Bolted Joint Analysis

Bolted Joint Analysis - MechaniCalc
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Bolted Joint Analysis

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The bolted joint is among the most common joining methods -- other
common joining methods include riveting, welding, press fits, pins, keys,
adhesives, and others. The primary components of a bolted joint
include the threaded fastener as well as the parts to be joined together.
The bolted joint works by inducing an initial clamping force ("preload")
on the joint by threading the fastener into either a nut or into threads
which have been tapped into one of the parts. This preload ensures
that the clamped parts remain in contact and in compression
throughout the life of the joint.
Bolted Joint
Calculator
(/bolted-jointanalysis/)
Check out our bolted joint
calculator (/bolted-jointanalysis/) based on the
methodology described here.
Washers are typically used in the joint and serve many purposes. They minimize embedment of the bolt head
and nut into the clamped parts, and they aid in tightening. Since bolt holes could have sharp edges or burrs,
washers are used to protect the fillet under the bolt head from scratching since this is a critical area that is
prone to failure. Washers also serve to distribute the preload and applied force over a larger area, both on the
bolt head and on the faces of the clamped parts. This reduces bearing stresses, helps to prevent pull-through,
and helps to prevent damage to the surface of the clamped parts.
Thread Dimensions
When analyzing a joint, it is necessary to know the characteristic dimensions of both the external thread and
internal thread. A thread size is specified based on a nominal (major) diameter and either the number of
threads per inch (for unified inch threads) or the pitch (for metric threads). The thread sizes for coarse thread
and fine thread can be found in tables located in any standard machine design handbook, as well as in the
thread size tables (/reference/bolted-joint-analysis#hardware-sizes) in the Appendix. The pitch, P is the
distance between the threads. When the pitch is in units of inches, it is related to the threads per inch, T P I ,
by:
T PI =
1
P
Thread Dimensions (Internal and External Thread):

Symbol
US Units
SI Units
Nominal (Major) Diameter
dnom
in
mm
Threads Per Inch
T PI
in-1
---
in
mm
Pitch
The tables below provide equations for some of the thread profile dimensions of interest for both unified inch
threads and ISO metric threads. In the case of metric threads, the thread profile is based on a parameter H ,
the height of the fundamental triangle. The value of H is related to the thread pitch, P by:
H=
3
P
2
External Thread (Bolt) Dimensions:

Equation, US Units
https://mechanicalc.com/reference/bolted-joint-analysis
Equation, Metric Units
10/6/2016
Page 2 of 19
dm.ext = dnom
Minor
Diameter
1.299038
T PI
dm.ext = dnom 1.226869P
(Machinery's Handbook
(https://www.amazon.com/MachinerysHandbook-Toolbox-ErikOberg/dp/0831130911/ref=as_li_ss_tl?
ie=UTF8&linkCode=ll1&tag=mechanicalc20&linkId=8e001a76d8f77c8cad794b1b8c9b0631))
(Shigley
(https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0073398209/ref=as_li_ss_tl?
ie=UTF8&linkCode=ll1&tag=mechanicalc20&linkId=5d7e071a972dd7327eff8408c2f81fb0))
dp.ext = dnom 0.75H = dnom 0.64951905P

Pitch
Diameter
dp.ext = dnom
0.64951905
T PI
(Machinery's Handbook (https://www.amazon.com/Machinerys

Handbook-Toolbox-Erik-Oberg/dp/0831130911/ref=as_li_ss_tl?
(ASME B1.1, Section 10.1p)
Internal Thread Dimensions:

Equation, US Units
dm.int = dnom 1.25H = dnom 1.08253175P

Minor
Diameter
1.08253175
T PI
dm.int = dnom
(ASME B1.1, Section 10.1s)
(https://www.amazon.com/Machinerys-HandbookToolbox-Erik-Oberg/dp/0831130911/ref=as_li_ss_tl?
dp.ext = dnom 0.75H = dnom 0.64951905P

Pitch
Diameter
dp.int = dnom
0.64951905
T PI
(ASME B1.1, Section 8.3)
(https://www.amazon.com/Machinerys-HandbookToolbox-Erik-Oberg/dp/0831130911/ref=as_li_ss_tl?
External Thread (Bolt) Areas:

Equation, US Units
Nominal Area
Anom
2
= dnom
4
At =
0.9743
(dnom
)
4
T PI
Tensile Stress Area
(ASME B1.1, Appendix B)

Minor Area
(Shear Area)
Am =
2
d
4 m.ext
Anom =
2
At =
2
dnom
4
(dnom 0.9382P )2
4
(ASME B1.13M, Appendix B)
Am =
2
d
4 m.ext
In the tables above, US units are in inches and metric units are in millimeters.
Preload
Bolts are installed with a preload that ensures that the joint
members remain clamped and in compression throughout
the life of the joint. Preload is also important for joints with a
cyclically applied load. The preload will increase the mean
stress, but it will reduce the alternating stress.
Preload Values
In general, the preload force should be no less than the
maximum tensile force that will be applied to the joint. This
will ensure that the clamped parts will always remain in
10/6/2016
Page 3 of 19
contact and in compression. Because some of the tensile force

applied to the joint will act to relieve compression in the
clamped parts, the joint will separate at a value of applied
force that is somewhat higher than the preload. This will be
discussed in a later section.
Shigley
20&linkId=5d7e071a972dd7327eff8408c2f81fb0) and Lindeburg
View now
20&linkId=8ae9176e3402e77385811af031fcac0d)
preload:
0.75Fproof
FPL =
0.90Fproof
View now
for nonpermanent joint (reused fasteners)

for permanent joints
where Fproof is the proof load of the fastener. The relationship between the proof load and the proof strength
is:
Fproof = Sproof At
Per Shigley (https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0073398209/ref=as_li_ss_tl?
ie=UTF8&linkCode=ll1&tag=mechanicalc-20&linkId=5d7e071a972dd7327eff8408c2f81fb0), the proof strength
is approximately equal to 85% of the tensile yield strength, Sty . Based on Sproof = 0.85Sty , the
recommended preload force as a function of yield strength is:
0.64Sty At
FPL =
0.77Sty At
for nonpermanent joint (reused fasteners)

