INM Matlab

Introduction to
MATLAB
Fiorella Sgallari
University of Bologna, Italy
School of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Mathematics - CIRAM
Numerical Methods
F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna
Tutorials
MATHWORKS web site:
http://it.mathworks.com/
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Overview
Introduction and Overview
Matrix manipulations and common functions
M Files: Script-Function
Programming
Plots in MATLAB
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History
The name is derived from MATrix LABoratory
MATLAB was originally written by Dr. Cleve Moler, Chief Scientistat of
the Computer Science Dep. at the University of New Mexico, to provide
easy access to matrix software developed in the LINPACK and EISPACK
projects. The very first version was written in the late 1970s for use in
courses in matrix theory, linear algebra, and numerical analysis. MATLAB
is therefore fundamentally built upon a foundation of sophisticated matrix
software, in which the basic data element is a matrix that does not require
predimensioning.
It soon spread to other universities and found a strong audience within the
applied mathematics community. Jack Little, an engineer, was exposed to it
during a visit Moler made to Stanford University in 1983. Recognizing its
commercial potential, he joined with Moler and Steve Bangert. They rewrote
MATLAB in C and founded The MathWorks in 1984 to continue its
development. These rewritten libraries were known as JACKPAC. In 2000,
MATLAB was rewritten to use a newer set of libraries for matrix
manipulation, LAPACK.
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Foundation of Matlab
MATLAB is a case sensitive language (a variable named c is
different than another one called C)
MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is
an array that does not require dimensioning. Even scalars are
treated as 1x1 matrices.
MATLAB has a number of competitors.
There are free open source alternatives to MATLAB, in
particular GNU Octave, FreeMat, and Scilab which are
intended to be mostly compatible with the MATLAB language
(but not the MATLAB desktop environment).
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Matlab allows to solve many technical computing problems, examples of which

include:

Matrix manipulation
Finding the roots of polynomials
Digital signal processing applications
Plotting: x-y and polar, 3D graphics
Particularly helpful for:

Algorithm development,
Modeling, simulation, and prototyping,
Data acquisition
Data analysis, exploration, and visualization,
Application development, including graphical user interface building.
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MATLAB is an interpreted language, errors are easier to fix

but it is very slow. (An interpreted language is a programming
language whose programs are translated to machine code at the
time of execution).
An interpreted language is a programming language for which

most of its implementations execute instructions directly, without
previously compiling a program into machine-language
instructions. The interpreter executes the program directly,
translating each statement into a sequence of one or more
subroutines already compiled into machine code.
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MATLAB is an interpreted language, errors are easier to fix

but it is very slow. (An interpreted language is a programming
language whose programs are translated to machine code at the
time of execution).
2-D and 3-D graphics functions for
visualizing data.
Tools for building custom graphical
user interfaces.
Functions for integrating MATLAB
based algorithms with external
applications and languages, such as
C, C++, Fortran, Java, COM, and
Microsoft Excel.
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MATLAB Toolbox: some

Mapping Toolbox provides a comprehensive set of functions and graphical user interfaces for
performing interactive geographic computations, data fusion, map projection display, generation
of presentation graphics, and accessing external geographic data. In addition, the toolbox ships
with several, widely used atlas data sets for global and regional displays.
MATLAB Compiler serves for two primary user groups: - Developers looking to deploy
MATLAB applications to standalone C/C++ applications and - users who want to compile their
MATLAB algorithms to improve code performance by converting them to C. The MATLAB
Compiler automatically converts M-files into C and C++ source code.
Partial Differential Equation (PDE) Toolbox contains tools for the study and solution of
PDEs in two space dimensions (2-D) and time, using the finite element method (FEM). Its
command line functions and graphical user interface can be used for mathematical modeling of
PDEs in a broad range of engineering and science applications, including structural mechanics,
electromagnetics, heat transfer, and diffusion.
Symbolic/Extended Math Toolbox integrates symbolic mathematics and variable precision

computation into MATLAB. The toolbox incorporates the computational kernel of Maple V
release 5, developed by Waterloo Maple Software. Extended Symbolic Math adds support for full
Maple programming and Maple's specialized libraries.
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Starting and Quitting MATLAB

Starting MATLAB
On Windows platforms, to start MATLAB,
double-click the MATLAB shortcut icon on your
Windows desktop.
Quitting MATLAB
To end your MATLAB session, select Exit
MATLAB from the File menu in the desktop, or
type quit in the Command Window.
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The Matlab Environment
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Use the Set Path dialog box to view and modify the MATLAB search path.
Equivalent functions are documented for each feature of the Set Path dialog box.
Select Set Path from the File menu, or type pathtool at the Command Window
prompt. The Set Path dialog box opens.
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Use the Set Path dialog box to view and modify the MATLAB search path.
Equivalent functions are documented for each feature of the Set Path dialog box.
Select Set Path from the File menu, or type pathtool at the Command Window
prompt. The Set Path dialog box opens.
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MATLAB has the following basic window components:
Work-space
Displays all the defined variables.
Command Window
To execute commands in the MATLAB environment
Command History
Displays record of the commands used
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Matlab Workspace
Workspace of Matlab
shows all the defined
variables along with
their order, memory
space they occupy and
the class to which they
belong
Here are shown a few
such variables
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Command Window
Command window
>> 39*4.4+5
ans =
176.6000
Command window
The MATLAB command
The result.
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Command Window
The command window allows you to interact with
MATLAB just as if you type things in a calculator
Cut and paste operations ease the repetition of tasks
Use up-arrow key
to repeat commands
(command history)
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Command History
Statements you enter in the Command Window are logged in the
Command History. From the Command History, you can view and
search for previously run statements, as well as copy and execute
selected statements. You can also create an M-file from selected
statements.
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Current Directory
Provides quick access to all
files available in your Path
Provides a brief description
(when files are commented
out) of each M-file
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Different Views
The Matlab environment could be

