12-10-2012

Assignment # 01

Name: Muhammad Usman Habib

Roll Number: 11053123-052

Topic: Fluid Mechanics

Lab-I Apparatus

Subject: Fluid Mechanics Lab - I

Place Photo Here,

Otherwise Delete Box

Submitted to:
Engr. Muhammad Tariq

Chemical Engineering 3rd Semester

Fluid Mechanics-I Lab

Lab Equipments
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Particle Drag Coefficient Apparatus

Bernoulli Principle Demonstrator
Orifice and Jet Velocity Apparatus
Pipe Network Apparatus
Hydrostatic Pressure Gauge
Pipe Friction Apparatus
Losses in Bends and Fitting
Osborne Reynolds Demonstrator

1- Particle Drag Coefficient Apparatus:Diagram and names of components:-

Description:It has been designed for students experiments on the behavior of particle-fluid
systems. The unit comes with two glass tubes mounted vertically and illuminated from
behind. Students shall be able to study the relationship between the drag coefficients of
falling particles and their Reynolds number value. The unit is also supplied with particles
of various shapes, sizes and densities and during the experiments students shall allow
single particles to fall through a number of different liquids contained in vertical glass
tubes.
During the experiments, students shall measure the falling rate of the particles
by timing their passage between two marks on the walls of the glass tubes. Blockage
effects are minimal as the largest particle used has a projected area of only a fraction of
the tube cross-section. Particles can then be removed from the bottom of the tubes
without the necessity of draining the liquid. Particles of spherical shape as well as
streamlined shaped objects are supplied to allow a comparison to be made between
their drag coefficients. The equipment consists essentially of two precision glass tubes
1.5m long and 100mm O.D. such that the whole apparatus is wall mounted. A guide is
provided at the top of each tube to introduce the particles with the minimum
disturbance to the liquid. The particles are removed with the minimum loss of liquid by
means of a rotary valve device fitted at the bottom of each tube. Two glass tubes are
illuminated from behind to allow clear observation of the particles falling between the
timing marks.

Application:An accurate estimation of particle settling velocities, and of particle drag

coefficients, is required for modeling purposes in many industrially important multiphase
processes involving the suspension of millimeter and sub-millimeter size particles in a
liquid phase.

2- Bernoulli Principle Demonstrator:Diagram:-

Name of Components:1. Assembly board

2. Single water pressure gauge
3. Discharge pipe
4. Outlet valve
5. Venture tube with six measurements points
6. Compression gland
7. Probe for measuring overall pressure (can move axially)
8. Hose connection, water Supply
9. Valve at water inlet
10. 6-fold water pressure gauge (pressure distribution in Venture tube)

Description:The Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration accessory illustrates those circumstances

to which Bernoulli's Theorem may be applied. Also separately, why in other
circumstances the theorem gives an inadequate description of the fluid behavior!
The test section consists of a classical Venturi machined in clear acrylic. A series of
wall tapings allow measurement of the static pressure distribution along the converging
duct, while a total head tube is provided to traverse along the centre line of the test
section. These tapings are connected to a manometer bank incorporating a manifold
with air bleed valve. Pressurization of the manometers is facilitated by a hand pump.
The test section is arranged so that the characteristics of flow through both a
converging and diverging section can be studied. Water is fed through a hose
connector and is controlled by a flow regulator valve at the outlet of the test section.
The Venturi can be demonstrated as a means of flow measurement and the discharge
coefficient can be determined.

Objective:

Demonstrating Bernoulli's Theorem and its limitations.

Directly measuring the static and total head distribution along a Venture tube.
Determining the meter coefficient at various flow rates.

Applications:1. To investigate the validity of Bernoullis equation when applied to the steady flow
of water in a tapered duct.
2. Indicating the Bernoullis theorem and its limitations.
3. Directly measuring the static and total head distribution along a venture tube.
4. Describes the meter coefficients of different flow rates.

