Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mr.Ketan Atkal(3133001)
Mr.Akash Chatlani(3133012)
Mr.Sagar Bhimra(3133009)
Project guide:
Prof. R.D.Komati
Year: 2015-2016
MAEERS MIT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUNE
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
MAEERs
MIT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUNE.
CERTIFICATE
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Mr.Ketan Atkal(3133001)
Mr.Akash Chatlani(3133012)
Mr.Sagar Bhimra(3133009)
During the academic year 2015- 2016 in partial fulfilment of their
course of mini project for third year in
Electronics and Telecommunication as per the syllabus prescribed by the
Savitribai Phule University of Pune.
Prof.R.D.Komati
Project Guide
Prof.R.D.Komati
Mini Project Coordinator
Prof.Dr.V.V.Shete
Head of Department
(Electronics and Telecommunication)
Acknowledgment
We student of class TE E&TC owe a great thanks to a great many people who helped and
supported us during this project .Our deepest thanks to Project guide Prof. R.D.Komati
for guiding and correcting us with attention and care.
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He has been helpful to go through the project and make necessary correction as and when required.
We express our thanks to the principal for extending his support in letting us take this opportunity.
Our thanks and appreciation also goes to my people who have willingly helped me out with their
abilities.
INDEX
No.
TOPIC
Page no.
Chapter 1 :
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Application
1.3
Future scope
2.1
Basic Components
2.1.1
PIC18F4520 microcontroller
2.1.2
2.1.3
10
2.1.4
14
2.1.5
15
2.1.6
Relay
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2.1.7
RS232D
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3.1
Block Diagram
21
3.2
Block description
22
4.1
Working
24
4.2
Conclusion
26
4.3
References
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List of Figure:
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Fig No.
Topic
Page No.
2.1
PIC18F4520 Microcontroller
2.2
2.3
10
2.4
Humidity Sensor
14
2.5
Relay
16
2.6
RS323D
20
3.1
Block Diagram
21
3.2
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1.2 Application:
1) To identify vehicles which causes pollution automatically.
2) automated system which can replace manual system.
3) both government and owner of vehicle will know if vehicle emitting beyond limit.
1.3Future scope:
1. Automated system
2. Can be replace PUC test of now a days
3. Must for sustainable developement
Advantages:
The PIC architectures have these advantages:
RISC architecture
Easy entry level, in circuit programming plus in circuit debugging PICKit units available for less than
$50
Inexpensive microcontrollers.
Wide range of interfaces including IC, SPI, USB, USART, A/D, programmable comparators, PWM,
LIN, CAN, PSP, and Ethernet
Availability of processors in DIL package make them easy to handle for hobby use.
Device Features:
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APPLICATION
They are used in gas detecting equipment for carbon monoxide(CO) in vehicles and industry
SPECIFICATIONS
A. Standard work condition
B. Sensitivity characteristic
Standard circuit
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OPERATION PRINCIPLE
. The surface resistance of the sensor Rs is obtained through effected voltage signal output of the
load resistance RL which series-wound. The relationship between them is described:
Rs\RL = (Vc-VRL) / VRL
Fig. 5 shows alterable situation of RL signal output measured by using Fig. 2 circuit output
signal when the sensor is shifted from clean air to carbon monoxide (CO) , output signal
measurement is made within one or two complete heating period (2.5 minute from high voltage
to low voltage ).
Sensitive layer of MQ-7 gas sensitive components is made of SnO2 with stability, So, it has
excellent long term stability. Its service life can reach 5 years under using condition.
SENSITVITY ADJUSTMENT
Resistance value of MQ-7 is difference to various kinds and various concentration gases. So, When
using this components, sensitivity adjustment is very necessary. we recommend that you calibrate the
detector for 200ppm CO in air and use value of Load resistance that( RL) about 10 K(5K to 47 K).
When accurately measuring, the proper alarm point for the gas detector should be determined after
considering the temperature and humidity influence. The sensitivity adjusting program:
a. Connect the sensor to the application circuit.
b. Turn on the power, keep preheating through electricity over 48 hours.
c. Adjust the load resistance RL until you get a signal value which is respond to a certain
carbon monoxide concentration at the end point of 90 seconds.
d. Adjust the another load resistance RL until you get a signal value which is respond to a CO
concentratiom
of soil moisture during critical plant growth stages. Besides agriculture, there are many other disciplines
using soil moisture sensors. Golf courses are now using sensors to increase the efficiencies of their
irrigation systems to prevent over watering and leaching of fertilizers and other chemicals offsite. In order
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to get precise readings, our soil moisture sensors are made with materials that are not corrosive and are
resistant to electricity.
Water content or moisture content is the quantity of water contained in a material, such as soil (called soil
moisture), rock, ceramics, fruit, or wood. Water content is used in a wide range of scientific and technical
areas, and is expressed as a ratio, which can range from 0 (completely dry) to the value of the
materials' porosity at saturation. It can be given on a volumetric or mass (gravimetric) basis.
soil moisture sensor probes enable precise low cost monitoring of soil water content.
Because our probe measures the dielectric constant of the soil using transmission line
techniques, it is insensitive to water salinity, and will not corrode over time as does
conductivity based probes. Our probes are small, rugged, and low power.
Compared to other low cost sensor such as gypsum block sensors, our probes offer a
rapid response time. They can be inserted and take an accurate reading in under 1
second.
Environmental monitoring.
Insensitive to salinity.