viewed in various ways.
This could be accomplished by the
VIEW pull-down menu as shown
in the previous slide.
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Matlab Help
Matlab Help is an extremely powerful assistance to learn Matlab.
The Help not only contains the theoretical background but also
shows the demos for implementation
The Matlab Help could be opened by using the HELP pull-down
menu
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Matlab Help
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Matlab Programming
Two Approaches
Coding in Command Window
Good for short programs
Commands must be re-entered each time you run a
simulation
Coding with .m-files: script

Good for long programs
Allows users to save all the commands written in
the .m-files
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Command Window Interface
Write your
commands here
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(1) Creating .m-files

File New M-File
(2) Opening .m-files
File Open select
the .m-file
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(1) Creating .m-files

File New M-File
(2) Opening .m-files
File Open select
the .m-file
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.m-file Interface
Write your
commands here
To run the program, digit the name of script

or choose run in menu Debug
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Editor
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Basics: Basic Operations

Symbol
^
*
/
\
+
-
Operation
MATLAB
exponentiation: ab
a^b
multiplication: ab
a*b
right division: a/b =
a
b
a/b
left division: a\b = ba
a\b
addition: a + b
a+b
subtraction: a-b
a-b
1/4=4\1=0.25
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Relational operators -Logical operations
>
Greater than
>=
Greater than or equal
<
Less than
<=
Less than or equal
==
equal
~=
Not equal
(for ~ in an italian keyboard press ALT and digit 126 on the numeric keyboard)
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Relational operators -Logical operations
&
AND
OR
NOT
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Type
Data type
Memory
Double
Real numbers
in [10-37,1037]
8 byte
Complex
double
Complex numbers
16 byte
Logical
double
Result of a
logical operation
(1=true, 0=false)
1 byte
Char
Character
2 byte
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Examples
a = sqrt(3);
Double
c = -2+i*8.2
Complex double
t = a<1
Logical double
q = 'k'
Char
'
var_txt = This string is assigned to the variable

Char array
var_txt'
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Basics: Variables
Variable is a symbol used to contain a value
MATLAB has some rules to name variables
Variables names are case sensitive
BOB, Bob, bob, BoB all different!
Variables names can contain up to 31 characters. Any
additional characters are ignored
Variable names must start with a letter, followed by any
number of letters, digits or underscores (no blank).
Punctuation characters are not allowed, because most of them
have a special meaning in MATLAB
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Basics: Variables

Some names cannot be used for variables: for, end, if,

while, function, return, elseif, case, otherwise, switch,
continue, else, global, break ..
If you try to use any of these reserved words as a

variable, MATLAB will report an error
Of course, you can use words similar by capitalizing one

or more letters
Also, MATLAB has a number of special variables and

constants
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Basics: Special Variables and Constants

Name
Description
ans
Default variable name used for results
eps
specifies accuracy of f.p. precision
i,j
imaginary unit, sqrt(-1)
Inf
infinity
NaN
undefined numerical result
pi
realmax
largest real f.p. # on THIS computer
realmin
smallest real f.p. # on THIS computer
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Basic Syntax
Assignment of Variables
Syntax: Variable = Expression
Example: A = 1;
Use of semi-colons
With semi-colon suppress output
Without semi-colon displays output in command
window
Adding comments
Add %
before command line
Example: % This is a demo

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Row vector
The square braces are
used to define a matrix
X=[2,3 7 ]
X=
2 3
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Space or comma are used

to separate elements in the
same row
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Column vector
The square braces are
used to define a matrix
X=[2;3 ; 7 ]
semicolon are used to end a

row.
X=
2
3
7
You can also use ENTER to end

a row
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MATLAB Statements
MATLAB Statement
Remarks
C=5.66
C is a scalar
C=[5.66]
An alternative way
X=[3.5 6.3, 33]
X is a 1X3 matrix with elements 3.5 , 6.3

and 33. Commas or space are used to
separate the elements in a row
Y=[1
4]
Y is a 2X1 matrix whose elements are 1

and 4.
Y = [ 1 ; 4]
Semicolon are used to indicate the end of

the row.
A=1:5
Equivalent to A=[1 2 3 4 5]
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MATLAB Statements
MATLAB
Statement
V=[ 2 3 5
3 3 8]
C=[1:3:11]
Z=4\8
Y=eye(2)
W = zeros(2,3)
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Remarks
2 3 5
V =
3 3 8
C=[1 4 7
10]
Z=2
1 0
V =
0 1
0 0 0
V =
0 0 0
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Generating Vectors and the Colon Operator

