Professional Documents
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SECOND EDI TI ON
Clear explanat ions for real sit uat ions
Intermediate to Upper-intermediate
MACMILLAN
|P
Advanced
CEF B2/ C
BEC Hig her
TOEFL 235- 275
TOEIC 701- 910
BULATS 75- 89
Th e w h ol e of bu si n e ss i n one book
Interm ediate/
Upper Intermediate
------------Business
CEFB1 / B2
BEC Vant age
TOEFL 176- 234
TOEIC 541- 700
BULATS 60- 74
Pre- intermediate/
Intermediate
Vocabulary Builder
90
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V # *
CEF A2/ B1
BEC Pr elim inary
TOEFL 126- 175
TOEIC 381- 540
BULATS 40- 59
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by Paul Emmerson
As
MACMILLAN
Networking
in E nglish
Present at ions
in E nglish
Also available:
Telephone
English
En g l i s h
Paul Emmerson
Business
Grammar
Builder
2nd edition
Intermediate to Upper-intermediate
Clear explanations for real situations
MACMILLAN
Contents
L IST OF G RA M M A R T ERM S
Pr esen t t i m e 1
10
Pr esen t t i m e 2
14
Past t i m e 1
18
Past t i m e 2
22
26
30
Fu t u r e 1
34
Fu t u r e 2
38
42
46
PA SSIVES
9
Passi ve 1
10 Passi ve 2
to be born
M OD A LS AN D RELATED VERBS
11 M o d als, et c. 1
50
12 M o d al s, et c. 2
54
13 M o d al s, et c. 3
58
14 M o d al s, et c. 4
62
66
QUESTIONS
15 Qu est io n s 1
70
17 Co n d i t i o n al s 1
74
18 Co n d i t i o n al s 2
78
16 Qu est io n s 2
CONDITIONALS
82
20 Ver b + - ing o r i n f i n i t i v e 2
86
21 Ver b s an d o b j ect s
90
22 Ph r asal ver b s 1
94
23 Ph r asal ver b s 2
98
24 The - ing f o r m
102
25 m ak e & d o, h ave, g et
106
26 Rep o r t ed sp eech 1
110
27 Rep o r t ed sp eech 2
114
REPORTED SPEECH
118
29 Rel at i v e cl au ses 2
122
30 Co u n t ab l e an d
u n co u n t ab l e n o u n s
126
31 Pr o n o u n s
130
32 D et er m i n er s
134
33 Po ssessives an d co m p o u n d
nouns
138
34 A r t i cl es 1
142
35 A r t i cl es 2
146
150
37 Co m p ar in g 1
154
38 Co m p ar i n g 2
158
39 A d ver b s o f d eg r ee
162
fairly/quite/rather/pretty
40 Ti m e ad ver b s
166
in/on/at/r\o preposition, on time or in time?, for/since/during/ago,
during or while!, by/until, then/after/afterwards, calendar references
170
42 Lin k in g w o r d s 2
174
43 D evel o p i n g an ar g u m en t 1
178
44 D evel o p i n g an ar g u m en t 2
182
other linking words and phrases, personal comment, at the end/
in the end/at last, if/unless/otherwise, abbreviations in written English
45 D evel o p i n g an ar g u m en t 3
186
46 Pr ep o si t i o n s o f p lace
190
47 Ver b + p r ep o si t i o n
194
48 A d j ect i ve + p r ep o si t i o n
198
49 No u n + p r ep o si t i o n
202
206
41
Lin k in g w o r d s 1
PREPOSITIONS
Test 1
210
Test 2
212
Test 3
Test 4
216
Test 5
218
Test 6
220
Test 7
222
Test 8
224
Test 9
226
214
Test 10
227
Test 11
229
Test 12
230
Test 13
231
Test 14
232
234
Test 16
236
A PPEN D IC ES
238
Irregular verbs
240
242
244
246
A N SW ER K EY
250
IN D EX
264
Adjective
The act ive f orm of a verb is when the person or thing doing the action is the subject
of the verb: 1 w ro t e the report. Compare with 'passive form' on page 9.
An adject ive helps to describe a noun or pronoun: It's a sm all, high- capacity
storage device.
Adverb
An adverb adds information about when, where or how something happens: / did It
yesterd ay. / did it quick ly
Article
Articles are the word the (= the definite article) or a/an (= the indefinite article).
An aux iliary verb (be, do and have) is used with other verbs to make tenses and
passive forms: He is working in Milan. Where d id you go? Two hundred employees
h ave been laid off.
Clause
A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. It may be a sentence
or only part of a sentence.
Condit ional
A condit ional is a sentence that includes if, unless, etc. and states something that
must be true (the condition) before something else can be true or can happen (the
result).
Continuous form
The continuous is the form of the verb that suggests that an activity is in progress.
The continuous form ends in -ing.
A determ iner is a word like the, some and every. It is used before a noun or
adjective to show which thing you mean.
Gerund
Im perative
An im perat ive is when we tell people what to do. We use the base form of the verb:
Com e here. Sw itch off the light.
Inf in it ive
The inf in it ive is the base form of the verb (work, go, etc). It is used with or without
to: 1hope to see you next week. 1must g o now.
The - ing form is the form of the verb that ends in -ing. When it is used as a verb
or adjective it is sometimes called a 'present participle': I'm leavin g tomorrow. A
b oring meeting. When it is used as a noun it is sometimes called a 'gerund' (see
above).
An intransit ive verb is a verb that does not take an object. For example, the verb
arrive is intransitive: 1arrived here last week. In this sentence there is no object.
Compare with 'transitive verb' on page 9.
Modal verb
A m odal verb is a verb like can, will, might and should. It gives a meaning like
ability, obligation, probability, permission, etc.
Noun
A noun is a word that is the name of an object, idea, place or person: a car,
g lob alization , Singap ore, Robert.
Noun phrase
A noun phrase is a group of words, including a noun, which can act as a subject
or object of a sentence: investors (noun), some investors in emerging markets (noun
phrase).
Object
The object is the word that describes the person or thing that is affected by the verb:
/ installed som e n ew so f t w are on my PC.
Passive form
The passive f orm is used to show how the subject of the verb is affected by the
action of the verb: The report w as w ritt en by me. Compare with the active form on
page 8.
Past participle
A past participle is the form used in the perfect tense or passive structures. You can
find it in the third column of tense tables. For example: worked is the past participle
of work (this is a regular past participle), gone is the past participle of go (this is an
irregular past participle).
Possessive
A possessive is a form that shows who or what something belongs to: my/your
(possessive adjectives), mine/yours (possessive pronouns), etc. For example: This is m y
car. This car is m ine
Phrasal verb
A phrasal verb is a verb with an adverb or preposition that has a different meaning
from the verb used alone: The plane took off.
Preposition
A preposit ion is a word like at, behind, in, through, to, with used before a noun or
pronoun to show place, time, direction, etc.
Pronoun
A pronoun is a word like it, me, you, him, her, etc. that takes the place of a noun:
Have you been to Poland? It has changed a lot over recent years.
Question t ag
A question t ag is a short question like isn't it? or don't you? that you add at the
end of a sentence to check information or ask if someone agrees with you: It's hot in
here, isn 't it ?
A ref lex ive pronoun is used to show that the person who does the action is also
the person affected by it: She introduced h erself to me at the coffee break.
The simple
The sim ple is the basic form of the verb: 1agree with you (present simple), He
ag reed with me (past simple).
The subject
The subject is the word that shows who is doing the action of the verb: Jean works
here part time. It usually comes before the verb.
Tense
A t ense is the form of the verb. It helps us to know the time at which an action
or event happened (past, present or future): 1w o rk in the marketing area (present
simple tense), 1w o rk ed in the marketing area (past simple tense).
Academics sometimes have a more limited definition of the word 'tense', and they
make a distinction between 'tense' and 'aspect'.
Transitive verb
A t ransit ive verb is a verb that has an object. The verb make is transitive, and in this
sentence a mistake is the object: They've m ade a mistake. Compare with 'intransitive
verb' on page 8.
Verb
Present time 1
A Present simple: form
1 Present t ime 1
Exercises
Sect i o n s A, D
1 .1
1.
a) permanent facts
b) habits and repeated actions
c) temporary actions in progress at the moment of speaking
d) temporary actions happening 'around now', but not at this exact moment
e) current trends and changing situations
1 These days we're selling more and more of our products to Asia.
2 Look over there! They're selling Adidas sportswear with 2 5 % off!
3 We're selling a lot of this model - that's why we're out of stock right now.
[J
[7j
Exercises
Sect ions A, B
Denise introduces Claude t o Jo ao in London. Put each o f t h e verb s into t he correct f orm of
t h e p resent sim ple. Use cont ract ions w h er e possible.
De n is e :
Cl a u d e :
JoAo:
Cl a u d e :
Jo a o :
Cl a u d e :
JoAo:
Cl a u d e :
Sect i o n s D, E
Claude,!
......... _ (you/know) Joao? Joao 2____________(work) in the oil
industry, like you.
Really! I 3____________(be) very pleased to meet you, Joao.
Pleased to meet you too, Claude.
So what exactly 4____________(you/do)?
15____________(work) as a market analyst. My job 6_____________(involve)
studying market trends and giving advice on levels of production, but I
7____________(not/make) any real operational decisions myself. What
about you?
I work for a company that 8___________(supply) specialized equipment to the
oil industry. We 9____________(be) one of the biggest companies in our market.
And 10________________________(you/often/come) here to London?
Yes, I normally11____________(come) to London a couple of times a year.
It12____________(not/take) long to get here if you travel by Eurostar.
1 .5 Com plete t his n ew sp ap er art icle ab ou t t r ad e b et w een t h e Mid d le East and Asia w it h t he
wor d s in t h e box in t h e present cont inuous.
| happen
increase
invest
look
try
become
t eem
move
1 Present t ime 1
Tasks
Sp eak i n g : l i st en
an d r ep eat
Tr an sl at e
involved.
Economist website
Wr i t i n g
p er so n al i z ed
p r act i ce
If you are w orking in class, read the dialogues or text s aloud and then discuss them.
Present time 2
A Present simple or continuous?
D State verbs
Present simple
permanent
habits &routines
general situations
Present continuous
temporary
events inprogress now
a particular situation
live in Budapest.
I'm living in Budapest.
The plane lands at 10.25.
Look! We're landing.
We offer IT solutions.
We're offeringyou a special deal,
I
PRESENTSIMPLE
Thepresent simple canbe used to refer to timetables and
schedules, and here we are often thinkingabout the future.
British Airways flight BA729 leaves Geneva at 16.40 and
arrives in London at 17.20.
The present simple canbe used to make a story appear more
immediate and interesting. This is common injournalism.
Senior managers walk into the annual shareholders meeting
through the back door. The steelworkers throwsmoke bombs at the
front. They are not happy about the job cuts.
PRESENTCONTINUOUS
The present continuous canbe used to describe a fixed future
arrangement. There is usually a future time expression
(unit 7).
HSBC are moving to new premises next year.
We canuse always with the present continuous. This is often
used for exaggerating or complaining. We emphasize always
in speech in this case.
This photocopier is always breaking down!
the senses
appear, hear, look like, notice, see, seem, smell, sound, taste
feelings
dislike, fear, hate, like, love, prefer, want, wish
thinking
agree, believe, doubt, expect, feel, forget, imagine, know, realize,
recognize, suppose, suspect, think
possession
belong to, contain, have, include, own, possess
being
be, consist of, exist
other verbs
cost, depend on, f it, involve, matter, measure, mean, need,
satisfy, surprise, weigh
2 Present t ime 2
Exercises
Sect ion A
Sect i o n s A, D
2 .2 Put t h e verb s in brackets into t h e present sim ple or p resent cont inuous. Use cont ract ions
w h er e possible.
