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DESIGN OF CHIMNEY FOR CEMENT

INDUSTRTY BY WORKING STRESS AND


LIMIT STATE METHOD
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by

ARTHI.S.M (812413103012)
GANGA DEVI.P (812413103027)
KALPANA.G (812413103037)
KAVIYA.A (812413103043)
In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERINGIN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

M.I.E.T ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ANNA UNIVERSITY:CHENNAI 600 025


OCTOBER 2016

M.I.E.T ENGINEERING COLLEGE: TRICHY-7


BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this Report titled DESIGN OF CHIMNEY FOR CEMENT
INDUSTRY BY WORKING STRESS METHOD AND LIMIT STATE
METHOD

is

the

bonafide

work

of

ARTHI.S.M.(812413103012),

GANGADEVI.P (812413103027), KALPANA.G (812413103037), KAVIYA.A


(812413103043) who carried out the work under my supervision.

Mr.A.BELIN JUDE

Mr.S.SURESH

Assistant professor & Head of the department

Assistant professor

Department of civil engineering

Department of civil engineering

M.I.E.T. Engineering college

M.I.E.T. Engineering college

Trichy

Trichy

Submitted for University Examination


Held on..

Internal Examiner

External Examiner

ABSTRACT

Chimneys are tall structures. The major loads acting on the selfweight of
the structure are wind load, earthquake load & temperature loads. In this
paper a RCC chimneys is designed considering wind load. Now a days
because of strict rules and regulations of environmental board. Each
industry is forced to construct the structures like chimney for effective
means of controlling the environmental pollution. IS: 4998 (Part I) Criteria
for Design of Reinforced Concrete Chimneys, is using working stress
method for chimney designing. There are some limitations in working stress
method. Also the designing is difficult involving lengthy and iterative
computational effort. So we should recognize this problem and we should
use some time saving techniques like interaction envelopes to optimize the
structural design. Chimneys with various heights i.e. 65m, 70m, 85m and
220m are analyzed and designed by working stress method and limit state
method.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO.

TITLE

PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT
LIST OF TABLE
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF SYMBOLS
1.

INTRODUCTION
1.1

GENERAL

1.2

HISTORY

1.3

PURPOSE OF RCC CHIMNEY

1.4

FORCES ACTING ON RCC CHIMNEY


1.4.1 SELF WEIGHT OF CHIMNEY
1.4.2 WEIGHT LINING
1.4.3 WIND PRESSURE
1.4.4 SEISMIC FORCE

1.5

REINFORCEMENT PLACEMENT

1.6

CONCRETE PLACEMENT

1.7

SCOPE

1.8

DESIGN CRITERIA

1.9

ANALYSIS OF CHIMNEY
1.9.1 DESIGN PROCEDURE

2.

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1

GENERAL
2.2 . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 .

LIST OF SYMBOLS

P =Resultant wind force acting at a distance h from the section


AS =Area of reinforcement assumed to be in the form of ring at the
center of thickness of shell
R =Radius of the centre of thickness
d

=Inner diameter of the shell

D =Outer diameter of the shell


dm =Mean diameter
tc =Thickness of concrete shell
ts =Thickness of steel ring
n

=Coefficient of neutral axis depth

c =Compressive stress in concrete


s =Tensile stress in steel

=Angle subtended by the neutral axis at the centre

=Modular ratio

M =Bending moment at the section


W =Total load
H =Horizontal shear force at the section
S

=Pitch of hoop bars

At =Area of hoop bars in one pitch length


Ast =Area of steel
AS =Area of hoop reinforcement/unit height
T0

=Temperature difference between inside and outside with a linear

temperature gradient

=Strain due to temperature difference

ct =Stress in concrete due to temperature


st =Stress in steel due to temperature
k

=Neutral axis depth constant

kt =Position of neutral axis


c =Compressive Stress in concrete due to combined effect
s =Stress in steel due to combined effect
s