( Helpful for generating time vectors. )
>> x = [ 0 : 0.2 : 1 ]
x=
0 0.20 0.40 0.60
% 0 to 1 in increments of 0.2
0.80 1.00
>> x = linspace(0, 1, 6)
% 6 points from 0 to 1 on a linear scale
x=
0 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
% 6 points from 100 to 101 on a log scale
>> x = logspace(0,1,6)
x=
1.0000 1.5849
2.5119
3.9811 6.3096 10.0000
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Generating Matrices
>> B = [ 1 2 ; 8 9 ]
ans =
1 2
8 9
>> ones(2,2)
ans =
1 1
1 1
% generates an all ones 2 x 2 matrix
>> zeros(2,3)
ans =
0 0 0
0 0 0
% generates an all zero 2 x 3 matrix
>> rand(3,3)
% generates a random 3 x 3 matrix
ans =
0.4447 0.9218 0.4057
0.6154 0.7382 0.9355
0.7919 0.1763 0.9169
>> eye(2)
ans =
1 0
0 1
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% generates the 2 x 2 identity matrix
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Accessing Matrix Elements

A=
>> A= [ 1 2 3 ; 4 5 6 ; 7 8 9];
>> x = A ( 1, 3 )
x=
3
>> y = A ( 2 , : )
y=
4 5 6
%A(<row>,<column>)
% selects the 2nd row
>> z = A ( 1:2 , 1:3 ) % selects sub-matrix

z=
1 2 3
How do I select the last
4 5 6
column?
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A(:,end)
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Concatenating, Appending,
>> R = [ 1 2 3 ] ;
>> S = [ 10 20 30 ] ;
>> T = [ R S ]
T=
1 2 3 10 20 30
>> Q = [ R ; S ]
Q=
1 2 3
10 20 30
>> Q ( 3, 3 ) = 100
Q=
1 2 3
10 20 30
0 0 100
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A =[A,[1;2;3]]
A=
2 0 1
0 1 2
3 3 3
if you store a value in an element

outside of the matrix, the size
increases to accommodate the
newcomer.
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Basic Syntax
Mathematical (Array) Operators
Mathematical
Mathematical Array
+
*
/
Addition
Division
+
.*
./
Power
.^ Power
Subtraction
Multiplication
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
Note the dimension of matrix in matrix computation

Example: A: 2x1 matrix, B: 2x2 matrix
A*B invalid operation
B*A valid operation
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Term by Term vs Matrix Operations

>> B = [ 1 2 ; 3 4 ] ;
B=
1 2
3 4
1 2
1 2
3 4
3 4
>> C = B * B
C=
7 10
15 22
% or equivalent B^2
>> D = B .* B
D=
1 4
9 16
% or B.^2 The Dot denotes term by term operations
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What is B / B ? B ./ B ?
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Some Useful Functions

Some useful math functions:
sin(x), cos(x), tan(x), atan(x), exp(x), log(x), log10(x), sqrt(x)
>> t = [ 0 : 0.01 : 10 ];
>> x = sin ( 2 * pi * t );
Some useful matrix and vector functions:
>> size (A)
ans =
3 3
>> length ( t )
ans =
1001
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A=
1
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Some Useful Functions

diary
Save session to file
Syntax
diary
diary ('filename')
diary off
diary on
diary filename
Description
The diary function creates a log of keyboard input and the resulting text
output. The output of diary is an ASCII file, suitable for searching in,
printing, inclusion in most reports and other documents. If you do not specify
filename, MATLAB creates a file named diary in the current directory.
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More Operators and Functions

For vectors, sum(x) is the sum of the elements of X. For matrices,
sum(x) is a row vector with the sum over each column.
>> sum ( A )
ans =
12 15 18
A=
>> sum ( ans )

ans =
45
% equivalent to sum(sum(A))
>> A
ans =
% equivalent to transpose(A)
1
2
3
>> diag(A)
ans =
1
5
9
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5
6
5 6
7
8
9
What is sum(A')' ?
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Complex Number Operations

>> x = 3+4j
MATLAB stores the real and

imaginary parts of a complex
number.
>> abs(x)
x=5
%Absolute value.
>> angle(x)
x = 0.9273
%Phase angle (in radians).
>> conj(x)
x = 3-4j
%Complex conjugate.
>> imag(x)
x=4
%Complex imaginary part.
>> real(x)
x=3
%Complex real part.
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Basics: Commands
Command
Description
clc
clears Command window
clear
removes all variables
clear var1 var2
removes listed variables
exist (name)
determines if name (file or var) exists
quit
Stops MATLAB
who
lists current variables
whos
lists current variables with sizes
generates array
separates elements of array
suppresses screen printing, also new line in array
continues a line
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Format output
Output can be visualized in different form:
SHORT
Scaled fixed point format, with 4 digits after the decimal point.
SHORT E
Floating point format, with 4 digits after the decimal point.
SHORT G Best of fixed or floating point, with 4 digits after the decimal point.
LONG
Scaled fixed point format with 14 to 15 digits after the decimal point
LONG E
Floating point format, with 14 to 15 digits after the decimal point
LONG G
Best of fixed or floating point, with 14 to 15 digits after the decimal

point
RAT
Ratio of small integers.
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Example: >>y = 8/6

