( COAL BASED THERMAL POWER pLaNTS| 44. INTRODUCTION TO THERMAL POWER PLANTS Steam is an important medium for producing mechanical energy. A steam power plant continuously converts the energy stored in fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) in the form of heat energy. Steam has the advantage that it can be raised from water which is available in abundance. The steam power stations are very much suitable where the coal is abundantly available. The pressure ranges from LOkg/em* to super critical pressure and the temperature varies from 250°C to 650°C. Thennal plants are not suitable for supplying fluctuating loads because any change in the load demand requires the corresponding change in output energy. In thermal power plants, the input energy is produced by burning the coal. So, there is always a large time lapse between the change in energy output and input which is notea desirable, Therefore, such power stations are stations and it supplies constant power. 1.1.1, Factors to Decide the Unit Size of Power Plants (i) (ii) (ii) Gv) lL & 5 a 1.1.2, Sources of Energy Available for Power Generation [3] 2 S Siem ooh : Gas or air « a Diesel and petrol Nuclear 2 a 4. 45. 1.2, WORKING PRINCIPLE OF THERMAL POWER PLANT A steam or thermal power plant uses steam as the working fluid. Steam is produced in a boiler using coal as fuel the prime mover (Steam turbine). The heet energy is converted into mechanical energy by the steam turbine and the mechanical energy is used for generating power with the help of a generator. Power Plant Engineeri Hasod Thermal Power Plants used only as base load Generator Required amount of power, Cast, \Chimney b Availability of resources. Technological aspects, Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, tidal, wave, MHD ete. Ash | jsorass| and it is used to drive | 8 b & a 5 & ! —— Water and steam circuit o---+ Cooling water tircuit Figure 1d Layout of steam or th ermal power plant pe Be)ez Power Plant Engineering] The layout of the steam power plant consists of four ale mat circuits, They are as follows, x |. Coal and ash cireuit 2. Alrand flue gas circuit 3. Water and steam circuit 4. Cooling water cireuit, 1.2.1. Coal and Ash Gircuit This circuit consists of coal storage, ash storage, coal handling and ash handling systems. The handling system consists of belt conveyors, screw conveyors ete. Coal from the storage yard i ‘a Is transferred to the er furnace eal BT im boi nace by means of coal he ndling equipment. Ash resulting during comb tion of coa é i ‘quipment. A Sulling during combusi f coal in the boile furnace is removed and it is stored in ash storage d handling. evices through ash Indian coal contains 30 to 40% of ash and the power plant of LOOAfI¥ produces normally 20 to 25 tons of hot ash per hour. 1.2.2. Air and Flue Gas Circuit This circuit consists of air filter, air preheater, dust collector and chimney. Air is taken from the atmosphere preheater. Then, the dust from the air a series of air filter, Then, the waste heat of flue gas is passed to the chimney for preheating the air in the preheater. and it is sent to an air ts removed by means of using After the combustion process is over in the furnace. which has sufficient quantity tubes, the flue gas of heat is passed around the boiler dust collector, economiser and preheater before being [coal Based Thermal Power Plants Ee the atmosphere through the chimney. By passing the exhausted to ihe water and air flue gas around the economiser and air preheater, are preheated before going to the boiler. 4.2.3. Feed Water and Steam Circuit ‘This cireuit consists of boiler feed pump, boiler, turbine and feed water heaters. The steam generated in the boiler passes through eater and it is supplied to the steam turbine. The steam is expanded in the steam turbine and then it is passed to the condenser t is condensed. The condensate is heated in HP and LP points of the turbine. super h where i aters using the steam tapped from different he rough the economiser where it is further ‘The feed water is passed th by means of flue gases. A part of the steam and water are lost sing through different components of the system. So, the source to compensate lasses. heated while pas: feed water is supplied from the external 4.2.4, Cooling Water Circuit ‘This circult consists of condenser, cooling water pump and cooling tower. Abundant quantity of wal Adequate water supply is available from ake. If adequate quantity of water is ter is required for condensing the steam in the condenser. yiwious sources such as river or \ rarm water coming out from the jot available at plant sites, the w condenser is cooled in the cooling tower and it is recireulated within the plant. Characteristics of'steam power plant: L. It produces high efficiency. 2, Tt reduces water requirement. 3, Itis highly reliable and available.Power Plant E i Advantages of steant power plants: ce 1. The powe: i - power production does not depend on the nature mere 2. Initial investment is low. ‘ - The power Plant can be located near loa enter, so the a powel nt can be | ar load cen t * i transmissi a : Mission cost and losses are considerably reduced » The time requi ie me requirement for construction and commissioni ee i sionin tmal power plant require less period of time, : Disadvantages of steam power plants: AS compa - electric er 1 © and 5 pared with lydro-electy power plant, I effic ency are less, ; a ransportati uel is a major proble of Ti min ajor bl ; i yor pi H this type of 3. Power generati generation cost is consid i 's erably hi to hydro-electric plant. ea ee . Air po 1 jor pre 0 pollution is the m t lapor ob i i 4 : ] problem invi Ing additiona 5 - It cannot be used as a peak load plant, 6 © coal (fuel) needed may be ex Liste Bradual use rv be haust J by gradu Th Le ded al use, 1.3. STEAM POWER PLANT CYCLES The cycles are used in the power plants such as (1) Rankine cycle (2) Reheat cycle (3) Regenerative cycle (4) Reheat-repenerative cycle [coat Based Thermal Power Plants (5) Binary vapour cycle, and (6) Superimposed or topping cycle. 41.4, RANKINE CYCLE Rankine cycle is the theoretical cycle on which the steam turbine works. Rankine cycle is an ideal cycle for vapour power ; ;, The line diagram of the plant working on the cyele is shown in Figure 1.2. Rankine cycle has the following processes. Proces. | 2 => Reversible adiabatic expansion in the turbine. 23 = Constant pressure heat transfer in the condenser. } 4 => Reversible adiabatic pumping process in the feed pump. 4 1 => Constant pressure heat transfer in the boiler, To analyse the eycle, 1 kg of fluid is taken and the steady flow energy equation is applied to boiler, furbine, condenser and pump, Process 1-2 (Turbine): The dry saturated steam from boiler (point 1) is isentropically expanded in the turbine (up to point 2) for developing mechanical work and hence, the pressure of steam falls from p, to p>. The {emperature at the end of expansion is T; which is the saturated temperature at condenser pressure p2. The steam after expansion is in wel condition with dryness fraction x3. Work done by turbine, Fp = fy — Ae [Note: In Figure 1.2, point L’ represents the inlet condition of Steam {o turbine as wet whereas the point 1” represents the inlet condition as superheated. Also point 1 represents the inlet conditia1ea of steam for turbine as dry, Points 2°, 2° corresponding outlet condition], . ®D Pyh, Power output Cooling water in Figure 1.2 pV diagram of Rankine cyele Process 2-3 (( Condenser): ne wet steam is then condensed in a condenser isothermall and isobarically, The wet steam is converted into wat oe : condenser This process is a heat rejection process by ae ° - rejected from wet steam to atmosphere, : Daeg Power Plant. En gineering] Es Heat rejected in the condenser, Q, =), —h,=hy hy, | Based Thermal Power Plants ie hyahy, Process 3-4 (Pump): ‘The water from the condenser is isentropically pumped from Pressure ps to the boiler pressure ps. There is a slight rise in femperature from T; to Ty. The enthalpy of water increases due to the pump work, Work done by pump, Hp = ha —/y = y (Pa ~ Ps) We =v (p. - PEM, (A -p) Pa = Pa Ya Vy Le. Pa Pu where vy, = specific volume of saturated water of pressure 2. Process 4-1 (Boiler): ‘The heat is supplied by the boiler to raise the temperature of water to saturated temperature of T; at pressure of ps. Heat supplied during 4-1, 04, =I at, Os= hy—hy= hy hy, (or) Os = hy — (hy + We) [hy ak tah, +e] chy = hig) Net work output, HY = Wy Wp = (hy — hia) — Wp = hy- (i, +P)r Power Plant Engineering Efficiency of the cycle, y= s 4 =) - Arh, = a-h)- hy (hy +17) — Otherwise, 4 = Figure 1.3 Ts diagram | Specific steant consumption (SSC); Il is defined as the mass flow of steam required to develop 1 Hof power output. 3600. = Bah) y= Ia) ssc~ SPP in kg/h hy why _-f&- Ay) ~Wy, where If be the network output hh, Wp) W=(hy—fe)—Wp — —-- for eyele with pump work Weak ---- without pump work The pump work is too small when compared to expansion work, Ww - = ithent K, = Ay — ---- without pump work, Hence, it may be neglected for the low-pressure Operation. But, it | | But, it | should be included for high-pressure operation, Specifie steam flow rate (SSE): If the pump work is neglected, then the efficiency equation is It is defined as the steam flow in kg required to develop 1 unit reduced to power output. 