=spacing

=Section modulus

w =Intensity of soil pressure


Mr =Bending moment at centre of footing
Mr(max)=Moment at junction of footing and chimney walls
Ec =Modulus of elasticity of concrete
Es =Modulus of elasticity of steel
fck =Characteristic compressive strength of concrete
fy =Flexural strength of concrete
st=Permissible stress in steel in tension
cbc=Permissible stress in concrete in bending compression

INTODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Tall chimneys are extensively provided in a number of factories to
discharge smoke, acid or alkaline fumes or poisonous gases, high up in the
air and it is ensured that safety of the inhabited area is not affected.RC
chimneys are preferred as compared to brick masonry chimneys because of
their longer life, low cost and lighter. Brick chimneys become very bulky
with the increase in height. Also due to large temperature gradient, brick
chimneys frequently crack and become unstable.If the temperature of gases
do not exceed 4000C, concrete chimneys are used without any special fire
brick lining. For higher temperatures, fire brick lining is provided with an
air gap between the inner face of the chimney and the lining.Circular form
is considered to be the best and most stable. Concrete chimneys are
generally constructed vertical, without batter, so that slip form shuttering
may be used.The thickness of chimney wall may vary from 150 mm at top
to 450 mm at bottom, depending upon the height of the chimney. Generally
rich mix of M20 or M25 is used for the wall and the base. Openings are
provided near the base of the chimney for flue. The flue is also
circular.Wind loads and earthquake loads need not be considered acting
simultaneously. The safety factor overturning should not be less than 2,
when dead, live load and wind or earthquake forces are considered.

1.2

HISTORY

Romans used tubes inside the walls to draw smoke out of bakeries but
chimneys only appeared in large dwellings in northern Europe in the 12th
century. The earliest extant example of an English chimney is at the keep of
Conisbrough Castle in Yorkshire, which dates from 1185 AD. They did not

become common in houses until the 16th and 17th centuries. Smoke hoods
were an early method of collecting the smoke into a chimney. Another step
in the development of chimneys was the use of built in ovens which allowed
the household to bake at home. Industrial chimneys became common in the
late 18th century.
Chimneys in ordinary dwellings were first built of wood and plaster or mud.
Since then chimneys have traditionally been built of brick or stone, both in
small and large buildings. Early chimneys were of a simple brick
construction. Later chimneys were constructed by placing the bricks around
tile liners. To control downdrafts, venting caps (often called chimney pots)
with a variety of designs are sometimes placed on the top of chimneys.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the methods used to extract lead from its ore
produced large amounts of toxic fumes. In the north of England, long nearhorizontal chimneys were built, often more than 3 km (2 mi) long, which
typically terminated in a short vertical chimney in a remote location where
the fumes would cause less harm. Lead and silver deposits formed on the
inside of these long chimneys, and periodically workers would be sent
along the chimneys to scrape off these valuable deposits

1.3PURPOSE OF RCC CHIMNEY


A RCC chimney is a structure which provides ventilation for hot flue
gases or smoke froma boiler,stove, furnace or fireplace totheoutside atmosp
here. Chimneys are typically vertical, or as near as possible to vertical, to
ensure that the gases flow smoothly, drawing air into the combustion in
what is known as the stack, or chimney, effect. The space inside a chimney
is called a flue. Chimneys may be found in buildings, steam locomotives
and ships. In the United States, the term smokestack (colloquially, stack) is
also used when referring to locomotive chimneys or ship chimneys, and the
term funnel can also be used.
The height of a chimney influences its ability to transfer flue gases to
the external environment via stack effect. Additionally, the dispersion of
pollutants at higher altitudes can reduce their impact on the immediate
surroundings. In the case of chemically aggressive output, a sufficiently tall
chimney can allow for partial or complete self-neutralization of airborne
chemicals before they reach ground level. The dispersion of pollutants over
a greater area can reduce their concentrations and facilitate compliance with
regulatory limits.

1.4 FORCES ACTING ON RCC CHIMNEY


The various forces acting on the self-supporting steel chimney are as
follows
1.

Self-weight of the steel chimney

2.

Weight of lining

3.

Wind pressure

4.

