Machine Tools And Machining Lab

Assignment #3

Submitted To:
Engineer Tahir Ameen
Submitted By:
Mohsin Munawar
2011-ME-150
Section C-2

Department Of Mechanical
Engineering
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UET Lahore
Calibration And Measuring Devices
Introduction
Measuring devices are the instruments that shows the extent or amount
or quantity or degree of something. Calibration is a comparison between
measurements one of known magnitude or correctness made or set
with one device and another measurement made in as similar a way as
possible with a second device. The formal definition of calibration by the
International Bureau of Weights and Measures is the following:
"Operation that, under specified conditions, in a first step, establishes a
relation between the quantity values with measurement uncertainties
provided by measurement standards and corresponding indications with
associated measurement uncertainties (of the calibrated instrument or
secondary standard) and, in a second step, uses this information to
establish a relation for obtaining a measurement result from an
indication. The device with the known or assigned correctness is called
the standard. The second device is the unit under test, test instrument,
or any of several other names for the device being calibrated.

Types
Several different types of measuring instruments exists which are used
for taking the measurement of various materials and objects. Distance,
length, time and mass can be calculated easily with the use of these
measuring devices. The use of various devices and instruments can be
traced back to the ancient period where people used crude methods to
measure the time, length, distance and density. Today a huge array of
complex measuring instruments is used to measure different physical
quantities.Following are different types of these devices
1.Ruler

2.Tape measure

3.Vernier caliper

4.Micometer

5.SpeedoMeter

6.Tachometer

7.Dynamometer

8.Pressure Guage

9.Weighing Scale

10.Brinell Hardness Tester

Ruler
A ruler, sometimes called a rule or line gauge, is an instrument used
in geometry, technical drawing, printing as well as engineering and
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building to measure distances or to rule straight lines. The ruler is

a straightedge which may also contain calibrated lines to measure
distances Rulers have long been made of many materials in a wide range
of sizes. Some are wooden. Plastics have also been used since they were
invented; they can be molded with length markings instead of
being scribed.

Figure 1.0 Steel Ruler.

Metal is used for more durable rulers for use in the workshop; sometimes
a metal edge is embedded into a wooden desk ruler to preserve the
edge when used for straight-line cutting. 12 inches or 30 cm in length is
useful for a ruler to be kept on a desk to help in drawing.

Tape measure
A tape measure is a portable measurement device used to quantify the
size of an object or the distance between objects. The tape is marked
along the tape edge in inches and fractional inches, typically in quarter-,
eight-, sixteenth-inch increments. Some tape measures are marked in
millimeters, centimeters, and meters on one edge.

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Figure 1.1 Tape Measure.

The most common tape measures are 12 feet, 25 feet, or 100 feet in
length. A 12-foot tape measure is handiest for consumers. The 25-foot
length is called a builder's tape and is marked in feet and at 16-inch
increments to make measuring the standard distance between wall studs
easier. The 100-foot tape, usually of reinforced cloth, is useful for
determining property boundaries and other exterior measurements.

Vernier caliper
A Vernier caliper is a precision instrument that measures internal
dimensions, outside dimensions, and depth. It can measure at an
accuracy of one thousandth of an inch and one hundredth of a
millimeter. The caliper has 2 sets of jaws on the upper portion and the
lower portion. Each set of jaws has a fixed jaw and a movable jaw. The
upper set is designed to measure inside dimensions. The lower set is
designed to measure outside dimensions. It also has a depth probe at
the base or rear part, which functions as a depth measuring tool.

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Figure 1.3 Vernier Caliper.

Types of Scales
There are 2 scales on a Vernier caliper. The main scale is typically found
on the length of the caliper. It functions much the same way as a ruler.
The main scale is fixed on the device and cannot be moved. The caliper
also has a movable Vernier scale. The Vernier scale is the secret to the
instruments precision. It is divided into 10 sets, each of equal length.
Below are the best uses for a Vernier caliper.
1. Measuring Inside Dimensions
The upper set of jaws on the caliper can be used to measure inside
dimensions, such as the diameter of holes on a piece of wood or metal.
Measuring the precise diameters of holes in pipes, cylinders and other
hollow objects is very important to any project or application. The jaws of
the caliper can be easily slid into the hole to get the precise
measurement. The caliper can also be used to measure inside dimension
of holes with different shapes, e.g. square, rectangular, cylindrical, or
hexagonal. Lastly, the upper jaws can be used to measure the distance
between 2 objects. This can be done by simply putting the jaws of the
caliper between the objects to get a measurement.
2. Measuring Outside Dimensions
The lower set of jaws on the Vernier caliper can be used to measure
outside dimensions. Outside dimensions include the outer diameter of a
cylinder and total length of an object. The outer diameter of cylindrical
objects can be measured by simply clamping the lower jaws of the
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caliper around the object. The caliper can also measure the length or
width of an object by placing the object between the calipers jaws.
The Vernier caliper has a depth probe on the rear part. This probe can be
extended from the edge of the hole to the other end of the hole. With the
depth probe, one can measure the precise depth of a hole in any piece of
wood or metal.

