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x
y
xy
xz
zy
2
2
2
u
v
w
x
x
x
2
2
2
v
w
v 1 u
y 2 y
u v u u v v w w
y x x y x y x y
u w u u v v w w
z x x z x z x z
v w u u v v w w
z y y z y z y z
u 1
x 2
(6.1)
u 1 u 2 v 2 w 2
x
2
x
x x
(6.2)
b)
c)
w / x 1, w / y 1.
d)
the tangential displacements, u and v , are small. Only nonlinear terms which
depend on w / x , w / y are to be retained in the strain displacement relations.
e)
u
u 1 w
1 w 2
x 2 x
x
2
v 2 x
v 1 w
y 1 w 2
y 2 y
u v w w u v 2 y
y x x y y x w w
u w x y
u w
0
z x
z x
v w
v w
0
z y
z y
x
y
xy
xy
zy
(6.3)
u 1 w
x
2
x
u
u
x
v 1 w
x 2 x
u
0
x
0
0
x
0
x 0
(6.4)
The strain components can then be separated into linear 0 and nonlinear L
part
0 L
(6.5)
and
d d 0 d L
(6.6)
Where
BL
(6.7)
B0
1 w
1 0
L 2 y w
w w 2
x y
y
0
0
0
w
y
w
x
0
0
w
x
w
(6.8)
or
L
1
AR
2
(6.9)
where
w
R x G.a
w
(6.10)
1
1
dAR AdR AdR AGda
2
2
(6.11)
(6.12)
For the stiffened shell, G matrix must be transformed at some nodes to give
strains corresponding to six degrees of freedom
G T .G
(6.13)
(6.14)
ddV dB T dV kda
(6.15)
where
d Dd DBda
(6.16)
dB T dB LT
(6.17)
dV
(6.18)
dB T dV K da
(6.19)
P (a )
K K K
where
(6.21)
determine the tangential stiffness K. This can be done by using equations (6.12)
and (6.17)
K da dB dV G T dAT dV
T
(6.22)
dA d
w
x
0
w
y
w
0 0 y
y
xy
w
0 0 xz
x
yz
(6.23)
x d
d
x
dAT
w
d y d
w
xy
y
w
xy
x
(6.24)
w
d
xy x
y w
d y
(6.26)
G GdV
T
(6.27)
Following the same procedure the curved beam element, the geometric
stiffness matrix will be,
K b GbTT x Gb dV
(6.28)
Instead of trying to satisfy (4.77) at any time, it is aimed to satisfy (4.77) only at
discrete time intervals t apart. This means that, basically, (static) equilibrium,
which includes the effect of inertia and damping forces, is sought at discrete time
points within the interval of solution.
2.
t n 1
as
Mdn 1 Cd n 1 Kd n 1 f n 1
(6.29)
and the following assumptions on the variation of displacements and velocities are
made within a typical time step:
t 2
1 2 dn 2 dn 1
d n 1 d n td n
2
d n 1 d n t 1 dn dn 1
where
dn
d n
, and
known at time t.
d
n
(6.30)
(6.31)
Parameters
method.
In the present work an unconditinally stable time stepping scheme is
adopted with
(6.32)
d n 1 d np1 tdn 1
(6.33)
(6.34)
d np1 d n t (1 ) dn
(6.35)
The terms
d n 1 and d n 1
are the
predictor values. The corrector values for the acceleration can be obtained from
equations (6.32) and (6.33) as:
dn 1 d n 1 d np1
t
2
(6.36)
K d
K M t 2 CT t K T
(6.38)
(6.39)
(6.40)
d ni 1 d np1
(6.41)
dni 1 0
3.
(6.42)
where
K M t CT t K T
and
i f n 1 Mdni 1 CT d ni 1 p d ni 1
(6.43)
(6.44)
are respectively, the effective stiffness matrix, and the residual force vector, with
K T p d
(6.45)
(6.47)
dni 11 d ni 11 d np1 t 2
(6.48)
d ni 11 d np1 tdni 11
(6.49)
5.If the convergence criterion selected is not satisfied, then set i=i+1 and go to (3)
6.set the solution at time t
d n 1 d ni 11
(6.50)
d n 1 d ni 11
(6.51)
dn 1 dni 11
(6.52)
for the use in the next time step. Also set n=n+1 and go to (1)
(6.4) Convergence Criteria
Any problem associated with iterative techniques must be concerned with the
selection of a suitable criterion for determining whether the current solutions are
sufficiently accurate to terminate the iterative process. At the end of each iteration
the solution is checked whether to continue the iteration process or to terminate it
and to consider a new load increment for static analysis or a new time step for
dynamic analysis.
where
Tn is
Tn
(6.53)
a given tolerance
ri n
at the end of each iteration. These forces are checked against the current
applied forces
ri n
fin
by,
Tn
(6.54)
where max is the maximum circular frequency of the finite element mesh. To
avoid the solution of the eigenvalue problem for the whole structure the proposed
method by Irons can be used[14]. Irons proved that the highest system eigenvalue
must always be less than the highest eigenvalue of the individual elements.
To avoid the exact evaluation of the highest finite element mesh frequency,
approximate expressions are usually employed. [23,28,30]
(1 )(1 2 )
t L
E (1 )
F.S.[15]
484.28
885.01
F.E.[16]
885.48
Present study
484.6
884.459
(6.6) Mesh and Crack Drawing for the Degenerated Shell Element
Drawing is considered an important part in finite element analysis. Using the
drawing facilities makes it possible to check the input data easily and gives clear
insight for the result to be interpreted when the deflection response, cracks,
yielding points etc. are drawn.
In the present work a Visual Basic program is developed. Shape, deformed
shape and cracks for the degenerated shell element can be drawn and rotated,
Figures(6.1 and 6.2).
(i) Shape and Deformed Shape Drawing
For the drawings of the shape and deformed shape, curves are used by using spline
order. The deformed shape is drawn after adding the displacement at the top and
bottom of the shell element to the original coordinate of the elements using the
following equations:
1. for nodes with five degrees of freedom, equation(4.12) can be written:
u uk
v v hk v
2k
k
2
w wk
v1k k
k
(6.55)
v3zk
0
v3xk
v3yk k
v3xk k
0 k
(6.56)
The displacements on the top and bottom face are computed when
and
1 respectively.
In Figure (6.1), a curved box girder bridge is drawn using the developed
program for graphic representation. In the figure, the original shape is drawn and in
Figure (6.2), the deformed shape due to two concentrated loads is shown.