for permanent joints
Considering that the above values are conservative, a general rule of thumb is to preload the fastener to 2/3 of
the yield strength.
Preload Relaxation
There are many factors which can result in a "relaxation" or a loss of the preload applied during installation.
Temperature fluctuations will result in expansion and contraction of the joint members and can cause either
an increase or a decrease in the preload force depending on the relative lengthening and shortening between
the fastener and the clamped parts. If the preload is achieved by applying torque to the bolt or nut, then this
will result in torsion on the fastener which will act to increase the bolt tension and thus the preload force. Over
time this torsion will dissipate and causing relaxation of the preload force. Other factors which contribute to
preload relaxation include embedment and creep.
Preload relaxation can be mitigated through the use of thread-locking mechanisms including locking
adhesives, lock nuts, lock washers, lock wire, and locking pellets/patches. Barret provides a comprehensive
treatment of thread locking mechanisms.
According to the Machinery's Handbook (https://www.amazon.com/Machinerys-Handbook-Toolbox-ErikOberg/dp/0831130911/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&linkCode=ll1&tag=mechanicalc20&linkId=8e001a76d8f77c8cad794b1b8c9b0631), preload relaxation occurs within hours after installation,
and a preload loss allowance of approximately 10% is sufficient as a general rule.
Preload Uncertainty
The accuracy of the preload that is applied during installation is highly dependent on the tightening method
employed. The following table is adapted from the Machinery's Handbook
(https://www.amazon.com/Machinerys-Handbook-Toolbox-Erik-Oberg/dp/0831130911/ref=as_li_ss_tl?
ie=UTF8&linkCode=ll1&tag=mechanicalc-20&linkId=8e001a76d8f77c8cad794b1b8c9b0631) and from Barrett:
Tightening Method
Accuracy
By feel
35%
Torque wrench
25%
Turn-of-the-nut
15%
Load indicating washer
10%
Bolt elongation
3-5%
Strain gages
1%
10/6/2016
Page 4 of 19
Ultrasonic sensing
1%
Torque to Obtain Preload

Many of the common tightening methods achieve the preload force by applying a torque to the nut or to the
bolt head. When tightening a fastener with a torque wrench, which is one of the easiest and most common
methods, the fastener is considered to be properly tightened once the specified torque is achieved. In this
case, it is necessary to determine the torque value necessary to achieve the desired preload force in the bolt.
This torque is calculated using:
T = KT dnom FPL
where dnom is the nominal bolt diameter and FPL is the bolt preload force. KT is the torque coefficient and
is calculated by:
KT = (
rt
tan + ft sec
fc rc
)(
)+
dnom
1 ft tan sec
dnom
where rt is the mean thread radius (the effective location of at which the thread friction acts), rc is the mean
collar radius (the effective location at which the friction on the bearing face acts), ft is the friction coefficient
between the thread surfaces, fc is the friction coefficient between the collar (bearing face) surfaces, is the
lead angle, and is the thread half angle ( = 30 , per ASME B1.1, 10.1b).
The value for rt can be calculated as half of the mean bolt diameter, which is the average of the minor and
nominal diameter:
rt =
(dnom + dminor ) / 2
dnom + dminor
=
2
4
The collar area is the area of the bearing face of the part being rotated during installation (either the nut or the
bolt head). The width across flats of a nut is typically 1.5 times the nominal diameter. In this case, the mean
collar radius is calculated as:
rc =
(dnom + 1.5dnom ) / 2
= 0.625dnom
2
The lead angle, , is calculated by:
tan =
where l is the lead per revolution ( =
l
1
=
2rt
2rt (T PI)
1/T P I ).
Shigley (https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0073398209/ref=as_li_ss_tl?
ie=UTF8&linkCode=ll1&tag=mechanicalc-20&linkId=5d7e071a972dd7327eff8408c2f81fb0) provides a table of
torque coefficients based on bolt condition, which has been adapted as shown below. When the bolt condition
is unknown, a value of 0.2 is recommended for KT .
Bolt Condition
KT
Nonplated, black finish
0.30
Zinc-plated
0.20
Lubricated
0.18
With Anti-Seize
0.12
Because of the many variables that affect the value of the torque coefficient, any tightening method that
measures a preload force indirectly via a torque value will be inherently inaccurate. It is for this reason that
there is such a large uncertainty in preload accuracy when using a torque wrench.
Joint Stiffness
The joint can be considered as a set of springs. The parts within the grip act as a set of springs in series, and
the grip and the bolt act as springs in parallel. The joint can be modeled as shown below. Note that in the joint
shown below there are only 2 parts in the grip; however, the number of parts is not limited to 2, and each part
in the joint would be represented by a spring.
10/6/2016
Page 5 of 19
Each spring from the figure above has a stiffness of:
k=
AE
L
where A is the area, E is the elastic modulus of the material, and L is the length.
Bolt Stiffness
When a joint is assembled properly, the full shank of the bolt will be in the grip along with some length of
threads. The stiffness of the shank is given by:
kshank =
Anom Ebolt
Lshank
where Anom is the bolt nominal area, Ebolt is the elastic modulus of the bolt material, and Lshank is the length
of the bolt shank.
The stiffness of the threaded portion in the grip is given by:
kthd =
At Ebolt
Lthd.g
where At is the tensile stress area and Lthd.g is the length of the threaded portion within the grip.
The shank and the threaded portion of the bolt will act as springs in series, so that the effective stiffness of the
portion of the bolt within the grip is given by:
kbolt =
1
kshank kthd
=
kshank + kthd
1/kshank + 1/kthd
Per ASME B18.2.1, the nominal thread length of inch-series bolts can be found by:
2dnom + 1 in L 6in
4
Lthd =
1
2dnom + 2 in L > 6in
The bolt shank length can then be found by:
Lshank = L Lthd
The length of thread in the grip is found by:
Lthd.g = Lg Lshank
where Lg is the grip length.
Grip Stiffness
The stiffness of the grip is determined by calculating based on a simplified pressure-cone method as
presented by Shigley (https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0073398209/ref=as_li_ss_tl?
ie=UTF8&linkCode=ll1&tag=mechanicalc-20&linkId=5d7e071a972dd7327eff8408c2f81fb0). This method
predicts the pressure distribution throughout the thickness of the grip. The pressure cone for a joint can be
visualized in the diagram below.
10/6/2016
Page 6 of 19
The portion of a part within the pressure cone is called a frustum. Every part in the grip will contain either 1 or
2 frustums. The stiffness of an individual frustum is given by:
kfr =
Ed tan
(2t tan +Dd)(D+d)
ln[ (2t tan +D+d)(Dd)
where d is the inner diameter of the frustum, D is the smallest value of the frustum outer diameter, t is the
frustum thickness, E is the elastic modulus of the material, and is the angle of the pressure cone. Shigley
(https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0073398209/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&linkCode=ll1&tag=mechanicalc20&linkId=5d7e071a972dd7327eff8408c2f81fb0) recommends a value of 30 for .
The height of the pressure cone depends on the grip length, Lg , which is the combined thickness of the parts
being clamped in the joint (see the figure above). In a joint with a nut, the pressure cone starts under the head
of the bolt and ends under the nut. The frustum diameters in this case can be easily determined using the
diameters of the bearing faces. In a tapped joint, the pressure cone starts under the head of the bolt and ends
in the threaded portion of the final plate. Per Shigley
(https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0073398209/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&linkCode=ll1&tag=mechanicalc20&linkId=5d7e071a972dd7327eff8408c2f81fb0), the effective grip thickness of the final plate is given as:
Lg.p2 =
min(t, dnom )
2
where t is the plate thickness and dnom is the bolt nominal diameter. The frustum diameter at the end of the
pressure cone is assumed to be 1.5dnom .
The stiffness of the grip is calculated by considering the frustums to act as springs in series:
kgrip =
1
1/kfr.1 + 1/kfr.2 +. . . +1/kfr.N
Grip Stiffness Approximation