Seismic forces

1.4.1 Self-weight of the chimney.


The self-weight of steel chimney acts vertically.
1.4.2 Weight lining.
Thickness of brick lining may be assumed as 100 mm.
1.4.3 Wind pressure.
The wind pressure acts horizontally.The wind pressure acting on a structure
depends on the shape of the structure, the width of the structure, the height
of the structure, the location of the structure, and the climatic condition The
intensity of wind pressure corresponding to the mid-height of each segment
may be noted from IS: 875-1984. The wind pressure on the flared portion
may be found by using average diameter. The wind pressure is assumed to
act at the mid-height of each segment and as also in the flared portion. It has
also been practice to take uniform wind pressure over the full height of
chimney.

1.4.4 Seismic forces


The seismic forces also act horizontally. The seismic forces act on a
structure, when the structures are located in the seismic areas.The following
load combinations for calculations of stress at any point of steel chimney
are considered.
(i) Dead load+Windload+Temperature effect
(ii) Dead load + Earthquake (seismic) load + Temperature effect
The worst combination out of the effect due to seismic (earthquake)
forces and wind effect is only taken into consideration. Only one effect is
considered for the design of the structure out of these two forces.
1.5 REINFORCEMENT PLACEMENTS
1.5.1Circumferential reinforcement shall be placed around the exterior of,
and secured to, the vertical bars. Allreinforcing bars shall be tied at intervals
of not more than2 ft (0.60 m). Particular attention shall be paid to placing
andsecuring the circumferential reinforcement so that it cannotbulge or be
displaced during the placing and working of theconcrete so as to result in
less than the required concrete coverover this circumferential reinforcement.
1.5.2 Vertical reinforcement projecting above the formsfor the chimney
shell or cores of precast sections shall be sosupported as to prevent the
breaking of the bond with thefreshly placed concrete.
1.5.3Not more than 50 percent of bars shall be splicedalong any plane
unless specifically permitted and approvedby the responsible engineer.

1.5.4 The concrete cover over the circumferential reinforcementshall be a


minimum of 2 in. (50 mm) cast-inplacechimneys and 11/2 in. (38 mm) for
precast units manufacturedunder plant control conditions.
1.6 CONCRETE PLACEMENT
No vertical construction joints shall be used for cast-inplacechimney shells.
Horizontal construction joints forjump-form and precast construction shall
be maintained atapproximately uniform spacing throughout the height of
thechimney. Concrete shall be deposited in approximately levellayers no
greater than 16 in. (400 mm) deep. Particular careshall be exercised when
casting concrete in thin wall sectionsand when casting cores of precast
sections. Grout used toseat precast sections shall have a compressive
strength atleast equal to the design strength of the shell.
1.7 SCOPE
This standard covers the design and construction of circularcast-in-place or
precast reinforced concrete chimney shells. If other shapes are used, their
design shall be substantiatedin accordance with the principles used here.
The standarddoes not include the design of linings, but includes the effects
of linings on the concrete shell.A precast chimney shell is defined as a shell
constructed wholly from precast reinforced concrete sections, assembledone
atop another, to form a freestanding, self-supportingcantilever. Vertical
reinforcement and grout are placed incores as the precast sections are
erected to provide structuralcontinuity and stability. The use of precast
panels as stay-inplaceforms is considered cast-in-place construction.

1.8 DESIGN CRITERIA


Chimneys, as we all know today, are hollow, tall and slender vertical
structures that carry smoke or steam away from a fire or engineat a high
enough elevation so
that after dilution due to atmospheric turbulence, their concentration and
that of their entrained solid particulates is within acceptable limits on
reaching the ground.
IS: 4998 (Part I) CRITERIA FOR DESIGN OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE CHIMNEYSis using working stress method for chimney
designing.The working stress method, though ensures satisfactory
performance at the working loads, is unrealistic and irrational at ultimate
load and it does not guarantee the satisfactory performance of the structure
at service loads.The working stress method is logically not applicable to
concrete structures because this method assumes that the materials of which
the structure is made up, namely concrete and steel, both obey Hooks law.
The applicability of the Hooks law is rather limited in respect of concrete
structures.Among the advantages claimed for the limit state approach are
that the degree of safety of the various parts of a structure is more uniform
and also that a probabilistic approach to safety is possible.To
ensuresatisfactory performance of a structure serviceability check like
check for deflection and cracking is also needed which are considered in
limit state method.

