CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of The Study
Indonesia is an agrarian country, it means that many citizens work as
farmers. Many national products comes from agriculture, it means the agricultural
sector has an important role.
Many farmers in Indonesia still work traditionally and rare to use
advanced technology in agriculture. It caused by low human resources.
Additionally, the thing which is causing a lack of knowledge to technology, that
most of Indonesian farmers are the old generation, it is caused because many of
the young generation do not want to work in the agricultural sector. Therefore, a
lot of Indonesian people do not know about what it is and how to use Geographic
Information System (GIS).
Young generation should know more about this technology and replace the
old generation in order to implement GIS in agriculture. So, agriculture become
more advanced and work effectively. The example of GIS, it is used for water
management. By applying GIS, we can mapping areas of irrigation, wheter it is
better or worse.
Because of the problem that already explained, this paper was written,
which is expected to help for understanding of GIS applications, especially in
water management and understand the importance of GIS for sustainability
agriculture.

1.2 Objectives of The Study

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a. To understand about GIS and the application

b. To understand the benefit of using GIS in agriculture, especially in water
management
c. To know the opportunity of GIS used in Indonesia and related to sustainable
agriculture

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
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2.1 Definitions of GIS

The definitions of GIS may change as time goes by. Maybe it can widen or
become vary. There are several definitions of Geographic Information System
(GIS):
a. Burrough (1986), GIS is the system based on computer which used to insert,
save, manage, analyze, and reactive the data such as layout for many purpose
which related to mapping and planning.
b. Aranoff (1989), GIS is the system based on computer which can handle
geographic data such as insert data, data management (saving and reactive
data), manipulation & data analyze, or generating output. The output can be
used as a reference decision making.
c. Chrisman (1977), GIS is the system consist of hardware, software, data, brain
ware, organizations and agencies which used to collecting, saving, analyzing,
and distributing information about areas on this earth.
2.2 Data Used
Ekadinata, et al (2008) said that there are 2 kinds of data which used in
Geographic Information System (GIS):
a. Spatial Data
Spatial data is geographic reference data to representation any object
in earth. Spatial data generally based in a map that contains interpretations and
the projection of the whole phenomenon on the earth.
According with development, the map not only represent objects that
exist on earth, but evolved into a representation of an object on the earth (in
the air) and under the earths surface.
Spatial data can be obtained from various sources in various formats.
Spatial data sources include graphic data analogue maps, aerial photographs,
satellite images, field survey, measurements with using Global Positioning
Systems (GPS) and others.
Spatial data have 2 kinds of presentations, there are:
Vector Model

Vector model is displaying, placing, and storing spatial data using

dots, lines, and curves or polygon with the attributes. The basic shape of
the vector model is defined by the coordinate system (x,y).
By using vector model, objects information in the earth
represented as dots, lines, or polygons. Each represents a certain object
types as explained as follows:
- Dots (point) : represents the spatial objects that do not have a wide
or long dimension. Spatial features represented as a pair coordinates
-

x,y.
Line/segment : represents of an object that have a long dimension but
does not have the dimension of the area, such as the road network, the

flow pattern, and the contour lines.

Polygon
: represents spatial features that had an area. For

example administrative units, soils units, and land use zone.

Raster Data Model
Raster data model is displaying, placing, and storing spatial data
using a matrix structure of pixels that make up the grid (horizontal and
vertical reference fields are divided into squares).
Pixel is the basic unit which used to store information explicitly.
Each pixel has its own attributes, including coordinates. Accuracy of this
model is highly dependent on the resolution or pixel size of an image.

b. Attribute Data
Attribute data is the data which is described about the characteristic or
phenomena which contained in object in the maps and do not have relation
with geographic position. Attribute data can be numeric information, photo,
narration, etc, which obtained from statistic data, field measurement, census,
etc.
Attribute can be described qualitatively and quantitatively. On
qualitative description, we describe the type of classification, labeling an
object to be recognized and differentiated from other objects.
2.3 Definition of Irrigation
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According to Oktavianti, et al (2014) opinion, irrigation means the work