Shigley (https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0073398209/ref=as_li_ss_tl?
ie=UTF8&linkCode=ll1&tag=mechanicalc-20&linkId=5d7e071a972dd7327eff8408c2f81fb0) provides an
equation which calculates the correct grip stiffness in the case that every part in the grip has the same elastic
modulus:
kgrip =
Ed tan
(Lg tan +dbh d)(dbh +d)
2 ln[ (L
tan +dbh +d)(dbh d)
In the equation above, E is the elastic modulus of the material, Lg is the grip length, is the frustum angle
(30), dbh is the diameter of the bearing face under the bolt head, and d is the inner frustum diameter.
The value for d can either be the nominal bolt diameter (for a more approximate result), or it can be the hole
diameter of the most central part in the joint (for a more exact result).
If the parts in the grip all have the same elastic modulus, then the grip stiffness calculated using the equation
above will be the same as the grip stiffness calculated using the full procedure. However, if the parts have
different elastic moduli, a close approximation can still be achieved by calculating an effective elastic modulus
for the grip:
Eeff =
Ep Lp
Lp
where Ep is the elastic modulus of a part in the grip and Lp is the thickness of a part in the grip.
10/6/2016
Page 7 of 19
An even more simplified equation for the grip stiffness can be found if it is assumed that the bolt head
diameter is 50 percent larger than the bolt nominal diameter (i.e. dbh = 1.5dnom ):
Ednom tan
kgrip =
(Lg tan +0.5dnom )
2 ln[5 (L
tan +2.5dnom )
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Bolt Load vs Applied Load

The preload elongates the bolt and compresses the clamped parts. When a tensile load is applied to the joint,
some portion of the applied load acts to relieve the compression in the clamped parts and the other portion
further elongates the bolt. The portion of the applied load that is carried by the bolt is dependent on the
relative stiffness of the bolt and the clamped parts. This relative stiffness is known as the joint constant, C :
C=
kbolt
kbolt + kgrip
The following is a representative diagram of bolt load as a function of the applied joint load:
In the figure above, the x-axis is the tensile load applied to the joint, and the y-axis is the tensile load that
exists in the bolt. When the applied load is zero, the tensile load on the bolt is equal to the preload force. As
load is applied to the joint, the some of the applied load acts to relieve compression in the clamped parts and
some of the applied load acts to increase the tension in the bolt. The bolt load line has a constant slope equal
to the joint constant, C .
The nominal bolt load curve is shown as a thick solid blue line.
The two lighter blue lines running parallel to the nominal
curve are the minimum and maximum bolt load curves. The
minimum curve accounts for preload uncertainty due to
10/6/2016
Page 8 of 19
installation method as well as preload relaxation. The

maximum curve accounts for preload uncertainty. In the
curves above, a preload uncertainty of 25% was used
(corresponding to installation with a torque wrench) along
with a preload relaxation of 10%.
Another curve to note in the figure above is the bolt tensile
yield load line, shown as a horizontal red dashed line. This line
indicates the value of tensile load on the bolt which will result
in yielding. This line accounts for shear and bending, so any
shear force or bending moments acting on the bolt will lower
this line.
View now
View now
Joint Separation
The knee in the curve in the bolt load diagram above shows the point where the joint separates. At this point,
the applied load is sufficient to separate the parts in the joint (all of the compression in the clamped parts has
been relieved), and after this point any load applied to the joint is taken entirely by the bolt. The force that will
result in separation of the joint is found by:
Fsep =
FPL
1C
Note that the separation force will always be somewhat higher than the preload force.
Separation of the joint is a failure criteria, and a joint should be designed such that it will not separate during
service. The factor of safety on separation is found by:
F Ssep =
Fsep
Ft.app
Forces on Bolt
The total tensile force on the bolt is due to 2 components: the preload force and the applied tensile load. The
values of these components for each portion of the bolt load curve are found by:
Joint Not Separated
Joint Separated
FPL
CFt.app
Ft.app
Bolt tension due to preload, Fb.PL :

Bolt tension due to applied load, Fb.t.app :
The total tensile force on the bolt is found by:
Fb.t = Fb.PL + Fb.t.app

The shear force on the bolt is equal to the shear load applied to the joint:
Fb.s = Fs.app
A bending moment could exist in the bolt if there is a gap between the plates (i.e. due to a gasket) or if there
are long spacers used in the joint:
Mb =
Fb.s a
2
where a is the moment arm. More discussion on the bending moment on the bolt is given in the Appendix.
Bolt Stresses
The stresses in the bolt are calculated per the equations shown in the table below:
Preload Stress
PL =
Fb.PL
At
Tensile Stress
t =
Fb.t.app
At
Shear Stress
sh =
Fb.s
As
Bending Stress
bnd =
32Mb
d 3
10/6/2016
Page 9 of 19
where At is the tensile stress area, As is the shear area (either the nominal area if the shear plane is in the
shank or the minor area if the shear plane is in the threads), and d is the either the nominal diameter if the
maximum moment is in the shank or the minor diameter if the maximum moment is in the threads. Since the
maximum moment will occur under the head and at the start of the internal threads, the maximum moment
will typically occur in the bolt threads and so the minor diameter should be used to calculate bending stress.
The von Mises stress is calculated by:
V M = [PL + n(t + bnd )]2 + 3(nsh )2