>>format short
1.3333
>>format short e
1.3333E+000
default
>>format short g
1.3333
>>format long
1.33333333333333
>>format long e
1.333333333333333E+000
>>format long g
1.33333333333333
>>format rat
4/3
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: format short
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Controlling Input and Output

The disp Function: Useful to control the output

disp: Display array.
disp(X) displays the array, without printing the array name.
It's the same as leaving the semicolon off an expression
except that empty arrays don't display. If X is a string, the
text is displayed.
EXAMPLES:
>> disp(X) displays the value of variable X, but not its name
>> disp(The value of X is:) displays the string
The value of X is:
but no number
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The input Function: Used to get interactive input.

input: Prompt for user input.
R = input('How many apples') gives the user the prompt in the
text string and waits for input from the keyboard.
The input can be any MATLAB expression, which is evaluated,
using the variables in the current workspace, and the result
returned in R. If the user presses the return key without entering
anything, INPUT returns an empty matrix.
R = input('What is your name','s') gives the prompt in the text
string and waits for character string input. The typed input is
not evaluated; the characters are simply returned as a MATLAB
string.
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The Menu Function: Used to get interactive input by

selection of an alternative from a menu.
k = menu(title,option1,option2,)
choices=['B','D','F'];
k=menu('Whodoyouwant?',choices(1),choices(2),choices(3));
disp(['You picked ',choices(k)])
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Loading and Saving Data

When using MATLAB, you may wish to leave the
program but save the vectors and matrices you have
defined. To save the file to the working directory, type
save filename
where "filename" is a name of your choice.
To retrieve the data later, type
load filename
>>load data.txt;
%name of array will be data
>>load(new.txt); %name of array will be new
>>mydata = load(proj3.txt); %name of array will be mydata
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Programming in MATLAB
M-files are macros of MATLAB commands that are stored
as ordinary text files with the extension "m", that is
filename.m
There are two types of MATLAB programs
script files
function files
% script file
function [y]=fun(x)
P=[1 3 2]
y=x^2+3*x^2+2
roots(P)
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M-files cont.
There are two kinds of M files
Script
It consists a list of commands and statements that will
be executed in order
Function
It defines one or more functions that can be called
In Matlab, a function is similar to a C/Fortran function
There are different kinds of Matlab functions
Anonymous functions, which do not require a .m file but
only a single Matlab expression
Primary and subfunctions

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Script versus functions files

Script files
List of MATLAB
statements
Variables are global
Run it by typing the
file name
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Function files
Starts with function
List of MATLAB
statements
Variables are local
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Script files
Use script file when you have a long
sequence of statements to solve a problem
Run the program by
typing its name in the command window
from tools in the editor window
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Functions
Primary functions
Primary functions are required to define a
primary function
A number of subfunctions can be defined in the
same file
Primary functions can be invoked from
anywhere while subfunctions can only be
invoked within the corresponding primary
function
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Function
Syntax
function [out1, out2, ...] = funname(in1, in2, ...)
Description
function [out1, out2, ...] = funname(in1, in2, ...)
defines function funname that accepts inputs in1,
in2, etc. and returns outputs out1, out2, etc.
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Creating M-files
Select FILE OPEN NEW M-files
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MATLAB shortcuts
Create
a New
file
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Open an existing files
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How the source-code looks like
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Example
Write a function file to compute the
factorial of a number.
Input: N
Output :NF
Function name: Myfactorial
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A solution
output
First
statement
must start
with
function
Function name
input
function
[FC]=Myfactorial(N)
FC=1;
for i=1:N
FC=FC*i;
end
Save the program using Myfactorial as a name

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Creating function file

Open an m-file and start typing the file
function [FC]=Myfactorial(N)
FC=1;
for i=1:N
FC=FC*i;
end
Save the program using Myfactorial as a name
If NOTEPAD is used to create the file use the name Myfactorial.m
Save it in directory recognized by MATLAB
If the directory is not recognized by MATLAB add it to the MATLAB
path
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A Better one
These
comments
will be
displayed
when
help
factorial
is typed
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function [FC]=Myfactorial(N)
% [FC]=Myfactorial(N)
% program to calculate the factorial of a number
% input N : an integer
% if N is not an integer the program obtains the
% factorial of the integer part of N
% output FC : the factorial of N
%
FC=1;
for i=1:N
FC=FC*i;
end
% initial value of FC
% n! =(n-1)!*n
Comments are used to explain

MATLAB statements
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Script file to compute factorial

% program to calculate the factorial of a number
% input N : an integer
% if N is not an integer the program obtains the
% factorial of the integer part of N
% output FC : the factorial of N
%
FC=1;
% initial value of FC
for i=1:N
FC=FC*i;
% n! =(n-1)!*n
end
Comments are used to explain