3600. (iy = he) rs SSF = — in kg/ki¥h a (ii) Work ratio: li is defined as the ratio of network to the gross work. Network — 1,-W, Gross Work — ie, -s diagram for Ra Ine eC} witha! ed pun Ww. yele without fe i i mi fi nk! d pump is sho nin Work ratio =a 1.5. ACTUAL RANKINE CYCLE The reversible adiabatic process is practically not possibl because of friction and other diagram for the actual cycle is shown in Figure 1.4, T -sdiagram Figure 1.4 Actual Rankine eyele The actual expansion is irreversible shown by line 1-2", Similarly, the actual compression process is irreversible as indicated by line 3-4", The isentropic efficiency for an expansion process is given by Isentropic efficiency = — Actual Wot is Isentropic work Turbine efficiency, p= hunky ae Isentropic efficiency for compression process _ Isentropic work input Actual workimput Pump efficiency, np = fal hy Ay Power Plant Engineering losses in both turbine and pump. Ts» ‘al Based Thermal Power Plants eee Pificiency ratio: ‘The efficiency ratio of the cycle is the ratio of actual cycle efficiency to the ideal efficiency. Actual cycle efficiency Rankine efficiency Efficiency ratio = where (hy) Bp Actual cycle efficiency, 1 = i, = (hy, +H.) 1,6, SOLVED PROBLEMS ON RANKINE CYCLE lem 1 4 ae Steam at 10 bar and 0.95 dry is available, Find the final dryness fraction of steam for each of the following operations, isin a steain table. (i) 160 KJ of heat is removed per kg of steam at constant pressure, (i) It is cooled at constant volume till its teuperature falls to 14OPC (iii) Steam expands isentropically in the steant turbine developing 200 kJ of work per kg of steam flow and pressure becomes 0.5bar, [Anna Univ, (Mech.) Apr'3] Given data: p, = 10 bar 1) = 0.95 © Solution: Properties of steam at 10 bar from steam tablesal fased Thermal Power Plants ae 0.185855 =x x 0.50849 xy = 0.36 Ans, x Power Plant Engineering hy, = 762.6 klike fig, = 2013.6 kit Vp, = 0.1943 mike Enthalpy of steam at initial condition, Case (ti): Expands isentropically to 0.5bar At 0.Sdar, hig= 340.640 Nyy 2305 .4KIKg fy = hip + xy x Hey = 762.6 + 0.95 x 2013.6 =2675,52 hike Specific volume of steam at initial condition, Work done by the turbine We fy = hy = 200K M1 * Va) = 0.95 x 0.1943 = 0.185855 mvkg 2675.52 — hy = 200 hy = 2475. S2k0/Kg Aig = hig, +82 & Ihe, Case (#): 160k heat removed at constant pressure Ah = 160 kivke Ay hy = 160 2675.52 —f2 = 160 dy = 2515.52 Klee 2475.52 = 340.6 + x2 x 2305.4 x) = 0.93 Ans. ~ ee? ia eae Dry saturated steam is supplied to a steant turbine at 12 bar and afier expansion its condenser pressure is I bar, Find the Runkine cycle efficiency and specific steam consumption, Neglect feed plop work, fey = ig + x2 x lifes = 762.6 +x, % 2013.6 x, = 0.87 Ans. > Case (ii): Heat removed at constant volume to temperature Given data: 140°C At 140°C, pr = 12 bar Vg, = 0.50849 a fhe Bem Lear V5 Vy = O.18S8SS mike To find: Le Mrantiae Y= Xa K Vy,| Based Thermal Power Plants q Power Plant Engineering 2. SSC, and _2784,7-2359.28 3. Neuron ~~ 2784.7-417.7 © Sointion: =O.1797 = 17.97% f-s diagram for Rankine cycle neglecting pump work is show! in Figure 1.4. Specific Steam Consumption, From Steam Table at 12bar, ae os a D> 187.99C : 3600 hy = hig = 1784. 7kldkg ~ 3784.7 = 2359.28 $1 = Sq = 6.523 Kivkgk = §.dokgk Weir At Lbar, 1, = 99.63°C hy, “AITASKIRG: hy, = 2258hUikg fe; 3p, = 1.3026K KEK: *45> 6.0568 kiikeK Since the expansion process is isentropic. hack to boiler. 5) 52 ee “s diagram ankine cycle, 5, #5 294 +2) XS p—, T-s diag! of R e¢ cyele, 6.5233 = 1.3026 + x; x 6.0568 x2= 0,86 Dryness fraction of steam after expansion in the turbine = 0,86 I Shy +2, % hg, = A17.4540.86 x 2258 = 2359.28 Aly work, Rankine cycle efficiency, Given data: yy = 30 bar pr = 0.05 bar TWRarkine ~ A steant boiler generates steam at 30 har, 300°C al the rate of J kgs. This steam is isentropically expanded in a turbine fo a pondenser pressure of 0.05 bar at constant pressure and punpet a Draw the schematic arrangement of the above plant and b. Find the heat supplied in the boiler per hour. e. Determine the quality of steam after expansion. id. What ix the power generated by the turbine? e. Estimate the Ranking efficiency considering pump {Anna Univ, Apr’0-4] nt Bie CET L691 i ENaENEER IME(Based Thermal Power Plants Properties of steam from steam table, ig) Power Plant Engineering 1d At30 bar and 300° C 7, = 300°C m= 2 hays To find: hy = 2995,1 lig aT SE Osx, Fy ALO.0550r © Solution: fig = "1378 Bike Mieg= 2423.8 Elke Sp, = 0.476 klheK Sig, = 7.920 kdikgk vw, = 0.001 O0Smr kg 1.2 =e Isentropic expansion in the turbine §) =82= 6.542 kivkeR Condenser SySSy HX KS 5278p 6542-0476 _ 9 a66 7.920 = 2 Sia », Quality of steam after expansion = 0.766 dry Ans, Feed pump Figure 1.5 Rankine eycle ysl, +X, «hig, = 137.81 + 0.766 x 2423,8= 1994.43 Kike fy = hg, =137.8 kilkeg Considering pump work, hia fay = Vg (Di ~ Pa) fig = hy + Vy, (1 — Pr) = 137.8 + 0.001005 x (30 —0.05) x 10° = 140.81 Alcke Entropy Heat supplied in the boiler, Figure 1.6 Ts diagram Qs = nt x Cy — hha) >Gea Power Plant Engineering] =2 x (2995,1— 140.81) = 5708.58 ke = 20.55x10" hich Ans, Based Thermal Power Plants san) will cause the erosion of turbine blades and increase in tyrbine OH. > Power generated by the turbine, Rehealer HP. Turbine =| Wr = mx (hy — hy) = 2x (2995.1 ~ 1994.43)=200134 kW Ans. ~@ Rankine efficiency of the plant, policta) Cats) (y-hy) _(2995.1-1994.43)—(140,81-137,8) (2995,1-140.81) Bailer =35% Ans. -w 1.7. IMPROVISATIONS OF RANKINE CYCLE Rankine can be improved in three Ways such as G) Reheating (ii) Regeneration (ili) Combined reheating and regeneration. Figure 18 Reheat Rankine cycle In the reheat cycle, the expansion is being carried out in two 1.7.4. Reheat Rankine Cycle es, The steam is initially expanded in TP, turbine to some i i i re and then it is reheated with the help of flue gases in the It is desirable to increase the average temperature and pressure ; i f ley, Then, the steam is expanded in L.P. turbine to the condenser of steam at which the heat is supplied und also to keep the steam as fesaure, The main purpose of reheating is to increase the dryness dry as possible at the end of turbine, If the pressure increases, the 1 of the steam passing through the turbine and it should never expansion ratio in the turbine will also increase and the steam below 0.88. The thermal efficiency is increased with the reheat becomes wet al the end of expansion. Increasing the moisture of pile but the specific steam consumption is reduced. But, the thermalPower Plant Engineering Lz Ea efficiency of the reheat cycle may be decreased if it is used at low pressures. 7-s diagram for reheat cycle is shown in Figure 1.8. The efficiency of the ordinary Rankine cycle can be improved by increasing the pressure and, temperature of steam entering into the turbine. In the reheat cycle, the steam is extracted from a suitable point in the turbine and it is reheated with the help of flue gases in the boiler furnace. wu Generater Pump G) Figure 1,9 Reheat cycle The main purpose of reheating is to increase the dryness fraction of steam and improve the cycle efficiency by 5% but the dryness fraction of steam coming out of turbine shoukl not fall below 0.92. The cost of reheat cycle is about 5% to 10% more than a simple Rankine cycle, By using the reheat cycle, the specific steam consumption decreases and thermal efficiency increases. Normally, the reheat pressure is 40% of the initial pressure of the steam, Based Thermal Power Plants The process 1-2 represents the isentropic expansion in high- wwure turbine and 3-4 represents the isentropic expansion in low- sure turbine. The steam is reheated at constant pressure process 4, The reheat can be carried out by returning the steam to the boiler { passing it through a heat exchanger placed in the boiler at PONstant pressure. Other processes are similar to a simple Rankine yele, Heat supplied, Os= Os, - Qs,_, = (I= tig) + (ty he) Work output, W= (Ha + Waa We) = (nyo fry fis= ig) = Ute hs) Therefore, the efficiency of the reheat Rankine cycle is (14 My + (yA) reheat > a h-( lg —¥p +h) where Wp= v,, (2, — Pa) Ifthe pump work is neglected (hh )+ (ry —h,) MNeehieat = hy j+(hy where it, => enthalpy of super heated steam = hy +; Ch, (Bas =F) Ay => enthalpy of steam at intermediate pressure Pp) [Noze: The steam at this stage may be super heated, wet or dry and itcan be found by comparing s; and 53.] Isom, the steam is in dry condition, then f= fosGEE Tf s25), the steam is in wet condition then A= hy +x, xh fix => Enthalpy of super heated steam at pressure p; =p) fg =>Enthalpy of steam at pressure p4 ie. condense pressure ig => Enthalpy of steam at pump outlet. fig =higt Wp p= (De-psyxvs We= (A -pi)*r, [vps=Pi ps=ps] Ws=V- at condenser pressure Types af reheating: 1. Flue gas reheating 2. Live steam reheating 3. Combined flue gas and live steam reheating. 1.7.1.4, Flue Gas Reheating To condenser Low pressure turbine Figure 110 Flue gas reheating Power Plant Engineering this method, the flue gas coming out from boiler is used to thie steam. The reheater is always placed behind the high- super-heater. The steam can be reheated to initial throttle dture and reheating is normally employed by using a counter eat exchanger. Live-steam Reheating Ip this process, the high-pressure steam from the boiler is used felicaling the steam coming out from H,P turbine in a specially iuned heat exchanger. High pressure steam for eating Low Pressure pressure Live steam reheater Figure i.11 Live steam reheating ‘The main advantages in this process are as follows. |. The reheater can be placed near the turbine. Therefore, it avoids the use of large piping. 