1111111111111Supercomputers have huge data storage capacities and

unrivaled processing power. They are used by large organizations that require
immense computing power. These computers are exceptionally expensive
and very delicate. Housed in clean rooms, supercomputers must be kept free
of dust and debris, and have to be constantly cooled because of the heat
they generate.
https://math.stackexchange.com/users/signup?ssrc=head
Mainframe computers have considerably less power and capacity than
supercomputers, but significantly more than personal computers. They are
capable of processing billions of instructions per second and handle vast
quantities of data simultaneously.
Personal computers are common in homes and offices throughout the world.
Modern models have large storage capacities and run multiple applications
simultaneously.
Modern laptops feature similar specifications to desktop computers, with the
added bonus of being portable. However, laptops can feel heavy and battery
life can be an issue if needing to work for long periods without being able to
recharge.
Netbooks are smaller and lighter than laptops, but have considerably less
storage capacity and power. However, their small size and minimal weight
makes them attractive for browsing the web, checking emails and creating
documents when not in the office.
Tablets and smartphones are similar in nature and operate on a touchscreen
basis. They are user-friendly, lightweight and very convenient, being popular
with people of all ages and backgrounds.
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==============================================
====================================

Supercomputers are the most powerful computers in terms of performance

and data processing. They are mostly found in big organizations, where they
perform specialized and specific tasks, such as research. These computers
have been used in space exploration, earthquake studies, weather
forecasting and nuclear weapon testing. Supercomputers are relatively
expensive and extremely large.
Mainframes are also large and powerful, but not as supercomputers. They are
mostly used in banks, insurance companies and educational institutions
because of their capacity to store large amount of data.
Another category of computer is the minicomputer, also known as midrange
computers. They are mostly used by small organizations. They can also be
used in large companies to accomplish certain tasks in individual
departments. For instance, they can be used within the production
department to monitor the production process.
Microcomputers, which include desktop computers, personal digital
assistants, laptops, tablets and smartphones, are the most commonly used
and th0e fastest-growing types of computers.
The final category of computers is the professional workstation. These
computers are mostly used to perform specific tasks and can be used by
scientists, graphic designers, architects or financial analysts.
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When was the first computer invented?

There is no easy answer to this question due to the many different

classifications of computers. The first mechanical computer, created by
Charles Babbage in 1822, doesn't really resemble what most would consider
a computer today. Therefore, this document has been created with a listing of
each of the computer firsts, starting with the Difference Engine and leading
up to the computers we use today.

Note: Early inventions which helped lead up to the computer, such as the
abacus, calculator, and tablet machines, are not accounted for in this
document.
The word "computer" was first used

The word "computer" was first recorded as being used in 1613 and originally
was used to describe a human who performed calculations or computations.
The definition of a computer remained the same until the end of the 19th
century, when the industrial revolution gave rise to machines whose primary
purpose was calculating.
First mechanical computer or automatic computing engine concept

In 1822, Charles Babbage conceptualized and began developing the

Difference Engine, considered to be the first automatic computing machine.
The Difference Engine was capable of computing several sets of numbers and
making hard copies of the results. Babbage received some help with
development of the Difference Engine from Ada Lovelace, considered by
many to be the first computer programmer for her work and notes on the
Difference Engine. Unfortunately, because of funding, Babbage was never
able to complete a full-scale functional version of this machine. In June of
1991, the London Science Museum completed the Difference Engine No 2 for
the bicentennial year of Babbage's birth and later completed the printing
mechanism in 2000.
Analytical EngineIn 1837, Charles Babbage proposed the first general
mechanical computer, the Analytical Engine. The Analytical Engine contained
an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), basic flow control, and integrated memory and
is the first general-purpose computer concept. Unfortunately, because of
funding issues, this computer was also never built while Charles Babbage was
alive. In 1910, Henry Babbage, Charles Babbage's youngest son, was able to
complete a portion of this machine and was able to perform basic
calculations.
First programmable computer

The Z1 was created by German Konrad Zuse in his parents' living room
between 1936 and 1938. It is considered to be the first electro-mechanical
binary programmable computer, and the first really functional modern
computer.

Z1 computer
First concepts of what we consider a modern computer

The Turing machine was first proposed by Alan Turing in 1936 and became
the foundation for theories about computing and computers. The machine
was a device that printed symbols on paper tape in a manner that emulated
a person following a series of logical instructions. Without these
fundamentals, we wouldn't have the computers we use today.
The first electric programmable computer

Colossus Mark 2The Colossus was the first electric programmable computer,
developed by Tommy Flowers, and first demonstrated in December 1943. The
Colossus was created to help the British code breakers read encrypted
German messages.
The first digital computer

Short for Atanasoff-Berry Computer, the ABC began development by Professor

John Vincent Atanasoff and graduate student Cliff Berry in 1937. Its
development continued until 1942 at the Iowa State College (now Iowa State
University).
The ABC was an electrical computer that used vacuum tubes for digital
computation, including binary math and Boolean logic and had no CPU. On
October 19, 1973, the US Federal Judge Earl R. Larson signed his decision that
the ENIAC patent by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly was invalid and
named Atanasoff the inventor of the electronic digital computer.
The ENIAC was invented by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the
University of Pennsylvania and began construction in 1943 and was not
completed until 1946. It occupied about 1,800 square feet and used about
18,000 vacuum tubes, weighing almost 50 tons. Although the Judge ruled
that the ABC computer was the first digital computer, many still consider the
ENIAC to be the first digital computer because it was fully functional.
ENIAC
The first stored program computer

The early British computer known as the EDSAC is considered to be the first
stored program electronic computer. The computer performed its first
calculation on May 6, 1949 and was the computer that ran the first graphical
computer game, nicknamed "Baby".
EDSAC

Manchester Mark 1

Around the same time, the Manchester Mark 1 was another computer that
could run stored programs. Built at the Victoria University of Manchester, the
first version of the Mark 1 computer became operational in April 1949. Mark
1 was used to run a program to search for Mersenne primes for nine hours
without error on June 16 and 17 that same year.
The first computer company

The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company and was
founded in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, the same individuals
who helped create the ENIAC computer. The company was later renamed to
EMCC or Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation and released a series of
mainframe computers under the UNIVAC name.
First stored program computer

UNIVAC 1101First delivered to the United States government in 1950, the

UNIVAC 1101 or ERA 1101 is considered to be the first computer that was
capable of storing and running a program from memory.
First commercial computer

In 1942, Konrad Zuse begin working on the Z4 that later became the first
commercial computer. The computer was sold to Eduard Stiefel, a
mathematician of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich on July 12,
1950.
IBM's first computer

On April 7, 1953 IBM publicly introduced the 701; its first commercial
scientific computer.
The first computer with RAM

MIT introduces the Whirlwind machine on March 8, 1955, a revolutionary

computer that was the first digital computer with magnetic core RAM and
real-time graphics.
Whirlwind machine
The first transistor computer

TransistorsThe TX-O (Transistorized Experimental computer) is the first

transistorized computer to be demonstrated at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology in 1956.
The first minicomputer

In 1960, Digital Equipment Corporation released its first of many PDP

computers, the PDP-1.
The first desktop and mass-market computer

In 1964, the first desktop computer, the Programma 101, was unveiled to the
public at the New York World's Fair. It was invented by Pier Giorgio Perotto and
manufactured by Olivetti. About 44,000 Programma 101 computers were
sold, each with a price tag of $3,200.
In 1968, Hewlett Packard began marketing the HP 9100A, considered to be
the first mass-marketed desktop computer.
The first workstation

Although it was never sold, the first workstation is considered to be the Xerox
Alto, introduced in 1974. The computer was revolutionary for its time and
included a fully functional computer, display, and mouse. The computer
operated like many computers today utilizing windows, menus and icons as
an interface to its operating system. Many of the computer's capabilities were
first demonstrated in The Mother of All Demos by Douglas Engelbart on
December 9, 1968.
The first microprocessor

Intel introduces the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004 on November 15,
1971.
The first micro-computer

The Vietnamese-French engineer, Andr Truong Trong Thi, along with Francois
Gernelle, developed the Micral computer in 1973. Considered as the first
"micro-computer", it used the Intel 8008 processor and was the first
commercial non-assembly computer. It originally sold for $1,750.
The first personal computer

In 1975, Ed Roberts coined the term "personal computer" when he introduced

the Altair 8800. Although the first personal computer is considered by many
to be the KENBAK-1, which was first introduced for $750 in 1971. The
computer relied on a series of switches for inputting data and output data by
turning on and off a series of lights.
Altair 8800 Computer
The first laptop or portable computer

IBM 5100The IBM 5100 is the first portable computer, which was released on
September 1975. The computer weighed 55 pounds and had a five inch CRT
display, tape drive, 1.9MHz PALM processor, and 64KB of RAM. In the picture
is an ad of the IBM 5100 taken from a November 1975 issue of Scientific
America.
The first truly portable computer or laptop is considered to be the Osborne I,
which was released on April 1981 and developed by Adam Osborne. The
Osborne I weighed 24.5 pounds, had a 5-inch display, 64 KB of memory, two
5 1/4" floppy drives, ran the CP/M 2.2 operating system, included a modem,
and cost US$1,795.
The IBM PC Division (PCD) later released the IBM portable in 1984, it's first
portable computer that weighed in at 30 pounds. Later in 1986, IBM PCD
announced it's first laptop computer, the PC Convertible, weighing 12
pounds. Finally, in 1994, IBM introduced the IBM ThinkPad 775CD, the first
notebook with an integrated CD-ROM.

