 9.10. Another option is to use the 10.04 LTS Lucid
Lynx version which has just appeared in April 2010, it will be supported for three years
from now on (LTS means long term support).
Within Ubuntu, install the R Commander which you find in Applications/Software Center in
the software category "Science". This will automatically (and very comfortably) install R
and the R Commander in one single step. After this, install the "RcmdrPlugin.DoE" using
the install.packages() command as described in section 2.4. The R-Commander and the
design package (in the "Design menu" of the R-Commander; use Tools/Load plugin first)
can then be accessed as follows:

4.3 Optimal and latin hypercube designs etc.

D-optimal designs and latin hypercube designs are announced to become a part of the
RcmdrPlugin.DoE package soon, so examples will be discussed here based on CAELinux
2010 in the next version of MMS.zip for the reasons explained above. Currently, optimal
designs can be computed outside the R-Commander GUI e.g. based on R's AlgDesign
contributed package.
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5 Comments on book programs and examples

5.1 Salome-Meca sample session
A few comments on the Salome-Meca sample session in section 4.9 of the book (pages
276 ff).
1. In CAELinux 2009, Salome-Meca is started using
Applications CAELinux Salome-Meca
2. Section 4.9.1.4 on page 281: Use Solid_1 as the main shape to define SphereSurf.
3. Section 4.9.2 on page 281: Use Solid_1 as geometry object in the create mesh window.
4. Section 4.9.3 on page 284: Use Solid_1 as the main shape in the code aster wizard.
Proceeding in this way, the computation will be restricted to the region outside the sphere,
i.e. to the region of interest for this problem:

5.2 Backward facing step example

The backward facing step example is described in the book on pages 298 ff. It is treated
using Code-Saturne there which works well in CAELinux 2009, but you should also try the
OpenFOAM procedure described in section 3, which offers more options particularly in the
postprocessing step.

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5.3 Parameter estimation programs

I have optimized the coding of the parameter estimation programs that are described on
pages 194 ff. in the book. Consider the following part of ODEFitEx3.r:

Here, the nonlinear function in line 214 (and its definition in another program part) has
been changed. It now includes all parameters that are estimated in the programs
ODEFitEx1.r, ODEFitEx2.r, and ODEFitEx3.r. The advantage of this procedure lies in the
fact that ODEFitEx1.r and ODEFitEx2.r can now be derived very easily from ODEFitEx3.r
just by editing the start vector in line 219 which determines the parameters that are to be
estimated. Note that the part of the programs that stores the result of the nls-functions
must also be adapted if the parameters to be estimated are changed. In ODEFitEx3.r, this
in done in the following lines:

In your own parameter estimation procedure, the advantage of this new procedure is that
you have to define the nonlinear function only once, including all parameter values that
you may want to estimate in its parameter list. Then you can decide about the parameters
that are actually estimated just by a simple editing of the start vector as described above.

5.4 International csv format

Some of the csv files were formatted "German style" in the old version of the book
software (field delimiter ";" and decimal point character ","), which caused problems in a
few cases. To avoid this, all csv files now comply with the international standard (field
delimiter "," and decimal point character ".").

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5.5 Using the Maxima programs

5.5.1 Starting wxMaxima in CAELinux 2009
Use
Applications Education wxMaxima
5.5.2 Start Maxima programs using load() instead of batch()
In Appendix C on page 323, it is recommended to start Maxima programs using the batch()
command. However, it's more comfortable to use the load() command instead, which can
be accessed in wxMaxima using Ctrl+L or
File Load package
The batch() command produces too much output that you normally don't want to see. All
Maxima programs have been optimized for the use with the load() command in MMS-V2.
5.5.3 Directories in the Maxima programs
In all Maxima programs, the directories have been set based on the assumption that you
are using CAELinux "virtualized" as described in section 2.3.4, and it is assumed that the
book software is located in /home/caelinux/virtualbox/MMS. If you are using one of the
other options described in section 2.3, you will have to adapt the directories in the
programs appropriately.
5.5.4 Simplified initialization command using MMS.mac
In the original book software, the Maxima programs (.mac) begin with several initialization
commands. These commands have now been incorporated into a file MMS.mac (located
in the main directory of MMS), such that the initialization can now be performed using a
single command:
load("/home/caelinux/virtualbox/mms/MMS.mac");
You may need to adapt the directory in this command, see section 5.5.3.
An even simpler option would be to put MMS.mac into a directory within the search path of
the Maxima installation (something like the ".Maxima" directory depending on your
installation, see the Maxima documentation for details). In that case, the above command
can be replaced by
load("MMS.mac");
MMS.mac also contains a number of other functions such as mms_plot2d (pre-formatted
2d printing), mms_find_root (solve systems of nonlinear equations) etc. Some of these
functions will be used in the next book edition, but all this is currently in "beta" status.

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6 Other useful software

6.1 Available in CAELinux 2009
6.1.1 GMSH
Powerful tool for CAD data processing, supports many file formats, can do finite element
grid generation and postprocessing.
Applications CAELinux GMSH
6.1.2 JabRef
Powerful bibliography reference management software, uses BibTex as its native format
but supports other format also. Has been used to compile the references list of the book.
Applications Office JabRef
6.1.3 Kile
Powerful and comfortable environment to edit and process TeX/LaTeX documents.
"Mathematical Modeling and Simulation" has been written using Kile.
Applications Office Kile

6.2 Not available in CAELinux 2009

6.2.1 g3data
Suppose you have a paper with a graphical plot of data which you would like to have
electronically, then g3data solves your problem based on a scan of that plot.
In Ubuntu: Applications/Software Center, then software category "Science"
http://www.frantz.fi/software/g3data.php

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