1.9 ANALYSISOFCHIMNEY
The chimney shall be divided in to ten or more sections along its height and
the load at any section shall be calculated by suitable averaging the loads
above it. Themoments are calculated from the sectional forces treating the
chimney as cantilever structure.Analysis consist of calculation of factored
dead load (W) which includes self weight, Brick lining weight and wind
load according to IS:4998 (Part I), then factoredmoment (M) because of this
wind load is calculated at section.
1.9.1 DESIGN PROCEDURE
1.9.1.1 Working Stress Method
Chimney is designed according to IS: 4998 (Part I)and following steps
are followed:
1.Determine eccentricity (e) = M/W
2.Determine (eccentricity/radius) at section
3.Assume the p(percentage of steel at section) at the section under
consideration
4.Select the value of m (modular ratio)for concrete grade to be used
5.Determine (position of neutral axis)
6. Determine compressive stresses for different values of and (=
constant depends on openings in chimneys)in concrete and steel
7.Calculate temperature stresses in steel and concrete
8.Calculate stresses in steel andconcrete due to wind induced moment. And
check combined stresses

1.9.1.2 LimitStateMethodfor Collapse


1. Calculate the W/fckD2and M / fckD3.
2. Calculate ratio d/D and D/D
Where, d=inner diameter of concrete shell
D=outer diameter of concrete shell
D=D-concrete cover
3. Refer the suitable Pu-MuInteraction curves
4. From selected interaction curve takeappropriatevalue of p/fck
5. Calculate ppercentage of steel required atsection for the value of fckused.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Dr.MANOJ K. R. GUPTA, Dr. V. K BAJPAI, Dr.T.K GARG ,
The present paper is designed to provide a useful guidance tool and set of
reference for practicing engineers and will results in cost savings. Chimneys
and stacks are expected to operate through out a plant life of 30 to 50 years.
Pollution regulations have forced a rapid increase in chimney heights and
have reached a staggering magnitude of 400m plus today these fulfil a
critical function at any industrial facility and are affected by operational
changes in the process cycle. It is hoped that the present paper will lead to
a better pragmatic approach for practicing engineers and will lead to
significant cost saving.
PROF.WAKCHAURE.

M.R,SAPATE.S.V,

KUWAR.B.B,

KULKARNI.P.S ,The design reinforced concrete chimney structure almost


always involves decision making with a choice of set of choices along with
their associated uncertainties and outcomes. While designing such a
structures, a designer may propose large number of feasible designs,
however, only the most optimum one, with the least cost be chosen for
construction the comparison between conventional and optimal design is
made and further results are presented. In final results, percentages saving
in overall cost of construction are presented in this paper in optimum
tool,interior point method is more interactive method so the results are more
elaborated by using interior point method.

ALOK DAVID JOHN, AJAY GAIROLA, ESHAN GANJU AND


ANANTH GUPTHA, The present paper is aimed at providing a better
understanding of effect of interference and influence of streaks for wind
load on TPS chimneys. In the present study, particular attention has been
given to bending moment due to across wind vibration, because it has been
found that across-wind vibration is more predominant for the case of
interference at an angle of wind incidence. Bending moment due to across
wind vibration for interference is found to be approximately double
compared to that of stand alone condition. In this paper the amplification of
wind loads on 100m tall chimney due to interference of surrounding
structures and influence of strakes has been studied.
K.ANIL PRADEEP, C.V.SIVARAMA PRASAD, in his experiment he
described that industrial chimneys are generally intended to support critical
loads produced by seismic activity wind. So it is essential to evaluate the
dynamic response of chimney to seismic activity and wind loads. As per
draft code the deflection at the free end of the chimney should be well
within the permissible limit. The effect of wind force for 55m/s winds peed
is quite significant as compared with the earthquake forces in zone 2 and 3.
Moment due to earthquake in zone 3 is almost equal to the combined
moment due to wind speed of 55m/s