1 | 'm looking at (look at) your contact details on the screen right now.
2 I ____________________(look at) the sales results in detail every month.
3 The production lin e____________________(not, work) at weekends.
4 The production lin e____________ 1_______(not, work) at the moment.
5 Yes, I agree. I ... .............. ............. (think) it's a good idea.
6 I ___________________ (think) about it. I'll let you know tomorrow.
7 W e ____________________(take) a sample for testing once a day.
8 W e ____________________(take) a big risk if we go ahead with the project.
9 Th ey____________________(not, be) usually very flexible in negotiations.
10 Th ey____________________ (not, be) very flexible in this negotiation.
Sect i o n D
______ 'L______
do you prefer
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
Exercises
Sect ions A, D
Je n n if e r :
Sec r e t a r y :
Je n n if e r :
Sec r e t a r y :
Je n n if e r :
Se c r e t a r y :
Je n n if e r :
Sect i o n s A, D
2.
Com plete t his art icle ab ou t urbanizat ion w it h t h e verb s in t h e box . Choose eit h er t he
p resent sim ple or present cont inuous. On one occasion, bot h an swers are possible.
bring
focus
grew
have to
realize
spend
16
2 Present t ime 2
Tasks
Speaking: list en
and repeat
T r an sl at e
1 ^
dem and.
TechCrunch website
I
Wr i t i n g
p er so n al i z ed
p r act i ce
Wr i t e sentences using t h e w o r d s given. The f irst ver b should be in t h e p resent sim ple and t h e
second ver b in t h e present cont inuous. Ad d or in ven t det ails w h er e you see
1 We operate in ... and we set up new offices in ...
We operate in France and Benelux, and we're sett ing up new offices in Spain.
2 I come from ... but at the moment I live ...
3 I usually enjoy my work a t ... but right now I have some problems with ...
4 We normally do a lot of business with ... but we take fewer orders from them these days because
5 Traffic be a big problem in my city and the town council plan to ...
6 I usually work from ... to ... each day but this week I work ... because ...
7 Every single day my boss tej] me ... and I become more and more ...
8 I work as a ... but I think of retraining to work as a ... because ...
Mak e a list of t h r ee act ivit ies t h at yo u do regularly (w o r k or personal lif e). Then say w h at you
are doing in connect ion w it h t hose act ivit ies at t h e m om ent . See t h e ex am ple below.
Regular act ivit ies
A t t h e m om ent
client companies.
If you are w orking in class, read some t ext s aloud and then discuss them.
Past time 1
A Past simple: form
I checked thefigures,
They liked her idea.
etc.
Negatives are formed with did not and the infinitive. This is
contracted todidn't in speechand informal writing.
I d id n 't go to the meeting.
Was he late?
But if we mean 'at the time that', then we onlyuse when with
the past simple.
3 Past t im e 1
Exercises
Sect i o n A
3.1
3.
Com p let e t h e d ialo g u e w it h t h e verb s in t he box in t he past sim ple. There is a m ix ture of
buy
Ma r c o :
J il l :
Ma r c o :
J ill:
Ma r c o :
J il l :
Sect i o n s B,
E 3.3
have
make
sell
take
think
Exercises
Sec t i o n A
Com plete t his art icle ab ou t Viven d i by put t ing t h e verb s into t h e past sim ple. M an y are
irregular (see Ap p end ix 2 f or a list of ir regular form s).
18
World of Warcraft.
Put the verbs into the correct tense - eit her the past simple or past continuous.
Sect i o n s B, E
1 I
(go) to Brussels.
2 While I was negot iat ir c (negotiate) with them, our legal department .
(decide) to change
. (investigate)
(put) it on the
(call) to say that he was
20
3 Past t ime 1
Tasks
Sp eak i n g : l i st en
an d r ep eat
Tr an sl at e
% 03
t im e in six weeks.
around.'
Bloomberg website
Wr i t i n g
p er so n aiz ec
p r act i ce
Eurobusiness website
Com plete t he sentences w it h t h e past sim ple or t h e past cont inuous. Use w h ich ever t ense is
not alr ead y used in t he g iven words.
^ |
out 0f t ^e w jnc|ow. Someone was t ryin g to b reak in to m y car
2 My boss resigned last week. They found out that s/ he______________________________
3 While I was working at my desk this m orning,_____________________________________
4 We offered our sales agents a bigger discount because .
5 When I was working at my previous company, I
6 The IT network crashed because of a virus. It happened just as
7 While they were asking me questions in the interview, I suddenly
Something really embarrassing happened - a new supplier offered me money under
the table. It happened when I ___________________________________________________
Past time 2
A Past perfect: form
The past perfect is formedwith the auxiliary had and the past
participle. In speech and informal writing had is contracted
to'd.
We had (We'd) already done a lot of market research before we
Negatives are formedwith had not been and the - ing formof
the mainverb.
Questions are formedby invertingthe subject and had.
We hadn't been doing enough quality checks, and the number of
Had you been workingon the project fora long time before they
cancelled it?
The past perfect and the past perfect continuous both look
backfromapoint in the past. The past perfect looks back at
an earlier event. Thepast perfect continuous looks back at a
situation in progress.
The economy was improving. The central bank had lowered
interest rates because inflation had been falling steadily for
several years.
email.
Our company used to belong to an American multinational.
(NOTwould belong)
See page 243 for an overview of the English verb tense system.
4 Past t ime 2
Exercises
Sect ions
A, B, F, unit 3
4 .1 Underline the correct verb form. This exercise includes some verb forms from unit 3.
1 While I looked for/was looking for the USB stick with my presentation on it, I suddenly remembered
I left/had left it at home.
2 In those days the unions used to/ did used to go on strike whenever there was/was being a problem.
3 After the private equity group were buying/ had bought the company, they started/ were starting to sell
the assets and lay off a lot of people.
4 Dieter used to have/was having a PC, but then he used to change/ changed to an Apple.
5 I asked about my package in reception, but they said/ were saying that it still
4 .2 In each sentence put one verb into the past simple and the other into the past perfect.
1 After she frac/ made (make) a f ew notes, she started (start) writing the introduction to the
Annual Report.
2 I _____________ (be sure) that I ______________(set) the security alarm before leaving the office.
3 I _ _________(call) my wife on my mobile because the meeting ______________(still not finish).
4 I _____________ (not see) the figures before the meeting, so i t _____________ (put) me at a
disadvantage during the discussion.
5 After Jill ____________ (give) her presentation, sh e______________(feel) much more relaxed and
started to enjoy the conference.
6 Before Ed it e_____________ (become) Michael Edward's personal assistant, sh e______________
(already be) in the company for two years.
7 The r ain ____________ (stop) by the time I ______________(arrive).
8 I
___ (be) surprised to find that sh e_____________ (already sign) the contract without
showing it to the legal department first.
Exercises
Sect ions
A, B, unit 3
Com plete w h at Vin cen t says ab ou t his last j ob w it h t h e best f orm of t h e ver b in brackets.
Choose b et w een t h e past sim ple, past cont in uous or past perfect .
It was Janu ary and I 1 had graduated (graduate) from university the previous summer. I
was really fed up being unemployed - I 2____________________(just/ sit) at home doing nothing. To
be honest, I 3____________________(nearly/ give up) hope. Then a friend told me about a graduate
recruitment fair. I still 4____________________(not/ decide) what kind of job I wanted to do, and I
5____________________(think) the fair would be interesting. While I 6____________________ (look)
at some information on one of the stands, a recruiter cam e up to me and 7____________________
(tell) me about openings in a well- known com pany - an accountancy firm. I thought it would
be a good opportunity for me, as I 8____________________(already/ take) some accountancy
exams as part of my business degree and I did well in them. Ive always been good with figures.
So I 9____________________(complete) an application form and gave it to the recruiter. They
10- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (interview) me the following week and I got the job. In the end I was there for
three years. You want to know why I left? Well, the situation was like this. I 11
(work) for a person who was very demanding and gave me very little sp ace to take initiatives on
my own. Also, I 12____________________(not have) a salary increase since I 13___________________
(start). They 14____________________(really/ exploit) me. Then, on top of that, the job
15____________________(becom e) quite repetitive after three years and I really wanted to do
something different. So I 16____________________(resign). I 17____________________ (not/ have) another
job to go to, but I just knew I t8____________________(have) to make a change. It was a pity because
I 19- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (put) a lot of effort into that job and I 20____________________ (always want)
to work for an international com pany like that, but it was the only thing to do.
Sect i o n s D, E
Com plete t h e sentences w it h used to alone, or used t o/ would (m eanin g t h at bot h are
possible).
1 Wit h my old boss w e _____________ have meetings several times a week.
2 I _____________ own a BMW, but now I have a Lexus.
3 Before they built the motorway i t _____________take me an hour to get to work.
4 I - - - - - - - - - - - think I wanted to work for a large organization with lots of opportunity for promotion.
Now I want to be self- employed.
4 Past t ime 2
Tasks
Speaking: list en
and repeat
Tr an sl at e
1 %
Eurobusiness website
Ecorazzi website
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n al i z ed
p r act i ce
3 Com plete t h e sentences in you r o w n w ay w it h t h e past perf ect (sim ple or cont inuous). Ad d
an o t h er sent ence or t w o t o m ake a com p let e paragraph.
4 At first the project seemed to be going very well. But after some time we realized that
6 I checked that everything was turned off, locked the front door, and got into the taxi.
It was only when I arrived at the airport that I remembered
4 Look again at ex ercise 4.3, w h er e Vin cen t describes his last job, w h at he did t here, w h y he
|ef t, etc. Not ice t h e use of t h e d if f er en t ver b t enses. No w w r it e a short t ex t w h er e you describe
yo u r o w n last job.
If you are w orking in class, read some t ext s aloud and then discuss them.
etc.
We use ever and never to ask and talk about our general life
experience.
Have you ever spoken to a large audience?
I've never used this software before.
If the answer to the questionis Yes thenwe continue to give
more information about the specific events by usingverbs in
the past simple.
A: Have you ever spoken to a large audience?
B: Yes, I have. Last year I went to a sales conference in Berne
and I gave a presentation to about 100 people.
26
Exercises
Sect ion A, C
5.1 Put the verbs into the present perfect. Use contractions where possible.
1 Are you sure it isn't working? Have yo u t ried (you/ try) restarting it?
2 I ___________________ (never see) such a boring presentation in my life.
3 W e ...................... ......... (already/ spend) a lot of money on this project.
4
_ ________(they/ reply) to your last email?
5 I ____________________(not/ get) the figures to hand - can I call you back later?
6 I'm sorry, she's not here. Sh e___________________ (just/ leave).
7 Their shares____________________(go up) by 5 % since the merger.
8
Sect i o n B
a) Last year sales were poor. This year they are better.
b) Sales were poor initially. A year later they were better.
9 How long have you worked here? M
a) In 2005.
b) Since 2005.
Sec t i o n C
yet
ever
never
just
for
since
always
1 The goods will be with you soon. They've alread y |eft our warehouse.
I've_____________had an idea - why don't we restyle the packaging for a new, younger
target market?
I've_____________worked in insurance,
ever since leaving University.
_.............. nine.
Exercises
Sect ion B
Sect i o n s C, D
Read t his em ail f rom Patrick, t h e Purchasing Man ag er of an Irish m anufact urer, w h o is in
Poland on a business trip. Com plete t h e em ail by choosing t h e correct alt er n at ive f rom A,B,C or
D b elow.
To...
Send
Ed w ar d Kelly
Su b j ect :
Ed - sorry I havent contacted you 1__1 . last week, but Ive been very busy. Ive 2_ ___to
Katowice in the south- west of Poland 3_____a few days, and Ive 4______returned to my hotel in
Warsaw, where Im sending this email from.