In the equation above, n is a load factor which is applied to the tensile, bending and shear stress but is not
applied to the preload stress. The load factor is related to the factor of safety, with the difference being that it
is a factor that is applied to the loads or stresses to ensure that the bolt stress remains below the allowable
stress.
The factor of safety can be solved for iteratively by finding the value of the load factor at which the von Mises
stress equals the allowable stress:
FS = [value ofnthat results inV M = allow ]
Thread Shear
Thread shear is calculated for both the external (bolt) thread and for the internal thread.
External Thread Shear

The thread shear area for the external thread is determined from a cylindrical area with a height equal to the
length of thread engagement, LE , and with a diameter equal to the pitch diameter, dp.ext . According to the
Federal Standard, the thread shear area for an external thread is calculated by:
Ats.ext =
5
dp.ext LE
8
In a bolted joint with a nut, as long as the bolt protrudes beyond the end of the nut then the length of thread
engagement can be estimated by the nut height, hnut . In a tapped joint, the depth of the threads in the final
part should be equal to the minimum of the part thickness, tp , or the bolt nominal diameter, dnom , so in this
case the length of thread engagement can be estimated as the minimum of those values. Note that these
estimates do not account for chamfering at the end of the bolt or around the threaded hole in the nut or in
the part.
hnut
estimate for bolted joint with nut
LE =
min(tp , dnom ) estimate for tapped joint
The shear stress in the external threads can be calculated by:
ts.ext =
Fb.t
Ats.ext
where Fb.t is the total tensile force on the bolt, accounting for preload and the portion of the applied tensile
load carried by the bolt.
The factor of safety on external thread shear with respect to the shear yield strength, Ssy of the thread
material can be calculated by:
F Sts.ext =
Ssy
ts.ext
The shear yield strength can typically by estimated as 0.577Sty .
Internal Thread Shear

Internal thread shear is calculated in a similar manner as external thread shear. According to the Federal
Standard, the thread shear area for an internal thread is calculated by:
Ats.int =
3
dp.int LE
4
where dp.int is the pitch diameter of the internal thread and LE is the length of thread engagement, which is
calculated in the same manner as for the external thread shear.
The shear stress in the internal threads can be calculated by:
10/6/2016
Page 10 of 19
Fb.t
ts.int
= to the shear yield strength of the thread material can
The factor of safety on internal thread shear with
respect
Ats.int
be calculated by:
F Sts.int =
Ssy
ts.int
Clamped Part Stresses

Failure of the clamped parts must be investigated when analyzing a bolted joint. There are several principal
failure mechanisms for the clamped parts which are described in the following sections.
Pull Through
The tensile force applied to the joint will act to pull the parts above the location of the applied force through
one another. In the figure below, the bolt head will act to pull through Washer 1, Washer 1 will act to pull
through Plate 1, the Washer 2 will act to pull through Plate 2, and the nut will act to pull through Washer 2.
The relevant equations are:

Area
Apt = do tp
Stress
pt =
Factor of Safety
Ft.app
Apt
FS =
Ssy
pt
In the table above, do is the outer diameter of the part pulling through, tp is the thickness of the part being
considered, Ft.app is the applied tensile force, and Ssy is the shear yield strength of the material for the part
being considered. The shear yield strength can typically by estimated as 0.577Sty .
Bearing
The preload force will act to cause each adjacent part to bear on the others. For example, in the previous
figure the bolt head and Washer 1 will bear against one another, as will Washer 1 and Plate 1.
Area
Abear =
2
(d
dh2 )
4 o.min
Stress
bear =
Fbear
Abear
Factor of Safety
FS =
Sby
bear
In the table above, do.min is the minimum outer diameter of the two parts bearing against one another, dh is
the through-hole diameter of the part being considered, and Sby is the bearing yield strength of the part being
considered.
Fbear is the bearing force. The value for the bearing force on a surface depends on the location of that surface
with respect to the location of the applied tensile force in the joint. In the p revious figure, Surface 3 is inside of
the applied tensile force locations, and so that surface does not experience an increase due to the applied
force. However, Surfaces 1, 2, 4, and 5 are all outside of the applied force locations and do experience an
increase. If the bearing surface is inside of the applied force locations, then the maximum bearing force that
surface experiences is simply the preload force. If the bearing surface is outside of the applied force locations,
then the bearing force is increased by the applied force and the maximum bearing force experience by that
surface is equal to the tensile force in the bolt.
FPL
Fbear =
FPL + Fb.t.app
surface inside of applied force

surface outside of applied force
10/6/2016
Page 11 of 19
Pin Bearing
If the joint is loaded in shear, then the bolt may be pressed against the inner walls of the through-holes in the
clamped parts.
Area
Stress
pb =
Apb = dnom tp
Factor of Safety
Fs.app
Apb
FS =
Sby
pb
In the table above, dnom is the bolt nominal diameter, tp is the part thickness, Fs.app is the applied shear
force, and Sby is the bearing yield strength of the material. The bearing yield strength can typically by
estimated as 1.5Sty .
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Appendix
Hardware Sizes: Unified Inch Screw Thread
This section contains tables of hardware sizes.
Bolt Thread Sizes

The following table of thread sizes for coarse and fine thread was adapted from ASME B1.1:
Coarse Thread (UNC)
Tensile
Threads
Minor
Stress
Per
Area
Area
Inch
[in 2]
2
[in ]
Fine Thread (UNF)