The first Apple computer

The Apple I (Apple 1) was the first Apple computer that originally sold for
$666.66. The computer kit was developed by Steve Wozniak in 1976 and
contained a 6502 8-bit processor and 4 kb of memory, which was expandable
to 8 or 48 kb using expansion cards. Although the Apple I had a fully
assembled circuit board the kit still required a power supply, display,
keyboard, and case to be operational. Below is a picture of an Apple I from an
advertisement by Apple.
Apple I computer
The first IBM personal computer

IBM PC 5150IBM introduced its first personal computer called the IBM PC in
1981. The computer was code named and still sometimes referred to as the
Acorn and had a 8088 processor, 16 KB of memory, which was expandable to
256 and utilized MS-DOS.
The first PC clone

The Compaq Portable is considered to be the first PC clone and was release in
March 1983 by Compaq. The Compaq Portable was 100% compatible with
IBM computers and was capable of running any software developed for IBM
computers.
See the below other computer companies first for other IBM compatible
computers
The first multimedia computer

In 1992, Tandy Radio Shack became one of the first companies to release a
computer based on the MPC standard with its introduction of the M2500 XL/2
and M4020 SX computers.
Other computer company firsts

Below is a listing of some of the major computers companies first computers.

Commodore - In 1977, Commodore introduced its first computer, the

"Commodore PET".
Compaq - In March 1983, Compaq released its first computer and the first
100% IBM compatible computer, the "Compaq Portable."
Dell - In 1985, Dell introduced its first computer, the "Turbo PC."
Hewlett Packard - In 1966, Hewlett Packard released its first general
computer, the "HP-2115."
NEC - In 1958, NEC builds its first computer, the "NEAC 1101."
Toshiba - In 1954, Toshiba introduces its first computer, the "TAC" digital
computer.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

50,000 B.C. The first evidence of counting is dated back around 50,000 B.C.
30,000 B.C. Paleolithic peoples in Europe record numbers by notching tallies
on bones, ivory, and stone.
4000 B.C.

Metals begin being created and used.

3500 B.C.

The first evidence of writing is dated back to around 3,500 B.C.

3400 B.C.
Egyptians develop a symbol for the number 10, making counting
larger numbers easier.
3300 B.C.

The Bronze Age begins.

3000 B.C.

Hieroglyphic numerals are first used in Egypt.

2600 B.C.

Chinese introduce the abacus.

1350 B.C.

Chinese use the first decimal.

1350 B.C.

Iron begins being developed.

100 B.C.

The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be first created.

300 B.C.
Mathematician Euclid releases Euclid's Elements, 13 books that
summarize all mathematical knowledge of the Greeks. 300 B.C. Euclid
described the Euclidean algorithm for finding the greatest common divisor
that is considered the first algorithm.

300 B.C.
The Salamis Tablet, Roman Calculi, and hand-abacus, much like
today's abacus.
260 B.C.
The Maya develop base-20 system of mathematics, which
introduce zero.
1000 A.D.
A churchman by the name of Gerbert d'Aurillac, who later
becomes Pope Sylvester II, introduces the abacus and Hindu-Arabic math to
Europe.

1232 Ramon Llull is born c. 1232.

1315 Ramon Llull passes away c. 1315 (Age:83)
1440 Johannes Gutenberg completes his development of the Gutenberg
press, the first printing press.
1452 Leonardo da Vinci is born April 15, 1452.
1492 Leonardo da Vinci makes drawing of 13-digit cog-wheeled adder.

1500 Leonardo da Vinci invents the mechanical calculator.

1502 Peter Henlein, a craftsman from Nuremberg Germany, creates the first
watch.
1519 Leonardo da Vinci passes away May 2, 1519 (Age:67)
1550 John Napier is born in 1550.
1561 Francis Bacon is born January 22, 1561.
1561 Henry Briggs is born in February 1561.
1571 Johannes Kepler is born December 27, 1571.
1581 Edmund Gunter is born in 1581.
1592 Wilhelm Schickard is born April 22, 1592.
1596 Ren Descartes is born March 31, 1596.

0
1600 William Gilbert coins the term electricity from the Greek word elecktra.
1600 The Microsoft Windows Epoch time is set to start January 1, 1601.
1605 Francis Bacon devices the Baconian Cipher, a cipher that used A's and
B's to encode messages.
1613 The word "computer" was first recorded as being used in 1613 and was
originally used to describe a person who performed calculations or
computations. The definition of a computer remained the same until the end
of the 19th century when it began referring to a machine that performed
calculations.
1613 Claude Perrault is born September 25, 1613.
1614 John Napier illustrates and puts forward the idea of Logarithms.
1617 John Napier introduced a system called "Napiers Bones," made from
horn, bone or ivory the device allowed the capability of multiplying by adding
numbers and dividing by subtracting.
1617 Tito Burattini is born March 8, 1617.
1617 John Napier passes away April 4, 1617 (Age: 66-67)
1621 The circular slide rule is invented by William Oughtred.
1623 Blaise Pascal is born June 19, 1623.
1623 The first known workable mechanical calculating machine is invented
by Germanys Wilhelm Schickard. The machine is based on the idea of
Napier's Bones, mentioned earlier.
1625 Samuel Morland is born in 1625
1626 Francis Bacon passes away April 9, 1626 (Age: 65)
1626 Edmund Gunter passes away December 10, 1626 (Age: 45)
1630 Henry Briggs passes away January 26, 1630 (Age: 68)
1630 Johannes Kepler passes away November 15, 1630 (Age: 58)
1632 William Oughtred of Cambridge combines two Gunter rules to make a
device that resembles today's slide rule.
1935 Robert Hooke is born July 28, 1635.

1635 Wilhelm Schickard passes away October 24, 1635 (Age: 43)
1642 Frances Blaise Pascal invents a machine, called the Pascaline, that can
add, subtract, and carry between digits.
1642 Isaac Newton is born December 25, 1642.
1646 Gottfried Leibniz is born July 1, 1646.
1650 Ren Descartes passes away February 11, 1650 (Age: 53)
1662 Blaise Pascal passes away August 19, 1662 (Age: 39)
1671 Gottfried Leibniz introduces the Step Reckoner, a device that can
multiply, divide, and evaluate square roots.
1679 Gottfried Leibniz demonstrates binary arithmetic, a discovery that
shows every number can be represented by 0 and 1 only.
1681 Tito Livio Burattini passes away November 17, 1681 (Age: 64)
1688 Claude Perrault passes away in 1688 (Age: 75)
1695 Samuel Morland passes away December 30, 1695 (Age: 70

1703 Robert Hooke passes away March 3, 1703 (Age: 67)

1706 Benjamin Franklin is born January 17, 1706.
1721 Pierre Jaquet-Droz is born in 1721.
1724 Gabriel Fahrenheit proposes the Fahrenheit standard.
1725 An early form of punch cards begin to be used in textile looms.
1726 Isaac Newton passes away March 20, 1726 (Age: 84)
1732 Richard Arkwright is born December 23, 1732.
1736 Johann Bishcoff is born February 20, 1736.
1739 Philipp Hahn is born November 25, 1739.
1743 Samuel Hopkins is born December 9, 1743.
1745 Alessandro Volta is born February 18, 1745.
1752 On June 10, 1752 Benjamin Franklin flies a kite that collects a charge
after being struck by lightning.

1752 Joseph Jacquard is born July 7, 1752.

1753 Charles Stanhope is born August 3, 1753.
1765 Jacob Auch is born February 22, 1765.
1765 Joseph Nipce is born March 7, 1765.
1768 Jean Fourier is born March 21, 1768.
1774 The first telegraph is built.
1777 Thomas Fowler is born in 1977.
1777 Johann Gauss is born April 30, 1777.
1779 Joseph Clement is born June 13, 1779.
1783 William Sturgeon is born May 22, 1783.
1785 Charles Thomas is born May 5, 1785.
1785 Georg Scheutz is born September 23, 1785.
1787 Semen Korsakov is born January 14, 1787.
1789 Georg Ohm is born March 16, 1789.
1790 Benjamin Franklin passes away April 17, 1790 (Age: 83)
1790 Philipp Hahn passes away May 2, 1790 (Age: 51)
1790 Samuel Hopkins receives the first United States patent July 31, 1790.
1791 Samuel Morse is born April 27, 1791.
1791 Michael Faraday is born September 22, 1791.
1791 Charles Babbage is born December 26, 1791.
1792 Claude Chappe invents a semaphore line, a method of communicating
over long distances.
1792 Richard Arkwright passes away August 3, 1792 (Age: 59)
1797 Joseph Henry is born May 17, 1797.

