Literature Review

There are a few model that has been discovered from this topic years ago involving
the structural vibration induced by earthquake.
VIBRATION ENERGY OF EARTHQUAKE EXCITED BUILDING STRUCTURES
BASED ON COMPUTER SIMULATION
(Li Pengyun, Lin Jiedong, Nie Ming, Zhong Wanli, Huang Anguo, 2012, Publisher : Elsevier
Ltd. ) Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
This paper examines the energy criteria to assess the control performance of the
building structures using vibration energy criteria. The researchers have established the
equation of the motion of a multi-story building incorporated with friction dampers disturbed
by strong earthquake.

The equation of motion of a building subjected to earthquake

excitations is written as
M(t)+C(t)+Kx(t)=-MI(t) + Hu(t)
Where M, C and K are mass, damping and stiffness matrices of the workshop structure
respectively, x(t), (t) and (t) are the displacement, velocity, and acceleration responses with
respect to the ground motion, respectively, (t) is the ground acceleration; I is unit vector, u(t)
is the control force produced by piezoelectric damper, H is the influence matrix for
interaction force u(t) (Li, 2012).
Multi-Story Buildings
(Rich Marchand, US Military Academy, Fredonia, USA pp477-485 Vol 15, No.6, Int J.
Engg Ed. Printed in great Britain)

This modelled consist of the motion of structural dynamics of a building consisting of

three floors. Differ to the our model which consist only single-story building the three-story
building have to consider each mass and stiffness of each floor. To ease the equation, it is best
to consider all floor consists of same mass and stiffness. The model is in matrix form which
given by:
+ Au = f(t),

Where u=

u1
u1
u1

() ( )
, A=

21 0
121
01 1

And f(t) is and applied force. (Marchand, Timothy and Modevis, 1999).
CRANE STRUCTURES
(Ahmet Sagirli, C. Oktay Azeloglu, Rah,I, Guclu, Hakan Yazici, 2010)
This model discusses a self-tuning fuzzy logic controller is implemented to a five degrees-offreedom gantry crane which is modelled using spring-mass-damper subsystem. The motion of
the model is planar motion.
The direction of the ground motion is on this plane and the motion of all masses is also in
this lane. The degrees-of-freedom have been assumed to be occurring only in the horizontal
direction. All springs and dampers are considered as acting only in a horizontal direction. In
this model, ground, portal legs, crane bridge, trolley, and payload are considered as point

masses

m1 , m2 ,m3 , m4 ,m5

respectively. The cable is considere as massless and rigid. In the

model, portal legs are fixed on the ground. Two actuators are used to supress earthquake

induced vibrations. The first actuator is installed between the bridge and the portal legs and
the second one is placed between portal legs and the ground
The equation of this model is

[M] + [C] + [K]x =

F d + Fu

0+ k 1 x 0
c1

0000
Where x=

[x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 ]T , F d=

and

Fu =[ Fu 1 ( Fu 1F u 2 ) F u 2 00 ] . F d

is the force induced by an earthquake.

Fu 1

and

Fu 2

are the control forces produced by linear motors.

Cantilever Beam Model
(page 48, July 2008, Bangalore, Indian Institute of Science, Semi control of Earthquake
Induced Vibrations in Structures using MR Dampers: Algorithm development,
Experimental Verification and Benchmark Apllication)
The model of Cantilever model is applicable to the tall and symmetric which there is no
eccentricity in the axis of the mass centres and the axis of resistance, the response of the
building is dominant in one direction and negligible in other orthogonal directions, i.e.,
building is rectangular and responses in the direction of the length are negligible in
comparison to the responses in the direction of the width, responses are same at all the points
of a floor and the ground acceleration is same at all the points of foundations.(Ali, ) A beam
of uniform thickness is the portion located between two adjacent floors. There are two degree

freedoms at each floor which are on translational and rotational. It is a simple model and the
size of matrices will be 2N x 2N for an N storey building even though there are two degrees
of freedom at each floor.( Ali, 2008).
Brief Explanation of the model
The mathematical model considered the motion or vibration of the building during the
earthquake with harmonic forcing. Thus, the initial condition of the motion begins when the
building at rest with upright position and the ground movement make the building move

(Marchand, Timothy and Modevis, 1999). First we derived

uG ( t )

U T ( t )=u ( t )+u G (t )

which

refer to the horizontal displacement of the building during earthquake.

The

acceleration of the building movement derived from the derivation of uG ( t ) . Thus the
acceleration

gave

u } rsub {G} =-A sin {left ( sqrt {{k} over {mt}} right )} {m/sec} ^ {2} .

no damping,

mu } rsub {T} +ku=0,

Since there is

which implies

mu + ku = -u''} rsub {G} =A sin ( sqrt {{k} over {m}} t)

.

(1)

A
m
u=
y,
t=

We let
and
and rewrite the equation in no dimensional form to
k
k
obtain:

( )

y + y = sin(), y(0)=0, y(0)=0.

(2)

Now, we solely depend on for the initial value problem derived in (2).This way to help in
reducing the number of variable and solve the equation later.
Li P., Lin J.,Nie M., Zhong W., Huang A., (2012), Vibration Enaergy of Earthquake Excited
Building Structures Based on Computer Simulation.