2. [tis simple in operation.Powel Elant Engines t “ed Thermal Power Plants 1.7.1.3. Combined Gas and Live Steam Reheatin a (c) The steam is super heated to 350°C. In the combined heating system, it limits the steam reheated { its initial throttle temperature and the live steam reheating eliminated. The steam coming out from H.P turbine is first passe through the live steam reheater and then it goes to a gas reheater, It shown in the Figure 1.12. After reheating the steam in the ga reheater, the steam is put through the low-pressure turbine. Initiall the steam from the boiler is superheated in the superheater. fan! the T-s diagram for each case. Neglect the pump work, data: We? bar H.P Turbine am Table at Thar, = 164.9°C hag, = O97 kebikeg hig, = 2064.9 klik hig 2762.0 klik = 1,992 ki/keK Figure 1.12 Combined gas and live steant =4.173 bike 56, 1.7.1.4, Salved Problems on Reheat-Rankine cycle 5 = 6.708 ki/keK Sp, 5 isbn TEREIEReY ma At thar Find the efficiency of the prime mover operating on thi 7, = 99.6PC hy SALT SKS kg Rankine cycle between 7 bar and I bar for the following initial fy = 2075 AKT | he S,_ =L303K/ f kek conditions. Spo = G.0STAS fe Sp = 736K (kek (a) The steam has a dryness fraction of 6.8 (6) The steant is dry and saturated, arnt{soc Thermal Power Plants x Hihwlpy of steam after expansion hy shy +x, xg, = 417.5 +0,736 x 2257.9 = 2079.85 kik kine efficiency, Vitankine = i MOH A9 8 5 nay an i 2349.02-417.5 Figure 1.13 T-s diagram (b): When Steam is dry (Refer T-s diagram for process 1-2} Case (aj: When x =0.8 hy = hy, = 2762 kil Refer 7-s diagram for process }'-2" sy = 8, = 6.705 kikeK F ‘a or wet steam, fs hy hx x Rg, = 697.1 + 0.8 x 2064.9 = 2349.02 kikg We know that, for isentropic expansion process 5,5 Sy $y KS py 6.705 =1.303 ty, x 6.057 x= 0.89 Ay shy +5, Fg, = 417.5 + 0.89 x 2257.9 = 2427 Mig 5, = 54 +H Xp, = 1,992 + 0.8 x 4.173 = 5.7624 klke K To find the condition of steam and enthalpy of steam a expansion, the entropy of steam before and after expansion Rankine efficiency, ‘ e Anh, Raine fy —hy, compared. Since, the expansion process is isentropic, Ss, = So A Sn Sp FNS _ 2162-2427 2762-4175 5.7624 = 1.303 +x) x 6.057 = 0.1428 = 14.28% An. -e 42 = 0.736Ex Power Plant Engineering Case (ce): When Steam is Super heated ta 350°C 60] Based Thermal Power Plants noe From superheated Steam Table for pressure p, = 7 bar and 450°C Jn a steam power plant operating on an ideal reheat Rankine vyele, die steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 3 MPa and fy = 3163.7 hike 100°C. After expansion to 0.6 MPa, the steam is reheated to 400°C 51> 7475S kikeK We know that 3, =5, = Sp +My k Se Wil then expanded in the low-pressure turbine to the condenser pressure of 10 kPa Determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle wid the quality of the steam at the outlet of the low-pressure (EAE aS ST turbine. [dana Univ, Nov’02| +2 = 1.0194 : i wen data: Since, x21, the steam is in super heated state, ai prvd MPa and fT, = 400° C For finding Jy, the superheated temperature at state 2 is * + Py = 0.6 AfPa calculated by interpolating the above entropy value. m= 10 KPa = Superheated temperature of steam after expansion = 123°C Enthalpy of steam at 1 bar and 123° C To find: Nrehear Ya Ay = 2722.246 kithe Rankine efficienoy, © Solution: A —h, Ah, TiRarkine = _3163.7-2722.246 3163.7-417,5 = 0.16075 = 16.075% Ans. -p — Figure 114 T-s diagram Note: From above problem, it is obvious that the Rankine efficiency depends on the inlet conditions of the steam. The efficiency increases with inerease in temperature of From super heated Steam Table, at 7) = 30 bar and 400°C fy = 3232.5 kikg 31 = 6.925 kitok the inlet steam at the same pressure,From saturated Steam Table, at 6 bar Sg, = 6.758 Adie Sq = 1.931 kllkg Sy 74.827 IK hg, = 610.4 kthg ing, = 2085.1 Kitke Since s; > s,, the steam is in superheated condition So, equating the superheated entropy in entropy at 6 bar, the superheated temperature is arrived, By interpolation superheated temperature is 192°C From superheated table at 6bar and 192°C hy = 2831.41 kJtkg From superheated stream table at 6har and 400°C hy = 3270.6 kdike 55 = 7.709 Kilkee From saturated steam table at 0.15 bar hy, =19L BA i kg fig, = 2392. 9S fhe Sy, = 0.649K/ | kek Si, = 7.502 AS | kek vy, = 0.00101 0m" / ke We know that 5, = Sy = 5) +X X Sy, 7.709 = 0,649 + x4 x 7.502 xy = 0.941 Power Plant Engineering | Hiawod Thermal Power Plants Pee Dryness fraction of stream at the end of the turbine x4 = 0.941 Ans, ~~ hy slay, +XqX hy, = 191.8 + 0.941 « 2392.9 = 2443.52 kikg Fnthalpy of steam the end of the turbine, hy = 2443.52 kite his = hy, = 191.8 kuikg Pump werk We= vq (a—Pa) = 0.001010 (3000 — 10) = 3.0199 Like ficiency of reheat Rankine cycle, roles h(a ++ (iy My) (3232.5—2831.31)+(3270.6~2443.52)—3.0199 ~" 3232.5—(191,8+3,0199)+(3270.6—2831.31) Vreheat = 0.47154 = 47,154% Ans. ~ A reheat cycle operating between 30 bar and 0.04 bar has a uperheat and reheat temperature of 450°C. The first expansion thes place till the steam ts dry saturated and then reheat is given. ylecting the feed pump wark, Determine the ideat cyele bfficteney. [Anna Univ. (Mech) Nov'03) Given data: py = 30 barJ. rrr inn pa = 0.04 bar Ff, =450° C T=450°C v= 1 To find: * Nevete @ Solution: From steam tables at 30 bar and 450° C fy = 3344.35 kiko 5, = 7.08 kdkek At 0.04 bar hy =1214 Kit kg Sy =O0423 AI i heK J-2=> isentropic process 8) = TOS T ig 5) = 5, => dry saturated steam Ings = 2433.1 Ba | hg Pz = Ps Al Sy (From Steam Table) p; = 2.3 ber Figure 115 T-s diagram Sg, = 8.053 KI kg il Hased Thermal Power Plants At 2.3 bar hy = 2712.6 Mike Ab 2.3 bar and 450°C hp = 3381.46 kiéke 83= 8.3061 Kikek ded => isentropic processes 5,55, =8.3001K/ ek ay a, +X Si, 8§,3061= 0.423 +.x4 x 8.053 x4 = 0.98 f= By + ey tg, = 1214+ 0,98 » 2433.1 = 2505.84 Aig ‘The cycle efficiency, _ (hy hy 4+(yAy) ADH) — (3344.35—-271 (3344.35-1 2.6)+ (3381 46-2505.84) 5, 4) +(338146—2712.6) 1] = 38.73 % Ans, = A steanr power plant operates on a theoretical reheat cycle, Steam at boiler at 150 bar and $50°C expands throngh the high pressure turbine, It is reheated al a constant pressure of 40 bar to Si0'C and it expands through the low pressure turbine to a pondenser at O04 bar, Draw T-s and h-s diagrams, Find the3 A Power Plant Engineering} (i) quality of stean at turbine exhaust (ii) cycle efficiency (ii) steam rate in kefkWh. [Anna Univ, Apr'04 & June’l4| Given data: Pp, = 150 bar 7, = 550°C pa = 40 bar = 550°C ps =0.1 bar To find: x4, and SSC © Solution: Be Figure 1.16 (a) T-s diagrant Properties of steam from Steam Table at 15Qbar and 550°C Ay = 3445.2 klk 5, = 6.5125 Kikek i Whar and 550°C fny = 3558.9 kilkeg: 55 = 7.2295 kitkgK j sso" 550°C 3” Figure 1.16 (6) fi-s diagrant Treg = 250,3°C = 523,3 K hy= 10874 ADhg hg = 1712.9 Mike 5p= 2.797 balk sg 23.272 kitkgK #0.) bar fig = 2392.9 klk Sigg = 7.502 klfeeK hy= 191.8 like 5p= 0.649 KkeK = 2 => isentropic process spas = 6.5125 Kiigk $2 > 5, al 40 bar ,, Exit of HP turbine is superheat, Pug = 332°C = 3047.18 Kite53 <5, at 0.1 bar -, Steam is at wet condition, 3453 = 7.2295 ASikeK Sq =8 yp HXGXS i 7.2295 0,649 7,502 = 0.877 hy =Hy, +X, x Nyy, = 191.8 + 0.877 x 2392.9 = 2290.37 ASK Cycle efficiency, n= hy hy, )+(y hy) _(3445.2~3047.15)-+(3558,9- 2290.37) ye ences ciae lier ih eee e | (3445.2-191.8) +(35$8.9—3047,18) = 04426 « 100 =44.26% 3600 (hh ) (gh) 3600 Steam rate = (3445.2-3047.18)+(3558.9-2290.37) = LIGKgik Whe Power Plant Engineerin al Hasod Thermal Power Plants 4, Regenerative Rankine Cycle 21, Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle Mankine cycle efficiency is less than Carnot cycle for the same perature limit because heating of feed water takes place with a temperature difference. If the temperature of ‘feed water is to the saturation temperature corresponding to the boiler @ before it enters the boiler, the cycle efficiency will be as a to Carnot cycle efficiency. The schematic arrangement of yole is shown in Figure 1.17. ANS. =o Figure 1.17 Ideal Regenerative Rankine cycle ‘ii the Rankine cycle, the condensate which is coming out has » low temperature and it mixes with hot water in the boiler. It lis the decrease in cycle efficiency. To avoid this, the condensate ig out is heated with the help of steam in a reversible manner. ADS, -e perature of steam and water is same at any section. This type Wiling is known as regenerative heating. Ans, Figure 1.17 shows a layout of a condensing steam power plant ha surface condenser is used to condense the whole steam ~ extracted for feed water heating, The boiler is equipped ha juperheater and the turbine is a double extracting type.Jenved and pumped at the same pressure as the bleed steam, The “licam of mt kg and feed water are mixed in the feed water W under ideal adiabatic conditions. The state of the condensed wn kg: and the feed water (1-m) kg leaving the heater will be and it is represented by the state 7. The feed water is then dl by the second feed pump to the boiler pressure where it is fed (o state Land the cycle is repeated, The conditions of steam bled for each heater are so selected the temperature of saturated steam will be 4 °C to LO°C higher the final condensate temperature. 1.7.2.2. Practical Single Stage Regenerative Rankine Cycle The above cycle is clearly not a practical proposition beed the turbine is operated with wet steam of low dryness fraction wil will affect the turbine blades severely, However, Rankine efficiel can be improved upon in practice by bleeding off some of the st at an intermediate pressure during expansion and it is used to ff the feed water in a separate feed water heater. This attangemen Work done by the turbine per kg of steam, Wr = (hy — Ay) + CL — m) Gn — fy) Pump work, p= (1 — mt) (dts — fig) + (hz — gh 3 Wo= (1 —m)xvs (ps — pa) + ¥6(p7 — Po) shown in Figure 1.18. =(1—m) Vn (Pp, —Ps)+¥, (2, =P) kg Network, f= Wp- Wp Hout supplied in the boiler, Os = (ly — I) Acc. BOS 7 (re Gail No: Hoa rejected by the condenser, | Op = (1 =a) (ity — ha) = (1 = mi) Gis =) = 25-Op_(h-h)-C-m) shy) oT hh, Regenerative Figure 1.18 Practical single stage regenerative Rankine ey ‘The amount of steam extracted (nz) is determined by the heat sg iE lane principle i 1 water heater. The steam expands from condition | through the turbine. At = BRING RIEL IDS teed Wate eater pressure corresponding to point 2, a quantity of steam with m kg &g of steam supplied from boiler is bled off for heating the fi water. The rest of steam (1m) &¢ completes the expansion and exhausted to the condenser pressure py. This amount of steam is | lost by the steam = Heat gained by the water nt (fy — He) = (1 — nit) (ig — tts) Hilt; — mig = fig — ts — naltg + thts Mount Euan CET iuazy momo POUR PLANT ENGINEERINGGea Power Plant Engineering mea bers Ini Otherwise, it can be found from energy balance equation mnlizt(1-m) hs = hig inhytlis—mths = hg Hased Thermal Power Plants ‘The efficiency equation can be derived as follows. ‘ork done per kg of steam supplied to the turbine, Wp = (iy — fry) —iny) (ha — fas) +C1 = ty — ma) (dts — Fa) The pump work is given by Wp = Wp, + Wp, + Wp, © (L= ney am) (Pe— psH(L= mi) (lig pCa = fig) Wes (-my-mn) vy, (pr-payt(L-in) vy, (prpalt v, (PicPa) Behl ay yg hy-he hy —hy 6 Jloat supplied by the boiler per 4g of steam generated, Os = (iy-ing) 1.7.2.3. Two Stage Regenerative Cycle If a regenerative cycle employs two feed water heaters, the steam is bleed at two places on the turbine. T-s diagram is shown in Figure 1,19, ‘Therelore, efficiency, _ 1 mW, Os; hy Mo Superheater Figure 1.20 T-s diagram The amount of steam bleed from turbine in two stages ni and my i he determined from energy balance equations. Por first heater, Wy dy ob (Lng) tts = Fa Figure 1.19 Layout of two stage regenerative Reheat cycle: ‘Advantages of regenerative cycle: Disadvantages: 30 bar and the exhaust is at 6.04 bar. The steam is initiall a] Based Thermal Power Plants es Mnrated, Enough steam is bled off at the aptimunt pressure of y to heat the feed water. Determine the evele efficiency. Neglect Power Plant Engineerif mt hia fy aay lty = Sig ~ \ = i 1 1 mS hy, = 7 = suuip work, [dana Univ. Nov'd3| For second heater, vent data: py = 30 bar 7g fy + (1 ma) Ag = (Ly) Ay pnd ee aly Tig + Ng nt) hg = rig fig = fay — yy ps = 0.04 Ber fry hig —m (hig) Ty find hy = Iya Neveie — Umi y(h, he) ) Solution: (hy hy) 1. The thermal stresses set up in the boiler are minimized. 