I visited several firms when I was in Katowice, and one of them looks quite promising as a future
supplier for us. Ive 5_____ had a few discussions with the people there, and Ive got some product
samples to show you. Unfortunately I havent met the guy in charge 6_____. He wasnt there - hes
7
to Gdansk and should be back next week.
So, the trip has been quite successful 8... _ . Have you 9_____ been to Poland? They really are
shaping up to be a major player in Europe - the people have a real entrepreneurial spirit and Ive
10
_ seen so much construction work going on. Not even in Ireland in the boom years after 2000!
Anyway, Ill email you again later in the week - after Ive been to Poznan - to give you an update on
everything.
Regards
Patrick
1 A for
28
2 A going
B since
B gone
C just
C being
D so far
D been
3 A for
B since
C already
D so far
4 A now
B been
B already
C just
C been
D so far
5 A yet
6 A just
B already
C now
D yet
7 A going
B gone
C being
D been
8 A so far
B yet
B since
C just
C ever
D now
9 A yet
10 A yet
B since
C ever
D never
D gone
D never
Tasks
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:r an s!at e
1 %
NewMediaAge website
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n al i z ed
p r act i ce
CFO website
3 Wr i t e a sent ence (st at em en t or q uest ion) using t h e t im e ex pression in brackets. You can see
ex am ples in ex ercise 5.3. Wr i t e som et hin g t h at you m ig ht say in real life, in a professional or
p erson a| contex t.
1 (already) There's no need to prepare the room for the t raining seminar - I've
Look again at t h e em ail in ex ercise 5.5 and not ice h o w Patrick uses t h e present perf ect t o
gj Ve news. No w im agine you arr ived in a foreign count ry a f ew days ago (eit her f or business or
f o r pleasure). Wr it e an em ail t o a colleague or f riend. Give n ews ab ou t w h at has happened and
w h at you h ave done.
If you are w or k in g in class, p ut all t h e em ails on t h e desks or on t h e walls. Go round t h e room
and read t he em ails. Return t o you r seats and say which em ail you liked best and why.
30
Exercises
Sect i o n s A, B
Sect i o n s A, B
6 .2 Put the verbs in brackets into eit her the present simple, past simple or present perfect.
1 The company is doing very well. Last year sales went up (g0 Up) 1s %, and so far this year
they have gone up (g0 Up) another 1 2 %.
2 W e - - - - - - - - - - - (operate) all over Latin America. Recently w e ______________(set up) branches in Peru
and Colombia.
(you/ see) my laptop? I'm sure I _____________ (leave) it here earlier.
4 This
____ (not look) like the right block. Are you sure w e ______________(come) to the right
address?
5 I
yesterday.
6 I
6 .3 In each mini- dialogue put one verb into the present perfect simple and the ot her into the
present perfect continuous. Use contractions where possible.
1 A: What's the matter? You look worried!
B: Yes, I am. I 've been looking at (Ioq^ at) the contract in detail, and I Ve not iced (notice) a lot of
potential problems.
2 A: I
____ _
(you produce)
Exercises
Sect i o n
A 6,4
Put t h e verb s in t o t h e correct f orm of t h e past sim ple or present p erf ect sim ple. Use
Vic t o r ia :
Su e :
Vic t o r ia :
Su e :
Vic t o r ia :
Su e :
Vic t o r ia :
Su e :
Vic t o r ia :
Su e :
Sec t i o n A
6.
14
13
(w atch ) US stock
300
250
200
150
(b e) down 4%.
t h a t th is year reven u es 9
100
(rise) to 9,100
(also/lead )
Tasks
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business-magazine.de website
Wr it in g :
p er so n aliz ed
Think ab ou t yo u r lif e in t h e last year. Wr i t e answers t o t hese q uest ions using t h e past sim ple,
present perf ect sim ple and present perf ect cont inuous.
1 How have you tried to keep fit and healthy?
I've joined a health club. I went a few times aft er joining, but since then I haven't
been at all. Also I've been trying to eat more healthy food. I don't really have much
time for cooking, but I've learned a few new recipes.
2 How have you spent your money?
3 Wh at have you done to keep up with new ideas in your professional field?
Look again at t h e d ialog ue in ex ercise 6.4 and not ice h o w t h e speak ers use t h e past sim ple
and t h e present perfect. No w w r i t e a sim ilar d ialog ue b et w een you r self and a f riend or
colleag u e w h o you m eet af t er n ot being in cont act f or som e tim e. St ar t like this:
Friend (give their name): Hi! I haven't seen you for ages!
Me:
Future 1
A will
Time expressions
7 Future 1
Exercises
Sect ions A, B, C
b) belief or opinion
c) instant decision
f) future arrangement
5 Their share price will probably rise when the market recovers.
6 Wit h so much competition it's going to be difficult to increase sales.
Sect i o n s D, E
[J
5 A: As you can see, I've been thinking quite a lot about this issue.
B: Yes, I see. So what are you going to do/ what are you doing?
6 A: It would be nice to see you next week.
B: Yes. Are you doing anything/ Will you do anything on Wednesday?
Sect i o n s
A, B, C, D, E
7 .3 Put t h e verb s in bracket s into t h e m ost ap p rop riat e f u t u r e f orm . Choose b et w een will,
's g oin g
Exercises
Sect ions A, B, D
7 .4 Mar ia has asked Seb ast ien t o com e t o her of fice. Com plete t h e d ialog ue by p ut t in g t he
verb s into a f u t u r e f orm . Choose b et w een w ill and be going to. Of t en eit h er an sw er is possible,
b ut decide wh ich f orm is t h e m ost nat ural. Use cont ract ions w h er e possible.
Ma r ia :
Se ba st ie n :
Ma r ia :
Se ba st ie n :
Ma r ia :
Se ba st ie n :
Ma r ia :
Se ba st ie n :
Ma r ia :
Sect i o n s A, C
Come in, have a seat. Would you like a drink? Coffee? Mineral water?
11 Vhave (have) a coffee, please. White, no sugar.
Here you are. Well, thanks for coming this morning. I 2__________________
(tell) you why I asked you here. As you know, there 3__________________
(be) some big changes in the company. In fact, we 4__________________
(restructure) the whole department.
Yes, I heard something about that. Is my job at risk?
Not necessarily, but there may be some changes. The new structure
5
(be) in place by the summer, and we want you
to be a part of it. We value your work very highly. Weve decided we
6
(offer) you a new job.
Really! And what exactly 7__________________(the new job/involve)?
Well, we 8__________________(expand) the whole customer services area.
If you accept the job, you 9__________________(be) responsible for leading
the new team. You 10__________________(have) more responsibility, and the
salary 11_________________(be) much better. But it would mean relocating
_____________(move) most business functions there
to Hamburg - we 12
Com plete this em ail f rom a PA t o her boss by putt ing t h e verb s into a f ut ure form . Choose
b et w een w ill and t h e present continuous. Use contractions w h er e possible.
I JO . . . . J
Send
Su b ject :
......................
Ive booked your flight to Slovenia. You 1 're leavin g (leave) on Tuesday 3rd at 8.45 in
the morning, so you 2________________ (arrive) in Ljubljana before lunch. Someone
3.........
(be) at the airport to meet you. Your first appointment is with Aleksander
Presekar, and you 4________________ (meet) him at 1 pm at our local office. He 5_______________
(probably/ take) you out to lunch. After lunch you 6________________ (not/ do) anything until 4 pm,
so you 7________________ (have) time to go to the hotel. You 8_________________ (stay) at the
Intercontinental, which is in a very central location.
I 9________________ (ask) our travel agent to forward the e- ticket to you, and you 10_____________
(have) it by the end of the week.
36
I
I
7 Future 1
Tasks
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1 %
be successful.
Wr i t i n g :
p erso n aliz ed
p r act ice
3 An sw er t hese questions.
1 Wh at are your personal plans for next weekend?
I'm going to do some shopping on Saturday morning, and clean my flat. In the
afternoon Ill probably meet up with some friends. On Sunday my parents are
coming to visit, so I'll be busy - I have to prepare some food before they arrive.
2 Wh at are your personal plans for the next f ew years?
3 Wh at predictions can you make about your company two years from now?
4 Wh at predictions can you make about mobile communications ten years from now?
5 Wh at predictions can you make about one of these countries twenty years from now:
China, Brazil, India, Russia?
4 Look again at t h e d ialog ue in ex ercise 7.4 and not ice h o w t h e speakers use w ill and be going
f 0 . Your o w n boss (o r Head o f Dep art m en t if you are a st u d en t ) calls you in t o t h eir of f ice t o tell
you ab ou t som e im p or t an t plans f o r t h e f ut ur e and h o w t h ey af f ect you. Wr i t e t h e dialogue.
Boss:
Come in, have a seat. We've been doing some thinking about future plans and there are a few
things I'd like to discuss with you.
Me:
M Future 2
A Using when, after, until, etc.
Future continuous
Weuse the verbs expect, hope, intend, would like, plan, want
followedbyan infinitive to refer to the future.
We hope to get the contract.
I'd like to discuss this in more detail when we meet.
We plan to extend our sales network next year.
Notice the different negative forms:
I expect/ hope I won't...
I wouldn't like to ...
We don't intend/ plan/ want to ...
We oftenuse the verb think followedby 11:
I think I'll change my mobile network.
We canuse be due to for things that we expect to happen
soon.
He is due to name his replacement as CEO within the next few
days.
will, be certain to
30-70% uncertainty
0%
was going to
certainty
must, can t
should, shouldn't, ought to, ought
not to, be likely to, be unlikely to
wont
See page 243 for an overview of the English verb tense system.
8 Future 2
Exercises
Sect ions
A, B, C, D, E, F
Sect i o n s A, C, D
a) you leave.
b) you'll have left.
Sect i o n s
A, B, C, D
f)
8 .3 Put t he verb s into t h e rig ht tense. Choose b et w een t h e p resent sim ple (/ do), f ut ur e
cont inuous (I'll be doing ) and f u t u r e perf ect (I'll have done).
1 By the time all the legal documents are ready, the deadline for the proposal w/// h ave passed (pass).
2 The f lig h t ___________________ (leave) at 1 pm an d ____________________ (arrive) at
3
4
5
This traffic is terrible. By the time we get to their office the m eet ing____________________(finish).
Exercises
Sect ions
A, C, D, F
8 .4 An econom ist has prepared a r ep ort ab ou t his cou n t r y nex t year. Com plete t h e Ex ecutive
Sum m ar y by choosing t h e correct alt er n at ive f rom A, B, C or D below.
Sect i o n s
A, C, D, E
1 A is wanting to
B is liking to
C would like to
2 A predict
B expect
C believe
D hope
3 A will be fallen
4 A probably will
5 A about to
6 A dues to
C will falling
D will fall
B will probably
B soon
C probably is
C being
D is probably
D expecting
B due to
C is due to
D is duing to
B will be begun
C has begun
D will begin
8 A will be fought
B will be fighting
C will fighting
9 A is planning
B planning to
C is planned to
D is planning to
10 A happening
B will happen
C happens
D happen
D due to
8 .5 It is Jan u ar y and an HR Dir ector is ex p lain in g t h e perf orm ance r eview process t o a group
of n ew em p loyees. Put t h e verb s in t o t h e r ig ht tense. Choose b et w een t h e present sim ple
(/ do), f ut ur e cont in uous (I'll be doing), f u t u r e perf ect (I'll have done) and was going to.
Use cont ract ions w h er e possible.