1804 Frances Joseph-Marie Jacquard completes his fully automated loom that

is programmed by punched cards.

1809 An early but crude telegraph type device is invented in 1809 by
Samuel Soemmering.
1810 Hayyim Slonimski is born in 1810.
1811 Alexander Bain is born in 1811.
1811 Johann Bischoff passes away April 14, 1811 (Age:75)
1814 Izrael Staffel is born in 1814.
1815 Giovanni Caselli is born April 25, 1815.
1815 George Boole is born November 2, 1815.
1815 Ada Lovelace is born December 15, 1815.
1816 Werner Siemens is born December 13, 1816.
1816 Charles Stanhope passes away December 15, 1816 (Age: 63)
1817 douard-Lon Martinville is born April 25, 1817.
1818 Samuel Hopkins passes away in 1818.
1819 Christopher Sholes is born February 14, 1819.
1820 Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar creates the "Arithometer", the first
reliable, useful, and commercially successful calculating machine. The
calculator could not only add but also subtract, multiply, and divide.
1821 Pafnuty Chebyshev is born May 16, 1821.
1822 In early 1822, Charles Babbage begins developing the Difference
Engine.
1823 Baron Jons Jackob Berzelius discovers silicon (Si), which today is the
basic component of an integrated circuit (IC).
1825 The earliest known surviving photograph is taken by Joseph Nicphore
Nipce in 1825 of a view of a courtyard from his window.
1827 Alessandro Volta passes away March 5, 1827 (Age: 82)
1827 Georg Simon Ohm introduces Ohm's law in the book Die galvanische
Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet.
1828 Harrison Dyar becomes the first person in the United States to invent a

Telegraph type device.

1830 Samuel Soule is born January 25, 1830.
1830 Edweard Muybridge is born April 9, 1830.
1830 Jean Fourier passes away May 16, 1830 (Age: 62)
1831 Joseph Henry of Princeton invents the first working telegraph.
1832 Semen Korsakov uses punch cards for the first time to store and search
for information.
1832 On October 21, 1832 Pavel Schilling becomes the first to transmit
signals between two telegraphs in different rooms of his apartment.
1833 Joseph Nipce passes away July 5, 1833 (Age: 68)
1834 The Committee now known as the ITU is founded May 17, 1865.
1834 Joseph Jacquard passes away August 7, 1834 (Age: 82)
1835 Elisha Gray is born August 2, 1835.
1835 William Jevons is born September 1, 1835.
1836 Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail begin developing a code (later called
Morse code) that used different numbers to represent the letters of the
English alphabet and the ten digits.
1837 Charles Babbage first purposed the Analytical Engine, which was the
first computer to use punch cards as memory and a way to program the
computer.
1838 Fredrik Idestam is born October 28, 1838.
1841 Edmund Barbour is born in 1841.
1842 Jacob Auch passes away March 20, 1842 (Age: 77)
1843 Thomas Fowler passes away March 31, 1843 (Age: 66)
1844 Joseph Clement passes away February 28, 1844 (Age: 65)
1844 Samuel Morse dispatches the first telegraphic message over a line
from Washington, D.C. to Baltimore on May 24, 1844. The now famous
message was: "What hath God wrought"
1845 In 1845, Izrael Staffel demonstrated the Staffel's calculator at the
industrial exhibition in Warsaw.

1845 Wilhelm Rontgen is born March 27, 1845.

1845 Willgodt Odhner is born August 10, 1845.
1845 Jean-Maurice-Emile Baudot is born September 11, 1845.
1847 Thomas Edison is born February 11, 1847.
1847 Alexander Graham Bell is born March 3, 1847.
1847 Siemens is founded on October 12, 1847.
1849 John Ambrose Fleming is born November 29, 1849.
1849 George Grant is born December 21, 1849.
1850 Charles Flint is born January 24, 1850.
1850 Karl Braun is born June 6, 1850.
1850 William Sturgeon passes away December 4, 1850 (Age: 67)
1851 Western Union was founded.
1851 Emile Berliner is born May 20, 1851.
1852 Ada Lovelace passes away November 27, 1852 (Age: 36)
1853 Semen Korsakov passes away December 1, 1853 (Age: 65)
1854 Augustus DeMorgan and George Boole formalize a set of logical
operations now known as DeMorgan transformations.
1854 George Fairchild is born May 6 , 1854.
1854 Georg Ohm passes away July 6, 1854 (Age: 65)
1854 George Eastman is born July 12, 1854.
1855 The Crane Company is founded.
1855 Johann Gauss passes away February 23, 1855 (Age: 77)
1856 Nikola Tesla is born July 10, 1856.
1857 Heinrich Hertz is born February 22, 1857.
1857 The phonautograph (phonograph) is patented March 25, 1857 by
Frenchman douard-Lon Scott de Martinville. The device was capable of
transcribing sound to a medium.

1858 Otto Steiger is born in 1858.

1858 The OpenVMS Epoch Time is set to start November 17, 1858.
1858 Jagadish Bose is born November 30, 1858.
1859 The Elevator is patented on August 9, 1959.
1860 Herman Hollerith is born February 29, 1860.
1861 The first known permanent color photograph is taken of a Tartan
Ribbon by the photographer Thomas Sutton. To achieve a color image he took
a photo of the ribbon three times, each time with a different color, a method
developed by James Clerk Maxwell.
1861 The first transcontinental telegraph line began operation October 24,
1861.
1862 David Hilbert is born January 23, 1862.
1862 Vilhelm Bjerknes is born March 14, 1862.
1862 Dorr Felt is born March 18, 1862.
1862 Philibert D'Ocagne is born March 26, 1862.
1864 George Boole passes away December 8, 1864 (Age: 49)
1865 Nokia is originally founded by Fredrik Idestam as a wood pulp company.
1866 The first successful Trans-Atlantic cable is laid from Ireland to
Newfoundland.
1867 Michael Faraday passes away August 25, 1867 (Age: 75)
1868 Christopher Sholes is issued a patent on July 14, 1868 for a typewriter
utilizing the QWERTY layout keyboard still used today.
1968 Paul Otlet is born August 23, 1868.
1870 Mitsubishi is founded.
1870 Charles Thomas passes away March 12, 1870 (Age: 84)
1871 Hubert Booth is born July 4, 1871.
1871 Charles Babbage passes away October 18, 1871 (Age: 79)
1872 Samuel Morse passes away April 2, 1872 (Age: 80)
1873 Georg Scheutz passes away May 22, 1873 (Age: 88)

1873 Lee Forest is born August 26, 1873.

1873 William Coolidge is born October 23, 1873.
1874 Thomas Watson is born February 17, 1874.
1874 Guglielmo Marconi is born April 25, 1874.
1875 Tanaka Seizo-sho is established in Japan and later merges with another
company called shibaura Seisaku-sho to form Tokyo Shibarura Denki. Later
this company's name is shortened to the company that we know today,
Toshiba.
1875 Samuel Soule passes away July 12, 1875 (Age: 45)
1875 William Eccles is born August 23, 1875.
1875 The company American Telephone and Telegraph Company that later
became AT&T is founded.
1876 Scottish-Canadian-American Alexander Graham Bell is often credited as
inventing the telephone makes the first call March 10, 1876.
1876 Ericsson is founded.
1877 Alexander Bain passes away January 2, 1877 (Age: 65)
1877 The world's first long-distance telephone line is connected between
French Corral California with French Lake, 58 miles away.
1877 The microphone is invented in the United States by Emile Berliner.
1877 Thomas Edison invents and announces on November 21, 1877 the first
phonograph capable of recording and replaying sounds.
1878 Eadweard Muybridge's "The Horse In Motion" becomes the first motion
picture.
1878 Joseph Henry passes away May 13, 1878 (Age: 80)
1878 Arthur Scherbius is born October 20, 1878.
1879 Albert Einstein is born March 14, 1879.
1879 douard-Lon Martinville passes away April 26, 1879 (Age: 62)
1879 Thomas Edison demos incandescent electric light bulb that lasts 13 1/2
hours October 21, 1879.
1879 James Jacob Ritty patents the world's first cash register November 4,