MATLAB statements
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Function file to compute cos

% program to calculate an estimate of cos(0.2)
% cos(x) 1-x^2/2!+x^4/4!
x=0.2
Sum=1
N=2
[FC2]=Myfactorial(N)
Function functional
Sum=Sum-x^2/FC2
N=4
Function factorial
[FC4]=Myfactorial(N)
Sum=Sum+x^4/FC4
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Esempio
function [a,p] = polyGeom(s,n)
% polyGeom Compute area and perimeter of a regular polygon
%
% Synopsis: [a,p] = polyGeom(s,n)
%
% Input: s = length of one side of the polygon
%
n = number of sides of the polygon
%
% Output: a = total area of the polygon
%
p = total perimeter of the polygon
r = s/(2*tan(pi/n)); % "radius" of the polygon
a = area(r,n);
p = perimeter(r,n);
% ============ subfunction "area"
function a = area(r,n)
% area Compute area of an n-sided polygon of radius r
a = n*r^2*sin(pi/n);
% ============ subfunction "perimeter"
function p = perimeter(r,n)
% perimeter Compute perimeter of an n-sided polygon of radius r
p = n*2*r*tan(pi/n);
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Global varialble
If you want more than one function to share a single copy of a
variable, simply declare the variable as global in all the
functions. Do the same thing at the command line if you want
the base workspace to access the variable.
The global declaration must occur before the variable is
actually used in a function.
function h = falling(t)
global GRAVITY
h = 1/2*GRAVITY*t.^2;
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global GRAVITY
GRAVITY = 32;
y = falling((0:.1:5)');
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Function name as arguments

function y = humps(x)
y = 1./((x-.3).^2 + .01) + 1./((x-.9).^2 + .04) - 6;
Evaluate this function at a set of points in the interval 0 x 1 with
x = 0:.002:1;
y = humps(x);
Then plot the function with
plot(x,y)
if you search for a zero
z = fzero(@humps,.5)
computes the area under the curve in the graph
Q = quadl(@humps,0,1)
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Function eval
Evaluate function
Syntax
[y1, y2, ...] = feval(fhandle, x1, ..., xn)
[y1, y2, ...] = feval(function, x1, ..., xn)
Description
[y1, y2, ...] = feval(fhandle, x1, ..., xn) evaluates
the function handle, fhandle, using arguments x1 through xn.
>> feval('sin',0.6*pi)
ans =
0.9511
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>> sin(0.6*pi)
ans =
0.9511
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Function eval
fhandle = @humps;
x = fminbnd(fhandle, 0.3, 1);
the fminbnd function uses feval to
evaluate the function handle that was
passed in.
function [xf, fval, exitflag, output] = ...
fminbnd(funfcn, ax, bx, options, varargin)
.
.
.
fx = feval(funfcn, x, varargin{:});
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82
Example
function s = fsum(fun,a,b,n)
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
fsum
Computes sum of f(x) values at n points in
Synopsis:
Input:
Output:
s = fsum(fun,a,b,n)
fun = (string) name of the function, f(x), to be evaluated

a,b = endpoints of the interval
n
= number of points in the interval
s = sum of f(x) at n discrete points in the interval
x = linspace(a,b,n);
y = feval(fun,x);
s = sum(y);
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a <= x <= b
%
%
%
create points in the interval

evaluate function at sample points
compute the sum
83
Example
>> s=fsum('sin',0,pi,15)
s =
8.8752
>> s=fsum('cos',0,pi,15)
s =
6.6613e-016
>> s=fsum('sincos',0,pi,15)
s =
5.7142e-016
function y=sincos(x)
y=sin(x).*cos(x);
function s = fsum1(fun,a,b,n,p1)
x = linspace(a,b,n);
y = feval(fun,x,p1);
s = sum(y);
f ( x ) = 1 k 2 sin 2 ( x )
>>s=fsum1('elf',0,pi,15,0.9)
s =
11.4430
Numerical Methods
function y=elf(x,k)
y=sqrt(1-k.^2.*sin(x).^2);
84
If structures
The if statement evaluates a logical expression and executes a group of statements
when the expression is true. The optional elseif and else keywords provide for the
execution of alternate groups of statements. An end keyword, which matches the if,
terminates the last group of statements.
General form:
If (x>0)
If condition
statements
else
statements
end
sign=1
elseif (x==0)
sign=0
else
sign=-1
end
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85
85
Example
if A > B
'greater
elseif A < B
'less'
elseif A == B
'equal'
else
error('Unexpected situation')
end
Numerical
NumericalMethods
Methods
if condition
statements
end
F.F.Sgallari
SgallariDept.
Dept.
Mathematics-CIRAM,
Mathematics-CIRAM,
University
University
of Bologna
of Bologna
86
Switch and case

