Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ernesto Villaescusa
Professor of Mining Geomechanics,
Western Australian School of Mines, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia.
ABSTRACT: This paper provides an overview of the issues influencing dilution in an underground
production environment. The paper reviews the dilution problem throughout the entire mining
process, and provides a rational approach to underground mine design in order to minimize
dilution. The stages contributing to dilution include orebody delineation, design and sequencing,
stope development, drilling and blasting, production and mine management issues.
1 INTRODUCTION
Dilution is defined as the low grade (waste or
backfill) material which comes into an ore
stream, reducing its value. Ore loss refers to
any unrecoverable economic ore left inside a
stope (broken, in place as pillars or not
properly blasted at the boundaries), or to any
valuable ore not recovered by the mineral
processing system. The detrimental impact of
dilution to the economics of the mining
industry has been well documented elsewhere.
Puhakka (1991) and Elbrond (1994) have
recognized that waste rock dilution and ore
loss exist during geological modelling and
evaluation, decisions regarding cut-off grade,
design of the mining method, stoping and ore
concentrating.
Dilution is a source of direct cost as waste or
backfill
material
is
blasted,
mucked,
transported, crushed, hoisted, processed and
stored as tailings. Dilution is also a source of
indirect cost as the dilution material may
adversely affect the metal recoveries and
concentrate grades. A lost opportunity may
result from directing resources at handling
waste (as opposed to ore) for the mill feed.
Furthermore, ore processing facilities will be
engaged for material which contributes very
little to final useful metal production. In most
cases, mining and milling capacity is limited;
this capacity is affected by the displacement of
ore by waste within the overall mining and
processing facilities. Dilution is always defined
and quantified with respect to an idealized
EXTERNAL
UNPLANNED
INSTABILITY
CONTAMINATION
MINING
METHODS
INTERNAL
PLANNED
ORE LOSS
GEOLOGICAL
NATURE OF
MINERALIZATION
MINING METHODS
EXPLORATION
OREBODY
DELINEATION
2 NATURE OF MINERALIZATION
The geometric configuration of an orebody and
its spatial grade distribution play a significant
role during the selection of a mining method
and subsequently influences the amount of
dilution experienced during the stoping
operations. Geometric orebody configuration is
related to the shape, size and continuity of a
deposit while grade distribution defines the
potential value of the deposit. Deposits such as
seams, veins, lenses, lodes and stratiform
orebodies usually require selective mining in
order to minimize dilution, especially if the
orebodies are not very continuous or if a
heavily faulted environment has created sharp
changes in the spatial grade distribution.
Selective mining methods such as room and
pillar, cut and fill and more recently bench
stoping have the potential to allow the full
recovery of high grade mineralized zones
within a deposit, while at the same time
controlling dilution. These mining methods are
susceptible to external dilution from unstable
Orebody
Delineation
Geology
Geology
Rock
mechanics
Rockmass
characterization
Access &
Infrastructure
Mine
planning
Stope & Pillar
size and location
Stress analysis
(sequencing)
NO
Scheduling
G
L
O
B
A
L
D
E
S
I
G
N
Acceptable
design
YES
D
E
T
A
I
L
E
D
Economical analysis
Rock reinforcement
D
E
S
I
G
N
Extraction monitoring
NO
Acceptable
design
YES
Document
results
End
2.0 2.5
2.5-2.8
1.0
1.1
102
3.0
1.2
115
3.0-3.5
1.3
140
3.5-4.0
1.5
Drilling
Technology
rods
rods
Rods +
stabilizers
Rods + tubes
Tubes top
hammer
Tubes top
hammer
In the hole
hammer
In the hole
hammer
Hole
Depth
(m)
10-15
10-15
12-20
20-25
25-35
25-40
40-60
40-60
6 CONCLUSIONS
Each operation must set the design objectives
for dilution control based on the reality of its
own particular mining system and its
economics. A dilution control action plan must
include definition and identification of the
dilution sources, including a strategy for
measurements
and
implementation
of
corrective actions. Realistic targets for dilution
reduction over both the short and long term
must be set. The success of the program will
rely on regular communication of the planned
targets and economical importance to all
mining personnel.
Management must develop performance
indicators that are a function of quality rather
than quantity. i.e. the focus must be on metal
tonnes and dilution control. Mine managers
must recognize the potential for improvement
within their own mine environment. Most of
the understanding of what comprises dilution
and the tools to quantify it already exists.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author acknowledges the financial support
of the Australian Centre for Geomechanics and
Curtin University of Technology.
REFERENCES
Alexander, E., and M. Fabjanczyk, 1982.
Extraction design using open slopes for
pillar recovery in the 1100 orebody at
Mount Isa. Design and Operation of
Caving and Sublevel Stoping Mines, D.
Stewart (Ed), SME, New York, Chp. 32,
pp. 437-458.
Ashcroft, J.W., 1991. Dilution: A total quality
improvement opportunity. Inco Limited,
Thompson Manitoba, Canada.
Brady, B. and E.T. Brown, 1985. Rock mechanics
for underground mining. Allen and
Unwin, London. 527p.
Braun, D.V., 1991. Ore interpretation accuracy
and its relationship to dilution at Incos