Your first performance review 1 /s (be) at the end of April. It 2________ ____(be)
earlier but we decided to change it. By the end of April we 3_____________ (collect) all the
information we need, and we will call you for an interview. In the interview we 4_____________
(discuss) your performance during the first few months and any issues relating to your future
needs, such as training. By the end of that meeting I hope that we 5_____________ (agree) on
your personal objectives for the next six months in terms of key performance indicators and
professional development. Of course there is always some flexibility in any targets we set,
in case anything 6_____________ (happen) that we cannot predict. Then, after April, the next
time that you and 17_____________ (meet) formally will not be until November, although of
course behind the scenes I 8_____________ (talk) to your line managers and monitoring your
progress. OK? Well, unless you 9_____________ (have) any questions, I think that's all.
40
8 Fut ure 2
Tasks
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1 0
2 Translate these short texts taken from the Int ernet into your own language. Remember not to
translate word for word, but rather to make it sound natural.
IndustryWeek website
ESRC website
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n aliz ed
p r act ice
3 Complete the sentences wit h the future continuous or future perfect as shown in the
brackets. Add a f ew more sentences each time.
1 (f cont.) This time tomorrow /'// be sitting in the budget meeting. The Finance Direct or will
proabably have finished his overview of the current situation and everyone will be feeling
nervous about allocation of resources for next year. Everyone wants sufficient resources for
t heir own plans and projects, but of course some people will be disappoint ed .
2 (f. cont.) There's an important meeting next week. In the meeting w e ___________________________
4 (f. perf.) I'm going to be very busy. By the next time we meet I .
4 Look again at the Ex ecutive Sum mary in exercise 8.4. Now writ e a short report on one of the
topics below, using real or invented information:
Twelve- month economic forecast for my country
Two- year business development plan for my company
Ten- year tourism development plan for my city/ town
If you are w orking in class, read some t ext s aloud and then discuss them.
m Passive 1
A Form
produces
A:
P:
Intel
millions of chips every year.
Millions of chips
every year.
A:
Our supplier is
The goods
P:
A:
P:
A:
P:
A:
P:
A:
P:
A:
P:
A:
P:
are produced
shipping the goods next week.
are being shipped next week.
The ECB raised interest rates by 0.25%.
Interest rates were raised by 0.25%.
He was asking me some difficult questions.
I was being asked some difficult questions.
They have chosen the new design.
The new design has been chosen.
Rosa will give a briefing tomorrow.
A briefing will be given tomorrow.
They can arrange a loan within three days.
A loan can be arranged within three days.
We may produce some new sales targets.
Some new sales targets may be produced.
42
is made
is harvested
M alt whisky
exclusively from barley. In August
the barley
and then
to rest for a couple of
months. The next step is 'malting', where the grain
in water to germinate, and then
This causes the grain
to produce starches, which
later
to sugars and
then alcohol. The malted barley
into huge vessels
and
with water to make a wort. The wort
then
into another vessel. After that yeast
and
fermentation begins. When fermentation is complete, a liquid
called 'the wash' remains. This liquid is ready for distilling.
In distilling, the liquid
until the spirit turns to
vapour, which
then
back into liquid. Repeated
distillation produces whisky. Thefin al stage is maturing, and
by law Scotch whisky
for at least three years in
oak barrels.
left
heated.
are converted
is placed
mixed
run
is soaked
is cooled,
is added,
is
is heated
condensed
must be aged
above.
9 Passive 1
Exercises
Sect ion A
were
3 They will not finish the project by the end of the month.
The project____________________by the end of the month.
They have closed twenty retail outlets over the last year.
Twenty retail out let s__________________over the last year.
This machine was repaired yesterday by a technician, and now it isn't working.
5 The conference was opened by someone from the London Business School.
6 You'll be shown round the factory by someone, and then you'll meet the sales team.
Sect i o n s
A, B, D, E
9 .3 Rew r it e t hese sentences using t h e passive if it is possible. You m ay need a n eg at ive form .
If it is n ot possible t o m ake a passive, put a cross (X).
1 Our R &
Exercises
Sect i o n s
design
offer
print out
put
outsource
analyze
________ to people
the work 7
customer online, or it 4
..
hy the
_______
_________
___
to an external company to
Sect io n s A, B
9 .!
, r-T-r-f m - - - 1- - - - - - - - - ,- - - - n - m ,,
- - - - - - T- - -
, ~n - - -
,- - - - - - -
rm ----- t v ^ ~
- - - - - - m i r 1 T HUHr i r
o r d er eq u ip m en t - Lia, progress
D ecorat e office -
p art -t im e
staff ?
_____________________ ______________
I amwriting to arran ge an in terv iew with one of your sm.ctll business advisors to discuss my
business start-up. yon-r adv ice an d detailed com.men.ts would bevery useful, i have attached
a copy of my business plan , an d Ican give you a fewdetails of my progress sofar:
I've had several meetings with my bante, an d a loan 1 has been arranged (arrange).
I'vefou n d some office space in a good location although some worte 2__________________
(will/need) there before i can move in. I'veemployed some contractors an d the worte
3__________________(should/finish) by the en d ofthe month.
i will need some specialized equipment, and this 4__________________(order) at the moment.
i tenowthat the Initial marketing of my business will bevery Important. I'mgoing to use
flyers distributed door-to-door, and I5__________________(offer) a good deal onprinting
and distribution by a specialist leaflet distribution ft,rm.
One thing that I'm. unsure of Is howto employ part-time staff extra staff
6
(might/need) over the Christmas period.
I looteforward to hearing fromyou soon,
yours faithfully,
Helen chapman
9 Passive 1
Tasks
Sp eak i n g : l i st en
an d r ep eat
T r an sl at e
BusinessWeek website
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n al i z ed
p r act i ce
3 Look again at t h e m alt w h isk y t ex t in sect ion C on page 42, and t h e t ex t ab ou t q uest ionnair es
in ex ercise 9.4. Wr i t e a short t ex t describing a system , process or procedure you k n o w w ell.
Ex am ples o f possible processes you could use are:
a business- related process (production/ how advertisements are designed and placed/ the preparation of
accounts/ finding, interviewing and selecting new employees)
a process in your personal life (cooking your favourite meal/ feeding a baby or changing its nappy)
a process from everyday life (check- in and security procedures at an airport).
4 Look again at t h e let t er in ex ercise 9.5. Not ice h o w t h e w r it er t alks ab ou t w h at has been
I) Passive 2
A Uses: maintaining the focus
C Passive + infinitive
Torefer to the past we use the same verbs with to have done.
Credit card companies are believed to have suffered
significantly reduced profits.
to be bom
46
10 Passive 2
Exercises
Sect ion A
10.1 Read the first sentence, then choose which sentence a) or b) should follow. Put a tick (/ )
by t h e correct answer.
1 Optimo and Primus are going to merge via a $36 billion offer by Optimo.
a) Senior executives first discussed it over a year ago.
b) It was first discussed by senior executives over a year ago.
[7 ]
1 0 .3 Complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
1 David from Marketing lent me this book.
I was lent this book by David from Marketing.
2 This sample was given to me at the trade fair.
_______________
this sample at the trade fair.
3 They promised us delivery within two weeks of our order.
__________________________ delivery within two weeks of our order.
4 A textile firm near Milan made this fabric for us.
__________________________ for us by a textile firm near Milan.
5 This order was sent to us through our website.
__________________________ this order through our website.
6 My secretary booked the flight for me.
__________________________ for me by my secretary.
Exercises
Sect ion B
1 0 . 4 Com p let e t his r ep ort by put t ing t he verb s in brackets in t o eit h er t h e present p erf ect
act ive (has done) or passive (has been done).
1 0 .5 The t w o em ails b elo w are similar, but t h e second is m ore f orm al. Com plete it by using
verb s f rom t h e f ir st em ail in t h e correct f orm of t h e passive.
Thank you for your order, which you made online. Our fulfillment team is dealing with your order, and we expect that
we will deliver the package to you within ten working days.
I attach a list of special promotions - you may need to click on the link below to download Adobe Acrobat if you
cannot open the file. Please note we guarantee these prices only until the end of this month.
Thank you for your order, which 1 was m ade on|jne Your order2____________________by our fulfillment team,
and we expect that the package 3____________________to you within ten working days.
A list of special promotions 4____________________- you may need to click on the link below to download Adobe
Acrobat if the file5____________________ Please note that these prices 6____________________ only until the
end of this month.
Sec t i o n C
1 0 .6 Com p let e t h e art icle ab ou t LG by put t ing t he report ing verb s in t o t h e present sim ple
passive (is known, is said) and t h e m ain ver b in t o a suit able f orm of t h e in f in it ive (f o do, to be
doing or to have done).
48
(believe/try) to merge
all the warehousing and
transportation operations into a
single global system.
10 Passive 2
Tasks
> peak ing: l i st en
an d r ep eat
Tr an sl at e
1 f t
ShanghaiDaily website
Forbes website
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n al i z ed
p r act i ce
Look again at sect ion E. No w w r i t e a sentence or t w o ab ou t w h at you have done, had done
or are going to have done b y t h e people/ places b elow. Use real or in ven t ed in f orm at io n.
1 (hair stylist)1 have my hair done at my favourite stylist about once a month. They offer
manicure as well, and I'm going to have my nails done there the next time I c/o.
2 (spa/ health f ar m )______________________________________________________________________ __
3 (garage)
Look again at sect ion C on page 46 and ex ercise 10.6. Not ice h o w n ew s art icles of t en h ave
report ing verb s in t h e present sim ple passive + t he m ain verb in t h e inf in it ive.
N o w w r it e a short n ew s art icle ab ou t one o f t h e f o llo w in g : yo u r com pany, yo u r universit y,
yo u r f avo u r it e sports t eam , a well- k nown celebrity.
If you are w orking in class, read some articles aloud and then discuss them.
Modals, etc. 1
A Modal verbs: form
NEGATIVES
Can I ...?
Could you ...?
Wi lli...?
Would he ...?
May I ...?
Might they ...?
Sh a l l l ...?
Should we ...?
Must she ...?
I cannot (can't)
You could not (couldn't)
I will not (won't)
He would not (wouldn't)
I may not
They might not
I shall not (shan't)
We should not (shouldn't)
She must not (m ustn't)
50
C Past ability
D will
Will is used as a future form(unit 7A). But will also has
modal uses.
11 Modals, etc. 1
Exercises
Sect ion A
t i o n s A, B, C
1 1 .2 Complete the sentences wit h can, can't, could, couldn't or be able to.
1 I'm sorry, I can 't help you right now. Ask me again in an hour or so.
1 1 .3 Match sentences 1-8 wit h the uses of will a- h. This exercise includes revision of unit 7.
a) future fact
b) belief or opinion about the future
e) promise
f) request
c) instant decision
g) offering something
h) offer of help
\b]
Exercises
Sect io n s B, D,
u n it 7
11.4
Make phrases for a telephone conversation by using one item from each column. Then
USe the phrases to complete the dialogue below.
Could I - - - -
repeat
Could you
Mark:
Sa r a :
Ma r k :
Sa r a :
Ma r k :
Sect io n s A, B, D
you
to someone
that, please
on
a look
have
to you
Yes, of course,2____________________________
Customer Services, Mark speaking, how can I help you?
Imcalling about the new Samsung home theater system, model number HTBQ8ST. Do you have it in stock?
3____________________________Hold the line please, (silen ce) Hello? I cant see it
on the shelves. I need to check the order status on the computer. Can I call you
back?
Certainly. My name is Sara Hall, and my number is 01682 829193.
Sorry, 4___________________________?
Its Sara Hall, and my number is 01682 829193. 5-----------------------------------------all
morning.
OK, Sara, 6___________________________as soon as I have the information.
This exercise introduces the full range of modal verbs. Some are covered in later units.