1879.
1879 President Rutherford B. Hayes becomes the first president with a phone
in the White House and gets the phone number "1."
1880 Thomas Edison receives patent #223,898 for the Electric Lamp January
27, 1880.
1880 ASME is founded.
1880 Albert Hull is born April 19, 1880.
1880 James Bryce is born September 5, 1880.
1881 Emanuel Goldberg is born on August 31, 1881.
1882 William Jevons passes away August 13, 1882 (Age: 46)
1882 Thomas Edison is award patent # 252,442 January 17, 1882 for the
carbon microphone used in telephones.
1882 The first commercial electric power station becomes operational on
September 4, 1882.
1882 Fredrik Bull is born December 25, 1882.
1883 Edith Clarke is born February 10, 1883.
1883 American Thomas Edison discovers the Edison effect, where an electric
current flows through a vacuum.
1883 Percy Ludgate is born August 2, 1883.
1884 Izrael Staffel passes away in 1884.
1885 American Telegraph and Telephone company (AT&T) is incorporated
March 3,1885.
1886 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz proves that electricity is transmitted at the speed
of light.
1886 James Rand is born November 18, 1886.
1887 Yamaha is founded October 12, 1887.
1888 Clair Lake is born in 1888.
1888 National Geographic Society is established on January 27, 1888.
1888 Nikola Tesla patents the rotating field motor May 1, 1888 and later sells

the rights to George Westinghouse. This invention helps create and transmit
AC power and today is still a method for generating and distributing AC
power.
1888 William S. Burroughs patents a printing adding machine.
1888 John Baird is born August 14, 1888.
1888 Thomas Edison files for a patent for the Optical Phonograph (film
camera) on October 17, 1888.
1888 Eastman Kodak is founded.
1888 John Loud gets patent for the ballpoint pen October 30, 1888.
1888 Friedrich Reintzer discovers liquid crystal.
1889 Herman Hollerith first describes the tabulating machine in his doctoral
thesis.
1889 Nintendo is founded.
1890 Henry Philips is born in 1890.
1890 Christopher Sholes passes away February 17, 1890 (Age: 71)
1891 Phillips is founded.
1892 Werner Siemens passes away December 6, 1892 (Age: 75)
1893 On May 1, 1893 Nikola Tesla helps power the worlds first fair powered
by AC electricity in Chicago.
1893 Leslie Comrie is born August 15, 1893.
1894 Heinrich Hertz passes away January 1, 1894 (Age: 36)
1894 August Dvorak is born May 5, 1894.
1894 Norbert Weiner is born November 26, 1894.
1894 Pafnuty Chebyshev passes away December 8, 1894 (Age:73)
1895 Nortel Networks is founded.
1895 Wilhelm Rntgen discovers X-rays November 8, 1895.
1896 The Niagara Falls begins generating power from Nikola Tesla AC power
generators starting the electric age in America.
1896 Herman Hollerith starts the Tabulating Machine Company, the company

later becomes the well-known computer company IBM (International Business

Machines).
1897 Gertrude Blanch is born.
1897 Emil Post is born February 11, 1897.
1897 German scientist Karl Ferdinand Braun invents the Cathode-Ray
Oscilloscope.
1897 Thomas Edison patents the Kinetoscope, a motion picture viewer on
August 31, 1897.
1898 Alcatel is founded.
1898 Russell Ohl is born in January 1898.
1898 Nikola Tesla invents the remote control November 8, 1898.
1890 Vannevar Bush is born March 11, 1890.
1890 Herman Hollerith developed a method for machines to record and store
information onto punch cards to be used for the US census. He later formed
the company we know as IBM today.
1891 Giovanni Caselli passes away June 8, 1891.
1894 Paul Galvin is born June 27, 1895.
1897 Maxwell Newman is born February 7, 1897.
1899 Gustav Tauschek is born April 29, 1899.
1899 Nippon Electric Company is renamed to NEC Corporation July 17, 1899.
1899 AT&T acquires assets of American Bell, and becomes the parent
company of Bell System.
1899 Sprint is founded.
1899 Sedlbauer is founded.
1899 On September 13, 1899 Henry Bliss becomes the first North American
pedestrian to be killed by an automobile.
1899 William D. Middlebrook patents the paper clip on November 9, 1899.\

1900 Howard H. Aiken is born March 8, 1900.

1900 Nikola Tesla develops frequency hopping, now known as spread
spectrum.
1900 Haskell Curry is born September 12, 1900.
1901 Allen DuMont is born January 29, 1901.
1901 The first radio message is sent across the Atlantic Ocean in Morse
code.
1901 Arthur Samuel is born in 1901.
1901 Elisha Gray passes away on January 21, 1901 (age 66)
1901 Hubert Cecil Booth receives a patent for the first powered vacuum
cleaner August 30, 1901.
1901 Enrico Fermi is born September 29, 1901.
1901 Rudolf Hell is born December 19, 1901.
1902 The first issue of Popular Mechanics is published January 11, 1902.
1902 Walter Brattain is born February 10, 1902.
1902 Louis Couffignal is born March 16, 1902.
1902 3M is founded.
1902 Wallace Eckert is born June 19, 1902.
1902 Mina Rees is born August 2, 1902.
1902 The French silent film "A Trip to the Moon" is first released and is
considered to be the first science fiction film.
1902 Laszlo Kozma is born November 28, 1902.
1903 Jean-Maurice-Emile Baudot passes away March 28, 1903 (Age: 58)
1903 Alonzo Church is born June 14, 1903.
1903 Nikola Tesla patents electrical logic circuits called "gates" or "switches".
1903 Wilbur and Orville Wright both take the first flight December 17, 1903.
1903 John von Neumann is born December 28, 1903.
1903 John Vincent Atanasoff is born October 4, 1903.

1904 The Apple Mac OS Epoch time is set tot start January 1, 1904.
1904 Samuel Caldwell is born January 15, 1904.
1904 George Stibitz is born April 20, 1904.
1904 Edweard Muybridge passes away May 8, 1904 (Age:74)
1904 Hayyim Slonimski passes away May 15, 1904 (Age:94)
1904 John Ambrose Fleming experiments with Edison's diode vacuum tubes
and creates the first commercial diode vacuum tube.
1904 Lear Romec is founded.
1905 Derrick Lehmer is born February 23, 1905.
1905 Laszlo Kalmar is born March 27, 1905.
1905 Willgodt Odhner passes away September 15, 1905 (Age: 60)
1905 Thomas Flowers is born December 22, 1905.
1906 The IEC is founded in London England.
1906 Arnold I. Dumey is born in 1906.
1906 Chester Carlson is born February 8, 1906.
1906 Kurt Godel is born April 28, 1906.
1906 Reynold Johnson is born July 16, 1906.
1906 Xerox is founded.
1906 Philo Farnsworth is born August 19, 1906.
1906 Grace Hopper is born December 9, 1906.
1907 Paul Eisler is born in 1907.
1907 Lee De Frost files patent #879,532 on January 29, 1907 for the vacuum
tube triode. This is later used as an electronic switch in the first electronic
computer.
1907 Gordon Brown is born August 30, 1907.
1907 John Mauchly is born August 30, 1907.
1907 IBM files for its first U.S. patent, #998,631 October 11, 1907.

1908 John Bardeen is born May 23, 1908.

1908 Olivetti is founded on October 29, 1908.
1908 The film "A Visit To The Seaside" becomes the first film commercially
produced in natural color in December of 1908.
1909 Ralph Palmer is born in 1909.
1909 Stephen Kleene is born January 5, 1909.
1909 Edmund Berkeley is born February 22, 1909.
1909 Geoffrey Dummer is born February 25, 1909.
1909 Harry Goode is born June 30, 1909.
1909 Antoni Kilinski is born October 20, 1909.
1909 The Bryant Chucking Grinder Co. is founded in 1909 by William Leroy
Bryant.
1910 William Shockley is born February 13, 1910.
1910 Konrad Zuse is born June 22, 1910.
1910 Hitachi is founded.
1910 William Higinbotham is born October 25, 1910.
1910 Henry Babbage, Charles Babbage's youngest son completes a portion
of the Analytical Engine and was able to perform basic calculations.
1911 Major H.A. "Jimmie" Erickson takes the first photos from a plane on
January 10, 1911.
1911 Alexey Andreevich Lyapunov is born in 1911.
1911 Cuthbert Hurd is born April 5, 1911.
1911 The company now known as IBM is founded June 16, 1911 in the state
of New York. IBM was originally known as the Computing - Tabulating Recording Company (C-T-R), a consolidation of the Computing Scale
Company, and The International Time Recording Company.
1911 Frederic Williams is born June 26, 1911.
1911 Louis Ridenour is born June 27, 1911.
1911 William Norris is born July 14, 1911.

1911 IBM is granted its first patent #998,631 July 25, 1911.
1911 Jan Rajchman is born August 10, 1911.
1911 Allen Coombs is born October 23, 1911.
1912 Helmut Hoelzer is born February 27, 1912.
1912 Steven Coons is born March 7, 1912.
1912 Alan Turing is born June 23, 1912.
1912 Helmut Schreyer is born July 4, 1912.
1912 David Packard is born September 7, 1912.
1912 G. N. Lewis begins work on the lithium battery.
1912 Oliver Standingford is born October 9, 1912.
1913 Julian Bigelow is born in 1913.
1913 Stephen Dunwell is born April 3, 1913.
1913 William Hewlett is born May 20, 1913.
1913 Maurice Wilkes is born June 26, 1913.
1913 Herman Goldstine is born September 13, 1913.
1913 Robert Adler is born December 4, 1913.
1914 Bernard Kardon is born January 8, 1914.
1914 Thomas Watson, Jr. is born January 14, 1914.
1914 I. Bernard Cohen is born March 1, 1914.
1914 Paul Rand is born August 15, 1914.
1914 Cyril Cleverdon is born September 9, 1914.
1914 George Dantzig is born November 8, 1914.
1915 Joseph Licklider is born March 11, 1915.
1915 Richard Hamming is born February 11, 1915.
1915 The first telephone call is made across the continent.
1915 Borje Langefors is born May 21, 1915.

