Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sixth Edition
MACHINE POWER
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
By
Dr. Ibrahim Assakkaf
ENCE 420 Construction Equipment and Methods
Spring 2003
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park
INTRODUCTION
Slide No. 1
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
Slide No. 2
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Slide No. 3
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
Slide No. 4
Per f
Cha orm anc
rt
e
INTRODUCTION
Slide No. 5
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
Slide No. 6
INTRODUCTION
Slide No. 7
INTRODUCTION
Slide No. 8
PAYLOAD
Slide No. 9
STRUCK CAPACITY
Slide No. 10
HEAPED CAPACITY
2
HEAPED
PAYLOAD
Slide No. 11
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
Slide No. 12
PAYLOAD
A gravimetric capacity
would represent the safe
operational weight that the
axles and structural frame
of the machine were
designed to handle.
Slide No. 13
MACHINE POWER
Slide No. 14
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
MACHINE PERFORMANCE
POWER REQUIRED
Slide No. 15
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
POWER REQUIRED
Slide No. 16
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
POWER REQUIRED
Slide No. 17
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
Total Resistance
Total Resistance (TR) =
Rolling Resistance (RR)
+
Grade Resistance (GR)
(1)
Slide No. 18
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
POWER REQUIRED
Slide No. 19
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
TR = RR + GR
10
Slide No. 20
ROLLING RESISTANCE
Rolling resistance is a
measure of the force
(lb/ton) that must be
overcome to rotate a
wheel over the surface on
which it makes contact.
Slide No. 21
ROLLING RESISTANCE
Rolling resistance is caused by
Tire penetrating the surface
Internal
gear
friction
Tire flexing
11
ROLLING RESISTANCE
Slide No. 22
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
General Notes
9Rolling resistance (wheel
resistance or track resistance) is
the resistance of a level surface to
constant-velocity motion across it.
9This resistance varies
considerably with the type and
condition of the surface over
which a vehicle moves.
ROLLING RESISTANCE
Slide No. 23
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
12
ROLLING RESISTANCE
Slide No. 24
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
ROLLING RESISTANCE
Slide No. 25
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
13
ROLLING RESISTANCE
Slide No. 26
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
Estimating Rolling
Resistance
9Formulas
9Tables (general)
9Tow Cable Method
ROLLING RESISTANCE
Slide No. 27
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
(2)
14
ROLLING RESISTANCE
If tire penetration is
Slide No. 28
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
known
ROLLING RESISTANCE
Slide No. 29
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
15
ROLLING RESISTANCE
Slide No. 30
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
ROLLING RESISTANCE
Slide No. 31
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
16
Slide No. 32
ROLLING RESISTANCE
Tow Cable Method
R=
Where
P
W
(3)
HAUL ROUTE
Slide No. 33
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
Travel Distance
9Equipment selection is affected by
travel distance because of the time
factor it introduces into the production
cycle.
9All other factors being equal,
increased travel distances will favor
the use of high-speed large capacity
units.
17
HAUL ROUTE
Slide No. 34
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
Bearing Capacity
9A haul route must have sufficient
bearing capacity to carry imposed
loads.
9On low-bearing-capacity material, this
may dictate the selection of track-type
instead of wheel-type running gear.
9The use of special low-groundpressure machines using wide tracks
or balloon tires may be necessary.
Slide No. 35
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
18
GRADE RESISTANCE
Slide No. 36
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
GRADE RESISTANCE
Slide No. 37
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
Effect of Grade on
Required Tractive Effort
The force-opposing
movement of a vehicle up a
frictionless slope is known
as grade resistance.