2. The heating process in the boiler tends to became reversiblé 3. Heat rate is reduced. 4. A-small size condenser is required. Figure 1.21 T-s diagram From steam tables, 1, Due to addition of heaters, a greater maintenance is required 2, The plant becomes more complicated, ee ey boileri ired AL 30bar and dry 5 rege capach MOUICr 18 required, at = fy = 2802.3 klik 51 = 6.184 kldkgK 7.2.4. Solved Problems on Regeneration Rankine Cycle AtO.04bar hy, =1DA RI deg hig, = 2433.1 AD Ue 8, 20.423 kT kek jp, = 8.053 KS kg In @ regenerative eycle, the steam pressure at turbine inlet | - ve = 0.001004 mt fkAt} bar, hy, =SOLAKT ke 8p, SLOP2AS J kak hig, = 2163.34I ky Sig, ~SSISKS | kek Sp, = 6.9NAT | kek Vy, = 0.001074 mm} / ke 1-2 => lsemfropic process 5) = 5, = 6.184 kikek Since Sy. > 81, the condition of steam is wet a aS +X, KS 6.184 = 1.672 +x) x $.319 +7 = 0,85 bya Ng ta Nie = 561.4 + 0.85 x 2163.3 = 2400.205 kikoK Similarly process 1-3 isentropic process 5) 354 = 6.184 KitkeK 45 = Sy +45 XS ey 6.184 =0.423 +x, x 8.053 x3= 0.72 hea hy +3 % hy, =121.4 + 0.72% 2433.1 = 1873.23 Kiikg a= hg = 1214 hiv Pump work during 4-5 Wp = (1m) Uig— fry) = (l-m) Vy, (p, -p,) Power Plant Engineering] Pi nommanentee dis — hg = 0.001004(300 — 4) = 0.297184 ds = 0.2971844121.4 (shag = hig) hs = 121.7 kilkeg Similarly for pump work during 6-7, fy— he= Ve(Pr-Pe) = Vp, (p, -p,) = 0.001074 (3000-300) hig — hg = 2.8998 kirkg (= he =hy, =561.4k /kg) hy = 561.4 + 2.8998 = 564.29 kite _The amount of steam bled, meen fh — _561.4-121,7 = 0.193 2400.205—-121.7 ‘ Thermal efficiency of the Regenerative cycle ni (4, -h )-0 = m)(ie hy, ) ( ah) _ (2802.3 -564.29)-(1-0.193)(1873.23-121.4) a (2802.3-564,29) Trepenerative = 0.3683 = 36.83% Aus, > Ju a single heater regenerative cycle, the steam enters the turbine at 30 bar and 400° C and the turbine exhaust pressure ts 0.10 bar. The condensate is heated in a direct contact type heaterPower Plant Engineering, which operates at 5 bar, Find the efficiency, steant rate of the cycle, increase in mean temperature of heat addition, efficiency and steam rate as compared to Rankine epele. Neglect pump work, Given data: Pi = 30 bar T;= 400°C Pr= 5 bar BP) = 0.1 bar To find: Neeger Meaty SSCand Treas \ © Solution: [Adana Univ, Apr'dd| Figure 1.22 T-s diagram Properties of steam, at 30bar and 400°C hy = 3232.5 Mike 5; = 6.925 KikeK At Shar Tea = 151.8° C Ay= 040.1 kke: Ig = 2107.4 khe 5/= 1,86 kip Sp 4.959. kutthek Sq = 6.8191 ike ALO. bar Poop = 45.83° 6 y= 191.8 Kirke; 3p= 0.649 kikgK 8g = 8.151 kitkg hg = 2392.9 kilkg Sqp = TAO? hulle | = 2=> isentropic expansion 3) = 52 = 6.925 kitkeK S$, >8,at 5 bar So, the steam is at super heat condition. By interpolating the entropy super heat temp, Al Sbar is 173°C’ oy fy = 2794.83 Kiko J = 25> isentropic expansion 5, = 53 = 6.925 KitkeK 535s, atQ.1 bar ©, Steam is wet condition. oe By ai y +X; KS pos gait _ 0925~0.649 =0.84 5% 7.502 1 Aya, +X Xty, = 191.8 + 0.84 x 2392.9 = 2201.836 kifke iy = 191.8 Witheei] Hoced Thermal Power Plants ee) Power Plant Engineerin Mass of steam bled, eS hy —hhy _ 640.1-191.8 2794,83-191.8 = 0.1722kg/ke of steam Work done by the turbine with regeneration, Wreg = (hy — hz) + (1 =a) (Ft — haa) = (3232.5 — 2794.83) + (1 — 0.1722) x (2794.83 — 2201836) = 928.55 kilkg Efficiency of cycle with regeneration, _ tei a, - pa say | x100=35.82% Ans. > Steam rate with regeneration, ssc, _ 3600 _ 3600 a Wy 928,55 =.87Tkgtk thr Ans. =~ Mean temperature of heat addition with regeneration, (r.).. = hy—hy _ (3232.5-640.1) _ mine g—s, (6.925-1.86) Mean temperature of heat addition without regeneration, \ _fy~hy _ (3232.5-191.8) a ‘(6.925—0.649) Sy = 484.49 K= 214.49° C = 511.83 K = 241.83°C Iwerease in mean temperature of heat addition due to eration, = 241.83 — 214.49 =27.33°C Ans. ~ Efficiency of cycle without regeneration, (hh) _[3282.5-2201.836] 199 — 33,9004 (hm) | 32325-1918 ; Increase in efficiency of cycle due to regeneration, = 35.82 -33.89=1.93% Ans. ~~ Steam rate without regeneration, ssc= 260) _ __3600_s_3.s0apg/kivnr h-h, (3232.5-2201.836) Increase in steam rate of cycle due to regeneration, = 3.877 - 3.493 = 0.384 ketkWhr Ans. ~~ 74. Reheat-Regenerative Cycle Reheat-Regenerative cycle is used in the actual thermal power wil with high steam pressure to increase the overall efficiency of le, Figure 1.23 shows the reheat-regenerative cycle. The thermal Hiiviency of the reheat-regeneralive cycle is higher than reheat or generative cycles,Condenser Pump Feed water Condensate Pump extraction Pump Figure 1,23 Layout of two stage regenerative reheat cycle .o-— Figure 1.24 T-s diagram of reheat-regeneration cycle Power Plant Engineering i Hased Thermal Power Plants |, Solved Problems on Reheat and Regeneration Rankine Cycle Ideal reheat regenerative cycle operates with steam as the King fluid. Steam enters at 50 bar and 500°C where it expands lig saturated vapour, It is reheated at constant pressure to "C aad then it expands in the intermediate turbine to (propriate minimum pressure such that a part of the steam bled at pressure heats the feed water to a temperature of 200°C. The uinder expands to a pressure of 0.1 bar in L,P turbine. Jerntine the aininimum pressure at which the bleeding is dexsary and the quantity of steam bled per kg of flow at the ine inlet. Also compute the thermal efficiency of the plant. ven data: pre 50 bar 7, = 500°C ps = 3 bar Mh = 400° € 7, = 200°C ps= 0.1 bar Sind: Pay my and 1 Solution: From superheated steam table At 50 bar and 500° C fy = 3443.7 kirkg 3) = 6.977 KikgK| ased Thermal Power Plants At 200° C Peo = 15,549 bar AtO.Lbar he= 191.8 kltke hg = 2392.9 kifkg sp = 0,649 like Sy = 7.502 kikeK Figure 1,25 T-s diagrain 1-2 => isentropic expansion process 3,5 82 = 6.977 kieK 52> 6.98 kiko At 3.2 bar “. p= 3.2 bar Properties of steam at 3.2 ber fy = 2727.6 kk At 3.2 bar and 400° C hy= 3275.2 kitkg sy= 8.034 KMegk From Steam Table select a pressure in such a way that 53 = 8.034 héigK and T, = 200° C py = 0.74 bar Ans, AL 0,74 Bar and 200° C hy = 2870 kilkee hig = fy (at 0.74 bar) = 383 Keke 405 => isentropic expansion process 53 = 55 = 8.034 kek MS TASES eg 8.034 = 0.649 + x5 % 7.502 x5 = 0,984 he = Ny, +3 XM, = 191,8+0.984 x 2392.9 = 2546.41 Kikg AUG Lbar f= 191.8 kitkg hg = 191.8 kke Pump work Wr= v4, *( ps =p) = 0.001010 x (0.74 — 0.1) * 10° = 0.06464 Kiker Jig= hig — Wp = 191.8 — 0.06464 = 191.735 Kirke Pump work p= vy x(P3— Ps) = 0,001037(50 — 0,74) « 10°=5.108 kite thy = fag —Wp = 383 - 5.108 = 377 89 Kiltkg Pnergy balance in feed water heater, Lx hg = ity Ag t (1-2) x Ayio) Based Thermal Power Plants A The fluids should have high critical temperature. 5, The fluid should be chemically stable. 1x 383 = ny x 2870 + (l= 9) x 191,735 nny = 0.2146 ke Ans. ~> 6, The moisture should not appear during expansion. No single fluid can meet all requirements as mentioned above. Efficiency of the cycle, 2 cy —hy)+ (hy hy d+(L= ny), hs) (hh) + (hy hy) _ 443.7 -2727.6) +(3275.2-2870)+(1—-0.2146) (2870 -2546.41) (3443.7-377.89) + (3275.2—2727.6) the binary vapour cycles are used, Combining tve Rankine eles in series also increase the efficiency of the eycle, ‘There is a lot of scope for improving the cycle efficiency and dhieving the fiel economy using muiti-fluid coupled cycles and the Wilization of different working fluids has various temperature Wiges. In the power cycle, the steam temperature does not exceed 00° C but the fumace temperature is 1300° C. So, the thermal ility is greater but the availability is less because of the heat Ansler [rom combustion gases to steam through a large temperature = 38.07% Ans. = 1.8. MODERN TRENDS IN POWER PLANT CYCL IMPROVEMENT os lifference. There are some drawbacks with steam cycles while using stea The high fuel to electricity can be achieved by superposing a the worki id. i as the working fluid. The maximum temperature of steam cycles igh temperature power plant as a fopping wnit to the steam plant. about 600° C while the critical temperature of steam ig 375°C whi 7 : The combined plan ing. requires large amount of super heating and the use of reheat phe combines plants are:the followite |, Gas turbine-Steam turbine plant. 2, MHD-Steam plant necessary, The reheater tubes are costly. So, the use of two reheats recommended, The desirable characteristics of the working fluid in vapour power cycle to obtain the best thermal efficiency are 4 follows. 