VICTOR BOCHICCHIO,The design of this chimney presented several


interesting and challenging aspects related to the high temperature By-Pass
operation. The use a highly ventilated annulus added in addressing concerns
regarding access into the annular space and in the thermal design of the
GRP liner. A large construction opening, reinforced by pilasters, provided
structural performance equivalent to that of a similar chimney with a normal
sized openings, at a significant cost savings.
RAJAVARMA, Chimneys with various heights from 65m to 280m are
analysed and designed by working stress method and limit state method for
collapse and comparison of results are discussed in this paper. Generation of
interaction curves for hollow circular section is also discussed in this paper.
MEGHA BHATT, RAKESH SHAH, AANAL SHAH, Chimneys with
various heights i.e. 65m, 70m, 85m and 220m are analysed and designed by
working stress method and limit state method for collapse comparison of
results are discussed in this study. Limit state design RC circular hollow
sections can be followed for the purpose to achieve a suitable combination
load factors availability of interaction envelopes and computer algorithm
immensely helps the designer in expeditiously solving the design problem.

K.S.BABU NARAYAN, SUBHAS C. YARAGAL, AND YUKIO


TAMURA, Chimneys as an indirect and effective means of air pollution
control is popular from time immemorial. Environmental protection
agencies have been forced frame, implement and monitor stringent
pollution control policies. From the study the following conclusion are
availability of interaction envelops and computer algorithm immensely help
the designer in expeditiously solving the design problem. The program
developed can be used in structural optimization exercise wherein the total
cost can be minimized are the ratio of cost to strength or cost
to efficiency can be minimized.

DESIGN PARAMETERS
Height of the chimney

60 m

External diameter of the shaft at top

4m

External diameter of the shaft at bottom

5m

Wind intensity

1. 5 kN/m2

Thickness of fire lining

100 mm

Temperature difference between inside and outside of shaft

800C

Permissible bearing pressure on soil at site

210 kN/m2

Compressive strength of concrete, fck

25 N/mm2

Strength of steel, fy

415 N/mm2

Permissible stresses
cb =8.5 N /mm2

for M25 concrete

m = 11; st =230 N /mm2

WORKING STRESS METHOD


Loads

Weight of chimney

{ (

))

))

0.1+ 0.1
x 0.3 x 60 x 25
= x 3.8+
2

=5513.5

kN
Weight of fire brick
lining (100 mm thick)

{ (

0.1+ 0.1
x 0.1 x 60 x 20
= x 3.8+
2

=1470.3kN

Total dead load above = 5513.5 + 1470.3 = 6983.8 kN


base (W)
Total wind load above = Shape factor x intensity x average diameter x
base

height

[(

0.7 x 1.5 x

( 4 +52 ) x 60)]=283.5 kN

from base)
Bending Moment at = 283.5 x 30 = 8505 kNm
base, due to wind loads
(M)
Eccentricity

M
W

Reinforcements

8505
=1.218 m
6983.8

(acting at 30 m

Providing
reinforcements of 1%
of the c/s area, A st

( (

0.01 x x 4200+

400+400
2

]) [
x

400+ 400
2

])

=57805mm2

Using 25mm dia bars

[[ ]]
57805

Number of bars =

x 252
4

=117

Provide 120 bars of 25 mm dia.


Equivalent thickness
of steel ring, t s

A st
57805
=
=4 mm
x dm
x 4600

)(

Analysis of stresses at base section


If = angle subtended by the NA at the centre, the eccentricity is given by

e=R

[( ) (
t c t s

sin 2 mt s
+
+
4
2
2

( t c t s ) [ sin + ( ) cos ] +mt s cos

R = (3.9 + 0.3)/2 = 2100 mm; = 700

e = 2100

( 4004 )

1.221 11 x 4 x
+
( sin140
)+ 2 ]
4
2

( 4004 ) [ sin70+ ( 1.221 ) cos 70 ] +11 x 4 x cos 70

e = 1584 mm which greater than1218 mm.


So required another trial and error.