Tensile
Threads
Minor
Stress
Per
Area
Area
Inch
[in 2]
2
[in ]
Size
Nominal
(Major)
Diameter
[in]
#0
0.0600
---
---
---
80
0.00180
0.00151
#2
0.0860
56
0.00370
0.00310
64
0.00394
0.00339
#4
0.1120
40
0.00604
0.00496
48
0.00661
0.00566
#5
0.1250
40
0.00796
0.00672
44
0.00830
0.00716
#6
0.1380
32
0.00909
0.00745
40
0.01015
0.00874
#8
0.1640
32
0.0140
0.01196
36
0.01474
0.01285
#10
0.1900
24
0.0175
0.01450
32
0.0200
0.0175
1/4"
0.2500
20
0.0318
0.0269
28
0.0364
0.0326
5/16"
0.3125
18
0.0524
0.0454
24
0.0580
0.0524
3/8"
0.3750
16
0.0775
0.0678
24
0.0878
0.0809
7/16"
0.4375
14
0.1063
0.0933
20
0.1187
0.1090
1/2"
0.5000
13
0.1419
0.1257
20
0.1599
0.1486
9/16"
0.5625
12
0.182
0.162
18
0.203
0.189
5/8"
0.6250
11
0.226
0.202
18
0.256
0.240
3/4"
0.7500
10
0.334
0.302
16
0.373
0.351
7/8"
0.8750
0.462
0.419
14
0.509
0.480
1"
1.0000
0.606
0.551
12
0.663
0.625
1-1/8"
1.1250
0.763
0.693
12
0.856
0.812
1-1/4"
1.2500
0.969
0.890
12
1.073
1.024
1-3/8"
1.3750
1.155
1.054
12
1.315
1.260
1-1/2"
1.5000
1.405
1.294
12
1.581
1.521
10/6/2016
Page 12 of 19
1-3/4"
1.7500
1.90
1.74
---
---
---
2"
2.0000
4.5
2.50
2.30
---
---
---
Minimum Clearance Hole Diameters

The following table of clearance holes was adapted from ASME B18.2.8. The minimum hole diameters are
given.
Bolt Size
#0
Bolt Dia. [in]

0.0600
Normal Fit [in]

0.076
Close Fit [in]

0.067
Loose Fit [in]

0.094
#2
0.0860
0.102
0.094
0.116
#4
0.1120
0.128
0.120
0.144
#5
0.1250
0.156
0.141
0.172
#6
0.1380
0.170
0.154
0.185
#8
0.1640
0.196
0.180
0.213
#10
0.1900
0.221
0.206
0.238
1/4"
0.2500
0.281
0.266
0.297
5/16"
0.3125
0.344
0.328
0.359
3/8"
0.3750
0.406
0.391
0.422
7/16"
0.4375
0.469
0.453
0.484
1/2"
0.5000
0.562
0.531
0.609
5/8"
0.6250
0.688
0.656
0.734
3/4"
0.7500
0.812
0.781
0.906
7/8"
0.8750
0.938
0.906
1.031
1"
1.0000
1.094
1.031
1.156
1-1/8"
1.1250
1.219
1.156
1.312
1-1/4"
1.2500
1.344
1.281
1.438
1-3/8"
1.3750
1.500
1.438
1.609
1-1/2"
1.5000
1.625
1.562
1.734
Bolt Thread Length

Per ASME B18.2.1, the nominal thread length of inch-series bolts can be found by:
2dnom + 1 in
4
Lthd =
1
2dnom + 2 in
L 6in
L > 6in
where L is the total bolt length and dnom is the nominal bolt diameter.
Hex Bolt Head Dimensions
The following table of hex bolt head dimensions was adapted from ASME B18.6.3, Table 29, "Dimensions of
Plain (Unslotted) and Slotted Regular and Large Hex Head Screws." This table is used for smaller size
hardware.
Width Across Flats
Maximum [in]
Minimum [in]
0.120
0.125
Head Height
Minimum [in]
Maximum [in]
0.040
0.050
Size
Nominal (Major)
Diameter [in]
#2
0.0860
#4
0.1120
0.181
0.188
0.049
0.060
#6
0.1380
0.244
0.250
0.080
0.093
#8
0.1640
0.244
0.250
0.096
0.110
#10
0.1900
0.305
0.312
0.105
0.120
1/4"
0.2500
0.367
0.375
0.172
0.190
5/16"
0.3125
0.489
0.500
0.208
0.230
3/8"
0.3750
0.551
0.562
0.270
0.295
The following table of hex bolt head dimensions was adapted from ASME B18.2.1, Table 2, "Dimensions of Hex
Bolts."
Size
Nominal (Major)
Diameter [in]
1/4"
0.2500
Width Across Flats

Minimum [in]
Nominal [in]
7/16"
(0.438)
0.425
Head Height
Nominal [in]
Minimum [in]
11/64"
0.150
5/16"
0.3125
1/2"
(0.500)
0.484
7/32"
0.195
3/8"
0.3750
9/16"
(0.562)
0.544
1/4"
0.226
10/6/2016
Page 13 of 19
7/16"
0.4375
5/8"
(0.625)
0.603
19/64"
0.272
1/2"
0.5000
3/4"
(0.750)
0.725
11/32"
0.302
5/8"
0.6250
15/16"
(0.938)
0.906
27/64"
0.378
3/4"
0.7500
1-1/8"
(1.125)
1.088
1/2"
0.455
7/8"
0.8750
1-5/16"
(1.312)
1.269
37/64"
0.531
1"
1.0000
1-1/2"
(1.500)
1.450
43/64"
0.591
1-1/8"
1.1250
1-11/16"
(1.688)
1.631
3/4"
0.658
1-1/4"
1.2500
1-7/8"
(1.875)
1.812
27/32"
0.749
1-3/8"
1.3750
2-1/16"
(2.062)
1.994
29/32"
0.810
1-1/2"
1.5000
2-1/4"
(2.250)
2.175
1"
0.902
1-5/8"
1.6250
2-7/16"
(2.438)
2.356
1-3/32"
0.978
1-3/4"
1.7500
2-5/8"
(2.625)
2.538
1-5/32"
1.054
1-7/8"
1.8750
2-13/16"
(2.812)
2.719
1-1/4"
1.130
2"
2.0000
3"
(3.000)
2.900
1-11/32"
1.175
Hex Nut Dimensions

The following table of hex nut dimensions was adapted from ASME B18.2.2, Table 1-1, "Dimensions of Square
and Hex Machine Screw Nuts." This table is used for smaller size hardware.
Size
Nominal (Major)
Diameter [in]
#0
0.060
Width Across Flats

Minimum [in]
Nominal [in]
5/32" (0.156)
0.150
Thickness
Minimum [in]
Maximum [in]
0.043
0.050
#2
0.086
3/16"
(0.188)
0.180
0.057
0.066
#4
0.112
1/4"
(0.250)
0.241
0.087
0.098
#6
0.138
5/16"
(0.312)
0.302
0.102
0.114
#8
0.164
11/32" (0.344)
0.332
0.117
0.130
#10
0.190
3/8"
(0.375)
0.362
0.117
0.130
0.193
1/4"
0.250
7/16"
(0.438)
0.423
0.178
5/16"
0.312
9/16"
(0.562)
0.545
0.208
0.225
3/8"
0.375
5/8"
(0.625)
0.607
0.239
0.257
The following table of hex nut dimensions was adapted from ASME B18.2.2, Table 4, "Dimensions of Hex Nuts
and Hex Jam Nuts."
Size
Nominal (Major)
Diameter [in]
1/4"
0.2500
Width Across Flats