3. Thermionie-Steam plant F 4, Thermoelectric-Steam plant. lL. The freezi int of i . i ¢ freezing point of the fluid should be below the In coal-based combined cycle plants, the following to emperature. ; : aa Betabirs, HoMinate technologies are used, They are: (1) Pressurized fluidized 2, Saturation pressure at the temperature of heat rejectig combustion system, and (2) Integrated Gasification Combined should be above the atmospheric pressure, ‘Tyole, It is to reduce the concentration of particulates in products of 3. Specific heat of liquid should be small. “Soibustion before entering the gas turbine.ait : Power Plant Engineerin: 1.9. BOILERS A boiler is a closed vessel in which the steam is generated from water by applying heat. 1.9.1, Classification of Boilers The steam boiler may be classified into two types. re (i) Fire tube (or) smoke tube boiler (ii) Water tube boiler. 1.9.1.1. Fire Tube Boiler 3. If the hot gas is passed through tubes and the water is circulated! around tubes, it is called fire tube boiler. it: E£xemple: Cochran boiler, Lancashire boiler and Locomotive boiler. 1.9.1.2, Water Tube Boiler If the water is circulated through a large number of tubes and the hot gases pass around the tubes, it is called water nbe boiler. Examples: Babcock and Wilcox boiler and Stirling boiler. 1.10. HIGH PRESSURE BOILERS A boiler which generates steam at pressure greater than 80 ha. and temperature of 500° C producing steam more than 250tons per hour is called high-pressure boilers, By using high-pressure boilers, low grade fuels can be easily burnt, High pressure boilers are water- | Based Thermal Power Plants BEB iyo boilers and they use pulverized coal firing. Examples of these ailers are Lamont, Benson, Loeffer and Volex boilers. antages of Iigh-pressure boilers: he The tendency of scale formation is eliminated due to high velocity of water through tubes, Light weight tubes with better heating surface arrangement can be used. The space required is less, The cost of foundation, the time of erection and cost are minimised due to less weight of tubes used. Due to use of forced circulation, there is more freedom in the arrangement of surface, tubes and boiler components. All parts are uniformly heated. So, the danger of overheating is reduced and the thermal stress problem is simplified. The difference in expansion is reduced due to uniform temperature and circulation. There is a greater flexibility in components arrangement. Efficiency of power plant is increased up to 40 to 45%, 4,11, SUPERCRITICAL BOILERS A supereritical steam generator is a type of boiler which is ‘perated at supercritical pressure and it is frequently used in the production of electric power. Mainly, supercritical boilers are water tube boilers, Most of the large numbers of steam generating plants gre designed for working in the range of 125 afm and 410° C to 300 gim and 660° C. The power plant which is operated above the critical condition is called sypercritical power plant.Ea Power Plant Engineeri These types of boilers are basically classified into sub-criti and super-critical boilers. The sub-critical boiler consists of t following devices. 1. Economiser 2. Evaporator 3. Superheater ‘Super critical boler condition ‘Sub critical boiler condition f Critical point T aii vo Figure 1,26 Condition of subcritical and supercritical boilers In case of super critical boilers, it requires only economizer and super heater. Now a days, the super critical boilers are above 300.\MW capacity units available. Types of supercritical boilers: (i) Drum type boiler (it) Once-through boiler, fages of super critical boilers: _ It produces high thermal efficiency. Heat transfer rate is high. The erosion and corrosion are minimized. More stable pressure level is maintained. It is easy to operate, It can be used as peak load boilers. I has more adaptable load fluctuations. 11. Drum Type Boiler A steam drum is a standard part of a water-tube boiler. It is a ir of water or steam at the top end of water tubes, The drum "the steam generated in water tubes and it acts as a phase- Wutor for the steam or water mixture, Based on the principle of ilies difference between hot and cold water, the steam is stored ‘the top and the water is stored at the battom ofa steam drum. Economiser Steam separator druy Down comer Furnace Figure 127 Draw type boiler by natural cireulational Based Thermal Power Plants _ ea The steam flows to the top of the drum by natural density {ference or it is forced by using a circulating pump in the case of Gey Power Plant Engineerin Saturated steam is drawn off from the top of the drum and it enters the furnace through a superheater because the steam turbi eed circulation. mainly handle the superheated steam. The steam and water mixt enter the steam drum through riser tubes. Drum internals consisti 11.2. Once-through Boller of demister separate the water droplets from the st i 5 F . Tereey eyelet drome s trait ihe: steAbl producing The word once-through boiler itself means that if the water ts (J to the boiler, it will be fully converted into dry or superheated am without any water content present in it, Once-through boilers {fer from drum type boiler in the following ways. steam, The schematic of drum type boiler by natural circulation drum type boiler by forced circulation is shown in Figure 1.27 ai Figure 1.28. (i) Evaporator system Feed pump ii) Low load circulation system Steam (Gi) Low load circu ¥ separator drum (iii) Separator Steam Down comer Separator 4 Distributing header with orifices Evaporator | | be Figure 1.29 Once-through boiler by forced circulation Circulating pump Figure 1.28 Drum type boiler by forced circulation The saturated water at the bottom of the steam drum flo down through the down comer pipe to headers and water drum. T! additional feed-water of boiler is also supplied to the steam d through a feed pipe extending inside the drum. On st locomotives, the steam drum is also called a steam dome,The excess flow over the once-through flow is separated in separator, The circulation system recirculates back to the boile directly, The separator separates the steam and water during thi circulation process itself. It runs dry in once-through flow mode) Generally, once-through boilers are small in size compared to drut type boilers. Advantages of once-through boilers: (i) Itis more suitable for sliding pressure operation. {ii) Steam temperature can be easily maintained for a wid load range. (iii) It conserves the fuel resources. (iv) Tt needs only shorter start up time. (vy) It improves the efficiency of the boiler. 1.12. TYPES OF HIGH PRESSURE BOILERS 1.12.1, Lamont Boiler This boiler works on basis of forced circulation and thé circulation is maintained by a centrifugal pump. This centrifugal pump is driven by a steam turbine using the steam coming fro’ boiler. The components are shown in Figure 1.30. ()) Steam separator drum: It is placed outside the boiler assembly, The drum receives a. mixture of steam and water from the evaporator tubes and it feed water from the economizer. Here, the water particles in the steam a separated, Power Plant Engineerin arrangement of water circulation and different| | Based Thermal Power Plants ae Water cirenlating pump: The centrifugal pump is used to draw the water from the drum ugh down-comers. The pump circulates the water by forced ation and equal to 8 to 10 times the weight of steani evaporated ich prevents the overheating of tubes. Wi) Distributing header: It is used to control the flow of water to evaporator tubes, ) Evaporator: It is used to evaporate the water into steam. Convection superheater: The steam produced in the boiler is in the state of saturated mndition. The moisture in the steam will affect turbine blades and lise the corrosion. To avoid it, the super heater is used. It is used to Wieuse the temperature of steam and improve the efficiency. Econantiser: The main purpose of economiser in the boiler is to preheat the a water using exhaust gases flowing out from the boiler to the sphere, The preheated water requires only a small amount of (0 be supplied in the boiler. It will increase the efficiency of the Haller. Then, the feed water supplied by the feed pump is heated in economizer on its way to the steam separator drum, Wi) Air preheater: ll is used to preheat the air by using exhaust gases flowing out 5 iain) the boiler. The preheated air is supplied to the furnace for Jombustion.jased Thermal Power Plants Power Plant Engineering Chimney (Exhaust gases) fares: It is forced circulation boiler. ; It works under high pressure. B Hot air to é var combustion, S:: ainages? chamber eo . F The salt and sediment are deposited on the inner surfaces of I, walter. superheater 2. Ithas danger of overheating of tubes. uperheated ; steam outiet 2, Benson Boiler Down comer fy the Lamont boiler, the main difficulty experienced is the Distributing Combustion lion and attachment of bubble on the inner surfaces of heating Se chamber wy, The attached bubbles to tube surfaces reduce the heat flow and fleam generation as it offers high thermal resistance than water Circulating, This difficulty is overcome in Benson Boiler, This is the first Pune of drumless boiler. The arrangement of different components is 3 n in Figure 1.31, The entire process takes place in a single tube, Figure 1.30 La-Mont Boiler a oe ve P i ? Also called once-through boiler. Working: : | Foonamiser: The feed water passes through the economizer to the drum from a ‘ . H The feed water from feed tank is supplied to the econemizer. which it is drawn to the circulation pump. The pump delivers thel : eat economizer used in this boiler is used to preheat the feed water. feed water to the tube evaporating section. The circulating water is about 8 to 10 times the steam evaporated in the boiler. The steam inv ) Radiant evaporator: the drum is a mixture of steam and water. The steam is drawn The feed water from the economizer flows into the radiant through a convection superheater. The superheated steam is suppli porator in which the water gets evaporated and it is partly to the prime mover through the steam outlet, The working pressure verted into steam, The radiant evaporator receives the heat by of Lamont boiler is about 170 bar and capacity up to 50,000 kg of ning fuel through radiation process. steam per hour at 300° C temperature.pal Based Thermal Power Plants BES Working: In Benson boilers, complete heating, steam generation and a single tube. The feed water after Power Plant Engineer! (iii) Convection evaporator: The remaining water in the radial evaporator is evaporated the convection evaporator. The heat required is absorbed from \iper heating are done in tirculation flows through economic tubes and it also flows through jhe radiant parallel tube section to evaporate partly, The remaining wiler in the radiant evaporator is evaporated into steam in the ponvection evaporator by hot gases. The saturated steam available from the evaporator is passed through the convection superheater where the steam is superheated, Finally, the super heated steam is ‘Hipplied to the steam turbine through the steam outlet. The capacity gases by convection. Thus, the saturated high-pressure steam a pressure of 210kg/fen” is produced. (iv) Convection superheater: The saturated steam is available in the convection evaporator. is super heated in convection super heater and the super heated steat is supplied to the steam turbine, af Benson boiler is about 750 tons/h. Exhaust air fient features: |. It can be erected comparatively in a smaller floor area, 2. As there are no drums, the total weight of Benson boiler is Feed wate 20% less than other boilers. 