19
GRADE RESISTANCE
Slide No. 38
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
GRADE RESISTANCE
Slide No. 39
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
20
Slide No. 40
GRADE RESISTANCE
Slide No. 41
GRADE RESISTANCE
100 ft
5 ft
100 = 5%
100 ft
21
Slide No. 42
GRADE RESISTANCE
Slide No. 43
90
if W = 2000 lb/ton
and G < 10
F = 20 lb/ton (G%)
W
= G%
(4)
22
Slide No. 44
lb/ton
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
119.8
139.8
159.2
179.2
199.0
218.0
kg/m ton
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
59.9
69.9
79.6
89.6
99.5
109.0
Slope (%)
lb/ton
12
13
14
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
238.4
257.8
277.4
296.6
392.3
485.2
574.7
660.6
742.8
820.8
894.4
kg/m ton
119.2
128.9
138.7
148.3
196.1
242.6
287.3
330.3
371.4
410.4
447.2
GRADE RESISTANCE
Slide No. 45
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
GR = 20 lb/tn % grade
(5)
23
GRADE RESISTANCE
Slide No. 46
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
GRADE ASISTANCE
Slide No. 47
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
24
GRADE ASISTANCE
Slide No. 48
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
TOTAL RESISTANCE
Slide No. 49
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
Total Resistance =
Rolling Resistance +
Grade Resistance
TR = RR + GR or
TR = RR- GA
25
Slide No. 50
Example 1
Slide No. 51
Example 1 (contd)
Equivalent grade (RR) =
Effective grade (haul)
= 1%
RR = rolling resistance
GR = grade resistance
26
Slide No. 52
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
Slide No. 53
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
27
Slide No. 54
Slide No. 55
28
Slide No. 56
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
In planning a project, a
constructor should always
check several haul-route
options before deciding on
a final construction plan.
AVAILABLE POWER
Slide No. 57
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
29
Slide No. 58
AVAILABLE POWER
Slide No. 59
POWER TRANSMISSION
30
Slide No. 60
POWER TRANSMISSION
Slide No. 61
POWER TRANSMISSION
Diesel engines have:
31
Slide No. 62
POWER TRANSMISSION
The basic equation that governs the
mechanics of energy transmission is
expressed as
Tg = Fp r
(6)
Slide No. 63
POWER TRANSMISSION
fwhp =
2N g Fp r
33,000
2N g Tg
33,000
(7)
32
Slide No. 64
POWER TRANSMISSION
Slide No. 65
POWER TRANSMISSION
33
POWER TRANSMISSION
USABLE POWER
Slide No. 66
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
Slide No. 67
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
Rimpull
The usable power at the
point of contact between the
tire and the ground for a
wheel machine.
34
USABLE POWER
Slide No. 68
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
Drawbar Pull
The available usable power
(pull) which a crawler tractor
can exert on a load that is
being towed.
USABLE POWER
Slide No. 69
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
35
Slide No. 70
USABLE POWER
E
100
(8)
Slide No. 71
USABLE POWER
Fw =
33,000 fwhp E
v
(9)
36
Slide No. 72
USABLE POWER
(10)
(11)
USABLE POWER
Slide No. 73
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
37
COEFFICIENT OF
TRACTION
Slide No. 74
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
COEFFICIENT OF
TRACTION
Slide No. 75
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
(12)
38
Slide No. 76
COEFFICIENT OF
TRACTION
FOR TRUCK TYPE
TRACTOR
The usual tractor weight
FOR 4-WHEEL
TRACTOR
Use weight on drivers
shown on spec sheet
or approximately
40% of vehicle gross
weight
FOR 2-WHEEL
TRACTOR
Use weight on drivers
shown on spec sheet
or approximately 50%
of vehicle gross weight
Surface
Rubber tires
Crawler tracks
0.80-1.00
0.50-0.70
0.40-0.50
0.30-0.40
0.20-0.30
0.20
0.10
0.45
0.90
0.70
0.35
0.30
0.15-0.35
0.10-0.25
Slide No. 77
Example 2
39
Example 2 (contd)
Slide No. 78
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
Example 3
Slide No. 79
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
40
Example 3 (contd)
Slide No. 80
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
ALTITUDE EFFECT ON
USABLE POWER
Slide No. 81
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
41
ALTITUDE EFFECT ON
USABLE POWER
Slide No. 82
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
ALTITUDE EFFECT ON
USABLE POWER
Slide No. 83
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
42
Slide No. 84
ALTITUDE EFFECT ON
USABLE POWER
Turbocharged engines:
9Two- and four-cycle diesel
engines -- usually very little or
no loss in rated power up to
10,000 ft.
