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ARTHI.S.M (812413103012)
GANGA DEVI.P (812413103027)
KALPANA.G (812413103037)
KAVIYA.A (812413103043)
In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERINGIN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
is
the
bonafide
work
of
ARTHI.S.M.(812413103012),
Mr.A.BELIN JUDE
Mr.S.SURESH
Assistant professor
Trichy
Trichy
Internal Examiner
External Examiner
ABSTRACT
Chimneys are tall structures. The major loads acting on the selfweight of
the structure are wind load, earthquake load & temperature loads. In this
paper a RCC chimneys is designed considering wind load. Now a days
because of strict rules and regulations of environmental board. Each
industry is forced to construct the structures like chimney for effective
means of controlling the environmental pollution. IS: 4998 (Part I) Criteria
for Design of Reinforced Concrete Chimneys, is using working stress
method for chimney designing. There are some limitations in working stress
method. Also the designing is difficult involving lengthy and iterative
computational effort. So we should recognize this problem and we should
use some time saving techniques like interaction envelopes to optimize the
structural design. Chimneys with various heights i.e. 65m, 70m, 85m and
220m are analyzed and designed by working stress method and limit state
method.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO.
TITLE
PAGE NO.
ABSTRACT
LIST OF TABLE
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF SYMBOLS
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
GENERAL
1.2
HISTORY
1.3
1.4
1.5
REINFORCEMENT PLACEMENT
1.6
CONCRETE PLACEMENT
1.7
SCOPE
1.8
DESIGN CRITERIA
1.9
ANALYSIS OF CHIMNEY
1.9.1 DESIGN PROCEDURE
2.
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
GENERAL
2.2 . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 .
LIST OF SYMBOLS
=Modular ratio
temperature gradient
=spacing
=Section modulus
INTODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Tall chimneys are extensively provided in a number of factories to
discharge smoke, acid or alkaline fumes or poisonous gases, high up in the
air and it is ensured that safety of the inhabited area is not affected.RC
chimneys are preferred as compared to brick masonry chimneys because of
their longer life, low cost and lighter. Brick chimneys become very bulky
with the increase in height. Also due to large temperature gradient, brick
chimneys frequently crack and become unstable.If the temperature of gases
do not exceed 4000C, concrete chimneys are used without any special fire
brick lining. For higher temperatures, fire brick lining is provided with an
air gap between the inner face of the chimney and the lining.Circular form
is considered to be the best and most stable. Concrete chimneys are
generally constructed vertical, without batter, so that slip form shuttering
may be used.The thickness of chimney wall may vary from 150 mm at top
to 450 mm at bottom, depending upon the height of the chimney. Generally
rich mix of M20 or M25 is used for the wall and the base. Openings are
provided near the base of the chimney for flue. The flue is also
circular.Wind loads and earthquake loads need not be considered acting
simultaneously. The safety factor overturning should not be less than 2,
when dead, live load and wind or earthquake forces are considered.
1.2
HISTORY
Romans used tubes inside the walls to draw smoke out of bakeries but
chimneys only appeared in large dwellings in northern Europe in the 12th
century. The earliest extant example of an English chimney is at the keep of
Conisbrough Castle in Yorkshire, which dates from 1185 AD. They did not
become common in houses until the 16th and 17th centuries. Smoke hoods
were an early method of collecting the smoke into a chimney. Another step
in the development of chimneys was the use of built in ovens which allowed
the household to bake at home. Industrial chimneys became common in the
late 18th century.
Chimneys in ordinary dwellings were first built of wood and plaster or mud.
Since then chimneys have traditionally been built of brick or stone, both in
small and large buildings. Early chimneys were of a simple brick
construction. Later chimneys were constructed by placing the bricks around
tile liners. To control downdrafts, venting caps (often called chimney pots)
with a variety of designs are sometimes placed on the top of chimneys.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the methods used to extract lead from its ore
produced large amounts of toxic fumes. In the north of England, long nearhorizontal chimneys were built, often more than 3 km (2 mi) long, which
typically terminated in a short vertical chimney in a remote location where
the fumes would cause less harm. Lead and silver deposits formed on the
inside of these long chimneys, and periodically workers would be sent
along the chimneys to scrape off these valuable deposits
2.
Weight of lining
3.
Wind pressure
4.
Seismic forces
1.9 ANALYSISOFCHIMNEY
The chimney shall be divided in to ten or more sections along its height and
the load at any section shall be calculated by suitable averaging the loads
above it. Themoments are calculated from the sectional forces treating the
chimney as cantilever structure.Analysis consist of calculation of factored
dead load (W) which includes self weight, Brick lining weight and wind
load according to IS:4998 (Part I), then factoredmoment (M) because of this
wind load is calculated at section.