Assume, = 800 for next trial,

e = 2100

( 4004 )

11 x 4 x
+
( sin4160 + 1.396
)
]
2
2

( 4004 ) [ sin 80+ ( 1.396 ) cos 80 ] +11 x 4 x cos 80

e = 2100 (448.60 / 534.02) = 1764.08 mm which greater than 1218 mm. So


required another trial and error.
Assume, = 300,

e = 2100

( 4004 )

11 x 4 x
+
( sin460 + 0.524
)
]
2
2

( 4004 ) [ sin 30+ ( 0.524 ) cos 30 ] + 11 x 4 x cos 30

e = 2100 (673.13 / 1215.4) = 1163 mm which lesser than 1218 mm.


Therefore, e = 1163 mm.
W=

2Rc
[ ( t t ) {sin +( ) cos }+m t s cos ]
1+cos c s

6983.8x103=

2 x 2100 x c
[ ( 396 ) {sin 30+ ( 0.524 ) cos 30 } 44 x 30 ]
1+cos 30

Solving c = 0.592N/mm2 < 8.5 N/mm2 (Table 21, IS 456-2000)

Stress in steel =

1cos

1+cos

R
R

s=m c

30
1cos

30
1+cos
N/mm2(Table 22, IS 456-2000)The stresses in

2
2100 =0.47 N / mm < 140
2100

s=11 x 0.592

concrete and steel are within safe permissible limits.


Design of hoop reinforcement
Shear at the base of the chimney = 283.5kN
Mean diameter at the base = 4600 mm
Using 10 mm diameter hoops at 200 mm c/c
Stress in steel

s=

283.5 x 103 x 200


= 97.52< 230 N /mm2
1.6 x 79 x 4600

Hence stresses are within permissible limits

Temp. stresses (combined effect of WL, Self weight& Temperature)

Providing an effective cover of 50 mm to steel, t s= ?mm, tc = 400 mm, atc =


350 mm.
Therefore, a = 0.875
p = ts / tc= (4 / 400) = 0.01
T = 800 C
= 11 x 10 -6 / 0C, m = 11
Ec =

E s 210 x 103
=
=19090
m
11

c =0.592 N /mm

Now, using the equation


c [ 1+ ( m1 ) p ]

k'
ak '
mp
2
k'

)]

1+

0.592 [ 1+ ( 111 ) 0.01 ]

k'
0.875k '
0.11
2
k'

0.875k '
1+
k'

)]

0.6512
0.5 k ' 0.11

( akk ' ' )

Ec aT

0.875k '
k'

19090 x 0.875 x 80 x 11 x 106

14.70
0.875k '
1+
k'

)] (

0.6512
14.70
= '
[ 0.5 k 0.0960.11 k ' ] k +0.875k '
'2

0.6512=14.70(0.5 k '20.0960.11 k ' )


0.6512=7.35 k ' 21.41121.617 k '
7.35 k ' 21.617 k ' 2.0624=0

Solving k = 0.65 < 1.


Hence temperature stresses are under permissible limits, design is safe.
Stress in concrete c
c =

[ ] [
Ec aT
ak
1+
k

19090 0.875 80 11 106


0.8750.65
1+
0.65

c = 10.92 N/mm2

Stress in steel s
'
's = m c

( akk ' ' )


0.8750.65
= 11 10.92
0.65

's = 41.58N/mm2 230 N/mm2

Tension zone (windward side)


ps
[ pm

ak k = T EC k
]
k
2

0.01 0.47
0.875k k
0.01 11

k
2

= [ 11106 80 19090 k ]

8.4 k 31 + 1.848 k 21 - 1.6133k = 0

k=0.35
Stress in concrete
c

= T Ec k
= 11 106 80 19090 0.3 5

'c

= 5.88 10.92 N/mm2

Stress in steel
s = m .