Turbocharger: a mechanical component mounted on
the engine which forces air to the piston.
Slide No. 85
Example 4
= 100 hp
43
Slide No. 86
ALTITUDE EFFECT ON
USABLE POWER
Pactual
Pstd
Tstd
Tactual
(13)
Slide No. 87
ALTITUDE EFFECT ON
USABLE POWER
0
29.92
1,000
28.86
6,000
23.95
2,000
27.82
7,000
23.07
3,000
26.80
8,000
22.21
4,000
25.82
9,000
21.36
5,000
24.87
10,000
20.55
44
Slide No. 88
Example 5
fwhp = rated hp
Pactual
Pstd
Tstd
26.15 520
= 130
= 112.7 hp
Tactual
29.92 532
RIMPULL
Slide No. 89
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
45
Slide No. 90
RIMPULL
Slide No. 91
RIMPULL
377 hp E
(lb)
speed (mph)
(14)
46
Slide No. 92
RIMPULL
Slide No. 93
Example 6
The efficiency of most tractors and trucks will range from 0.8 to
0.85. For a rubber' d tractor with a 140-hp engine and a maximum
speed of 3.25 mph in the first gear, tire the rimpull will be
Rimpull = [375 x 140 x 0.85]/3.25 = 13,730 lb
The maximum rimpull in all gear ranges for this tractor will be as
follows:
Gear
Speed
(mph)
Rimpull
(lb)
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
3.25
7.10
12.48
21.54
33.86
13,730
6,285
3,576
2,072
1,319
47
Slide No. 94
Example 7
Slide No. 95
Example 7 (contd)
Max rimpull
= 13,730 lb
= 1,240 lb
= - 1,736 lb
= 11,994 lb
48
Slide No. 96
Torque, lb-ft
Torque
Governed speed
Horsepower, hp
Break hp
Crankshaft speed
Slide No. 97
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
49
PERFORMANCE CHARTS
Slide No. 98
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
PERFORMANCE CHARTS
Slide No. 99
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
50
PERFORMANCE CHARTS
POW
AVAI ER
LABL
E
51
PERFORMANCE CHARTS
Engine:
flywheel power 450
Transmission: semiautomatic power shift, eight speeds
Capacity of scraper:
Weight distribution:
Operating weight:
Struck
Heaped
Empty
Drive axle
Rear axle
Loaded Drive axle
Rear axle
Empty
Rated load:
Top Speed:
- 21 cu yd
- 31 cu yd
- 67%
- 33%
- 53%
- 47%
- 96,880 lb
- 75,000 lb
Loaded
- 33 mph
POWER
AVAIL ABLE
Haul
Empty
Loaded
52
POWER
AVAILABLE
Haul
POWER
AVAILABLE
Haul
53
POWE R
AVAILABLE
Haul
Speed 9 mph
POWE R
AVAILABLE
Return
Speed 31 mph
54
POWER AVAILABLE
What if the total resistance
is negative?
See Text page 146
Retarding Performance chart
The effective grade numbers
are negative numbers.
PERFORMANCE CHARTS
55
PERFORMANCE CHARTS
30000
45000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
40000
35000
Rimpull (lb)
30000
25000
4 Total
Resistance
(rr+gr)
20000
17,000
15000
10000
5000
0
0
10
19 20
15
25
30
35
40
45
Speed (mph)
PERFORMANCE CHARTS
30000
45000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
40000
35000
Rimpull (lb)
30000
25000
4 Total
Resistance
(rr+gr)
20000
17,000
15000
10000
5000
0
0
10
15
19 20
25
30
35
40
45
Speed (mph)
56
PERFORMANCE CHARTS
PERFORMANCE CHARTS
57
PERFORMANCE CHARTS
58