Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PHARMACY
-(gr) pharmakon- charm or drug that can be used for good or for evil
-the art and science of preparing & dispensing medications & the provision of
drug & drug-related information to the public
-study of the science of drugs
-Questions:
o Where they come from?
o How do they act on the body?
o How to turn drugs into medicine?
PHARMACIST
-the one who is educated & licensed to prepare & dispense drugs & to
provide
drug & related information to the public
-an expert on drugs -> acquired knowledge on the chemistry of drugs
o Equipped on the formulation of a medicine
o Equipped on the uses of the medication
PHARMACEUTICS
-discipline of pharmacy that deals with all forces of the process of turning a
new compound or new chemical entity into a medication able to be safely &
effectively used by patients & end users
-looks out for the quality
-Process of a drug:
o
o
o
o
o
DOSAGE FORMS
-Pharmaceuticals
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-Vaginal
-Topical
-Inhaled
-Rectal
-Ophthalmic
-Parenteralbioavailability
100%
-Otic
-Physical Forms:
-Solid
-Liquid
-Others
-Semi-solid
-Common Dosage Forms:
-Powders
-Solutions
-Tablets
-Suspensions
-Capsules
-Syrups
-Liquids
-Elixirs
FIRST APOTHECARY
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-knowledge of drug and their application to the disease has always meant
power
-person preparing the medication for treatment
-place wherein herbs, spices/wines are stored
-this is where the practice of Pharmacy started/came from
-Drugs during this time are correlated w/ the spirits while Pharmacy
was correlated w/ some religious acts or practices
They believe that the persons sickness is a result of his wrongdoings
or he was possessed by an evil spirit.
-Healer= Priest Physician or anyone who has any knowledge on herbs and
treatment (not only do they heal the body but they also purify or cleanse the
soul)
-Pharmacy and medicine are indistinguishable because the practice
was combined by the healer
-Causes of Failure in Apothecary:
o
o
o
o
Treatment is inappropriate
Drugs are underdosed or overdosed (not exact amt or value is given)
Limited knowledge
Poisoning
EARLY DRUGS
1.) Sumerian Clay Tablet
o Worlds oldest record of medicines
o Not only does it have the record of medicines used, it also has
the prescriptions they (Sumerians) had before
2.) Papyrus Ebers
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1.)
Hippocrates
Father of Medicine
Introduction of scientific pharmacy & medicine
Rationalized medicine, systemized medical knowledge & put the
practice of medicine on a high ethical plane
Hippocratic Oath of Ethical Behaviour for the healing professions
Term pharmakon came to mean a purifying remedy (for the
good)
Became a part of modern medicine
2.) Dioscorides
First to deal with botany as an applied science of pharmacy
De Materia Medica- milestone for pharmaceutical botany
Pharmacognosy was born (pharmakon- drug; gnosisknowledge)
Opium, Ergot, Hyoscyamus
3.) Claudius Galen
Aimed to create a perfect system of physiology, pathology &
treatment
500 treatises on medicine
250 on philosophy, law & grammar
Galenic Pharmacy
Most famous formula: Galens Cerate (aka Cold Cream)
4.) Emperor Frederick II of Germany
Separated the practice of Pharmacy and Medicine on 1240 at Two
Sicilies
Pharmacist were obligated to oath to prepare reliable drugs of
uniform quality according to their art
Pharmacy and Chemistry became united since then
5.) Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus van Hohenheim
Paracelsus
Botanical science -> chemical science
It was possible to prepare a specific medicinal agent to combat
each specific disease
-
EARLY RESEARCH
- DRUG STANDARDS
-
-America:
o Drug standards were used as national basis until the year 1820 came
when the first USP was published
Pharmacopeial
-First agreed that the USP would be revised every TEN years.
During 1940, it was changed into FIVE years
-Before 1820- drugs to treat disease had been the same for
centuries (The USP somewhat changed the perception)
PREVENTION
(voluntary recall)
1.) Class I