( akk )
0.8750.35
= 11 5.88
0.35

s = 97.02 N/mm2 230 N/mm2

Stress at neutral axis


k = mp + 2mpa+ p2 m2
p = 0.01 , m = 11 , a = 0.875
k= 11 (0.01)+ ( 2 11 0.01 0.875 ) +(0.012 11 2)
= 0.342 1
Stress in concrete
ct = Ec kT

= 19090 11 106 0.342 80


ct

= 5.75 N/mm2

Stress in steel
= ES T (a k

st

= 210 103 11 106 80 ( 0.8750.342 ) st =98.5 N/mm2


The stresses are safe within permissible limits
Stress in hoop steel due to temperature
Hoop steel of 10 mm dia at 200mm centers provided at base section
p=

AS
Stc

( )

102
4
200 400

p = 0.00098
a=0.875 , m=11

k =
=

2 pma+ p 2 m2 pm

( 2 0.00098 11 0.875 ) +( 0.00098 11 )(0.00098 11)


2

k=0.127
'
s = m c '

( akk ' ' )

' 0.8750.127
= 11 c
0.127

'

'

s = 64.79 c

( 's+ m 'c ) = Es Ta

(64.79 'c +11 'c )=210 103 11 106 80 0.875


'c =2.13 N/mm2
's = 64.79 'c

= 64.79 2.13
'
s =138 N/mm2

Total stress in hoop steel = stress due to shear + stress due to


temperature difference
= 97.52 +138
= 235 N/mm2 230 N/mm2
Hence the spacing of the hoop reinforcement can be reduced to 150mm
instead of 200 mm

Design of foundation
A circular RC slab foundation is designed for the chimney
Total vertical load on base = 6983.3kN
Bending moment = 8505 kNm
Allowable bearing pressure = 210 kN/m2
Self weight of footing (assumed at 10%)=700KN
Total load on soil = 6983.3+700
=7683.3KN

D=diameter of circular footing for no tension develop

( WA ) = ( MZ )
7683.3

D2
4

8505

D3
32

( ) ( )
=

D=8.85 m 9 m

Bending Moment in Circular Footing

Intensity of soil pressure(w)= A

[ ]
7683.3

92
4

w=120kN/m2
2a=9m , 2b=4.6m
Maximum bending moment in the section is governed by the radial moment
M t =bending moment at center of footing

[ ( ) ( )]
[ ( ) ( )]

M t = W 2 log e a + 1 b
8
b
a

7683.3
4.5
2.3
2 log e
+1
8
2.3
4.5

3
w a2
16
2

3
120 4.52 M t =479.39kNm
16

M r (max)=moment at junction of footing and chimney walls at a radius of

2.3m

[ ( ) ( )]
[ ( ) ( )]

M r = W 2 log e a + 1 b
8
b
a

3
a2b2 )
w
16

7683.3
4.5
2.3
= 8 2 log e 2.3 +1 4.5
M r=

2
2
3
4.5 2.3 )
120
16

773.25kNm

Using M-20 grade concrete Fe415 Tor steel


Effective Depth (d)

773.28 106
3
0.897 10

Adopt a effective depth (d) = 928 mm 950mm


Overall depth

= 950 mm + 50 mm
= 1000 mm

Ast =

st j d

773.28 106
230 0.9 950

= 3932.27mm2

252
4
3932.27

Number of bars =
=8

Spacing of 25mm diameter bars =

2
25
4
1000
3932.27

= 124.83mm

130mm

Provide 25mm diameter bars at 130mm centers in perpendicular directions


both ways also provide 12mm diameter both ways at top footing

LIMIT STATE METHOD


Data
Load W=6983.8kN
Moment M=8505kNm
Ultimate moment M u =8505 1.5
=12757.5kNm
f ck

= 25 N/mm2

1.Main reinforcement
W
f ck D 2

6983.8 103
=
25 50002

= 0.0122

M
3
f ck D

12757.5 10 6
=
3
25 5000

=0.004
d'
D

50
5000

= 0.01

From SP-16(design aids for reinforced concrete to IS:456-1978)


p
f ck

= 0.01

P = 0.01 25 = 0.25
AS

P D2
400

0.25 5000 2
400

= 49087.4 mm2

Assume 25mm diameter bars


49087.4
Number of bars = 252
4

=100

2.Hoop reinforcement
Maximum hoop tension ,W= 0.5 w HD
= 0.5 283.5 60 5
= 42.525 103 N