Micometer
A micrometer is a device used widely in mechanical engineering
and machining for precision measurement, along with other
metrological instruments such as dial calipers and vernier calipers.
Micrometer screw-gauge is used for measuring accurately the diameter
of a thin wire or the thickness of a sheet of metal. It consists of a Ushaped frame, fitted with a screwed spindle which is attached to a
thimble, as shown in Fig. 1.

Figure 1.4 Screw gauge.

Micrometers use the principle of a screw to amplify small distances
that are too small to measure directly into large rotations of the screw
that are big enough to read from a scale.

SpeedoMeter
A speedometer is the device in a vehicle that measures and displays the
speed, and is essential for safety purpose on roads and highways around
the world. The speedometer on a car, truck or motorcycle tells the driver
how fast the vehicle is moving at any given time by instantaneously
measuring the speed on the ground. The device is now digital on many
vehicles, and takes different incarnations as the motorcycle speedometer
or bike speedometer.
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Figure 1.5 Speedometer.

Tachometer
A tachometer is an instrument designed to measure the rotation speed
of an object, such as a gauge in an automobile that measures the
revolutions per minute (RPMs) of the engine's crankshaft. The word is
derived from the Greek words tachos, meaning "speed," and metron,
meaning "to measure." This device traditionally is laid out with a dial, a
needle that indicates the current reading and markings that indicate safe
and dangerous levels. Digital tachometers have become more common,
however, and they give numerical readings instead of using dials and
needles.

Figure 1.6 Tachometer

Dynamometer
A dynamometer is a load device which is generally used for measuring
the power output of an engine. Several kinds of dynamometers are
common, some of them being referred to as breaks or break
dynamometers: dry friction break dynamometers, hydraulic or water
break dynamometers and eddy current dynamometers.
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Figure 1.7 Dynamometer

Pressure Gage
Instruments used to measure pressure are called pressure gauges or
vacuum gauges. A vacuum gauge is used to measure the pressure in a
vacuum. Pressure gage is a gauge for measuring and indicating fluid
pressure as shown in figure in 1.4. Gauges with bourdon tubes are the
most common pressure measuring devices used today. They combine a
high grade of measuring technology, simple operation, ruggedness and
flexibility with the advantages of industrial and cost-effective production.
Needing no external power supply, bourdon tube gauges are the best
choice for most applications.

Figure 1.8 Pressure Guage

Weighing Scale

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Weighing scale is a measuring instrument for determining the weight or

mass of an object. Weighing scales are used in many industrial and
commercial applications, and products from feathers to loaded tractortrailers are sold by weight. Specialized medical scales including infant
medical scales, and bathroom scales are used to measure the body
weight of human beings. Spring balances or spring scales measure force
or weight by balancing the force due to gravity against the force on a
spring, whereas a balance or pair of scales using a balance beam
compares masses by balancing the force of gravity (weight) due to the
mass of an object against the force due to gravity (weight) of a known
mass as shown in figure in 1.6. A microbalance is an instrument capable
of making precise measurements of weight of objects of relatively small
mass: of the order of a million parts of a gram.

Figure 1.9 Weighing Scale

Brinell Hardness Tester

The Brinell scale characterizes the indentation hardness of materials
through the scale of penetration of an indenter, loaded on a material
test-piece. It is one of several definitions of hardness in materials
science. The oldest of the hardness test methods in common use today,
the Brinell test is frequently used to determine the hardness of forgings
and castings that have a grain structure too course for Rockwell or
Vickers testing as shown in figure 1.7. Therefore, Brinell tests are
frequently done on large parts. By varying the test force and ball size,
nearly all metals can be tested using a Brinell test. Brinell values are
considered test force independent as long as the ball size/test force
relationship is the same. Brinell testing is typically done on iron and steel
castings using a 3000Kg test force and a 10mm diameter carbide ball.
Aluminum and other softer alloys are frequently tested using a 500Kg
test force and a 10 or 5mm carbide ball. All Brinell tests use a carbide
ball indenter. The Brinell number, which normally ranges from HB 50 to
HB 750 for metals, will increase as the sample gets harder. Because of
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the wide test force range the Brinell test can be used on almost any
metallic material. The part size is only limited by the testing instrument's
capacity.

Figure 1.10 Brinell Hardness Tester

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