The switch statement executes groups of statements based on the value of
a variable or expression. The keywords case and otherwise delineate the
groups. Only the first matching case is executed. There must always be an
end to match the switch.
General form:
switch switch_expr
case case_expr
statement, ..., statement
case {case_expr1, case_expr2, .}
otherwise
end
Numerical Methods
switch (rem(n,4)==0) + (rem(n,2)==0)

case 0
M = odd_magic(n)
case 1
M = single_even_magic(n)
case 2
M = double_even_magic(n)
otherwise
error('This is impossible')
end
87
87
for loops
The for loop repeats a group of statements a fixed, predetermined
number of times. A matching end delineates the statements.
General form:
s=0
for i=1:3:11
for index=initial: increment: limit

statements
end
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s=s+i
end
Al-Amer
F. Sgallari
2006Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna
88
88
Example
MATLAB program to find the roots of
f ( x ) = 2 cos( x ) 1
Result
% program 1 performs four iterations of
% Newtons Method
X=.7
for i=1:4
X=X (2*cos(X)-1)/(-2*sin(X))
X=
1.1111
X=
1.0483
X=
1.0472
X=
1.0472
end
Numerical Methods
Al-Amer
F. Sgallari
2006Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna
89
89
x=rand(10,1);
s=0;
for ii=1:length(x)
s=s+x(ii);
end
x=rand(10,1);
s=0;
for ii=length(x):-1:1
s=s+x(ii);
end
s=0;
for x=0:pi/15:pi
s=s+sin(x);
end
for ii=1:m
for jj=1:n
A(ii,jj)=1/(ii+jj);
end
end
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90
While end
The while loop repeats a group of statements an indefinite
number of times under control of a logical condition. A
matching end delineates the statements.
General form
while condition
statements
end
Numerical Methods
91
Example
Determine the first integer fot which n! ( factorial) is a number
with 100 digits.
.
n=1;
while (prod(1:n) < 1.e10)
n=n+1;
end
disp(n )
Numerical Methods
92
Plotting in MATLAB
MATLAB graphs display in a special window known as a figure.
To create a graph, you need to define a coordinate system.
Therefore, every graph is placed within axes, which are contained
by the figure.
Command
Description
plot(x,y)
title(text)
Generates plot.
xlabel(text)
ylabel(text)
Adds label to horizontal axis.
legend(text)
Places a legend
figure n
hold on
Opens a new figure window numbered n
Numerical Methods
Puts title on plot.
Adds label to vertical axis.
Holds on the current graph

93
Line Specif.
Solid line (default)
Dashed line
Dotted line
Dash-dot line
Colour
Marker specif.
- blu
-- black
point
plus sign
: green
-. red
g
r
star
Circle
*
o
yellow
Cross
white
Cyan
magenta m
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94
Example
Generating data
time=[0:0.01:6]
Y=sin(time)
plot(time,Y)
xlabel('time')
ylabel('sin(time) ')
title(' plot of sin(time) ')
grid
Plot Y versus time

x- axis is time, y- axis is Y
Add a label to the x- axis
Add a label to the y- axis
Add a title
Add grid lines
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95
95
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96
96
Example
Generating data
time=[0:0.01:6]
Y=sin(time)
Plot Y versus time

x- axis is time
y- axis is Y
plot(time,Y)
You can add
a label to the x- axis
a label to the x- axis
Title
And others on the graph
directly (click insert)
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97
97
Example
time=[0:0.01:6]
Y=sin(time)
plot(Y)
Numerical Methods
Generating data
Plot Y versus index

x- axis is column #
y- axis is Y
98
98
Example
time=[0:0.01:6]
Y=sin(time)
plot(Y)
Numerical Methods
Generating data
Plot Y verses index x- axis is
column # y- axis is Y
99
99
Continuous
Time
Plots
The plot function has different forms, depending on the input arguments. If y is
a vector, plot(y) produces a piecewise linear graph of the elements of y versus
the index its elements. If you specify two vectors as arguments, plot(x,y)
produces a graph of y versus x.
Plot of the Sine Function
1
0.5
Sine of x
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1
>> x = [ 0 : 0.001 : 2*pi ];

>> y = sin ( x );
>> plot (x,y) ;
Numerical Methods
3
x = 0:2
>> xlabel('x = 0:2\pi')

>> ylabel('Sine of x')
>> title('Plot of the Sine Function','FontSize',12)
>> axis tight % observe the limits of x-axis
100
100
Discrete Time Plots Stems

Stem function is very similar to plot. It is used to plot discrete
time sequences. For more info: help stem
Example:
>> k = [ 0 : 30 ] ;
>> x = sin ( k / 5 ) ;
>> stem ( k, x)
>> xlabel('0 \leq k \leq 5');
>> ylabel('x [ k ]');
>> title('x [ k ] = sin ( k / 5 ) for 0 \leq k \leq 5');
x [ k ] = sin ( k / 5 ) for 0 k 5
1
x[k]
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
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10
15
0k5
20
25
30
101
Multiple Data Sets in One Graph