of supplying, organizing, and banishment of irrigation to support kind of
agriculture include surface irrigation, swamp irrigation, irrigation underground
water, pumps irrigation, and ponds irrigation. The irrigation system includes
irrigation infrastructure, water irrigation, irrigation management, institutional
irrigation management, and human resources.
Irrigation network is a channel, structure, and supplementary structure,
which is related between one and others needed to the supply, the distribution,
administration, use, and banishment of irrigation water.
2.4 The Benefit in Agriculture
According to Puntodewo, et al (2003) opinion, the application of GIS in
agricultural planning:
a. Production plant planning
GIS can be used to plan about manage the agricultural resources and
plantation such as the land area of crops, trees or waterways. Additionally GIS
is used to set a harvest time, developed a system of crop rotation, and annual
calculation about the degradation of soils due to differences in seeding,
planting or techniques used in the harvest. The process of seeding, planting
process, the process of protecting from pests and diseases can be managed by
the manager of the garden.
b. Planning of irrigation system management
GIS is used to help the planning of agricultural lands. GIS can help in
planning the system capacity, the efficiency, also a distribution planning of
water in the system.

CHAPTER 3
DISCUSSION
3.1 The Example of Application in Indonesia
The example of Geographic Information System (GIS) in Indonesia is for
irrigation network mapping areas of West Java based on journal which written by
Oktavianti, et al (2014).
West Java is well known by province that plays an important role for
agricultural production in Indonesia. Agricultural products in there, contribute
15% of the total agriculture products in Indonesia. The development of paddy is
highly dependent on the availability of irrigation water. It requires data about the
condition of irrigation. So, thats why GIS is needed to water management.
3.2 Kind of Agriculture
The kind of agriculture which is used in this application is rice field. Not
corn field or another, because this journal tell about the using of GIS for the rice
field irrigation.
3.3 Data Used
The benefit of data processing is to make the data ready to be used for
making irrigation network mapping based GIS. There are 2 kinds of data which
used for this GIS application:
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a. Spatial Data
GIS need data input such as spatial or descriptive. There are:
Analogue maps
Such as topography maps, soils maps, land maps, map of distribution
vegetation. Analogue maps available in hardcopy.
Data from remote sensing system
Such as satellite images and aerial photographs
Field measurement data
Such as administrative boundary data, land ownership data, etc.
GPS data
GPS technology is the important data for GIS which is showed by vector
format.
b. Attribute data
Kind of attribute data which used in this application is from interview with
society around the irrigation. In addition to the interview, the data was also
obtained by distribution questionnaires.
3.4 The Benefit in Agriculture
The benefit of using GIS in this journal which related to agriculture is to
know the condition of irrigation for irrigation manager and related agencies. So,
the agencies can choose action, develop or rehabilitation the irrigation.
If irrigation in West Java become better the water of rice field can
stagnate, rice growth will be optimized. This will increase the productivity of rice.
As we know that West Java has the large amount of rice product for Indonesia. If
we can improve the irrigation network, so the productivity will be maintained as
well. In the end there will be no imports.
3.5 The Opportunity of GIS in Indonesia
The application of GIS in water management is to make an irrigation
mapping. From irrigation mapping, we can know the real condition about the
irrigation network in West Java. It could be very good, good, bad, or very bad.
From the result, the areas which mostly has very good irrigation conditions is
Majalengka, and the worst is Sumedang.

From this condition, the irrigation manager or related agencies may take
action, maybe develop or do rehabilitation for irrigation. He also can control the
amount of water which used to irrigation in every field, so this action will not
cause water loss. Indirectly, this action already based on sustainable agriculture
because can control the availability of water.

CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 Conclusions
GIS is the system based on computer which need data input such as
spatial data and attribute data, the output can be used for making decision.
There are many benefit of using GIS, especially in agriculture which is used
for water management. The example application of GIS in water management
is for irrigation network mapping areas of West Java.
The application of GIS in water management is to make an irrigation
mapping. From irrigation mapping, we can know the real condition about the
irrigation network in West Java. From this condition, the irrigation manager or
related agencies may take action, maybe develop or do rehabilitation for
irrigation.
From using GIS, the agencies also can control the amount of water
which used to irrigation in every field, so this action will not cause water loss.
So, the using of GIS in agriculture can said as sustainable agriculture because
can control the availability of water.
4.2 Recommendations
Hopefully many farmers in Indonesia can use Geographic Information
System (GIS) for their agriculture field. Because the using of GIS has many
benefit. If the used this, in the future, agriculture become good and run
effectively.