Match each sentence 1- 16 wit h a meaning a- p.
1 I should do it.
2 I shouldn't do it.
3 I can do it.
4 I can't do it.
5 I mustn't do it.
7 1have to do it.
9 1'// do it.
6 Shall we do it?
f)
i)
j)
11 1might do it.
12 Would you do it, please?
13 1couldn't do it.
52
this number
-----
back
speak - - - - - -
I'll put
Jon :
Sara:
Jo n :
Ma r k :
Sa r a :
through
11 Modals, etc. 1
Tasks
.peak ing: list en
an d r ep eat
Tran slat e
About website
Wr i t i n g :
p er sonaliz ed
p r act ice
Look again at ex ercise 11.3 and t h e d if f er en t uses of will. No w w r i t e eig ht sentences of you r
o w n t o m atch t h e d if f er en t uses. Rem em b er t o use cont ract ions w h er e appropriat e.
1 (future fact about your career/ life) r/ / be 40 n ex t year. I guess it's tim e to do
som eth ing w ith m y life.
2 (belief or opinion about the future of technology)_________________________________
3 (instant decision after finishing a call with a custom er)____________________________
4 (certainty about something working/ not work in g).
5 (promise you make your boss/ teacher).
6 (request made to a colleague in your o f f ice).
7 (offering something in the restaurant).
8 (offer of help to a team member before a deadline)
Re h e a r s a l f o r
th e real w o r l
If you are w orking in class, choose some sentences to read aloud. Ask and answer questions.
Modals, etc. 2
A Obligation (necessity)
C Past forms
the airport.
controller.
Past criticism
12 Wlodais, etc. 2
Exercises
Sect ions
A, B, C, D, E
2 I mustn't do it.
0 It's allowed.
d) It's not allowed.
e) It was necessary.
f) It wasn't necessary.
7 I had to do it.
g) It was allowed.
8 I could do it.
h) It wasn't allowed.
i)
11 I shouldn't do it.
12 I should do it.
Sect i o n A
a) It's necessary.
b) It's not necessary.
1 2 .2 Com plete t h e sentences w it h must or have to. Bot h are possible each tim e, but one is
slight ly m ore nat ural in a spok en contex t.
1 I must
remember to email Steve and thank him for all his help.
3
4
5 You didn't have to give a tip. / You didn't need to give a tip.
6 I have to speak to my boss. / I'll have to speak to my boss.
7 We have to hurry. / We've got to hurry.
8 I couldn't contact her. / I didn't need to contact her.
9 We ought to sign the contract. / We should sign the contract.
10 You shouldn't worry so much. / You ought not to worry so much.
11 I should finish this spreadsheet. / I'd better finish this spreadsheet.
Exercises
Sect i o n s A, B, D
Sect i o n s C, E
A businessm an is describing a recent f light . Com plete t he t ex t w it h had to, didn't have to,
56
Tasks
Sp eak i n g : l i st en
an d r ep eat
Tr an sl at e
Reuters website
TheStreet website
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n al i z ed
Look again at ex ercise 12.4 and not ice h o w t h e HR m anager uses t h e d if f er en t m odal
form s. No w w r i t e a paragrap h f or each of t h e f o llo w in g sit uations, ex plain ing t h e rules and
procedures. Use a good var i et y of m odal form s.
1 (on a flight) You have to fasten your seatb elt before take- off, although you can take
it o ff later. You should fo llo w the safety dem onstration given by the cabin crew. You
shouldn't com plain when a baby cries all through the flig h t - one day it m ight be your
baby doing the sam e thing. And fin ally, you d o n 't have to eat the h orrib le food they
give you - you can bring your own sandwiches if you think o f it b efore leavin g hom e.
2 (on a first date with a boyfriend/ girlfriend)____________________________________________________
Look again at ex ercise 12.5 and not ice h o w t h e businessm an uses t h e d if f er en t m odal form s
jn t h e past. No w w r it e a short t ex t w h er e you tell a st ory (real or in ven t ed ) ab ou t a business t rip
or h olid ay w h er e a lot o f t hin gs w en t w r on g .
If you are w o r k in g in class, read som e stories aloud.
Modals, etc. 3
A Degrees of probabilit y
D Uncert aint y
100%
certainty
will, be certain to
95-100% deduction
must, can't
80%
expectation
30-70%
uncertainty
I have a suggestion. You might not agree, but listen to what I'm
going to say.
0%
certainty
Note that could not is not used with this meaning (unit 11C
for could not).
wont
E Probabilit y in t he past
B Cert aint y and deduct ion
When we are certain something will happen we use w ill and
be certain to.
Toyota will present their all- electric city car at the Paris Motor
Show.
CERTAINTY
You'll have seen our new model, I'm sure. It's in all the shops.
DEDUCTION
won't.
I'm sorry, Christiane is on vacation. She won't be back until the
14th.
We can use probably and definitely with will and won't. Note
the word order.
C Expect at ion
EXPECTATION
They should have arrived by now. I hope they haven't got
lost.
UNCERTAINTY
Were only five minutes late. The talk might not have
started yet.
CERTAINTY
You won't have seen our new model. It's not in the shops yet.
This language area is sometimes called 'speculating about the
past'. In this context, 'certainty' is really 'assumption' (you
think something is true, although you have no proof).
F 'Possibilit y'
58
There was no answer from her phone. She must have been in
a meeting.
Both the meeting rooms were empty. She can't have been in
a meeting.
13 M odals. etc. 3
Exercises
Sect i o n s
A, B, C, D
1 3 .1
Sect i o n s
A, B, C, D
Sect i o n s A, B, D
1 3 .3 Com plete t h e second sentence so it has a sim ilar m eaning t o t h e f ir st sentence. Use can't,
6 It's likely that we'll make our sales targets this quarter.
W e _____________ make our sales targets this quarter.
7 From what I know about computers, that isn't the problem.
From what I know about computers, t h at _____________be the problem.
8 I suppose you're Kate Perry. Pleased to meet you.
Yo u _____________ be Kate Perry. Pleased to meet you.
Exercises
Sect i o n E
a)
b)
0
d)
1 3 ..
is almost certain to
is likely to
might
UNEMPLOYMENT (millions)
INFLATION (% )
3.0
7.0
2.5
end
of
Unemployment
the
2.0
is a key
1.5
this 7 ________________
be good news for the
In
when
1.0 1
J1
two
the
and
6.0
year. Opposition
parties
let
4.0
3.5
even fall
it
(monti
(months)
Sect i o n s
A, B, D,
rapidly,
6.5
5.0
government.
years' time,
up
4.5
definitely won't
5.5
year.
are unlikely to
be
1 3 . 6 Mar t in and An n e h ave arrived at check- in at Heat h r o w air port. Com plete t h eir d ialo gue
w jth must, must have, might, might have, can't or can't have.
Mar
A
Mar
An
Mar
An
Mar
A
Ch
eck
Mar
t in
n n e
t in
n e
t in
nn e
t in
n e
Mar
A
t in
n n e
-in
t in
Tasks
Sp eak i n g : l i st en
an d r ep eat
Tr an sl at e
1 0
Telegraph website
Newsweek website
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n al i z ed
p r act i ce
journey, shou ld n 't be too much o f a problem . In fact, during the nex t day you m ight feel
com pletely norm al. However, by the tim e evening com es yo u 'll prob ab ly be gu ite tired.
2 (doing regular exercise) _________________________________________________________________________
4 Look again at ex ercise 13.6 and not ice t h e use o f m odals t o ex press p rob ab ilit y in t h e past,
n o w t hink of a disaster in t he real w o r ld t h at has recently happened, eit h er business relat ed
or a nat ional or in t ernat ion al n ews even t . Wr it e a short t ex t describing w h at happened and
consider a var iet y of reasons f o r w h at w en t wr ong . Use must have, might have and can't have.
If you are w orking in class, read some t ext s aloud and then discuss them.
I Modals, etc. 4
A Direct / indirect language
Language can be direct or indirect depending on the
situation. Direct language is typical of work conversations
between colleagues or people of the same status. Indirect
language is typical of situations where we have to be a little
more formal or polite. In general:
- present forms (can, w ill) are more direct than past forms
(could, would)
- short forms (Can you) are more direct than long forms (I
wonder if you could).
B Request s
To make a request (ask someone to do something) we use
can, could, will, would. We can add the word possibly to make
the request very polite.
C Request s w it h mind
F Suggest ions
D Permission
62
Exercises
Sect i o n s
B, C, D, E, F
1 4 .1
Sect i o n E
1 4 .2
Sect i o n s
B, D, E, F
a) offering help
b) offering something
{d} + \UJ\
[j +[
Q +fj
+
+Z
J +[J
Exercises
Sect i o n s
C. D, E, F
Geor g e is visit in g Ser g io in Sao Paolo. Com plete t h e d ialog ue w it h t h e phrases in t h e box.
shall we
thanks, that sounds great
of course
of course not
would you like
would you like to
would you like me to
do you mind
Ser
Geo
Ser
Geo
Ser
r g e
g io
g io
Ser
g io
Geo
Ser
r g e
g io
r g e
g io
r g e
Ser
r g e
Geo
Geo
Sect i o n s
B, C, D, E
g io
r g e
Ser
g io
I don't mind
Please, come in. Let me take your coat. Its good to see you!
(after sit t in g down) Its very nice to be here in Sao Paolo. Thank you so much
for your invitation to come and see you.
Not at all. Its my pleasu re.1
you
something to drink?
Mineral water, please.
S till or sparkling?
Oh, 2_______________ _ Either would be fin e.3_______________ if I just make a
quick call before we start? The number was busy before.
4_______________ _ Go right ahead.
S till busy - no problem. You have a wonderful building here.
Its designed by one of our most famous architects, Cesar Pelli. Theres a
restaurant on the top floor.5_______________ take you there later?
Geo
Now then, 7.
telling me a
get down to business? 1
little about your company and your long-term objectives here in Brazil?
I have a short presentation prepared on my laptop. It explains everything.
9
see it?
10
_ Let me make some space here on the desk.
Read t h e f o llo w in g im polite d ialog ue b et w een a hot el recept ionist and a guest.
Recept ionist
Guest
2 It's Jessop.
3 Spell it.
4 J- E- S- S- O- P.
7 Of course.
9 Do you want a pen?
11 Yes, one or two.
13 Don't do that.
No w r ew r it e t h e f o llo w in g lines f rom t h e d ialog ue using t h e w o r d s in brackets.
1 (May/ have/ name/ please) May I have your name, please?
3 (Could/ spell/ that/ me/ please)________ _____________________________________
5 (Would you/ leaving/ passport)____________________________________________
6 (Do/ think/ have/ early morning call)__________________________________________
8 (Would/ mind if l/ message/ colleague)____________________________________
9 (Would/ like me/ lend/ pen)_______________________________________________
13 (don't think/ ought/ that)__________________________________________________
64
Tasks
Sp eak i n g : l i st en
an d r ep eat
T r an sl at e
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n al i z ed
p r act i ce
I'l l __________
8 I wonder if you could .
9 Would you like me to
10 Shall w e ____________
No w w r it e possible replies t o t h e t en sentences ab ove, using t h e sam e situations.
ar sal f o r
o r ld
You h ave been given an assist ant t o help you in you r job. It is you r assist ant 's f irst d ay in t he
job; t h ey are keen t o f ind o u t w h at t o do, and you h ave lots of tasks t h at need doing. No w w r it e
t hr ee short pieces of d ialo gue b et w een you and you r assistant at d if f eren t point s during t he day.
If you are w o r k in g in class, read som e d ialogues aloud.
Questions 1
A Yes I No quest ions and answ ers
A:
B:
A:
B:
How
How
How
How
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
When the main verb is be, the form of be comes before the
subject in a question.