Multiple x-y pair arguments create multiple graphs with a
single call to plot. For example, these statements plot three
related functions of x, each curve in a separate distinguishing
color.
x = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
y = sin(x);
y2 = sin(x-.25);
y3 = sin(x-.5);
plot(x,y,x,y2,x,y3)
legend('sin(x)','sin(x-.25)','sin(x-.5)')
sin(x)
sin(x-.25)
sin(x-.5)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
The legend command provides an easy

way to identify the individual plots.
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102
102
Hold Command
You can also generate multiple overlapping graphs
using the hold command as follows (for more info:
help hold)
1
Example;
x = 0 : pi/100 : 2*pi;
y = sin(x);
plot(x,y,'b');
hold on;
y2 = sin(x - 0.25);
plot(x,y2, 'r');
y3 = sin(x - 0.5);
plot(x,y3, 'g');
axis tight;
hold off;
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0.5
-0.5
-1
103
Subplot
t=-10:.01:10;
y1=t;
y2=t.^2;
y3=exp(t);
y4=abs(t);
subplot(221)
plot(t,y1),
title(Here is the line')
subplot(222)
plot(t,y2),
title(Here is the parabola')
subplot(223)
plot(t,y3),
title(Here is the exponential')
subplot(224)
The subplot command enables you

to display multiple plots in the
same window or print them on the
same piece of paper.
Typing subplot(m,n,p)
partitions the figure window into
an m-by-n matrix of small
subplots and selects the pth
subplot for the current plot.
The plots are numbered along the
first row of the figure window,
then the second row, and so on.
plot(t,y4),
title(Here is the absolute value')
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104
Subplot
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105
Example
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(x,r),
hold on
plot(y,--)
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(x,r),
hold on
plot(y,--)
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(x,r),
hold on
plot(y,--)
Numerical Methods
F. Sgallari
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(x,r),
hold on
plot(y,--)
Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University
of Bologna
106
Figure Tools
The
figure
is
equipped with sets of
tools that operate on
graphs.
The figure Tools
menu provides access
to many graph tools,
as this view of the
Options
submenu
illustrates.
Numerical Methods
107
107
Figure Tools
Many of the
options shown in
this figure also
appear as context
menu items for
individual tools
such as zoom and
pan.
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108
108
Figure Tools
The figure also shows three figure toolbars
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109
109
Figure Tools
When you place the cursor over a particular tool, a text box pops
up with the tool name. The following picture shows the three
toolbars displayed with the cursor over the Data Cursor tool.
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110
110
Figure Tools
The following
picture shows
a figure with
all
three
plotting tools
enabled.
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111
111
Exporting the Graph

Exporting a graph is the process of creating a standard graphics file
format of the graph (such as EPS or TIFF), which you can then
import into other applications like word processors, drawing
packages, etc.
This example exports the graph as an EPS file with the following
requirements:
The size of the picture when imported into the word processor document should
be 4 inches wide and 3 inches high.
All the text in the figure should have a size of 8 points.
Specifying the Size of the Graph
To set the size, use the Export Setup dialog box (select Export Setup from the
figure File menu). Then select 4 from the Width list and 3 from the Height list.
Numerical Methods
112
Exporting the Graph
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113
Exporting the Graph

To set the
font size of
all the text in
the
graph,
select Fonts
in the Export
Setup dialog
box
Properties
selector.
Then click
Use
fixed
font size and
enter 8 in the
text box.
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114
Exporting the Graph

Selecting the File Format
After you finish setting options for the exported graph, click the
Export button. A standard Save As dialog box opens that enables
you to specify a name for the file as well as select the type of file
format you want to use.
The Save as type drop-down menu lists a number of other
options for file formats. For this example, select EPS (*.eps)
from the Save as type menu.
You can import the saved file into any application that supports
EPS files.
You can also use the print command to print figures on your local
printer or to export graphs to standard file types.
Numerical Methods
115
Exporting the Graph
Numerical Methods
116
3D plots
plot3
The plot3 function displays a threedimensional plot of a set of data points.
mesh
Create mesh plot
surf
Create 3-D shaded surface plot
Meshgrid
The meshgrid function transforms the

domain specified by a single vector or two
vectors x and y into matrices X and Y for
use in evaluating functions of two variables.
The rows of X are copies of the vector x and
the columns of Y are copies of the vector y.
Numerical Methods
117
plot3
>>t=0:0.1:10*pi;
>>x=exp(-t/20).*cos(t);
>>y=exp(-t/20).*sin(t);
>>z=t;
>>plot3(x,y,z);
>>title('Esempio di plot 3D');
>>xlabel('x');
>>ylabel('y');
>>zlabel('z');
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118
mesh
>>x=linspace(0,2*pi,50);
>>y=linspace(0,pi,50);
>>[X,Y]=meshgrid(x,y);
>>Z=sin(X).*cos(Y);
>>mesh(X,Y,Z);
>>title('Esempio di mesh (grafica wireframe)');
>>xlabel('x');
>>ylabel('y');
>>zlabel('z');
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119
A wire frame model is a visual presentation of a three dimensional or