1.9.1 DESIGN PROCEDURE
1.9.1.1 Working Stress Method
Chimney is designed according to IS: 4998 (Part I)and following steps
are followed:
1.Determine eccentricity (e) = M/W
2.Determine (eccentricity/radius) at section
3.Assume the p(percentage of steel at section) at the section under
consideration
4.Select the value of m (modular ratio)for concrete grade to be used
5.Determine (position of neutral axis)
6. Determine compressive stresses for different values of and (=
constant depends on openings in chimneys)in concrete and steel
7.Calculate temperature stresses in steel and concrete
8.Calculate stresses in steel andconcrete due to wind induced moment. And
check combined stresses
LITERATURE REVIEW
Dr.MANOJ K. R. GUPTA, Dr. V. K BAJPAI, Dr.T.K GARG ,
The present paper is designed to provide a useful guidance tool and set of
reference for practicing engineers and will results in cost savings. Chimneys
and stacks are expected to operate through out a plant life of 30 to 50 years.
Pollution regulations have forced a rapid increase in chimney heights and
have reached a staggering magnitude of 400m plus today these fulfil a
critical function at any industrial facility and are affected by operational
changes in the process cycle. It is hoped that the present paper will lead to
a better pragmatic approach for practicing engineers and will lead to
significant cost saving.
PROF.WAKCHAURE.
M.R,SAPATE.S.V,
KUWAR.B.B,
DESIGN PARAMETERS
Height of the chimney
60 m
4m
5m
Wind intensity
1. 5 kN/m2
100 mm
800C
210 kN/m2
25 N/mm2
Strength of steel, fy
415 N/mm2
Permissible stresses
cb =8.5 N /mm2
Weight of chimney
{ (
))
))
0.1+ 0.1
x 0.3 x 60 x 25
= x 3.8+
2
=5513.5
kN
Weight of fire brick
lining (100 mm thick)
{ (
0.1+ 0.1
x 0.1 x 60 x 20
= x 3.8+
2
=1470.3kN
height
[(
0.7 x 1.5 x
( 4 +52 ) x 60)]=283.5 kN
from base)
Bending Moment at = 283.5 x 30 = 8505 kNm
base, due to wind loads
(M)
Eccentricity
M
W
Reinforcements
8505
=1.218 m
6983.8
(acting at 30 m
Providing
reinforcements of 1%
of the c/s area, A st
( (
0.01 x x 4200+
400+400
2
]) [
x
400+ 400
2
])
=57805mm2
[[ ]]
57805
Number of bars =
x 252
4
=117
A st
57805
=
=4 mm
x dm
x 4600
)(
e=R
[( ) (
t c t s
sin 2 mt s
+
+
4
2
2
e = 2100
( 4004 )
1.221 11 x 4 x
+
( sin140
)+ 2 ]
4
2
e = 2100
( 4004 )
11 x 4 x
+
( sin4160 + 1.396
)
]
2
2
e = 2100
( 4004 )
11 x 4 x
+
( sin460 + 0.524
)
]
2
2
2Rc
[ ( t t ) {sin +( ) cos }+m t s cos ]
1+cos c s
6983.8x103=
2 x 2100 x c
[ ( 396 ) {sin 30+ ( 0.524 ) cos 30 } 44 x 30 ]
1+cos 30
Stress in steel =
1cos
1+cos
R
R
s=m c
30
1cos
30
1+cos
N/mm2(Table 22, IS 456-2000)The stresses in
2
2100 =0.47 N / mm < 140
2100
s=11 x 0.592
s=
E s 210 x 103
=
=19090
m
11
c =0.592 N /mm
k'
ak '
mp
2
k'
)]
1+
k'
0.875k '
0.11
2
k'
0.875k '
1+
k'
)]
0.6512
0.5 k ' 0.11
Ec aT
0.875k '
k'
14.70
0.875k '
1+
k'
)] (
0.6512
14.70
= '
[ 0.5 k 0.0960.11 k ' ] k +0.875k '
'2
[ ] [
Ec aT
ak
1+
k
c = 10.92 N/mm2
Stress in steel s
'
's = m c
ak k = T EC k
]
k
2
0.01 0.47
0.875k k
0.01 11
k
2
= [ 11106 80 19090 k ]
k=0.35
Stress in concrete
c
= T Ec k
= 11 106 80 19090 0.3 5
'c
Stress in steel
s = m .