3. It can be started quickly. 4, Circulating pump and down comers are dispensed. s. ‘The furnace walls of the boiler can be more efficiently protected by using smaller diameter and closed pitched Feed pump Superheated steam to tubes. REESE 6, Easy transportation is possible, 7. Tt can be operated most economically by varying the temperature and pressure at partial loads and overloads. Sau 8. Ithas blow down losses only 4%. Se 9. No spevial starting arrangement super heater is required. Figure 1.31 Benson BoilerPower Plant Engineerin al Based Thermal Power Plants Eee Ecanomiser: 1.12.3, Loeffler Boiler The major problem experienced in Lamont boiler is the deposition of salt and sediment on the inner surfaces of water tube: To rectify this problem, the forced circulation is used. Feed water from the feed tank is supplied to the economizer by j feed pump. The economizer is used 10 preheat the water before it ves to the boiler. There is a heat exchanger from hot gases to the This boiler can carry higher salt concentrations than any oth ed water. types. The principle operation in evaporating the feed water is dai by using the superheated steam available in the superheater flui Hot gases from the furnace are being primarily used for superheatin; purposes, The steam is used as a heat-absorbing medium, Figu 1,32 shows the various components of a Loeffler boiler. i) Evaporator drum: The evaporator drum contains steam and water. The feed water jm the economizer tube enters the evaporator drum into which o-third of the superheated steam is passed to heat the water in the im and it is evaporated to saturated steam. Chimney Mixing nozzles: It is used to distribute and mix the superheated steam youghout the water in the evaporator drum, Steam circulating pump: It is used to force the steam ftom the evaporator drum to the jant super heater. Radiant superheater: Steam Superheated circulating steam to turbine It is placed in the furnace, Hot gases in the fumace are used for pump heating the saturated steam coming from the drum. Convection superheater: Steam from the radiant super heater enters the convection theater where it is finally heated to the desired temperature of C. Both radiant and convection super heaters are arranged in oy in the path of flue gases. Figure 1.32 Loeffler boiter _Power Plant Engineeri #0 Thermal Power Plants ap (vii) Steam outlet: Samiiver= One-third of the superheated steam from the conveeti Is ised! 1o preheat the water from the feed pump. superheater passes to the steam turbine and remaining two-third’ fal flow compressor: passed to the evaporator drum. ‘Wy used to raise the air pressure from atmospheric pressure to Working: jiressure. The high pressure feed pump draws water through fer circulating pump: economizer and it is delivered to the evaporating drum. The steal iy used to pump the water from the economizer to tube circulating pump draws saturated steam from the drawn, Then it ‘iting section. passed through radiant and convective super heaters. WiWection super heater: -third of super heated steam i d from the convectig , ae fed e oe setae eh eee s iy used to superheat the steam based on the convection and radiant super heaters to the turbine, The remaining two-third passed through the water in the evaporating drum to evaporate feed water. Advantages of the boiler: — z Convection Steam 1, It can handle high salt concentrations ratio than any othe superheater —— water 777" Flue gas type of high-pressure boiler. Flue gas 2. tis more compact. 3. Easy transportation is possible, 4. The capacity is 100 tons/h and the operating pressure i 140dar, 1.12.4. Velox Boiler Water Irculating Axial pump compressor This boiler makes use of pressurized combustion. This boilet can generate a pressure of about 84 kgvcmr’. Figure 1.33 shows thé Velox boiler and its components, Gas turbine Figure 1.33 Velox boilerPower Plant Engineerii ea Working: The feed water after passing through the economizer is pump by a water-circulating pump to the tube evaporating section, The g turbine drives the axial flow compressor which raises the incoml] air from atmosphere pressure to furnace pressure. The combus i gases after heating the water and steam flow through the gas turb to atmosphere. The steam separated in steam separating secti flows to the superheater and then it passes through the steam turbin Advantages: 1. High combustion rates are possible. 2. It can be quickly started. 3. tis more compact in size and it ensures greater flexibility, 4, Excess air requirement is less. 1.13. BOILER MOUNTINGS The devices which are used for effective functioning of a boil with all safety features are called boiler mountings, The boil mountings are described below. 1.13.1. Pressure Gauge The pressure gauge records the pressure at which ihe steam being generated in the boiler. It should be periodically measured know the condition of steam. Mainly, a Bourdon type pressure gauge is used for purpose shown in Figure 1.34, One end called tip of the tul sealed and it is called free enc, It is attached by a light link-work t@ pawl and ratchet mechanism which operates the pointer. The ofl ll ihe tube is fixed to a socket where the pressure to be measured yy! ied. ‘The internal pressure tends to change the section of the tube oval to circular and it tends to straighten the tube. The ynent of the tip is ideally proportional to the pressure applied, lip is connected to a spring loaded link-work and a geared sector pinion arrangement which amplifies the displacement of tip and Siverts the displacement into deflection of the pointer. ¢ Pointer _. Mechanical linkage: Cross-section of aa ‘tube Normal |— cross-section of tube Intet pressure Section X-X Figure 1.34 C-type bourdon type pressure gauge .2, Stop Valve Whenever there is a sudden drop in steam requirements, the pressure in the boiler will increase. So, the steam ure should be maintained according to the steam juirements by using a suitable device called stop valve.It is the largest valve on the steam boiler, The steam s valve is to shut off or regulate the flow of steam from the boiler the steam pipe or from the steam pipe to the engine. It is mounted the highest part of the steam space in the boiler to carry the steam the engine. Figure 135 Stop valve Power Plant Engineerir | Based Thermal Power Plants .3. Feed Check Valve Stuffing box gland Feed water Inlet Figure 136 Feed cheek valve ‘The valve which allows the supply of water to the boiler at high sure continuously and it prevents the back flow of water from boiler when the pump pressure falls below the boiler pressure orwhen the pump fails. This valve is called feed check valve. It mounted in the shell slightly below the normal water level the boiler. Hosed Thermal Power Plants wards the boiler shell against fire. The fusible plug is fixed at est permissible water level in the combustion chamber, 4, Water Level Indicator 1.13.4. Safety Valve The safety valve permits the steam in the boiler to escape | atmosphere when the pressure in the steam space in the boiler. opening of valve is automatically done and it discharges'the steam the atmosphere as quick as the pressure inside the boiler exceeds th predetermined value, The safety valve is operated by pressing valve against its seat through sturt, screw or spring by exter weight or force when the steam force due to boiler pressure actin under the valve exceeds the external force. Then, the valve gets litte off from its seat and some of the steam rushes out until the no pressure is restored again. The commonly used safety valves a given below, (i) Lever safety valve (li) Spring loaded safety valve Gii) High steam-low water safety valve (iv) Combined high steam and low water safety valve. A spring loaded safety valve is commonly used in a locomoti¥ boiler. 