physical object used in 3D computer graphics. It is created by specifying
each edge of the physical object where two mathematically continuous
smooth surfaces meet, or by connecting an object's constituent using
straight lines or curves. The object is projected onto the computer screen
by drawing lines at the location of each edge.
Using a wire frame model allows visualization of the underlying design
structure of a 3D model. Traditional 2-dimensional views and drawings
can be created by appropriate rotation of the object and selection of
hidden line removal via cutting planes.
Since wireframe renderings are relatively simple and fast to calculate, they
are often used in cases where a high screen frame rate is needed (for
instance, when working with a particularly complex 3D model, or in realtime systems that model exterior phenomena).
In informatica, wireframe o wire frame model (lett. modello in fil di ferro ) indica un tipo di rappresentazione grafica da
computer di oggetti tridimensionali, detta anche vettoriale. Con questo metodo vengono disegnati soltanto i bordi dell'
oggetto, il quale di fatto resta trasparente al suo interno (sembrando, appunto, costruito con il fil di ferro). Questo metodo
richiede calcoli
molto pi semplici rispetto alla rappresentazione
di superfici,
ed quindi considerevolmente
pi veloce. 120
Numerical
Methods
F. Sgallari Dept.
Mathematics-CIRAM,
University of Bologna
surf
>>[X,Y]=meshgrid(-3:.2:3,-2:.2:2);
>>Z=exp(-(X.^2+Y.^2)/3);
>>surf(X,Y,Z);
>>title('Esempio di surf (grafica a faccette)');
>>xlabel('x');
>>ylabel('y');
>>zlabel('z');
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121
surf
surf(X,Y,Z)
colormap hsv
colorbar
surf(X,Y,Z)
colormap hsv
alpha(.4)
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122
surf
surf(X,Y,Z,'FaceColor','red','EdgeColor','none')
camlight left;
lighting phong
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123
>>x=rand(100,1)*2*pi;
>>y=rand(100,1)*pi;
>>z=sin(x).*cos(y);
>>xlin=linspace(min(x),max(x),40);
>>ylin=linspace(min(y),max(y),40);
>>[X,Y]=meshgrid(xlin,ylin);
>>Z=griddata(x,y,z,X,Y,'cubic');
>>mesh(X,Y,Z);
>>title('Esempio di mesh non uniforme');
>>hold on;
>>plot3(x,y,z,'.','MarkerSize',15);
>>xlabel('x');
>>ylabel('y');
>>zlabel('z');
>>grid on;
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124
>>x=rand(100,1)*2*pi;
>>y=rand(100,1)*pi;
Interpolation of scattered data(x,y,z),
>>z=sin(x).*cos(y);
Visualize finterpolant function
>>xlin=linspace(min(x),max(x),40);
In the grid points XY
>>ylin=linspace(min(y),max(y),40);
>>[X,Y]=meshgrid(xlin,ylin);
>>Z=griddata(x,y,z,X,Y,'cubic');
>>mesh(X,Y,Z);
>>title('Esempio di mesh non uniforme');
>>hold on;
>>plot3(x,y,z,'.','MarkerSize',15);
>>xlabel('x');
>>ylabel('y');
>>zlabel('z');
>>grid on;
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125
>>n=31;
>>theta=pi*(-n:2:n)/n;
>>phi=(pi/2)*(-n:2:n)'/n;
>>X=cos(phi)*cos(theta);
>>Y=cos(phi)*sin(theta);
>>Z=sin(phi)*ones(size(theta));
>>surf(X,Y,Z);
>>title('Esempio di surf in forma parametrica');
>>xlabel('x');
>>ylabel('y');
>>zlabel('z');
>>grid on;
>>axis square;
Numerical Methods
126
Manipulating the surface

The figure toolbar and the camera toolbar provide ways to
explore 3-D graphics interactively. Display the camera toolbar
by selecting Camera Toolbar from the figure View menu.
The following picture shows both toolbars with the Rotate 3D
tool selected.
Numerical
NumericalMethods
Methods
F. Sgallari Dept.
Dept.Mathematics-CIRAM,
Mathematics-CIRAM,
University
University
ofof
Bologna
Bologna
127
The best way to learn

MATLAB
is to use MATLAB
Numerical Methods
128

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Introduction to

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

Matlab allows to solve many technical computing problems, examples of which

Particularly helpful for:

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

MATLAB is an interpreted language, errors are easier to fix

An interpreted language is a programming language for which

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

MATLAB is an interpreted language, errors are easier to fix

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

MATLAB Toolbox: some

Symbolic/Extended Math Toolbox integrates symbolic mathematics and variable precision

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

Starting and Quitting MATLAB

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

The Matlab Environment

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

The Matlab Environment

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

The Matlab Environment

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

The Matlab Environment

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

The Matlab Environment

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

The Matlab Environment

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

MATLAB has the following basic window components:

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

The MATLAB command

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

The Matlab environment could be

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

Coding with .m-files: script

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

Command Window Interface

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

(1) Creating .m-files

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

(1) Creating .m-files

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

To run the program, digit the name of script

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

Basics: Basic Operations

right division: a/b =

left division: a\b = ba

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

Relational operators -Logical operations

Greater than or equal

Less than or equal

F. Sgallari Dept. Mathematics-CIRAM, University of Bologna

Relational operators -Logical operations