1915 Nicholas Metropolis is born June 11, 1915.

1915 John Tukey is born June 16, 1915.
1915 Arthur Walter Burks is born October 13, 1915.
1916 Harry Huskey is born January 19, 1916.
1916 Fredrik Idestam passes away April 8, 1916 (Age: 78)
1916 Claude Shannon is born April 30, 1916.
1916 Herbert Simon is born June 15, 1916.
1916 Morgan Sparks is born July 6, 1916.
1916 Petro Vlahos is born August 20, 1916.
1916 The Curtiss Wright company is founded.
1916 Christopher Strachey is born November 16, 1916.
1917 Nikon is founded.
1917 Ralph Meagher is born in 1917.
1917 Ralph Slutz is born in 1917.
1917 Winifred Asprey is born April 8, 1917.
1917 George Grant passes away August 16, 1917 (Age: 68)
1917 Hugh Ross is born August 31, 1917.
1917 On September 9, 1917 one of the earliest records of OMG (Oh! My
God!) is used by British Admiral John Arbuthnot Fisher when writing to
Winston Churchill in a 1917 correspondence.
1917 Robert Fano is born November 11, 1917.
1917 Arthur C. Clark is born December 16, 1917.
1918 ANSI, otherwise known as the American National Standards Institute, is
formed.
1918 Wen Chow is born in 1918.
1918 Tatung is founded.
1918 John Pasta is born in 1918.

1918 Richard Canning is born in 1918.

1918 Alexander L'vovich Brudno is born January 10, 1918.
1918 Andrew Booth is born February 11, 1918.
1918 Arthur Scherbius files for a patent of the Enigma machine February 23,
1918.
1918 Panasonic is founded March 18, 1918.
1918 William Eccles and F.W. Jordan build the world's first flip-flop.
1918 Clifford Berry is born April 19, 1918.
1918 Karl Braun passes away April 20, 1918 (Age: 67)
1918 Bashir Rameyev is born May 1, 1918.
1918 Richard Feynman is born May 11, 1918.
1918 Kurt Lehovec is born June 12, 1918.
1918 Jay Forrester is born July 14, 1918.
1918 Sidney Harman is born August 4, 1918.
1918 Herbert Grosch is born September 13, 1918.
1918 Hermann Zapf is born November 8, 1918.
1918 Klaus Samelson is born December 21, 1918.
1919 Stanley Frankel is born in 1919.
1919 Nathan Rochester is born January 14, 1919.
1919 Russel Ackoff is born February 12, 1919.
1919 Trevor Pearcey is born March 5, 1919.
1919 Andrew F. Kay is born March 22, 1919.
1919 John Adam Presper "Pres" Eckert, Jr. is born April 9, 1919.
1919 Harlan Mills is born May 14, 1919.
1919 Jeffrey Chu is born July 14, 1919.
1919 John Pinkerton is born August 2, 1919.
1919 James Wilkinson is born September 27, 1919.

1919 Olympus is established on October 12, 1919 by Takeshi Yamashita.

1920 Niels Bech is born in 1920.
1920 Heinz Zemanek is born January 1, 1920.
1920 Isaac Asimov is born January 2, 1920.
1920 An Wang is born February 7, 1920.
1920 Bob Bemer is born February 8, 1920.
1920 James Pomerene is born June 22, 1920.
1920 First radio broadcasting begins in United States, Pittsburgh, PA.
1920 Kenneth Iverson is born December 17, 1920.
1921 Robert Prim is born in 1921.
1921 Lotfali Zadeh is born February 4, 1921.
1921 Kathleen Antonelli is born February 12, 1921.
1921 Alexander (Sandy) Shafto Douglas is born May 21, 1921.
1921 Robert Everett is born June 26, 1921.
1921 Forrest Parry is born July 4, 1921.
1921 John Bennet is born July 31, 1921.
1921 Czech playwright Karel Capek coins the term "robot" in the 1921 play
RUR (Rossum's Universal Robots).
1921 The first Radio Shack store is opened.
1921 Gerald Estrin is born September 9, 1921.
1922 MPAA is established.
1922 Charles Hamblin is born in 1922.
1922 Georgy Adelson-Velsky is born January 8, 1922.
1922 Saul Rosen is born February 8, 1922.
1922 Ralph Baer is born March 8, 1922.
1922 Alan Perlis is born April 1, 1922.
1922 Keith Uncapher is born April 1, 1922.

1922 Alexander Graham Bell passes away August 2, 1922 (Age: 75)
1921 Tom Kilburn is born August 11, 1921.
1922 Wayne Green is born September 3, 1922
1922 Percy Ludgate passes away October 16, 1922 (Age: 38)
1922 Werner Buchholz is born October 24, 1922
1922 Gene Amdahl is born November 16, 1922.
1923 Otto Steiger passes away in 1923.
1923 Corrado Bhm is born in 1923.
1923 Joseph Weizenbaum is born January 8, 1923.
1923 Wilhelm Rontgen passes away February 10, 1923.
1923 Herman Lukoff is born May 2, 1923.
1923 Eugene Kleiner is born May 12, 1923.
1923 Edgar Codd is born August 23, 1923.
1923 Jack St. Clair Kilby, Nobel Prize winner and inventor of the Integrated
Circuit, handheld calculator, and thermal printer is born November 8, 1923.
1923 Donald Michie is born November 11, 1923.
1923 Peter Elias is born November 23, 1923.
1924 The Computing - Tabulating - Recording (C-T-R) company is renamed to
IBM on February 14, 1924.
1924 David Evans is born February 24, 1924.
1924 Donald Shell is born March 1, 1924.
1924 Enid Mumford is born March 6, 1924.
1924 George Pake is born April 1, 1924.
1924 Evelyn Granville is born May 1, 1924.
1924 Donald Davies is born June 7, 1924.
1924 CATV and cable broadcasting begins being used in some European
cities.

1924 Friedrich Bauer is born June 10, 1924.

1924 Gerrot Blaauw is born July 17, 1924.
1924 Max Palevsky is born July 24, 1924.
1924 Leo Fantl is born August 8, 1924.
1924 Georgii Lopato is born August 23, 1924.
1924 Jean Hoerni is born September 26, 1924.
1924 Paul DeMaine is born October 11, 1924.
1924 John Backus is born December 3, 1924.
1924 Charles Bachman is born December 11, 1924.
1924 Jean Bartik is born December 27, 1924.
1924 George Fairchild passes away on December 31, 1924 (Age: 71)
1925 Edmund Barbour passes away in 1925 (Age: 84)
1925 John Opel is born January 5, 1925.
1925 Douglas Engelbart is born January 30, 1925.
1925 Nikolay Brusentsov was born February 7, 1925.
1925 Robert Barton is born February 13, 1925.
1925 Heinz Nixdor is born April 9, 1925.
1925 Mark Pinsker is born April 24, 1925.
1925 John Cocke is born May 30, 1925.
1925 Fredrik Bull passes away June 7, 1925 (Age: 43)
1925 David Huffman is born August 9, 1925.
1925 Seymour Cray is born September 28, 1925.
1926 The first joystick is invented by C.B. Mirick at the U.S. Naval Research
Laboratory.
1926 Ken Olsen is born February 20, 1926.
1926 Stanley Gill is born March 26, 1926.
1926 Packard Bell is originally founded.

1926 Paul Baran is born April 29, 1926.

1926 Oliver Selfridge is born May 10, 1926.
1926 John Kemeny is born May 31, 1926.
1926 John Diebold is born June 8, 1926.
1926 Fernando Corbat is born July 1, 1926.
1926 Carl Petri is born July 12, 1926.
1926 The first patent for the semiconductor transistor is created.
1926 Arthur Rock is born August 19, 1926.
1926 Kristen Nygaard is born August 27, 1926.
1926 Andrew Bobeck is born October 1, 1926.
1926 Willem Poel is born December 2, 1926.
1927 Wesley Clark is born in 1927.
1927 David Wheeler is born February 9, 1927.
1927 Gerard Salton is born March 8, 1927.
1927 Allen Newell is born March 19, 1927.
1927 Dudley Buck is born April 25, 1927.
1927 Glen Culler is born July 7, 1927.
1927 Theodore Maiman is born July 11, 1927.
1927 Marvin Minsky is born August 9, 1927.
1927 Bob Evans is born August 19, 1927.
1927 John McCarthy is born September 4, 1927.
1927 Philo Taylor Farnsworth becomes the first person to successfully
transmit a TV signal on September 7, 1927.
1927 Robert Noyce is born December 12, 1927.
1928 Jean Sammet is born in 1928.
1928 Thomas Kurtz is born February 22, 1928.
1928 Seymour Papert is born February 29, 1928.