Maximum [in]
Minimum [in]
0.428
0.438
Thickness
Minimum [in]
Maximum [in]
0.212
0.226
5/16"
0.3125
0.489
0.500
0.258
0.273
3/8"
0.3750
0.551
0.563
0.320
0.337
7/16"
0.4375
0.675
0.688
0.365
0.385
1/2"
0.5000
0.736
0.750
0.427
0.448
9/16"
0.5625
0.861
0.875
0.473
0.496
5/8"
0.6250
0.922
0.938
0.535
0.559
3/4"
0.7500
1.088
1.125
0.617
0.665
7/8"
0.8750
1.269
1.312
0.724
0.776
1"
1.0000
1.450
1.500
0.831
0.887
1-1/8"
1.1250
1.631
1.688
0.939
0.999
1-1/4"
1.2500
1.812
1.875
1.030
1.094
1-3/8"
1.3750
1.994
2.062
1.138
1.206
1-1/2"
1.5000
2.175
2.250
1.245
1.317
1-5/8"
1.6250
2.350
2.430
1.364
1.416
1-3/4"
1.7500
2.538
2.625
1.460
1.540
1-7/8"
1.8750
2.722
2.813
1.567
1.651
2"
2.0000
2.900
3.000
1.675
1.763
Flat Washer Dimensions

The following table of flat washer dimensions was adapted from ASME B18.21.1, Table 11 for Type A Plain
Washers. Type A washers come in 2 series: Narrow and Wide.
Size
Basic Dia. [in]
Series
#0
0.0600
---
Inner Dia,
Basic [in]
0.078
Outer Dia,
Basic [in]
0.188
Thickness,
Basic [in]
0.020
10/6/2016
Page 14 of 19
#2
0.0860
---
0.094
0.250
0.020
#4
0.1120
---
0.125
0.312
0.032
#6
0.1380
---
0.156
0.375
0.049
#8
0.1640
---
0.188
0.438
0.049
#10
0.1900
---
0.219
0.500
0.049
1/4"
0.2500
Narrow
0.281
0.625
0.065
1/4"
0.2500
Wide
0.312
0.734
0.065
5/16"
0.3125
Narrow
0.344
0.688
0.065
5/16"
0.3125
Wide
0.375
0.875
0.083
3/8"
0.3750
Narrow
0.406
0.812
0.065
3/8"
0.3750
Wide
0.438
1.000
0.083
7/16"
0.4375
Narrow
0.469
0.922
0.065
7/16"
0.4375
Wide
0.500
1.250
0.083
1/2"
0.5000
Narrow
0.531
1.062
0.095
1/2"
0.5000
Wide
0.562
1.375
0.109
9/16"
0.5625
Narrow
0.594
1.156
0.095
9/16"
0.5625
Wide
0.625
1.469
0.109
5/8"
0.6250
Narrow
0.656
1.312
0.095
5/8"
0.6250
Wide
0.688
1.750
0.134
3/4"
0.7500
Narrow
0.812
1.469
0.134
3/4"
0.7500
Wide
0.812
2.000
0.148
7/8"
0.8750
Narrow
0.938
1.750
0.134
7/8"
0.8750
Wide
0.938
2.250
0.165
1"
1.0000
Narrow
1.062
2.000
0.134
1"
1.0000
Wide
1.062
2.500
0.165
1-1/8"
1.1250
Narrow
1.250
2.250
0.134
1-1/8"
1.1250
Wide
1.250
2.750
0.165
1-1/4"
1.2500
Narrow
1.375
2.500
0.165
1-1/4"
1.2500
Wide
1.375
3.000
0.165
1-3/8"
1.3750
Narrow
1.500
2.750
0.165
1-3/8"
1.3750
Wide
1.500
3.250
0.180
1-1/2"
1.5000
Narrow
1.625
3.000
0.165
1-1/2"
1.5000
Wide
1.625
3.500
0.180
1-5/8"
1.6250
---
1.750
3.750
0.180
1-3/4"
1.7500
---
1.875
4.000
0.180
1-7/8"
1.8750
---
2.000
4.250
0.180
2"
2.0000
---
2.125
4.500
0.180
Hardware Sizes: Metric Screw Thread

This section contains tables of hardware sizes.
Bolt Thread Sizes

The following table of thread sizes for coarse and fine pitch thread was created using the standard sizes from
ASME B1.13M. Coarse pitch threads are preferred and should be used whenever possible, as stated in ASME
B1.13M. The thread equations given previously (/reference/bolted-joint-analysis#thread-dimensions) for
tensile stress area and for minor area were used in constructing the table.
The thread size designation for metric thread is given as "M[dia]x[pitch]". For example, a thread with a
nominal diameter of 6 mm and a pitch of 1 mm is designated as "M6x1."
Nominal
(Major)
Diameter
[mm]
Pitch
[mm]
Coarse Pitch
Tensile
Stress
Area [mm 2]
1.270
Minor
Area
[mm 2]
1.076
Pitch
[mm]
---
Fine Pitch
Tensile
Stress
Area [mm 2]
---
Minor
Area
[mm 2]
---
1.6
0.35
0.4
2.073
1.789
---
---
2.5
0.45
3.391
2.980
---
---
---
0.5
5.031
4.473
---
---
---
---
3.5
0.6
6.775
6.000
---
---
---
0.7
8.779
7.750
---
---
---
0.8
14.18
12.68
---
---
---
20.12
17.89
---
---
---
1.25
36.61
32.84
39.17
36.03
10/6/2016
Page 15 of 19
10
1.5
57.99
52.29
1.25
61.20
12
1.75
84.27
76.25
1.25
92.07
56.30
86.04
14
115.4
104.7
1.5
124.5
116.1
16
156.7
144.1
1.5
167.2
157.5
20
2.5
244.8
225.2
1.5
271.5
259.0
24
352.5
324.3
384.4
364.6
30
3.5
560.6
519.0
621.2
596.0
36
816.7
759.3
914.5
883.8
42
4.5
1121
1045
1264
1228
48
1473
1377
1671
1629
56
5.5
2030
1905
2301
2252
64
2676
2520
3031
2975
72
3460
3282
3862
3799
80
4344
4144
1.5
4851
4798
90
5591
5364
6099
6020
100
6995
6740
7562
7473
110
---
---
---
9182
9084
Minimum Clearance Hole Diameters