Wu

=42.525 103 1.5

= 63.78 103 N
Tension reinforcement per meter of height

A st =

63.78 103
230

Number of bars =

= 277.33 mm2
A st
ast

277.33

2
10
4

=
=3

3.Design of footing
Data
Bottom diameter of chimney = 500mm
fy

= 415 N /mm2

Safe bearing capacity of soil = 210 kN /mm2


f ck = 20

N /mm2

Self weight of footing(assuming 10


Total vertical load = 6983.3 kN
Total load = 6983.3 + 700
= 7683.3 kN
Factored load ( W u = 11524.95 kN
Size of footing
Af

D2f
4

Af

Wu
SBC

)= 700 kN

11524.95
210

= 54.88 m2
54.88 m

D2f
4

Df =

Df

= 8.3 m 9 m

54.88 4

Upward soil pressure, Pu =

W u 4
D

11524.95 4
2
9

Pu = 181.16 kN/ m2< 210 kN/m2

Hencediameteroffootingisadequate
Center of gravity for quadrant of footing

[
= 0.6 [
= 0.6

R2 +r 2 +r . R
R+r
2

4500 +250 + 250 4500


4500+250

= 2.56 m
Upward load on area =

( 10.252 ) 181.16
4

=133.39 kNm

Bending moment

Bending moment at face of the column quadrant


M u = 133.39(2.56 0.25

= 308.13 kNm
Breadth of footing at column face(for one quadrant)
=

210
4

= 165mm

Depth of footing,d =
=

Mu
0.138 f ck b
308.13 106
0.138 20 165

d = 822.52mm 900 mm
D = 1000 mm
Reinforcement
M u = 0.87

f y A st d

415 A st
bd f ck

308.13 106 = 0.87 415 A st 900


A st
A stmin

= 1125 mm2
= 0.12
=

A st

of Bd

0.12
165 1000
100

= 1125 mm2

415 A s t
165 900 20

Provide 12 mm diameter bars


1125
Number of bars = 122
4

=10
Spacing =
=

ast
1000
A st

2
12
4
1000
1125

= 100.5 mm 100 mm

Check for shear stress


Ultimate shear force at a distance of 0.1m from the face of the column is
computed as
Vu

= 181.16(102 92)

= 2703.37 kN
Shear per meter width
v

Vu
bd
2424.6

= 1000 900
v

= 0.003 N/mm2

Percentage of steel

( 4 )

100 A st
bd

100 1125
1000 900

=0.125 N/mm2
k st c

= 1 0.28
= 0.125 N/mm2 0.003N/mm2

Hence the shear stress is within the safe permissible limits

Comparison of working stress and limit state method

Description

Working stress
method

Limit state method

Chimney
Area of main
reinforcement

57805 mm2

49087.4 mm2

Diameter of main
reinforcement

12mm

25mm

Number of bars

117

100
Foundation

Area

3932.27 mm2

1125 mm2

Diameter of
reinforcement

25mm

12mm

Number of bars

10

Depth

1000mm

1000mm

Reference

1. N.Krishna raju (1988) Advanced reinforced concrete design


citation chapter 3.
2. Dr . Manoj K .R. Gupta , Dr. V.K.Bajpai , Dr. T.K. Garg (2014)
Latest measures to keep chimneys in step with plant changes
3. Prof.Wakchaure.M.R , Sapate.S.V, Kuwar.B.B, Kulkarni.P.S(2013),
Cost optimization of reinforced concrete chimney
4. Alok david john ,Ajay gairola , Eshan ganju and Ananthguptha
(2011), Design wind loads of reinforced concrete chimney an
experimental case study
5. K. Anil pradeep ,C.V.Sivarama prathab (2004), Governing load for
design of 60m industrial chimney
6. Victor bochicchio , Design of chimney with GRP liner for low and
high temperature operation
7. Ravivarma (2014), Study the working stress method and limit state
method in rcc chimney design
8. Mega bhatt , Rakesh Shah , Aanal shah (2015), Comparision
between limit state method and working stress method for rcc
chimney design
9. K.S.Babu narayan, Subhas C. Yaragal ,and Yukio tamura (2006),
Interaction envelops for limit state design chimneys

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