1928 John Nash is born June 13, 1928.

1928 Juris Hartmanis is born July 5, 1928.
1928 The Galvin Manufacturing corporation begins on September 25, 1928,
the company will later be known as Motorola.
1928 Bernard Galler is born October 3, 1928.
1928 Peter Naur is born October 25, 1928.
1928 Noam Chomsky is born December 7, 1928
1928 Joe Ossanna is born December 10, 1928
1928 Jack Tramiel is born December 13, 1928
1928 Martin Cooper is born December 26, 1928.
1929 Harlan Anderson is born in 1929.
1929 Robert Lansdown is born January 2, 1929.
1929 Gordon Moore is born January 3, 1929.
1929 Edwin Turney is born March 26, 1929
1929 Arthur Scherbius passes away May 13, 1929 (Age: 51)
1929 Emile Berliner passes away August 3, 1929 (Age: 78)
1929 Herman Hollerith passes away November 17, 1929 (Age: 69).
1929 Douglas Ross is born December 21, 1929.
1930 Einar Stefferud is born January 11, 1930.
1930 Geophysical Service Incorporated is founded. The company will later
become Texas Instruments.
1930 Martin Goetz is born April 22, 1930.
1930 Edsger Dijkstra is born May 11, 1930.
1930 Peter Landin is born June 5, 1930.
1930 Henry Perot is born June 27, 1930.
1930 Daniel McCracken is born July 23, 1930.
1930 Galvin Manufacturing Corporation Auto radios begin to be sold as an

accessory for the automobile. Paul Galvin coins the name Motorola for the
company's new products, linking the ideas of motion and radio.
1930 Dorr Felt passes away August 7, 1930 (Age: 68)
1930 Alan F. Shugart is born September 27, 1930.
1930 Citizen is founded.
1931 James Russell is born in 1931.
1931 Valentin Turchin is born in 1931.
1931 Fletcher Jones is born January 22, 1931.
1931 Eiichi Goto is born January 26, 1931.
1931 Anthony (Tony) Edgar Sale is born January 30, 1931.
1931 Elizabeth Feinler is born March 2, 1931.
1931 Andrei Ershov is born April 19, 1931.
1931 Frederick Brooks is born April 19, 1931.
1931 Nobuo Mii is born July 4, 1931.
1931 Morris Chang is born July 10, 1931.
1931 Michael Rabin is born September 1, 1931.
1931 Ole-Johan Dahl is born October 12, 1931.
1931 Thomas Edison passes away October 18, 1931 (Age: 84)
1931 Jacob Ziv is born November 27, 1931.
1932 Robert Taylor is born in 1932.
1932 Douglas Mcllroy is born in 1932.
1932 William Millard is born in 1932.
1932 Gene Golub is born February 29, 1932
1932 George Eastman passes away March 14, 1932 (Age:77)
1932 Norman Abramson was born April 1, 1932.
1932 Solomon Golomb is born May 30, 1932.
1932 Jay Glenn Miner is born May 31, 1932.

1932 Frances Allen is born August 4, 1932.

1932 Gustav Tauschek develops drum memory.
1932 ROM-Type storage media is introduced.
1932 Robert H. Dennard is born September 5, 1932.
1932 Dana Scott is born October 11, 1932.
1932 Jorma Rissanen is born October 20, 1932.
1933 Canon is established.
1933 Gerald Weinberg is born October 27, 1933.
1933 Stephanie Shirley is born September 16, 1933.
1933 Boris Babayan is born December 20, 1933.
1934 Ronald Stamper is born in 1934.
1934 Seymour Rubinstein is born in 1934.
1934 Edward Fredkin is born January 1, 1934.
1934 Donald Bitzer is born January 1, 1934.
1934 Charles Hoare is born January 11, 1934
1934 Robin Milner is born January 13, 1934.
1934 Niklaus Wirth is born February 15, 1934.
1934 Charles Flint passes away February 26, 1934.
1934 Ronald Wayne is born May 7, 1934.
1934 Ralph Griswold is born May 19, 1934
1934 Robert Moog is born May 23, 1934.
1934 Leonard Kleinrock is born June 13, 1934.
1934 Gordon Bell is born August 19, 1934.
1934 The FCC is established.
1934 The US Communication Act goes into place.
1934 Max Hopper is born November 4, 1934.

1934 Carl Sagan is born November 9, 1934.

1935 Vladimir Levenshtein is born in 1935.
1935 Barry Boehm is born in 1935.
1935 The Polygraph machine aka lie detector is used for the first time.
1932 Richard Karp is born January 3, 1935.
1935 Roger Needham is born February 9, 1935.
1935 Charles Molnar is born March 14, 1935.
1935 Jack Wolf is born March 14, 1935.
1935 Joshua Lederberg is born May 23, 1935.
1935 Fujitsu is established June 20, 1935.
1935 Karen Jones is born August 26, 1935.
1935 TDK is founded on December 7, 1935.
1936 Edward Feigenbaum is born January 20, 1936.
1936 Germany's Konrad Zuse creates the Z1, one of the first binary digital
computers and a machine that could be controlled through a punch tape.
1936 While working on a radio, Paul Eisler invents the Printed Circuit Board
(PCB).
1936 Abraham Lempel is born February 10, 1936.
1936 Dvorak receives a patent for the Dvorak keyboard May 12, 1936.
1936 Robert Floyd is born June 8, 1936.
1936 Richard Stearns is born July 5, 1936.
1936 Henry F. Phillips receives patent for the Phillips screw and screwdriver
July 7, 1936.
1936 Leon Chua is born June 28, 1936
1936 Andrew Grove is born September 2, 1936.
1936 Jerry Sanders is born September 12, 1936.
1936 James Burke is born December 22, 1936.

1936 Alan Turing develops the Turing Machine.

1937 Larry Roberts is born in 1937.
1937 Charles Peddle is born in 1937.
1937 Steve Russell is born in 1937.
1937 Igor Aleksander is born in 1937
1937 Harold Lawson is born in 1937.
1937 Iowa State College's John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry begin
work on creating the binary-based ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer).
Considered by most to be the first electronic digital computer.
1937 Dabbala Reddy is born June 13, 1937.
1937 Seiko Instruments is founded.
1937 Ted Nelson is born June 17, 1937.
1937 Philip Estridge is born June 23, 1937.
1937 Polaroid is founded.
1937 Guglielmo Marconi passes away July 20, 1937 (Age: 63)
1937 Alec Reeves develops PCM.
1937 Patrick McGovern is born August 11, 1937.
1937 Marcian Hoff is born October 28, 1937.
1937 Jagadish Bose passes away November 23, 1937 (Age:78)
1938 Dana Ulery is born in 1938.
1938 David Lee is born in 1938.
1938 Charles Moore is born in 1938.
1938 Gary Starkweather is born in 1938.
1938 Philibert D'Ocagne passes away in 1938.
1938 Molex is founded.
1938 Donald Knuth is born January 10, 1938.
1938 Vivitar is founded.

1938 Lynn Conway is born January 10, 1938.

1938 Samsung is founded.
1938 Ronald Schafer is born February 17, 1938.
1938 Manuel Blum is born April 26, 1938.
1938 Ivan Sutherland is born May 16, 1938.
1938 Thomas Cover is born August 7, 1938.
1938 The company now known as Hewlett Packard creates its first product
the HP 200A.
1938 Chester Carlson produces first electrophotographic image October 22,
1938, which later becomes the Xerox machine.
1938 Orson Welles' and Houseman broadcast H.G. Welles War of the Worlds
on the airways October 30th as a Halloween spoof.
1938 Per Hansen is born November 13, 1938.
1938 BBC creates the first science fiction television program.
1938 Stewart Brand is born December 14, 1938.
1938 Bob Kahn is born December 23, 1938.
1939 Hewlett Packard is founded by William Hewlett and David Packard. The
name is decided on the flip of a coin toss and the company is officially
founded January 1, 1939.
1939 Paul Cress is born in 1939.
1939 Adam Osborne is born March 6, 1939.
1939 Dov Frohman is born March 28, 1939.
1939 John Scully is born April 6, 1939.
1939 Rudolf Bayer is born May 7, 1939.
1939 Anatoliy O. Morozov is born May 9, 1939.
1939 Peter Grunberg is born May 18, 1939.
1939 George Stibitz completes the Complex Number Calculator capable of
adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing complex numbers. This device
provides a foundation for digital computers.

1939 The first Radio Shack catalog is published.

1939 Cleve Moler is born August 17, 1939.
1939 Craig Barrett is born August 29, 1939.
1939 Charles Geschke is born September 11, 1939.
1939 John Hopcroft is born October 7, 1939.
1939 Neil Sloane is born October 10, 1939.
1939 Iowa State College's John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry create a
prototype of the binary-based ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer).
1939 The companies Tanaka Seisakusho and Hakunetsusha merge to
become the new company we now know as Toshiba.
1939 Barbara Liskov is born November 7, 1939.
1939 Stephen Cook is born December 14, 1939.