Small size.
Precise measurement.
Probe is long and slender for wider use, including smaller potted plants.
< 7Ma
Supply Voltage
3.3V to 20 VDC.
Dimensions
400 ms
Output Impedance
100K ohms
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Operational Temperature
-40C to 85C
Accuracy
< 1%
Output
Shell Color
Red
Ground
Red
Black
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Specifications:
ITEMS
Rated voltage
Rated power
Operating temperature
Operating humidity
Storage humidity
Storage temperature
Accuracy
SY-HS-230A
DC 5.0
<=3.0mA
0 60 degree C
10 90% RH
Within 955 RH
-30 ~ 85 degree C
5%RH(At 25 degree C , 60%RH)
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Real-Time Clock (RTC) Counts Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Date of the Month, Month, Day of the
week, and Year with Leap-Year Compensation Valid Up to 2100
IC Serial Interface
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2.5 Relay
We need to control the values of temperature. For this purpose we need to drive a fan and heater. We are
going to use Relay for this purpose.
Relays are used throughout the automobile. Relays which come in assorted sizes, ratings, and applications,
are used as remote control switches. A typical vehicle can have 20 relays or more.
RELAY APPLICATIONS:
Relays are remote control electrical switches that are controlled by another switch, such as a horn switch or
a computer as in a power train control module. Relays allow a small current flow circuit to control a higher
current circuit. Several designs of relays are in use today, 3-pin, 4-pin, 5-pin, and 6-pin, single switch or
dual switches.
RELAY OPERATION
All relays operate using the same basic principle. Our example will use a commonly used 4 - pin relay.
Relays have two circuits: A control circuit (shown in GREEN) and a load circuit (shown in RED). The
control circuit has a small control coil while the load circuit has a switch. The coil controls the operation of
the switch.
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RELAY OPERATION:
When no voltage is applied to pin 1, there is no current flow through the coil. No current means no
magnetic field is developed, and the switch is open. When voltage is supplied to pin 1, current flow though
the coil creates the magnetic field needed to close the switch allowing continuity between pins 2 and 4.
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2.6RS-232
RS232 is the most known serial port used in transmitting the data in communication and interface.
Even though serial port is harder to program than the parallel port, this is the most effective method in
which the data transmission requires less wires that yields to the less cost. The RS232 is the
communication line which enables the data transmission by only using three wire links. The three links
provides transmit, receive and common ground. The transmit and receive line on this connecter send
and receive data between the computers. As the name indicates, the data is transmitted serially. The two
pins are TXD & RXD. There are other lines on this port as RTS, CTS, DSR, DTR, and RTS, RI. The 1
and 0 are the data which defines a voltage level of 3V to 25V and -3V to -25V respectively.
The electrical characteristics of the serial port as per the EIA (Electronics Industry Association) RS232C
Standard specifies a maximum baud rate of 20,000bps, which is slow compared to todays standard speed.
For this reason, we have chosen the new RS-232D Standard, which was recently released. The RS-232D
has existed in two types. i.e., D-TYPE 25 pin connector and D-TYPE 9 pin connector, which are male
connectors on the back of the PC. You need a female connector on your communication from Host to
Guest computer.
D-Type-9
Pin outs
Function
RD
TD
RTS
pin no.
CTS
DSR
SG
Signal ground
DCD
DTR
RI
RS232 Protocol:
IBM introduced the DB-9 RS-232 version of serial I/O standard, which is most widely used in
PCs and several devices. In RS232, high and low bits are represented by flowing voltage
ranges:
The range -3V to +3V is undefined. The TTL standards came a long time after the RS232
standard was set. Due to this reason RS232 voltage levels are not compatible with TTL logic.
Therefore, while connecting an RS232 to microcontroller system, a voltage converter is
required. This converter converts the microcontroller output level to the RS232 voltage levels,
and vice versa. IC MAX232, also known as line driver, is very commonly used for this
purpose.
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2] sensors:
this sensors sense the level of CO, NO and gives the corresponding analog signal to signal
conditioner.
3] Power supply:
This is used to give power to circuit.
4] GSM:
GSM module use to send message by taking input from microcontroller to specific number provided
by us.
5] Alarm:
When gas level crosses limit then buzzer will sound.
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1. Temperature
We have used LM35 sensor to determine the temperature change in the atmosphere output voltage varies
according to change in temperature but this voltage change is very small and hence need a amplification
for further use, for this we have connected its output to IC LM 358 which is an OP-AMP IC I t amplifies
the voltage output of LM 35 and give it to ADC for conversion.ADC will convert the analog output to
Digital form and give it to the Microcontroller for further use ,We have used PIC18F4520 Microcontroller
in our project , It is programmed in the following manner :
1. If temperature decreased below predefined threshold level, then the Heater Fan will be in ON state
2. If temperature increased above predefined threshold level, then the Heater Fan will be in OFF state
In this way we are controlling the temperature level in surrounding of plants and hence protecting
them from getting burned.
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4.2Conclusions
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In this project, we focused on sensing and controlling temperature of green house and moisture content
of soil with the help of sensors. We also used humidity sensors to sense the humidity of air and indicate if
it is less than required that is dryness of air is sense.
Reference:
1. http://www.microchip.com/wwwproducts/Devices.aspx?dDocName=en010296
2. www.datasheetarchieve.com
3. www.maxim-ic.com
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4. www.alldatasheet.com/
5. www.nxp.com/-Philips
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