The following table of clearance holes was adapted from ASME B18.2.8. The minimum hole diameters are
given. This table also matches the table of recommended clearance holes from ASME B18.2.3.1M.
Bolt Size
M1.6
Normal Fit [mm]

1.8
Close Fit [mm]

1.7
Loose Fit [mm]

2
2.6
M2
2.4
2.2
M2.5
2.9
2.7
3.1
M3
3.4
3.2
3.6
M4
4.5
4.3
4.8
M5
5.5
5.3
5.8
M6
6.6
6.4
M8
8.4
10
M10
11
10.5
12
M12
13.5
13
14.5
M14
15.5
15
16.5
M16
17.5
17
18.5
M20
22
21
24
M24
26
25
28
M30
33
31
35
M36
39
37
42
M42
45
43
48
M48
52
50
56
M56
62
58
66
M64
70
66
74
M72
78
74
82
M80
86
82
91
M90
96
93
101
M100
107
104
112
Bolt Thread Length

Per ASME B18.2.3.1M, Table 7, "Thread Lengths," the nominal thread length of metric bolts can be found by:
2dnom + 6mm
Lthd =
2dnom + 12mm
2dnom + 25mm
L 125mm,
dnom 30mm
125 < L 200mm, dnom 48mm
L > 200mm
where L is the total bolt length and dnom is the nominal bolt diameter.
Hex Bolt Head Dimensions
The following table of hex bolt head dimensions was adapted from ASME B18.6.7M, Table 14, "Dimensions of
Hex Head Machine Screws." This table is used for smaller size hardware.
Width Across Flats
Head Height
10/6/2016
Page 16 of 19
Nominal Diameter
and Thread Pitch
Minimum [mm]
Maximum [mm]
Minimum [mm]
Maximum [mm]
1.6
M2 x 0.4
3.02
3.20
1.3
M2.5 x 0.45
3.82
4.00
1.8
2.1
M3 x 0.5
4.82
5.00
2.0
2.3
M3.5 x 0.6
5.32
5.50
2.3
2.6
M4 x 0.7
6.78
7.00
2.6
3.0
M5 x 0.8
7.78
8.00
3.3
3.8
M6 x 1
9.78
10.00
4.1
4.7
M8 x 1.25
12.73
13.00
5.2
6.0
M10 x 1.5
15.73
16.00
6.5
7.5
M12 x 1.75
17.73
18.00
7.8
9.0
The following table of hex bolt head dimensions was adapted from ASME B18.2.3.1M, Table 3, "Dimensions of
Hex Cap Screws."
Nominal Diameter
and Thread Pitch
M5 x 0.8
Width Across Flats

Maximum [mm]
Minimum [mm]
7.78
8.00
Head Height
Minimum [mm]
Maximum [mm]
3.35
3.65
M6 x 1
9.78
10
3.85
4.15
M8 x 1.25
12.73
13.00
5.10
5.50
M10 x 1.5
15.73
16.00
6.17
6.63
M12 x 1.75
17.73
18.00
7.24
7.76
M14 x 2
20.67
21.00
8.51
9.09
10.32
M16 x 2
23.67
24.00
9.68
M20 x 2.5
29.16
30.00
12.12
12.88
M24 x 3
35.00
36.00
14.46
15.44
M30 x 3.5
45.00
46.00
17.92
19.48
M36 x 4
53.80
55.00
21.62
23.38
M42 x 4.5
62.90
65.00
25.03
26.97
M48 x 5
72.60
75.00
28.93
31.07
M56 x 5.5
82.20
85.00
33.80
36.20
M64 x 6
91.80
95.00
38.68
41.32
M72 x 6
101.40
105.00
43.55
46.45
M80 x 6
111.00
115.00
48.42
51.58
M90 x 6
125.50
130.00
54.26
57.75
M100 x 6
140.00
145.00
60.10
63.90
Hex Nut Dimensions

The following table of hex nut dimensions was adapted from ASME B18.2.4.1M, Table 1, "Dimensions of Hex
Nuts, Style 1." For further reference, also see ASME B18.2.4.2M, Table 1, "Dimensions of Hex Nuts, Style 2.".
Nominal Diameter
and Thread Pitch
M1.6 x 0.35
Width Across Flats

Maximum [mm]
Minimum [mm]
3.02
3.20
Thickness
Minimum [mm]
Maximum [mm]
1.05
1.30
M2 x 0.4
3.82
4.00
1.35
M2.5 x 0.45
4.82
5.00
1.75
1.60
2.00
M3 x 0.5
5.32
5.50
2.15
2.40
M3.5 x 0.6
5.82
6.00
2.55
2.80
M4 x 0.7
6.78
7.00
2.90
3.20
M5 x 0.8
7.78
8.00
4.40
4.70
M6 x 1
9.78
10.00
4.90
5.20
M8 x 1.25
12.73
13.00
6.44
6.80
M10 x 1.5
15.73
16.00
8.04
8.40
M12 x 1.75
17.73
18.00
10.37
10.80
M14 x 2
20.67
21.00
12.10
12.80
M16 x 2
23.67
24.00
14.10
14.80
M20 x 2.5
29.16
30.00
16.90
18.00
M24 x 3
35.00
36.00
20.20
21.50
M30 x 3.5
45.00
46.00
24.30
25.60
M36 x 4
53.80
55.00
29.40
31.00
10/6/2016
Page 17 of 19
Flat Washer Dimensions