Computer events in 1940

The first handheld two-way radio called the "Handy Talkie" is created by
Motorola for the U.S. Army Signal Control.
Major computer events in 1941

German Konrad Zuse finishes the Z3, a fully program-operational calculating

machine. The computer is publically introduced in Berlin May 12, 1941.
Major computer events in 1942

John Atanasoff successfully tests the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) which

was the first computer to use regenerative capacitor drum memory.

Major computer events in 1943

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), the first generalpurpose electronic digital calculator begins to be constructed. This computer
by most is considered to be the first electronic computer.
ENIAC computer
Other computer events in 1943

The Colossus, the first electric programmable computer developed by Tommy

Flowers is first demonstrated in December 1943.
Dan Noble with Motorola designs a "Walkie Talkie" the first portable FM twoway radio that a backpack version that weighed 35 pounds

Major computer events in 1944

The Mark 1 Colossus computer became operational on February 5, 1994. The

computer is the first binary, and partially programmable computer that was
created at Bletchley Park.

The Harvard Mark I computer is officially presented at Harvard University on

August 7, 1944. The relay-based Harvard-IBM MARK I a large programmablecontrolled calculating machine provides vital calculations for the U.S. Navy.
Grace Hopper becomes its programmer.
The Von Neumann Architecture and a description of a general purpose
electronic digital computer with a stored programs is introduced in John von
Neumann's report of the EDVAC.
Other computer events in 1945

Patent is filed for the Harvard Mark I digital computer on February 8, 1945.
The term bug as computer bug was termed by Grace Hopper when
programming the MARK II.
The first ballpoint pen goes on sale in New York for $12.50 on October 30,
1945.

ENIAC computer completed.

ENIAC computer
Other computer events in 1946

On January 10, 1946 the US Army Signal Corps successfully receive an echo
bounce from a radar signal sent to the moon. Code named Project Diana the
event proved that radio waves can penetrate the Earths atmosphere.
Konrad Zuse writes the first algorithmic programming language called
'Plankalkl'.
Brooklyn New York's National Bank becomes the first bank to issue a credit
card in 1946.
On October 24, 1946 the first black-and-white photo of earth was taken from
a V-2 meinel at an altitude of 65 miles.

Computer companies founded in 1946

Sony is founded May 7, 1946.

Tektronix is founded

Major computer events in 1947

TransistorsJohn Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invent the

first transistor at the Bell Laboratories on December 23, 1947.
Other computer events in 1947

The Association for Computing Machinery was founded.

Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann. file patent #2,455,992
describing one of the first computer games played on a CRT January 25,

1947.
Kenneth Arnold makes the first widely reported UFO sighting on June 24,
1947.
Jay Forrester and other researchers comes up with the idea of using
magnetic-core memory in the Whirlwind computer.
New computer products and services introduced in 1947

Freddie Williams memory system known as the Williams-Kilburn tube is now

in working order.
Computer companies founded in 1947

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is established September 18, 1947.

The ACM is founded.
ISO is founded.
P.L. Porter is founded.
Star Micronics is founded.

Major computer events in 1948

Andrew Donald Booth creates magnetic drum memory, which is two inches
long and two inches wide and capable of holding 10 bits per inch.
Other computer events in 1948

John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley patent the first transistor.
The 604 multiplying punch, based upon the vacuum tube technology, is
produced by IBM.
The television begins to divert radio audiences.
New computer products and services introduced in 1948

IBM builds the SSEC (Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator). The computer
contains 12,000 tubes.
Computer companies founded in 1948

ALPS is established November 1, 1948.

Nakamichi is founded.

Major computer events in 1949

Manchester Mark 1The Manchester Mark 1 becomes operational in April of

1949. The Harvard-MARK III, the first of the MARK machines to use an
internally stored program and indirect addressing, goes into operations again
under the direction of Howard Aiken.
Other computer events in 1949

Richard Hamming develops Hamming code.

Claude Shannon first proposes the idea of block ciphers in his paper
Communication Theory of Secret Systems.
Claude Shannon builds the first machine that plays chess at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
The first atomic clock was built in 1949 at the U.S. National Bureau of
Standards.
The concept of a computer program capable of reproducing itself was first
mentioned by John von Neumann in his 1949 "Theory of self-reproducing
automata" essay.
Popular Mechanics predicts: "Computers in the future may weigh no more
than 1.5 tons."

The small-scale electronic machine (SSEM) is fully operational at Manchester

University.
New computer products and services introduced in 1949

The EDSAC performs its first calculation on May 6, 1949.

The Australian computer CSIRAC is first ran.
Computer companies founded in 1949

The first computer company, Electronic Controls Company is founded by J.

Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, the same individuals who helped create the
ENIAC computer.
Tally is founded.

he United States Government receives the UNIVAC 1101 or ERA 1101. This
computer is considered to be the first computer that was capable of storing
and running a program from memory.

Major computer events in 1951

EDVAC computerThe EDVAC begins performing basic tasks

Major computer events in 1953

IBM introduces the 701 to the public April 7, 1953. The 701 is IBM's first
electric computer and first mass produced computer. A total of 19 are
produced and sold.
he UNIVAC predicts the presidential election during a televised news
broadcast.
A magnetic memory smaller and faster than existing vacuum tube memories
is built at MIT.

In July 1953 a core memory expansion is added to the ENIAC.

The Colgate Comedy Hour on N.B.C. becomes the first TV show to broadcast
in color on November 22, 1953.
Computer companies founded in 1953

TEAC is formed on August 29, 1953.

Dr. Sidney Harman and Bernard Kardon create the Harman Kardon company.
Major computer events in 1954

IBM logoIBM produces and markets the IBM 650. More than 1,800 of these
computers are sold in an eight-year span, with 120 installations in the first
year.

Major computer events in 1955

MIT introduces the Whirlwind machine on March 8, 1955, a revolutionary

computer that was the first digital computer with magnetic core RAM and
real-time graphics.
Bell Labs introduces its first transistor computer. Transistors are faster,
smaller, and create less heat than traditional vacuum tubs, making these
computers more reliable and efficient.

Major computer events in 1956

Two IBM 305 RAMAC computersOn September 13, 1956 the IBM 305 RAMAC is
the first computer to be shipped with a hard drive. The hard drive contained
50 24-inch platters and was capable of storing 5 million characters and

weighed a ton.

Major computer events in 1956

Two IBM 305 RAMAC computersOn September 13, 1956 the IBM 305 RAMAC is
the first computer to be shipped with a hard drive. The hard drive contained
50 24-inch platters and was capable of storing 5 million characters and
weighed a ton.
Major computer events in 1958

Integrated Circuit or ICThe first integrated circuit is first developed by Robert

Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor and Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments. The
first IC is demonstrated on September 12, 1958.

The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is developed

to standardize data exchange among computers.

Major computer events in 1967

IBM creates the first floppy disk.

Major computer events in 1970

IBM introduces the System/370, which included the use of Virtual Memory
and utilized memory chips instead of magnetic core technology.
Centronics introduces the first dot matrix printer.

Major computer events in 1971

Intel 4004Intel with the help of Ted Hoff introduces the first microprocessor,
the Intel 4004 on November 15, 1971. The 4004 had 2,300 transistors,
performed 60,000 operations per second (OPS), addressed 640 bytes of
memory, and cost $200.00. Intel also introduced the 4-bit bus.
First edition of Unix released November 03, 1971. The first edition of the
"Unix PROGRAMMER'S MANUAL by Ken Thompson and Dennis M. Ritchie." It
includes over 60 commands like: b (compile B program); boot (reboot
system); cat (concatenate files); chdir (change working directory); chmod
(change access mode); chown (change owner); cp (copy file); ls (list directory
contents); mv (move or rename file); roff (run off text); wc (get word count);
who (who is one the system). The main thing missing was pipes

Major computer events in 1975

MicrosoftBill Gates and Paul Allen Establish Microsoft April 4, 1975 after
creating Altair BASIC. The program is later developed into Microsoft BASIC.
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First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes

The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for
memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very
expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, the
first computers generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of
malfunctions.
First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level
programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and
they could only solve one problem at a time, and it could take days or weeks
to set-up a new problem. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape,
and output was displayed on printouts.
The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing
devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a
business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.

Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors

Transistors replace vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of
computers. The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread
use in computers until the late 1950s. The transistor was far superior to the
vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more
energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors.
Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the
computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube.
Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and
printouts for output.
Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language
to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify
instructions in words. High-level programming languages were also being
developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These
were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory,
which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.
The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy
industry.

Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits

The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third
generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon
chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and
efficiency of computers.
Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third
generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with
an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different
applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory.
Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because
they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as
thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in
the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the
hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of
the computerfrom the central processing unit and memory to input/output
controlson a single chip.
In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984
Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm
of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday
products began to use microprocessors.
As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked
together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the
Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the
mouse and handheld devices.

Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence

Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in
development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition,
that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and
superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum
computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the
face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is
to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of
learning and self-organization.
Did You Know... ? An integrated circuit (IC) is a small electronic device made
out of a semiconductor material. The first integrated circuit was developed in
the 1950s by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce of Fairchild
Semiconductor.

-=====================---------------------------------=====================================

I, Computer sizes and power

Computers can be generally classified by size and power as follows, though

there is considerable overlap:

Personal computer: A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor.

Workstation: A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a
personal computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and, in
general, a higher-quality monitor.
Minicomputer: A multi-user computer capable of supporting up to hundreds of
users simultaneously.
Mainframe: A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many
hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.
Supercomputer: An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of
millions of instructions per second.
Supercomputer and Mainframe

Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computers currently

available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for
specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical
calculations (number crunching). For example, weather forecasting requires a
supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers scientific simulations,
(animated) graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research,
electronic design, and analysis of geological data (e.g. in petrochemical
prospecting). Perhaps the best known supercomputer manufacturer is Cray
Research.

Mainframe was a term originally referring to the cabinet containing the

central processor unit or "main frame" of a room-filling Stone Age batch
machine. After the emergence of smaller "minicomputer" designs in the early

1970s, the traditional big iron machines were described as "mainframe

computers" and eventually just as mainframes. Nowadays a Mainframe is a
very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or even
thousands, of users simultaneously. The chief difference between a
supercomputer and a mainframe is that a supercomputer channels all its
power into executing a few programs as fast as possible, whereas a
mainframe uses its power to execute many programs concurrently. In some
ways, mainframes are more powerful than supercomputers because they
support more simultaneous programs. But supercomputers can execute a
single program faster than a mainframe. The distinction between small
mainframes and minicomputers is vague, depending really on how the
manufacturer wants to market its machines.

Minicomputer

It is a midsize computer. In the past decade, the distinction between large

minicomputers and small mainframes has blurred, however, as has the
distinction between small minicomputers and workstations. But in general, a
minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting from up to
200 users simultaneously.

Workstation

It is a type of computer used for engineering applications (CAD/CAM), desktop

publishing, software development, and other types of applications that
require a moderate amount of computing power and relatively high quality
graphics capabilities. Workstations generally come with a large, highresolution graphics screen, at large amount of RAM, built-in network support,
and a graphical user interface. Most workstations also have a mass storage
device such as a disk drive, but a special type of workstation, called a
diskless workstation, comes without a disk drive. The most common
operating systems for workstations are UNIX and Windows NT. Like personal

computers, most workstations are single-user computers. However,

workstations are typically linked together to form a local-area network,
although they can also be used as stand-alone systems.

N.B.: In networking, workstation refers to any computer connected to a localarea network. It could be a workstation or a personal computer.

Personal computer:

It can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensive computer designed for an

individual user. In price, personal computers range anywhere from a few
hundred pounds to over five thousand pounds. All are based on the
microprocessor technology that enables manufacturers to put an entire CPU
on one chip. Businesses use personal computers for word processing,
accounting, desktop publishing, and for running spreadsheet and database
management applications. At home, the most popular use for personal
computers is for playing games and recently for surfing the Internet.

Personal computers first appeared in the late 1970s. One of the first and most
popular personal computers was the Apple II, introduced in 1977 by Apple
Computer. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, new models and
competing operating systems seemed to appear daily. Then, in 1981, IBM
entered the fray with its first personal computer, known as the IBM PC. The
IBM PC quickly became the personal computer of choice, and most other
personal computer manufacturers fell by the wayside. P.C. is short for
personal computer or IBM PC. One of the few companies to survive IBM's
onslaught was Apple Computer, which remains a major player in the personal
computer marketplace. Other companies adjusted to IBM's dominance by
building IBM clones, computers that were internally almost the same as the
IBM PC, but that cost less. Because IBM clones used the same
microprocessors as IBM PCs, they were capable of running the same software.
Over the years, IBM has lost much of its influence in directing the evolution of
PCs. Therefore after the release of the first PC by IBM the term PC
increasingly came to mean IBM or IBM-compatible personal computers, to the
exclusion of other types of personal computers, such as Macintoshes. In

recent years, the term PC has become more and more difficult to pin down. In
general, though, it applies to any personal computer based on an Intel
microprocessor, or on an Intel-compatible microprocessor. For nearly every
other component, including the operating system, there are several options,
all of which fall under the rubric of PC

Today, the world of personal computers is basically divided between Apple

Macintoshes and PCs. The principal characteristics of personal computers are
that they are single-user systems and are based on microprocessors.
However, although personal computers are designed as single-user systems,
it is common to link them together to form a network. In terms of power,
there is great variety. At the high end, the distinction between personal
computers and workstations has faded. High-end models of the Macintosh
and PC offer the same computing power and graphics capability as low-end
workstations by Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, and DEC.

III, Personal Computer Types

Actual personal computers can be generally classified by size and chassis /

case. The chassis or case is the metal frame that serves as the structural
support for electronic components. Every computer system requires at least
one chassis to house the circuit boards and wiring. The chassis also contains
slots for expansion boards. If you want to insert more boards than there are
slots, you will need an expansion chassis, which provides additional slots.
There are two basic flavors of chassis designsdesktop models and tower
modelsbut there are many variations on these two basic types. Then come
the portable computers that are computers small enough to carry. Portable
computers include notebook and subnotebook computers, hand-held
computers, palmtops, and PDAs.

Tower model

The term refers to a computer in which the power supply, motherboard, and
mass storage devices are stacked on top of each other in a cabinet. This is in
contrast to desktop models, in which these components are housed in a more
compact box. The main advantage of tower models is that there are fewer
space constraints, which makes installation of additional storage devices

easier.

Desktop model

A computer designed to fit comfortably on top of a desk, typically with the

monitor sitting on top of the computer. Desktop model computers are broad
and low, whereas tower model computers are narrow and tall. Because of
their shape, desktop model computers are generally limited to three internal
mass storage devices. Desktop models designed to be very small are
sometimes referred to as slimline models.

Notebook computer

An extremely lightweight personal computer. Notebook computers typically

weigh less than 6 pounds and are small enough to fit easily in a briefcase.
Aside from size, the principal difference between a notebook computer and a
personal computer is the display screen. Notebook computers use a variety of
techniques, known as flat-panel technologies, to produce a lightweight and
non-bulky display screen. The quality of notebook display screens varies
considerably. In terms of computing power, modern notebook computers are
nearly equivalent to personal computers. They have the same CPUs, memory
capacity, and disk drives. However, all this power in a small package is
expensive. Notebook computers cost about twice as much as equivalent
regular-sized computers. Notebook computers come with battery packs that
enable you to run them without plugging them in. However, the batteries
need to be recharged every few hours.

Laptop computer

A small, portable computer -- small enough that it can sit on your lap.
Nowadays, laptop computers are more frequently called notebook computers.

Subnotebook computer

A portable computer that is slightly lighter and smaller than a full-sized

notebook computer. Typically, subnotebook computers have a smaller
keyboard and screen, but are otherwise equivalent to notebook computers.

Hand-held computer

A portable computer that is small enough to be held in ones hand. Although

extremely convenient to carry, handheld computers have not replaced
notebook computers because of their small keyboards and screens. The most
popular hand-held computers are those that are specifically designed to
provide PIM (personal information manager) functions, such as a calendar
and address book. Some manufacturers are trying to solve the small
keyboard problem by replacing the keyboard with an electronic pen.
However, these pen-based devices rely on handwriting recognition
technologies, which are still in their infancy. Hand-held computers are also
called PDAs, palmtops and pocket computers.

Palmtop

A small computer that literally fits in your palm. Compared to full-size

computers, palmtops are severely limited, but they are practical for certain
functions such as phone books and calendars. Palmtops that use a pen rather
than a keyboard for input are often called hand-held computers or PDAs.
Because of their small size, most palmtop computers do not include disk
drives. However, many contain PCMCIA slots in which you can insert disk
drives, modems, memory, and other devices. Palmtops are also called PDAs,
hand-held computers and pocket computers.

PDA

Short for personal digital assistant, a handheld device that combines

computing, telephone/fax, and networking features. A typical PDA can
function as a cellular phone, fax sender, and personal organizer. Unlike
portable computers, most PDAs are pen-based, using a stylus rather than a
keyboard for input. This means that they also incorporate handwriting
recognition features. Some PDAs can also react to voice input by using voice

recognition technologies. The field of PDA was pioneered by Apple Computer,

which introduced the Newton MessagePad in 1993. Shortly thereafter, several
other manufacturers offered similar products. To date, PDAs have had only
modest success in the marketplace, due to their high price tags and limited
applications. However, many experts believe that PDAs will eventually
become common gadgets.

PDAs are also called palmtops, hand-held computers and pocket computers.
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