3- Orifice and Jet Velocity Apparatus:Diagram:6

5

7
4

8
3

Components of Equipment:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Base plate
jet trajectory
Trajectory Probes
paper board
Interchangeable orifices
adjustable overflow pipe
Header tank
level scale

Description:This equipment permits calibration of two orifices of differing diameter. In the

Orifice & Free Jet Flow accessory a constant head tank is fed with water from the
Hydraulics Bench. The orifice is installed at the base of this tank by means of a special
wall fitting which provides a flush inside surface. The head is maintained at a constant
value by an adjustable overflow and is indicated by a level scale. A jet trajectory
tracing device allows the path followed by the jet to be ascertained. Adjustable feet
permit leveling. The orifice diameters are about 3.0mm and 6.0mm. The jet trajectory
probes are about 8. Maximum constant head is about 410mm.

Measurement Capabilities:

Establishing the coefficient of velocity for a small orifice

Finding experimentally the coefficient of discharge for a small orifice with flow
under constant head and flow under varying head
Comparing the measured trajectory of a jet with that predicted by simple theory
of mechanics

Applications:1.
2.
3.
4.

Torricellis Theorem.
Discharge Coefficient from nozzles of varying sizes and shapes.
Trajectory of the water jet for various discharge velocities.
Effect of the height of the water column on discharge velocity.

4- Pipe Network Apparatus:Diagram and names of components:-

Description:The bench comprises upper and lower GRP moldings designed for durability and
freedom from maintenance. The lower molding incorporates a water storage sump tank from
which a self-priming pump delivers water to the system. The upper molding incorporates a
volumetric measuring tank which is stepped to allow the measurement of high and low flow
rates, the water level being indicated by a remote sight tube and scale on the bench front. A
stilling baffle reduces disturbance in the volumetric tank and a dump valve in the base returns
the measured water to the sump tank for recycling. The top of the bench is fitted with a metal
supporting frame for the pipe networks and the inlet manifold. Five pipe lengths in three
diameters are supplied. A wide range of series, parallel and mixed configurations is possible
using the interconnecting fittings supplied. Fittings are readily assembled. Pressure differences
between points in the system are measured with the U tube manometers - mercury for the
higher differences and water for the lower. A digital option exists replacing the mercury
manometer. Self sealing pressure tapping points are provided in the fittings to which connection
is made via probes and flexible tubes. The interchangeable lengths of pipe and interconnecting
fittings are stored on a board attached to one end of the bench.

Objects:
A pipe network specifically designed to allow the setting up of a wide range of
pipe arrays and the measurement of the flows and pressures using water as the fluid. A
self-contained water supply and volumetric measurement module provides the base for
pipe assemblies.

Applications:1. For piping, on the large scale, like industrial usage of water through a network
of pipes.
2. At homes on the small scale, household usage of water for washing purposes is
brought up by pipe network.
3. The transfer of mass of different products in industry is carried out through this
system.
4. Highly pressurized gases are carried through piping network with minimum
loses.
5. To know the pressure changes in various combinations of pipes.
6. To know the different combinations of parallel and series pipe network.

5- Hydrostatic Pressure Gauge:Diagram and names of components:-

Description:The Hydrostatic Pressure accessory has been designed to determine the static thrust
exerted by a fluid on a submerged surface and allow comparison of the measured
magnitude and position of this force with simple theory.
A fabricated quadrant is mounted on a balance arm which pivots on knife edges.
The knife edges coincide with the centre of arc of the quadrant. Thus, of the
hydrostatic forces acting on the quadrant when immersed, only the force on the
rectangular end face gives rise to a moment about the knife edges. The balance arm
incorporates a balance pan for the weights supplied and an adjustable counterbalance.
This assembly is mounted on top of an acrylic tank which may be leveled by adjusting
screwed feet. Correct alignment is indicated on a circular spirit level mounted on the
base of the tank. An indicator attached to the side of the tank shows when the balance
arm is horizontal. Water is admitted to the top of the tank by a flexible tube and may
be drained through a cock in the side of the tank. The water level is indicated on a
scale on the side of the quadrant.

Objective:Determining the centre of pressure on both a submerged or partially submerged plane

surface and comparison with the theoretical position

Applications:1. It is used to check pressure in any mechanical system.