1.13.5. Fusible Plug The fusible plug is used to extinguish the fire in the event of t boiler shell failing below a certain specified limit. It main. ' Figure 1.37 Water level indicaterBa sed Thermal Power Plants The water level indicator constantly determines the level A. Economiser water in the boiler shell. Usually, two water level indicators 4 fitted at the front side of the boiler where it is easily seen by { operator. So, it helps the operator to make the corrective action wht the water level goes below its normal value in order to aval accident. Reonomiser is a heat exchanger. The device which recovers » of the heat being carried out by exhaust flue gases is called yomiser. The heat received by the economiser is used to heat the lor in feeding devices. This heating of feed water reduces the fuel \umption. Generally, the economizer is installed in the path of gases between boiler and chimney. The line diagram of 1.13.7, Blow-off Cock jomiser is shown in Figure 1.38. The blow off cock helps to drain out the water periodically fro Flug gas out the boiler. It is mounted at the lowest portion of the boiler. It ensur the discharge mud, scale and other impurities which settle down} the bottam of the boiler, the emptying the boiler for internal cleanit and inspection, and lowering the water level rapidly, Feed pump Dual functions of blow off cock: a. It empties the boiler when necessary for cleaning, repair a inspection, b. It discharges the mud and sediments carried with the fee Flue. gas jn water and accumulated at the bottom of the boiler, Figure 1.38 Econoutiser f litages of economiser: 1.13.8. Man Holes : ie |, The temperature range between various parts of the boiler is They are just doors to allow men to enter inside the boiler for reduced thereby reducing the overall stress due to unequal maintenance. . cxXpansion. 2. The boiler metal gets chilled when the boiler is handling 1414, BOILER ACCESSORIES cold water which can be checked by an economiser. The devices which are used to increase the efficiency of thé boil’ are called boiler accessories. The boiler accessories ay described below.eal Based Thermal Power Plants Bi Shira Power Plant Engineering ciency of the steam plant. The steam generated in a boiler is pully in wet conditions. Sometimes, it might be dry saturated. The 3, The economiser helps to increase the evaporative capacity of the boiler. p 4, The overall efficiency of the plant is inereased. mM contained in the super heater fluid mainly heats the steam : ing out of the boiler, The heating process is carried out at 4.14.2. Steam Superheater lant pressure in the super heater, The super heater unit shown in ag : Figure 1.39 is connected in the path of flue gases. The function of a superheater is to increase the temperature of steam above its saturation point. The superheater is very importanl accessory of a boiler and it can be used in both fire tube and waters tube boilers. The small boilers are not commonly provided with 4 superheater. Super heaters are located in the path of the furnace gases so that heat is recovered by the super heater from hot gases. Super Wlers are of three types such as convective superheater, radiant ierheater and combination of above two. In convective superheaters, the portion of heat from the Mbustion chamber by convection mode is transferred to super ler to heat the dry steam. But in radiant superheaters, the heat of combustion chamber is passed to superheater through thermal ‘Saturated steam listion mode. It is mainly used in high-pressure boilers. In the Mbination type, the superheaters receive heat by both modes of ivection and radiation from the combustion chamber. Super Jers are located in the path of the furnace gases so that the heat is ivered by the super heater from hot gases. The radiant types of heaters are generally used where high amount of superheat wrature is required. ~ Mantages of super heated steanr: |. Steam consumption of the engine or turbine is reduced. Figure 1.39 Superheater 2, Losses due to condensation in the cylinders and the steam pipes are reduced. The heat exchanger is a device in the form of heater which used to heat either dry or wet steam coming from the boiler is calle¢ super heater, The super heating is done in order to increast |, Efficiency of the steam plant is increased, 4, Erosion of turbine blade is eliminated.Power Plant Engineerif iag0d Thermal Power Plants ru 1.14.3. Air Preheater = paren z { pump is a pump which is used to deliver the feed water to Air preheaters are similar to economizers. The heater wh | It is desirable that the quantity of water supplied should be at carries the air to the furnace with increased temperature by utilizin the heat of exhaust gases is called air preheater. It is mounted j below the chimney. The line diagram of air preheater is shown ij Figure 1.40, ‘equal to the quantity of evaporation which is supplied to the _ Two types of pumps which are commonly used as feed i) Reciprocating pump, and Flue gas in {il} Rotary pump. balked a ‘Tho reciprocating pumps are classified as follows. Hot air cul 1, According to the fluid being in contact with the piston or plunger ® Single acting pump e Double acting pump 2. According to the number of cylinders provided « Single cylinder pump « Double cylinder pump Flue gas [=== out -{ ® Triple cylinder pump © Duplux double acting pump Figure 1.40 Air preheater « Quantiplex pump 1.14.4. Feed Water Equipment | 14.4.1. Main Components of a Reciprocating Pump Ar It refers the feed pump which increases the pressure of water tol iprocating pump consists essentially of the following parts. the pressure of steam in the boiler. Mainly, the feed water equipment is of two types such as water heaters and water feeding units. Mostly, reciprocating and rotary pumps are used as feeding equipment. (i) A piston or plunger that reciprocates in a cylinder. (ii) Suction and delivery pipes with non-return valves, suction valve in the suction pipe and delivery valve in the delivery pipe.Based Thermal Power Plants BES the discharge valve gets opened. Thus, the liquid is carried out to discharge tank through the delivery pipe. Perle Power Plant Engineering (iii) Crank and connecting rod mechanism. (® Working of a single acting reciprocating pump: ‘The delivery stroke is completed when the crank occupies the ' position. The suction and delivery stroke are alternatively ed out and the liquid is pumped from the sump to the discharge In a single acting reciprocating pump, liquid acts only on o1 side of the piston. Figure 1.41 shows a single acting Teciprocating pump which has one suction pipe and one delivery pipe. It is usually placed above the liquid level in the sump. When the crank rotates clockwise from inner dead centre (DQ) ) Working of a double acting reciprocating pump: (ie. from 4) to outer dead centre (ODC) (ic. C), the piston moved outward to the right and a vacuum is created on the left side of the piston, This vacuum causes the suction valve to open and liquid is forced from the sump into the left side of the piston. When the crank is at ODC, the suction stroke is completed and the left side of cylinder is full of liquid. In a double acting reciprocating pump, the suction and delivery Hikes simultaneously occur, When the crank rotates from JDC to C, a vacuum is created on the left side of the piston and the liquid ‘sucked from the sump through suction valve S,. At the same time, © liquid on the right side of the piston is pressed and high pressure os the delivery valve D, to open and the liquid is passed to the jhurge tank. This operation is continued till the crank reaches e' Figure 1.41 Single acting reciprocating panipy Suction Figure 1.42 Double acting reciprocating pump When the crank rotates from QDC to IDC (i.c., from C to A), the piston is moved inward to left and a high pressure is built up i the cylinder. The increased pressure causes the suction valve to close With further rotation of the crank, the liquid is sucked from the (ip through the suction valve S, and it is delivered to the dischargeCoal Based Thermal Power Plants ‘8a Power Plant Engineering tank through the delivery valve D,. When the crank reaches LDC, thi piston will be in the extreme leit position, Thus, one cycle ij Main components af a centrifugal punip: A centrifugal pump consists of the following elements. Ci} Impeller. di) Casing. completed, A double acting reciprocating pump gives more uniform discharge because of continuous delivery strokes. Quite often, g multi cylinder arrangement having two or more cylinders is alsa employed to get more uniform feed. (ii) Suction pipe, strainer and foot valve. (iv) Delivery pipe and delivery valve. 1.14.4.2, Rotary Pumps Casing Rotary pumps are mainly high speed centrifugal pumps. some places, jet pumps are used as feed pumps. Centrifugal pumps develop sufficient head and they have capacity to feed the water to boiler at all conditions. Usually; centrifugal pumps are driven by a steam turbine. Sometimes, the’ may be driven by variable or constant-speed motors. () Centrifugal pumps: Centrifugal pumps are devices which convert the mechanical energy inte hydraulic energy by means of centrifugal force acting off the fluid. Centrifugal pumps are the roto dynamic type of pumps i which a dynamic pressure is developed to lift the liquid from lowei level to higher level. The basic working principle of centrifugal Figure L43 Components of a centrifugal puinp pump is, when a certain mass of liquid is made to rotaie by afl _Tinpelter: external force, it is thrown away from the central axis of rotation and Rotating element consists of a vaned rotor called impeller, The a centrifugal pressure is developed which raises the liquid to highet level. ller is mounted on a shaft which connects the shaft with an {fic motor. The vanes of the impeller may be curved, cylindrical Have more complex surfaces. But generally, a series of backward Fved! vanes is equally spaced around the periphery of the shaft. ThePower Plant En ( al Based Thermal Power Plants unit has a finite number of vanes, usually six to twelve. Wangements and bearing support. The essential purposes of casing impellers are of any one of the following three types. fa) Shrouded or elased intpeller: (i) to guide water to and from the impeller, and Figure 1.44(a) shows this type of impeller in which vanes ag provided with metal cover plates or they shroud on both sides, Th (ii) to partially convert the kinetic energy into pressure energy. i rich bett idance for the liquid and it i eleed: impeller provides. &: batter an) Saree Suction pipe, strainer and foot valve: more efficient, = : : Suction pipe connects the centre (eye) of the impeller to the dmp from which the liquid is to be lifled. The pipe is air tight so il (here is no possibility of formation of air pockets. Suction pipe is ided with a strainer at its lower end so as to prevent the entry of particles, debris ete. into the pump. (b) Semi open type