Is it time? Are you ready? Was it useful?
15 Quest ions 1
Exercises
Sect io n s A, B, D
1 5 .1
15
Sect i o n B
Wh er e__________________
W h y ____________________
Wh at ___________________
2
Done! I haven't done anything!
3
The report? I put it over there.
4
Here? I stay here because the pay is good.
5
Yesterday? I was feeling awful.
6
Staying? I'm staying at the Ritz.
7
Report to? I report to Mike Taylor.
This bag? I think it's Helena's.
Exercises
Sect i o n s A, B
1 5 .5
Rear range t h e w or d s in each group in t h e box t o m ake questions. Then m atch t hem t o
like what's it
you what do do
A; 1
A: 6__________________________
A : 2________________________________________
A: 7_____________________________
A : 3________________________________________
A: 8____________________
A: 4_______________________________________________A: 9_______________
B: I worked for a large drug company.
B: At the Marriott.
A: 5_______________________________________________A: 10______________
B: Yes, quite a lot. All over Europe.
Sect i o n s B, C, E
how long
how many
how much
what kind of
which
E va:
S o , te ll m e a b o u t y o u r n e w jo b . 1
Jo
I t s in s a le s , li k e m y l a s t jo b , b u t i t s w o r k i n g f o r a b i g g e r c o m p a n y .
whose
is it?
E va:
R e a lly ? 2_______________ p e o p le w o r k th e re ?
Jo
I s u p p o s e t h e r e s a b o u t s i x t y p e o p le in o u r o ffic e , b u t i t s a w o r ld w id e o r g a n iz a t io n .
3_______________ h o lid a y
E va:
And
Jo
T w e n ty d a y s p lu s p u b lic h o lid a y s .
tim e d o t h e y g iv e y o u ?
E va:
T h a t s n o t to o b a d . 4_______________ is i t fr o m y o u r h o m e ?
Jo
Q u it e n e a r. A n d I c a n d r iv e t h e r e w it h o u t g o in g t h r o u g h t h e c i t y c e n tr e .
E va:
T h a t s g o o d . 5_______________ d o e s i t t a k e y o u ?
Jo
A b o u t t w e n t y m in u te s .
Ev
Jo
:
:
a
e
It s o u n d s p e r fe c t .
T h e o n ly p r o b le m is t h a t s o m e tim e s I h a v e to w o r k w e e k e n d s a s w e ll.
E va:
6_______________ id e a
Jo
I d o n t k n o w . I t s j u s t s o m e t h in g y o u h a v e t o d o . B u t t h e y r e g o in g to g iv e m e a
w a s th a t?
c o m p a n y c a r - a VW .
E va:
7_______________ m o d e l?
Jo
A G o lf, I t h in k .
8_______________ c o lo u r ?
E va:
And
Jo
I c a n c h o o s e . I m t h i n k i n g o f d a r k b lu e .
Ev
68
what
e
a
:
:
W e ll, c o n g r a t u la t io n s . I m s u r e y o u l l d o r e a ll y w e ll.
15 Quest ions 1
Tasks
Sp eak i n g : l i st en
an d r ep eat
Tr an sl at e
1 %
prod uction?
Gadzillionthings website
Wr i t i n g :
p r act i ce
Whereabouts are you from o rig in ally? And w here are you based n ow ?
2 (What do for a living? How long you doing that?)
3 (What you do before? Wh y you leave?)
4 (The company where you work now, how large?)
5 (And what main products?)
6 (well known in the market? How long been in business?)
7 (What pay like? many opportunities for promotion?)
(think you stay there?)
9 (What do in your free time?)
10 (you any children? How old? Wh at name/ s? got a photograph?)
No w w r i t e yo u r o w n an swers t o t h e questions.
Reh ear sal f o r
4 Think of a f riend , f am ily m em ber or colleague f rom a previous j ob w h o you h aven 't seen f or
som e tim e. No w w r it e t h e d ialog ue f o r t he nex t t im e you m eet t his person. You ask each ot h er
questions ab ou t yo u r lives and g ive f ull, f rien d ly replies.
If you are w o r k in g in class, read som e d ialogues aloud.
Questions 2
A Indirect quest ions
A:
Tags are used in the UK, Ireland, Canada, Australia, etc., but
they are rare in America. In America people often just say
Right?
Exercises
Sect i o n A
1 6 .1
1 Could you tell me what are your terms o f payment/ what your terms o f paym ent are?
2 Do you know where the marketing seminar is/ where is the marketing sem inarl
3 I'd like to know how can we/ how we can finance this project.
4 Could I ask you why you left/ why did you leave your last job?
5 I was wondering whether you could/ whether could you give me a hand.
Sect i o n s D, F
Sect i o n E
1 6 .3 Choose t h e m ost lik ely rep ly in each sit uat ion. Put a t ick (/ ).
1 If I go to Portugal, I'm going to have problems with the language.
a) Of course. You speak Portuguese, don't you?
b) Of course. You don't speak Portuguese, do you?
2 In the meeting you said that our competitors had a better product than us.
a) What! I said that, didn't I?
b) What! I didn't say that, did I?
3 I haven't seen Ann for ages. I think she's working abroad.
a) Yes, that's right. She's got a job in Spain, hasn't she?
b) Yes, that's right. She hasn't got a job in Spain, has she?
4 The deadline for the project is Friday and there's still so much work to do.
a) It's not looking good. We're going to make the deadline, aren't we?
b) It's not looking good. We're not going to make the deadline, are we?
5 Do you mind if I help myself to some more couscous?
a) No, of course not. You like Moroccan food, don't you?
b) No, of course not. You don't like Moroccan food, do you?
6 I'll meet you at the airport two hours before departure.
a) You will be late, won't you?
b) You won't be late, will you?
Exercises
S e c tio n s B, C
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
S e ctio n E
____________________________
____________________________
S e ctio n s D, E, F
Com plete this dialogue during a conference cof f ee break w it h question tags.
Ser
g e
Yes, very interesting. You know our company is selling more netbooks than PCs
right now. Theyre small and fun and cheap.
Se r g e :
That cuts into your profit margins, 2_______________ ?
N i c o l e : Only if they replace a PC. But we find that many people buy them as a third
machine, as well as a PC and a laptop.
Se r g e :
Right. Hey, look at the time. We should go back to the main hall now,
Nic o
l e
3______________ ?
Actually I m not going to join you. I ve decided to miss the next session. You
dont mind, 4_______________ ?
Se r g e :
N o , of course not. I hope it doesnt go on for too long. It shouldnt finish later
than about fiv e,5_______________ ?
N i c o l e : N o , I dont think so. Anyway, at some point I d like to continue that conversation
we were having earlier about outsourcing. Were thinking of switching some of
our production from China to Vietnam.
Se r g e :
OK. How about meeting up for lunch tomorrow?
N i c o l e : Yes, lets do that 6_______________ ? I ll meet you here at twelve.
Nic
72
o l e
16 Quest ions 2
Tasks
Sceak i n g : l i st en
an d r ep eat
T r an sl at e
FT website
Drapers website
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n al i z ed
p r act i ce
Mak e q uestions f or t h e g iven answers, using t h e underlined ver b and t h e preposit ion in bold
f rom t he answer.
1 Which hag did you p u t it in ?
I don't know, I thought I put it in this bag.
2 Which st at ion_________________________________________________________________________________ ?
I'm getting off at Koln, and then changing to another train.
3 Wh at _________________________________________________________________________________________ ?
- He was accused of accepting a bribe, but they never proved anything.
4 Which of o u r __________________________________________________________________________________ ?
I know ab ou t your wealth management service, but not your tax planning service.
5 Wh o ____________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ?
-
6 Which ex it ____________________________________________________________________________________ ?
-
I think we should leave by the exit over there - there are fewer people.
You need to work on your pronunciation, but your knowledge of specialized vocabulary is very good.
Thin k of a real person w h o you d o n 't k n o w ver y w ell, but w o u ld like t o g et t o k n o w better.
You are sitt ing nex t t o t hem at a m eal. No w w r i t e d o w n som e questions t h at you w o u ld like t o
ask t hem , using both direct and indirect question form s (see sect ion A on page 70).
If yo u ar e w o r k i n g in class, read so m e o f t h e q u est io n s alo u d . Try t o im ag in e so m e p ossib le
an sw er s.
I Conditionals 1
A Condit ions and result s
Compare these sentences. The ' I f clause is the condition,
and the other part of the sentence is the result.
1
2
3
condition
result
IF/WHEN + present,
present or imperative
I f you don't get the best people into the company, your reputation
suffers.
In this type of conditional we are not referring to one specific
event.
(imperative)
The examples above are about two actions in the future. If
the result clause refers to the present, we use a present tense.
If you need me, I'm working in my room.
condition
result
IF + past,
When you fly business class, you get much more legroom.
(present simple)
I f interest rates are rising, bank loans become more expensive.
(present continuous)
When you've finished the course, they give you a certificate.
(present perfect)
my Word docs.
74
condition
result
IF + present,
future or imperative
E Unless
Unless means the same as I f ... not. Compare these sentences,
which have the same meaning:
I f he doesn't arrive soon, he'll miss the flight.
Unless he arrives soon, he'll miss the flight.
F Ot her modals
Many examples of conditionals are given with will and would.
But we can use all other modals (can, should, must, etc.) with
their normal meanings (unit 18E).
17 Co n d it io n als 1
Exercises
Sect ions
B, C, D, E
Sect i o n s C, D
1 7 .2 Read t hese sentences and decid e if t he even t s are lik ely or unlikely. Then put t h e verb s in
brackets in t o eit h er t he present sim ple + will or t h e past sim ple + would. Use cont ract ed f orm s
w h er e possible.
If yOU fo llo w (follow) this road, you
A: I have no idea what the other side are going to say in the negotiation.
B: Neither do I. If I ________________ (know), I _________________ (tell) you.
It only takes ten minutes to the station by taxi. If yo u ________________ (leave) now, you
________________ (catch) your train.
A: Is that the time? I really should be going.
B: If yo u ________________ (wait) a moment, I _____________
I'm sorry, I can't help you right now. I'm really busy. If I ____
b) we'd invest
it in new machinery.
c) we were investing
b) we have
d) we had
b) I was starting
c) I've started
d) I started
_____________ r
T/n
_ i ___
Exercises
Sect i o n s
B, C, D, E
Paula, t he Mar k et ing Director of a car m anuf act urin g com pany, is t alk in g t o her colleague
Frank, a Production Manager. Com plete t h eir conversat ion w it h t h e w or d s in t h e box.
wtW
will
unless
Sect i o n s B, C, D
won't
unless
Pa
u l a
Fr
an k
won't
be
is
would
would
is going to be
wouldn't
don't
didn't
Arent you worried? If the workers in the factory go on strike, we 1_YyjJL- lose a
lot of production. If we lose production, we 2____________ be able to supply all
our customers. If we 3___________ _ supply our customers, theyll probably buy
other makes of car. If that happens, our market share 4____________ go down. Its
not looking good. Also, in my experience, when workers go on strike, there
5____________ a bad atmosphere for months afterwards. So 6-------------------- you can
come to an agreement with the workers soon, there 7___________ _ a lot of trouble
ahead. If you want my ad v ice,8____________ very careful.
Dont worry. The workers know that the success of the company depends on
this new model. 9____________ theyre stupid, they 10_____________go on strike.
Just imagine - if this model sold really well, the whole financial situation of the
company 11____________ improve. If that happened, we 12_____________ need to go
ahead with the planned job cuts. And if we 13____________ have plans to cut jobs,
the workers 14____________ be much happier.
You think:
I want to show that I'm good at my job - 1need some job security.