The following table of flat washer dimensions was adapted from ASME B18.22M, Table 1, "Dimensions of
Metric Plain Washers (General Purpose)." Plain washers come in 3 series: Regular, Narrow, and Wide.
Nominal
Size
Series
Inner Diameter
Max
Min
[mm]
[mm]
Outer Diameter
Max
Min
[mm]
[mm]
Thickness
Max
Min
[mm]
[mm]
M1.6
Narrow
1.95
2.09
3.70
4.00
0.50
0.70
M1.6
Regular
1.95
2.09
4.70
5.00
0.50
0.70
M1.6
Wide
1.95
2.09
5.70
6.00
0.60
0.90
M2
Narrow
2.50
2.64
4.70
5.00
0.60
0.90
M2
Regular
2.50
2.64
5.70
6.00
0.60
0.90
M2
Wide
2.50
2.64
7.64
8.00
0.60
0.90
M2.5
Narrow
3.00
3.14
5.70
6.00
0.60
0.90
M2.5
Regular
3.00
3.14
7.64
8.00
0.60
0.90
M2.5
Wide
3.00
3.14
9.64
10.00
0.80
1.20
M3
Narrow
3.50
3.68
6.64
7.00
0.60
0.90
M3
Regular
3.50
3.68
9.64
10.00
0.80
1.20
M3
Wide
3.50
3.68
11.57
12.00
1.00
1.40
M3.5
Narrow
4.00
4.18
8.64
9.00
0.80
1.20
M3.5
Regular
4.00
4.18
9.64
10.00
1.00
1.40
M3.5
Wide
4.00
4.18
14.57
15.00
1.20
1.75
M4
Narrow
4.70
4.88
9.64
10.00
0.80
1.20
M4
Regular
4.70
4.88
11.57
12.00
1.00
1.40
M4
Wide
4.70
4.88
15.57
16.00
1.60
2.30
M5
Narrow
5.60
5.78
10.57
11.00
1.00
1.40
M5
Regular
5.60
5.78
14.57
15.00
1.20
1.75
M5
Wide
5.60
5.78
19.48
20.00
1.60
2.30
M6
Narrow
6.65
6.87
12.57
13.00
1.20
1.75
M6
Regular
6.65
6.87
18.28
18.80
1.20
1.75
M6
Wide
6.65
6.87
24.88
25.40
1.60
2.30
M8
Narrow
8.90
9.12
18.28
18.80
1.60
2.30
M8
Regular
8.90
9.12
24.88
25.40
1.60
2.30
M8
Wide
8.90
9.12
31.38
32.00
2.00
2.80
M10
Narrow
10.85
11.12
19.48
20.00
1.60
2.30
M10
Regular
10.85
11.12
27.48
28.00
2.00
2.80
M10
Wide
10.85
11.12
38.38
39.00
2.50
3.50
M12
Narrow
13.30
13.57
24.88
25.40
2.00
2.80
M12
Regular
13.30
13.57
33.38
34.00
2.50
3.50
M12
Wide
13.30
13.57
43.38
44.00
2.50
3.50
M14
Narrow
15.25
15.52
27.48
28.00
2.00
2.80
M14
Regular
15.25
15.52
38.38
39.00
2.50
3.50
M14
Wide
15.25
15.52
49.38
50.00
3.00
4.00
M16
Narrow
17.25
17.52
31.38
32.00
2.50
3.50
M16
Regular
17.25
17.52
43.38
44.00
3.00
4.00
M16
Wide
17.25
17.68
54.80
56.00
3.50
4.60
M20
Narrow
21.80
22.13
38.38
39.00
3.00
4.00
M20
Regular
21.80
22.32
49.00
50.00
3.50
4.60
M20
Wide
21.80
22.32
64.80
66.00
4.00
5.10
M24
Narrow
25.60
26.12
43.00
44.00
3.50
4.60
M24
Regular
25.60
26.12
54.80
56.00
4.00
5.10
M24
Wide
25.60
26.12
70.80
72.00
4.50
5.60
M30
Narrow
32.40
33.02
54.80
56.00
4.00
5.10
M30
Regular
32.40
33.02
70.80
72.00
4.50
5.60
M30
Wide
32.40
33.02
88.60
90.00
5.00
6.40
M36
Narrow
38.30
38.92
64.80
66.00
4.50
5.60
M36
Regular
38.30
38.92
88.60
90.00
5.00
6.40
M36
Wide
38.30
38.92
108.60
110.00
7.00
8.50
10/6/2016
Page 18 of 19
Maximum Bending Moment on Bolt

The maximum bending moment on a bolt is given by:
Mb =
Fs a
2
where Fs is the applied shear force and a is the moment arm.

A bolt can be modeled as a beam with a fixed boundary condition at one end and a guided boundary
condition at the other end. In the model below, the left end of the bolt is fixed (all degrees of freedom fixed)
and the right end is guided (rotation and x-translation are fixed, but free to translate in y). A shear force of 100
lbf is applied to the right end.
The Free Body Diagram (FBD) and deformed mesh for this case are shown below. If the model above were a
cantilever beam, the moment due to the applied force would be taken entirely at the single fixed end.
However, because the model is fixed against rotation at both ends, the moment is shared between the two
ends of the bolt.
The Shear-Moment Diagram for this case is shown below:
10/6/2016
Page 19 of 19
References
General References:
1. Barrett, Richard T., "Fastener Design Manual," NASA Reference Publication 1228, 1990.
2. Budynas-Nisbett, "Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design," 8th Ed.
(https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0073398209/ref=as_li_ss_tl?
ie=UTF8&linkCode=ll1&tag=mechanicalc-20&linkId=5d7e071a972dd7327eff8408c2f81fb0)
3. Machinery's Handbook, 27th Ed., Industrial Press Inc., 2004. (https://www.amazon.com/MachinerysHandbook-Toolbox-Erik-Oberg/dp/0831130911/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&linkCode=ll1&tag=mechanicalc20&linkId=8e001a76d8f77c8cad794b1b8c9b0631)
4. Lindeburg, Michael R., "Mechanical Engineering Reference Manual for the PE Exam," 13th Ed.
(https://www.amazon.com/Mechanical-Engineering-Reference-ManualExam/dp/1591264146/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&linkCode=ll1&tag=mechanicalc20&linkId=8ae9176e3402e77385811af031fcac0d)
Specifications and Standards:
1. ASME B1.1, "Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form)," The American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, 2003.
2. ASME B18.2.1, "Square, Hex, Heavy Hex, and Askew Head Bolts and Hex, Heavy Hex, Hex Flange, Lobed
Head, and Lag Screws (Inch Series)," The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012.
3. ASME B18.2.2, "Nuts for General Applications: Machine Screw Nuts, Hex, Square, Hex Flange, and
Coupling Nuts (Inch Series)," The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010.
4. ASME B18.2.8, "Clearance Holes for Bolts, Screws, and Studs," The American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, 1999.
5. ASME B18.21.1, "Washers: Helical Spring-Lock, Tooth Lock, and Plain Washers (Inch Series)," The
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009.
6. FED-STD-H28/2B, "Screw-Thread Standards for Federal Services," Federal Standard, 1991.
2016 MechaniCalc,
Inc.
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