2. It is particularly used for measuring pressure where mechanical vibrations or
pressure pluses may take place.
3. It is placed at the systems where safety and accuracy is required at the time of
monitoring and controlling hydraulic systems.
4. It is ideal for precise measurement and recording of hydraulic tool pressures.
5. It is also used to check the level of the flowing fluid.
6. It is also used to check flow of the flowing fluid.

6- Pipe Friction Apparatus:Diagram and names of components:-

Description:The experimental set-up can be used on its own or with the HM 150 Basic
Hydraulics Bench. A supply of water is all that is required for operation. The unit is
suitable for measuring pipe friction losses for laminar and turbulent flows. The
experimental set-up is clearly laid out on a training panel. For investigations on laminar
flow, a head tank is used for the water supply, whilst for turbulent flow, the supply is
provided via the Basic Hydraulics Bench directly (or the water mains). The water flows
through a pipe section; the flow is adjusted using reducing valves. The connection to
the required measuring device is made via pressure tapings.

Applications:1. Measurement of the pressure loss for laminar flow.

2. Measurement of the pressure loss for turbulent flow.
3. Determination of the critical Reynolds' number.
4. Measurements using a tube manometer.
5. Measurements using a mercury U tube manometer.

7- Losses in Bends and Fitting:Diagram and names of components:-

Description:This accessory permits losses in different bends, a sudden contraction, sudden

enlargement and a typical control valve to be demonstrated.
The equipment is mounted on a free-standing framework which supports the test
pipe work and instrumentation. The following typical pipe fittings are incorporated for
study: matre bend, 900 elbows, sweep bends (large and small radius), sudden
contraction and sudden enlargement. All are instrumented with upstream and
downstream pressure tapings. These tapings are connected to a bank of twelve water
manometer tubes, mounted on the framework. Pressurization of the manometers is
facilitated by a hand pump. A gate valve is used to control the flow rate. A separate
gate valve is instrumented with upstream and downstream pressure tapings which are
connected to a differential gauge on the edge of the framework. The unit stands on the
working top of the Hydraulics Bench which is also used as the source of water supply.

Object:

Measuring the losses in the devices related to flow rate and calculating loss
coefficients related to velocity head
Comparing the pressure drop across each device

Applications:The main application of this apparatus is in every industry. Every industry

contains a large number of pipes which are of different lengths and diameters. This
apparatus use to calculate the losses of energy at bends and fittings of pipes. As we
know the energy is remain conserved but due these losses, the efficiency of the overall
system greatly effects.

8- Osborne Reynolds Demonstrator:Diagram:-

Components of Equipment:1- Base Plate

2- Water Reservoir
3- Flow Optimized Inflow
4- Aluminum Well
5- Metering Tap
6- Brass Inflow Tip
7- Overflow Section
8- Test Pipe Section
9- Ball Cock
10- Connection for Water Supply
11- Waste Water Discharge
12- Drain Cock
13- Control Valve

Description:This item is intended to reproduce the classic experiments conducted by

Professor Osborne Reynolds concerning the nature of laminar and turbulent flow.
The equipment operates in a vertical mode. A header tank containing stilling
media provides a constant head of water through a bell mouth entry to the flow
visualization pipe. Flow through this pipe is regulated using a control valve at the
discharge end. The flow rate of water through the pipe can be measured using the
volumetric tank (or measuring cylinder) of the Hydraulics Bench. Velocity of the water
can therefore be determined to allow calculation of Reynolds' number. The equipment
uses a similar dye injection technique to that of Reynolds' original apparatus to enable
observation of flow conditions. Test pipe diameter is about 10mm. Length of test pipe is
about 700mm. Dye reservoir capacity is about 0.45 liters.

Objective:

Reproducing the classic experiments conducted by Professor Osborne Reynolds

concerning fluid flow condition
Observing the laminar, transitional, turbulent flow and velocity profile

Applications:The main use for this apparatus is to find out the Reynolds Number of the
flowing fluid. A Number of fluids are flowing in the industry at the same time. Reynolds
Number tells us about the behavior of the flowing fluid whether it is laminar, turbulent
or transitional. We can adjust the fluid behavior according to our requirements. So, this
apparatus is very important use in industrial scale.