You think:
You say:
You think:
You say:
3I have been late once or twice. They have another site nearer my home - if I
_____________(work) there, i t _____________ (not be) such a problem.
You think:
You say:
I had a health problem a few years ago. But it's very unlikely to reoccur.
4One thing worries me. I wonder w h at _____________ (happen) if my health problem
_____________ (reoccur)?
You think: Maybe it's not a problem. In general they seem to be very reasonable about illness.
You say:
You think:
You say:
76
17 Co n d it io n als 1
Tasks
Sp eak i n g : l i st en
an d r ep eat
Tr an sl at e
DM News website
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n al i z ed
If I________________________________________________
3 Wh at do you do if your boss is in a bad mood?
If m y_______________________________________
4 Wh at will you do if you have some free time this evening?
If I ____________________________________________________
5 What will you do if this quarter's sales figures are a disaster?
If this quarter's__________________________________________
6 What will your company do if the economy stays in (goes into) recession?
If the econom y______________________________________________________
7 Wh at would you do if you won 1 m on the 'Euro Lotto'.
If I __________________________________________________
Wh at would your company do if your main supplier started having serious quality issues?
f our main supplier______________________________________________________________
9 Where would you like to be right now if you could be anywhere in the world?
If I _____________ _______________________________________________________________
Reh ear sal f o r
t h e r eal w o r l d
4 Look again at ex ercise 17.4 and see h o w t he speak ers t alk ab ou t a 'chain of even t s', w h er e
one scenario leads t o another. No w w r it e a sim ilar 'chain of even t s', starting w it h t h e f o llo w in g
sentences.
1 If I do an MBA in the next few years, ...
if you are w o r k in g in class, choose som e 'chain of even t s' t o read aloud.
Ask and an sw er questions.
:Conditionals 2
A Third condit ional (im aginary past )
When we talk about past events that are different to what
really happened, we use:
condition
IF + past perfect,
result
D Forms w it h w ish
We use I wish to express regret or dissatisfaction. This is like
a conditional because we can replace I wish with If only.
I wish I was eighteen again.
I f only I was eighteen again.
For the present and future, use I wish followed by the past
simple or continuous.
I wish we didn't have so many meetings.
I wish I was playing golf this afternoon.
For the past, use I wish followed by the past perfect.
The examples above are about two actions in the past. If the
result clause refers to the present, we use would + infinitive.
We often use w ill and can with first conditionals, and would
and could with second conditionals. However, look at this
typical example:
18 Con d it io n als 2
Exercises
Sect i o n s
A, B, E, u n i t 17
1 8 .1
Und er line t h e correct word s. This ex ercise includes revision of second condit ionals
(u n it 17).
1 If you called/ had called me yesterday, I had told/ would have told you.
2 If you took/ would have taken more exercise, you m ight feel/ will feel better.
3 If Edi would have listened/ had listened more carefully, he wouldn't have made/ didn't make that
mistake.
4 It took us a long time to move. If we'd found/ we found suitable premises, we'd have moved/ we had
moved earlier.
5 If people kept/ had kept their offices tidier, it m ight present/ must present a better image to our visitors.
6 If I'd known/ l would know about their financial problems, I wouldn't invest/ wouldn't have invested in
their company.
7 In the end we didn't get the contract. But if our side had been/ was better prepared, I'm sure we
as long as
in case
unless
1 I'll speak to you again when |>Ve looked at the contract in detail.
2 Leave your return flight o p en _____________ the negotiations take an extra day.
3 We can start the project next w eek ___ ____ ____ everyone agrees.
4 We can start the project next week ___________ anyone disagrees.
5 The Board will be hap p y_____________ our share price remains high.
6 Keep your receipt _____________ you need to return the goods.
7 The new stock will arrive____________ the Christmas sales are finished.
8 We'll probably make a loss this year _____________sales improve significantly in the remaining
f ew months.
Sect i o n D
Exercises
Sect i o n s A, C, E
1 8 . 4 Patrick and Diet er are discussing a n eg ot iat ion t h at w en t w r on g . Com plete t h e d ialo gue
w it h t h e wor d s in t h e box (not ice t h e cont ract ions t h at are used in speech).
'4
as long as
'II
'd
'd
t r ic k
Pa
D ie t
Pa
er
t r ic k
D ie t
Pa
er
t r ic k
D ie t
Pa
t r ic k
ie t e r
Pa
Sect i o n s
A, E, u n i t 17
er
t r ic k
in case
've
unless
'd have
wouldn't've
D ieter,1_i t ... youve got a moment, can I have a word with you?
S u re ,2____________ it doesnt take too long. I have a meeting in five minutes. Is
it about that contract that we lost?
Yes. What went wrong? Do you think we 3____________ got the deal if we
4____________ offered a better price? Maybe we 5_____________ lost the business.
Its a pity - we need some new clients.
No, I dont think the problem was the price.
No? So was it a problem with our shipping dates? If we 6-------------------given
them a quicker shipping time, would i t 7____________ made a difference?
No, the shipping time was OK.
H o w strange. The thing is, we should find out what went wrong 8------------------a similar situation happens in the fu tu re.9_______ _____ we learn from our
mistakes, we 10____________ lose more orders.
Well, I did hear something. Apparently they didnt think much of our
negotiating team.
Oh, I see. I was the head o f that team.
[J
80
18 Co n d it io n als 2
Tasks
Sp eak i n g : l i st en
an d r ep eat
1 #
T r an sl at e
Q: Can you t alk about what percentage of sales cam e f rom new
t han they were t hree years ago. If we had introduced those same
a $ 1 ,0 0 9 high to a $ 9 98 low.
because they had more business t han they could handle; they had
for ways to dif f erent iat e them selves from the com pet ition.
BN ET website
in an uptrend.
Goldprice website
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n al i z ed
p r act i ce
1 If I'd known she was vegetarian, I'd have p rep ared som ething special
2 We wouldn't have been late i f ________________________________________
3 If I'd remembered to water that plant,
4 She would have married Eric i f _______
5 If I hadn't acted immediately,________
Think ab ou t som eth ing you regret. No w w r i t e a short paragrap h ex plain ing w h at happened,
w h at t he consequences w er e, and h o w lif e m ig ht h ave been d if f er en t if yo u 'd d one t he
opposit e. Here are som e ideas:
something you didn't do
expectations
demand*, deserve, expect*, hope*, want, wish*, would like
phrasal verbs
carry on, give up, keep on, put off
can't bear, can't help, can't resist, can't face, can't stand
common phrases
spend/ waste time ...
spend/ waste money ...
It's not worth ...
It's no use/ good ...
Theres no point (in) ...
3 With used to, be going to, be able to, be allowed to, have to, need
to and ought to.
Go and come plus an - ing form are often used for sports and
outdoor activities.
I often go skiing in the winter.
Do you want to come shopping with me?
After make and let we use the bare infinitive without to.
Exercises
Sect i o n s A, B
1 9 .1
to + in f in it ive.
advertise
employ
fly
we
help
make
receive
speak
think
write
9 I can't afford _
10 I can't promise Sect i o n C
1 9 .3
encourage
expect
invite
force
persuade
prefer
remind
contact me
of our workers.
7 I'm renovating my house, and the builder
____________________pay him in cash.
I'd like t o ____________________join us
for dinner this evening.
Exercises
Sect i o n s A, B
1 9 .4
Com plete t his m ini- dialogue b et w een t w o colleagues by put t ing t h e verb s in brackets in
Vik t
Is a
o r
be l
Vik t
Is a
o r
be l
Vik t
Is a
Sect i o n s A, B, E
1 9 .5
o r
be l
Com plete t his em ail, w h ich circulated inside a m obile p hone m anufact urer. Choose a verb
from t h e box and use t h e correct f orm , eit h er -ing or to + inf in it ive.
be
pay
tfrt
El
Send
To...
Subject :
pretend
receive
show
take
talk
use
worry
A journalist from the Daily Planet wants 1_ to in t er view someone about the safety risks of using
to him over lunch one day next week. Hes
hands- free phones in cars. It will involve 2
offered 3______________Any volunteers?
In my opinion its not worth 4_____________ too much about this, as any changes in this area depend on
government legislation, not on the phone manufacturers. However, its no good 5- - - - - - - - - - - we have
no responsibility at all for this issue. For example, in our advertising we use images of people using our
phones hands- free while driving, and common sense does suggest that 6_____________a phone in this
way might distract the drivers attention. We need 7_____________ careful, and point out the similarities
between using a hands- free phone and just having a normal conversation with a passenger.
Anyway, hes kindly agreed 8_____________us the article before its published, and hes promised
9_____________a balanced view and not refer to individual phone manufacturers by name.
I look forward to 10________
Peter Halonen
84
19 Verb + -ing or in f i n i t i ve 1
Tasks
k in g : l i st en
an d r ep eat
T r an sl at e
1 ^
Freep website
Forbes website
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n al i z ed
If we see or hear only part of the action, we use the - ing form.
86
D Passive forms
Unit 19 gave lists of verbs that are followed by - ing or to +
infinitive. Only the active forms were given.
The passive form of 'verb + - ing' is 'verb + being + past
participle'.
If the share price falls any more, we risk being taken over by a
larger company.
It's not worth being sued over this issue.
20 Verb + -ing o r i n f i n i t i ve 2
Exercises
Sect i o n A
2 0 .1
2 0 . 3 Com plete t h e sentences w it h being or to be. This ex ercise includes som e revision of
u nit 19.
1 I enjoy being taken out for expensive meals.
2 The Minister d enied_____________ given a bribe.
3 The Minister refused_____________ questioned about the bribe.
4 I ex pect _____________ asked some tough questions at the interview.
5 All our staff are going to be busy. Do you m ind _____________ picked up by taxi?
6 How awful! Im agine_____________asked to give a presentation at such short notice!
Exercises
Sect i o n s
A, C, u n i t 19
20
Com plete t his m ini- dialogue b et w een t w o colleagues w it h t h e correct f orm of t h e verb ,
eit h er -ing or to + in f in it ive. This ex ercise includes som e revision o f unit 19.
Hi, Carla, I ve been meaning 1..~ speak (speak) to you all day. Were trying
2____________ (book) a table at that new Chinese restaurant tonight. Would you
like to come too?
Ca r l a :
Thanks, I d really like to, but I was intending 3__........ ............(start) work on my
monthly sales report tonight.
T h o m a s : Youre a real w orkaholic!
Ca r l a :
Of course I want 4____________ (go) out with you all tonight, but I really have
to get this report done. I m sorry it means 5____________ (miss) dinner with you
guys.
T h o m a s : Well, perhaps next time then.
Ca r l a :
Yes, and please dont fo rg e t6____________ (give) me as much notice as possible
beforehand so I can keep the evening free.
T h o m a s : OK! But the trouble with you, Carla, is that you never stop 7____________
(work). You should remember 8........ ........ .......(have) some fun sometimes.
If you go on 9______ _____ (work) like you do at the moment, youll start
10____________ (get) really stressed. Youll become ill, and youll look back and
regret 1________
__________(miss out) on your social life. It happened to a friend
of mine - at first it was just stress at work but then in the end he went on
12
_ (have) a nervous breakdown.
Ca r l a :
Oh, come on. Stop 13____________ (be) so dramatic. I dont enjoy 14__________
(take) work home like tonight, its just that I like 15.. .....................(finish) my
reports on time.