( akk )
0.8750.35
= 11 5.88
0.35
= 5.75 N/mm2
Stress in steel
= ES T (a k
st
AS
Stc
( )
102
4
200 400
p = 0.00098
a=0.875 , m=11
k =
=
2 pma+ p 2 m2 pm
k=0.127
'
s = m c '
' 0.8750.127
= 11 c
0.127
'
'
s = 64.79 c
( 's+ m 'c ) = Es Ta
= 64.79 2.13
'
s =138 N/mm2
Design of foundation
A circular RC slab foundation is designed for the chimney
Total vertical load on base = 6983.3kN
Bending moment = 8505 kNm
Allowable bearing pressure = 210 kN/m2
Self weight of footing (assumed at 10%)=700KN
Total load on soil = 6983.3+700
=7683.3KN
( WA ) = ( MZ )
7683.3
D2
4
8505
D3
32
( ) ( )
=
D=8.85 m 9 m
[ ]
7683.3
92
4
w=120kN/m2
2a=9m , 2b=4.6m
Maximum bending moment in the section is governed by the radial moment
M t =bending moment at center of footing
[ ( ) ( )]
[ ( ) ( )]
M t = W 2 log e a + 1 b
8
b
a
7683.3
4.5
2.3
2 log e
+1
8
2.3
4.5
3
w a2
16
2
3
120 4.52 M t =479.39kNm
16
2.3m
[ ( ) ( )]
[ ( ) ( )]
M r = W 2 log e a + 1 b
8
b
a
3
a2b2 )
w
16
7683.3
4.5
2.3
= 8 2 log e 2.3 +1 4.5
M r=
2
2
3
4.5 2.3 )
120
16
773.25kNm
773.28 106
3
0.897 10
= 950 mm + 50 mm
= 1000 mm
Ast =
st j d
773.28 106
230 0.9 950
= 3932.27mm2
252
4
3932.27
Number of bars =
=8
2
25
4
1000
3932.27
= 124.83mm
130mm
= 25 N/mm2
1.Main reinforcement
W
f ck D 2
6983.8 103
=
25 50002
= 0.0122
M
3
f ck D
12757.5 10 6
=
3
25 5000
=0.004
d'
D
50
5000
= 0.01
= 0.01
P = 0.01 25 = 0.25
AS
P D2
400
0.25 5000 2
400
= 49087.4 mm2
=100
2.Hoop reinforcement
Maximum hoop tension ,W= 0.5 w HD
= 0.5 283.5 60 5
= 42.525 103 N
Wu
= 63.78 103 N
Tension reinforcement per meter of height
A st =
63.78 103
230
Number of bars =
= 277.33 mm2
A st
ast
277.33
2
10
4
=
=3
3.Design of footing
Data
Bottom diameter of chimney = 500mm
fy
= 415 N /mm2
N /mm2
D2f
4
Af
Wu
SBC
)= 700 kN
11524.95
210
= 54.88 m2
54.88 m
D2f
4
Df =
Df
= 8.3 m 9 m
54.88 4
W u 4
D
11524.95 4
2
9
Hencediameteroffootingisadequate
Center of gravity for quadrant of footing
[
= 0.6 [
= 0.6
R2 +r 2 +r . R
R+r
2
= 2.56 m
Upward load on area =
( 10.252 ) 181.16
4
=133.39 kNm
Bending moment
= 308.13 kNm
Breadth of footing at column face(for one quadrant)
=
210
4
= 165mm
Depth of footing,d =
=
Mu
0.138 f ck b
308.13 106
0.138 20 165
d = 822.52mm 900 mm
D = 1000 mm
Reinforcement
M u = 0.87
f y A st d
415 A st
bd f ck
= 1125 mm2
= 0.12
=
A st
of Bd
0.12
165 1000
100
= 1125 mm2
415 A s t
165 900 20
=10
Spacing =
=
ast
1000
A st
2
12
4
1000
1125
= 100.5 mm 100 mm
= 181.16(102 92)
= 2703.37 kN
Shear per meter width
v
Vu
bd
2424.6
= 1000 900
v
= 0.003 N/mm2
Percentage of steel
( 4 )
100 A st
bd
100 1125
1000 900
=0.125 N/mm2
k st c
= 1 0.28
= 0.125 N/mm2 0.003N/mm2
Description
Working stress
method
Chimney
Area of main
reinforcement
57805 mm2
49087.4 mm2
Diameter of main
reinforcement
12mm
25mm
Number of bars
117
100
Foundation
Area
3932.27 mm2
1125 mm2
Diameter of
reinforcement
25mm
12mm
Number of bars
10
Depth
1000mm
1000mm
Reference