impeller: Figure 1.44(b) shows this type of impeller in which vanes only the base plate and no crown plate. (c) Open impeller: Figure 1.44(c) shows the types of impeller in which vanes hay The foot valve is a one-way valve located above the strainer neither crown plate nor base plate. The vanes are open on both sides 4 the suction pipe. It is used to fill the pump with liquid before it farted (ie., priming) and it prevents the back flow when the pump lopped, ) Delivery pipe and delivery valve: One end of the delivery pipe is connected to the outlet of the ap and the other end delivers the liquid to the required height. A lating valve provided just near the pump outlet serves the control iid flow. (a) () Figure 1.44 rH The delivery valve is closed, The suction pipe, casing and thing of a centrifugal pump: (ii) Casing: It is an air tight chamber surrounding the impeller. It is simi of the delivery pipe up to the delivery valve are completely to the easing of a reaction turbine, It contains suction and discharg with the liquid so that no air pocket is left. This process is i priming.Power Plant Enginee: jal Based Thermal Power Plants Step 22 «loot valve, there is no need of closing the delivery valve because The electric motor is started to rotate the impeller by keeping is one-way non-return valve, It arrests the back flow, the delivery valve still closed. The rotation of the impeller causes the i ‘ é U1) Jet pumps: strong suction or vacuum just at the eye of the casing. ‘This pump is a combination of a centrifugal pump and a nozzle Step 3: Wnverls high pressure into velocity. A high pressure jet stream is The speed of the impeller is gradually increased till the impelle rotates at its normal speed and it develops normal hydraulic energ required for pumping the liquid. soled through a suitable nozzle to entrain a large volume of water i low pressure and forced it toa higher level within the system. The inp has no moving parts in the well or beneath the water surface. It Step de fomposed of a multistage centrifugal pump installed above ground The delivery valve is opened after the impeller attains the Ml On ejector is installed below the water surface and eennecung normal speed. Now, the liquid is continuously sucked by the suction jes. The disadvantage of these units is that when they are used in pipe and it passes through the eye of casing. Then, it enters the impeller at its centre i.e., at their inlet tips. This liquid is impelled out by rotating the vanes and it comes out at the outlet tips of vanes into ivi head situations, the discharge and efficiency are greatly Hived. Klug principle of jet pump: the casing, During the process, the pressure head as well as the velocity head of the liquid are increased. Mainly, a jet is the assembly of nozzle and diffuser assembly, A of water from delivery pipe enters the nozzle where the Step 5: Mure cnergy of water is converted into kinetic energy thereby ing the pressure. Due to the pressure reduction, the pressure of 1 gels dropped down and it creates the suction in order to suck from the sump. Due to this, a large quantity of water is The liquid is now entered into vortex or volute chamber of the casing where some of the velocity head is converted into pressure head in the casing, ilivd at low pressure, So, the different velocities of fluid streams Step 6: mixed together by increasing the fluid pressure in the mixing From casing, the liquid passes into the delivery pipe and it is ) The mixing zone is in the form of diverging section in which lifted to the required height, jure is increased by reducing its velocity. These pumps can Step 7: lor for 6 m height with suction, These pumps are mainly used i id r i S. When the pump is stopped, the delivery valve should be closed, ge ond pumping oil processes Otherwise, there may be some back flow from the reservoir. If there‘00! Based Thermal Power Plants ree Air vent Power Plant Engineerin Boiler feed water Deaeration steam steam ‘Strainer | _eterated @) boiler feedwater Figure 1.45 Jet pump Pore The pump balances the thrust and it prevents the vibration di Figure 146A schematic diagram of a typical tray-type to pressure head through bearings, Bearings are periodica deaerator lubricated to ensure smooth running. So, the jet pumps are calle Most deaerators are designed to remove oxygen down to the turbine pumps due to the reverse action of the reaction turbine. | of 7 ppb by weight or less. There are two basic types of mors, The tray-type and spray type are shown in Figure 1.46 1.14.5. Deaerators igure 1,47 A deaerator is a device widely used for the removal of air al other dissolved gases from the feed water to steam-generatif The tray-type (also called caseacle-type) includes a vertical domed deaeration section mounted at the top of a horizontal boilers. In particular, the dissolved oxygen in the boiler feed wate cylindrical vessel which serves the deaerated boiler feed will cause a serious corrosion damage in steam systems due to pij waller storage tank, used in walls made of metal, other metallic equipment and formii : fi ; ae The spray- consi i rtical oxides (rust). It also combines any dissolved carbon dioxide to for The spray-type consists only of a horizontal (or vertical) Gakbonieacidwhichioauses fuither camodion. cylindrical vessel which serves both deaeration section and boiler feed water storage tank.al Based Thermal Power Plants Boiler Air vent 5, ran is high, feedwater Street 5, The thermal efficiency is high 6, The operation is easy. Handle Pointer cage, Desorated_ @O boiler feedwater Pump: Steam pipe Key- Wn | A= Spray nozile tee ta Do Steam nozzle Combination nozzle DO = Steam supply pipe E = Preheating section F = Deaeration section a SEL oe kee em bo Figure 1.47 A schematic diagram of typical spray-type deaerator ay [aa | =— | LEA Dolivery nozzle 1.14.6. Steam Injector The device which lifts and forces the feed water into the bailer i called steam injector, It is mainly used in vertical and locomoti fore la boilers, Tt delivers the water to the boiler under required pressure Migure £40) Steam tifector The schematic of steam injector is shown in Figure 1.48, juntages of steam injector: Advantages af steam injector: Tt has low pumping efficiency, 1. Initial cost is low. Very hot water cannot be used, 2. Itis simple in design. ‘The operation is always irregular. 3. Itis more compact. 4 Moving parts are completely eliminated. pletelyPower Plant Engineerii 4.14.7. Steam Separator Condensate to stoam trap Figure 149 Cyctone-type steam separator Usually, the steam consists of both wet and dry components. So the wet steam reduces the thermal efficiency of the pant and water will be accumulated in the cylinder causing hydraulic lock and water droplets erode the turbine blades faster. Therefore, they should be separated before supplying it to the turbine because some turbines d Thermal Power Plants : only dry steam. The steam separator is also called moisture lar. Phw steam can be separated by using a steam separator shown in 1.49, It is mounted in two places in the boiler. One steam ior is installed on the steam main and another steam separator weed on branch lines. During the separation, the condensed in collected as water and it is drained away through a steam , Steam Strap The stream strap drains away the condensed steam as water lets from the steam pipes, steam jackets and steam separator. At mine lime, no steam will be escaped from the boiler, Two types i strap are available, They are as follows. (i) Expansion or thermostatic type, and (ii) Bucket or float type FLUIDIZED BED BOILERS i used to produce steam from fossil and waste fuels by using Hnique called fluidized bed combustion. vituyes of fluidized bed combustion systent: 1. It can use solid, liquid or gaseous fuel or mix as well as domestic and industrial waste, Solid mixing is rapid. So, high heat transfer rates can be obtained from the surface immersed in bed plus a more effective use of tube surface owing to its immersion within the bed. It can lead to saving of 75% of power for tubes.| iad Thermal Power Plants e pases can be cooled toa lower temperature before leaving ‘k with less formation of H»SO, acid due to the sulphur in coal J inthe bed by the bed material used (limestone). 3. Combustion temperature can be actually controlled and can be low enough to minimse the volatisation of | constituents such as alkali materials because the temperat| Flue gas and is well below the melting point of most gas-borne sq dust te particulate i 1 Convective removal system particles, tube bank It is simple in arrangement, small size of the plant a reduced corrosion or erosion of gas turbine blades. Primary cyclone Furnace water wails 5. Higher sulphur content coals can he used due tot he presen of SO; by the combustion of sulphur. Cyclone fines recycle feed 6. High ash containing coal can be efficiently burnt in FBC, luidized bed Types of fluidized bed boilers: (Combustion The fluidized bed boilers are of two types, ate 1. Bubbling fluidized bed boilers (BFB) chamber 2, Circulating fluidized bed boilers (CFB) Grid plate Bee drain tube 1.15.1. Bubbling Fluidized Bed Boilers In this boiler, the crushed coal (about 6-20 aun) is the fluidized bed of limestone just is located at the bottom of the bed, injected int above air distribution grid which Figure 1.50 Schematic of bubbling fluidized bed boiler As a result of low combustion temperatures (800-900°C), it is ble to use inferior grades of coal without slogging pe and NO,. The volumetric heat release is about 10 to 15 times higher surface heat transfer rates are 2 to 3 times higher en a entional boiler, Figure 1.51 illustrates the bubbling fluid bed Working: The air from air fan flows upwards through the grid from the ai plenum into the bed where the combustion of coal occurs, The combustion products leaving from the combustian chamber is having a large number of carbon particles and it is collected in a cyclone Separator and it is again fed back to the bed, Jer system operating at atmospheric pressure.