Th
20
Com plete t his em ail w it h t h e correct f orm of t h e verb , eit h er -ing or to + in f in it ive. This
Send
To...
customerservice@gamesworid
Subject:
1am writing to complain about your change of policy re old video games. I have been buying games
from you for many years, and I really liked the fact that you allowed customers 1 to trad e in (trade
in) their old games for credit towards new ones. However, I have now found out that you have stopped
2
(do) this. For me, this means 3______________(lose) a lot of value - I bought the games
from you on the expectation that I could trade them in. When I visited your store last week I had two old
games with me, and your salesman refused 4_____________ (accept) them. This was very annoying, as
I had even remembered 5_____________ (bring) the receipts with me.
I cant help 6_____________(think) that you will lose a lot of business if you go on 7______________(do)
this. As a gamer, I strongly advise you 8_____________ (go back) to the old system of part- exchange otherwise you will just encourage people 9_____________(move) to online gaming. In fact, many of my
friends who used to buy from your stores are already beginning 10_____________ (do) this.
Frantz Christensen
ll
Sect i o n s
A, C, u n i t 19
o ma s:
20 Verb + -ing or in f i n i t i ve 2
Tasks
p eak in g : l i st en
an d r ep eat
T r an sl at e
1 Q
Asiaweek website
Forbes website
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n al i z ed
p r act i ce
(- ing)
2 (to + inf)
3 (- ing)
4 (to + inf)
5 (- ing)
6 (to + inf)
7 (- ing)
8 (to + inf)
9 (- ing)
10 (to + inf)
1
l rpm pm hpr
l m i ist r p m p m h p r
_________
_ __
______________
-
_ ____
_______
____
_________________
You're a big boy now. It's time that you stopped ................... .......
.....
4 Look again at sect ion D on page 86. No w com p let e t h e sentences w it h a past participle.
-| | dislike being asked to atten d m eetings at such short notice
2 I can't imagine b ein g- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 Not again I I keep on b eing - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 If we continue like this, we risk b eing_____________________
5 Your results this year have been excellent. You deserve to be
6 At my performance review meeting I expect to b e _________
7 I need regular feedback from you. I want to b e ____________
The restaurant is very busy. We'll have to wait to be .
If you are w o r k in g in class, choose som e sentences t o read aloud. Ask and an sw er questions.
D Verb + t w o object s
With most of the verbs in the previous list you can put the
direct object first, and in this case you do use to + indirect
object.
90
T\ Merbs an d ob \ eOs
Exercises
Sect i o n s A, B
21.1
Sect i o n A
6 I waited.
13 He reminded.
14 He remembered.
7 I waited hours.
15 I got.
Sect i o n s A, B, C
2 1 . 3 Tick (/ ) t h e sentences t h at are correct and cross (X) t he ones t h at are incorrect.
Unfortunately we had to increase our prices.
Unfortunately we had to raise our prices.
Unfortunately we had to rise our prices.
Last quarter we fell our advertising budget.
Last quarter we cut our advertising budget.
I've been studying the company for two years.
I've been working the company for two years.
I've been working at the company for t wo years.
If the CEO leaves, who will run
the company?
10 If the CEO leaves, what will happen
the company?
11
Exercises
Sect i o n s
A, B, C, D, E
Sect i o n s D, E
to the journalists.
I explained them/ explained to them that I was just following company policy.
This delay is causing us problems/ causing problems to us.
Maria ate here last week and recommended me the fish/ the fish to me.
I described them the whole situation/ the whole situation to them.
Changing suppliers will cost us/ cost to us a lot of time and money.
I reported to the technician the fault/ the fault to the technician.
I__________________________________________________________________
4 I/ an email/ to their customer services/ sent/ yesterday.
I __________________________________________________________________
5 l/ reported/ to the technician/ the fault.
I __________________________________________________________________
6 l/ reported/ to him/ the fault.
I __________________________________________________________________
7 l/ him/ the display model that's been in the showroom/ sold.
I __________________________________________________________________
8 I/ to a man who came in this morning/ the display model/ sold.
Sect i o n s D, E, F
4 Please write a let t er________our gas supplier and save a co p y________ our files.
5 I want to leave this pack age________him. Perhaps you could take i t ________ him?
6 I'll bring some sam ples________the of f ice________ you.
7 She described________me how they chose the location________ their new factory.
8 Hand the docum ent s_______ my secretary and she'll keep t h em ............. me.
92
Tasks
p eak in g : l i st en
an d r ep eat
Tr an sl at e
1 *
Google website
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n al i z ed
p r act i ce
3 Look again at section B on page 90. No w m ake sentences using t h e w o r d s in brackets and
yo u r o w n ideas. You m ay h ave t o change t h e order of t h e words.
(aches, my back) M y back really aches - I need a m assage!
(hurts, my back) Doing the gardening hurts m y back.
(fall, profits)_______________________________________________
(cut, the budget )_____ ______________________________________
(happen, the accident in the f act ory).
(cause, the accident in the f actory)__
(rise, my salary)__________ 1________
(raise, my salary)__________________
4 Look again at sect ion D and sect ion E on page 90. Use t he w or d s in brackets and you r o w n
ideas t o w r i t e t w o sentences w it h t h e object s in a d if f er en t order each tim e.
9 (she, give, me, instruction manual)
a 1 co u ld n 't figure out w hat to do, so she gave me the instruction m anual.
b 1 could n 't figure out w hat to do, so she gave the instruction m anual to me.
10 (bank, lend, 50.000. company)
a _____________________________________________________________________________
b _____________________________________________________________________________
11 (save, delicious- lookino cake, me)
a _____________________________________________________________________________
b _____________________________________________________________________________
12 (local aaent. find, us. better distribution channel)
a _____________________________________________________________________________
b _____________________________________________________________________________
13 (show, me, factory, on my last visit to Poland)
a _____________________________________________________________________________
b _____________________________________________________________________________
14 (pay, 2 5 %. us. upfront)
a _____________________________________________________________________________
Phrasal verbs 1
A Underst anding phrasal verbs
Verbs are often followed by particles like back, off, through, up,
etc. The word 'particle' means adverb or preposition.
Sometimes both verb and particle have their normal
meanings. Other times there is a new meaning when the verb
and particle are put together. Compare:
It took 20 minutes to go through passport control.
(normal meaning)
Can we go through your proposal again?
94
22 Phrasal ver b s 1
Exercises
Sect i o n s B, C
2 2 .1
B put
C set
D take
B back
C support
D turn
B get
C take
D throw
4 I might need some help. I've never _____ across a situation like this before.
A come
B been
C found
D looked
B fallen
C ended
D passed
6 We won the contract. Congratulations! All your hard work really_____ off.
A went
B brought
C took
D paid
B got
C ended
D picked
B went
C rolled
D launched
2 2 .3
Und er line all t he possible w o r d orders from t he f o u r alt er n at ives. Som et im es t w o are
Exercises
Sect i o n s A, B, C
call off
hold up
call on
check in
look through
draw up
pick up
drop off
sort out
turn up
Memo
S/ mon - I V leaving - for 'Be.ne.lM tonicjht. 1kere are, a -few) things I need
upu t o do uMile, I m amau:
1 Mr YarmYuzka
Mr Yamanaka miII be arrivinq a t + ke airp o rt a t 10.56 on Thursday
mom/ n<j. Can upu 1 P/ c^
2
k/'rn
UP
a t +ke Mrr/ o- H- . Perhaps i\ ou could also be mith k/'rn. j&s- f t o ru.ake s&re
- fkere are. no problems 3_____________ (registering), ebc. A- fber t Wat ke
c.an
(arrive) bkere around 1.00 pm and mill call k/ s room, - from recepb/ on.
Z Spain trip
lm + r^m^ t o 5____________ (organize) + ke it in erary - for m^ +r/ p bo
Spain nex t mon+k. Can upu 6____________ (think about then write) a l/ s+
o- f all our Sptfn/ sk cas+ omers bi\ 7_____________(searching) our custom er
accounts database.? Id l/ ke bo know) etfc+ l^ )ko I need t o
8_____________(visit) jk/ le Im there.
3 P t d J& c.+ Itfzmck
As <yo,u kno), )e )er& qoinq t o 9_____________(start to sell) oar XJfc
model netfb mon+k - /'bs bke replacem ent t o + ke Xd5. zMn- for+imtf+el/ j
production issues are, ^ oin^ t o 10_____________ (delay) - Fke U&nck b^ +
les+ s/vr meeks. k- for+mbel^ bk/ s mens - fk+ me- mill Wave, t o
11_____________ (cancel) tWe Uimck event. Wken Im bck m - fke o- f- f/ ce
Sect i o n s B, C
2!
Com plete t his ex t ract f rom a n ew sp ap er art icle by choosing t he correct part icle from
t hose in t h e brackets.
96
22 Ph r asal verb s 1
Tasks
Sp eak i n g : l i st en
an d r ep eat
Tr an sl at e
1 f t
prom otion.
Wr i t i n g :
p ersor ^
p r act i ce
Phrasal verbs 2
A Phrasal verb + preposit ion + object
Communication
across: What message do you want to get across?
through: I tried to call but I couldn't get through.
Involvement in an activity
in: Are you all going for lunch? Can I join in ?
into: We're trying to break into that market.
away: I've been slaving away in the kitchen.
out: We've pulled out of that market.
Preventing problems
around: We'll work around the problem somehow.
aside: We need to put aside our differences.
off: Keep off the grass.
failed)
Completeness
up: The next slide sums up my whole presentation.
way)
In a few phrasal verbs there are two particles which can be
separated.
We can play one supplier off against another.
She puts her success down to hard work.
I've decided to take you up on your offer.
98
Ending
away: The snow just melted away.
off: They broke off negotiations.
out: We've sold out of size 14.
up: Hes just broken up with his girlfriend.
Relationships
together: Let's all get together after work.
up: Let's meet up for lunch some time.
Happiness and unhappiness
up: Cheer up I Things are looking up!
down: The cold weather was getting me down.
Exercises
Sect i o n s A, B
23
A: along
back
in
out
up
B: for
on
of
with
with
with
1 It's not just a question of choosing a candidate with the right experience. They also have to fit
in
back
down
through
up
up
B: on
to
to
to
with
with
7 I'm sorry, I'm going to be away next week. Can we put the meeting _________ ________ _the
following week ?
8 We might have to wit hdraw this product from the market and f ace_____________________the fact
that it hasn't been such a great success.
9 He agreed to go ___
and criticizing.
10 I'm starting to get a bit overweight. I'm going to have to take more exercise and cu t __________
_________ alcohol and fatty food.
11 We will all have to p u t _____________________the noise of the building work until the extension is
finished.
12 I've been trying to get
Sect i o n C
2 3 . 2 Read sentences 1- 6 and t hin k car ef ully ab ou t t h e m eaning o f t h e part icle 'u p ' in each one.
Rem em ber t h at t h e m eaning m ig ht be m et aphorical, n ot lit eral. Then m atch each use of 'u p ' t o
m eanings a- f below.
1 The Turkish market is opening up for new investment.
2 We need more ink for the printer. It's nearly used up.
3 A key goal for the bank is to build up their asset management business.
Exercises
S e ctio n s A, B, C
2 3 . 3 Com plete t his em ail ex t ract f rom a f inancial ad visor t o his client w it h t h e particles in t he
box. You w ill need t o guess som e an swers f rom t he cont ex t.
back
behind
down
in
on
up
Unfortunately, since I last contacted you the value of stocks has come 1_down__ significantly in all
global markets. In addition, there are increasing signs of inflation, and Central Banks are starting to put
2 ............. interest rates. Investors are nervous, and it is likely that market volatility will carry
3__________ Your own portfolio is weighted towards the financial sector, and this sector has fallen even
further4__________the general market. In the current climate we recommend that you cu t 5- - - - - - - - on your exposure to this sector and switch to energy and infrastructure instead. These areas will fit
6__________nicely with the rest of your portfolio.
Sect i o n s A, B, C
Re c e pt
Der
ek
io n is t
ek
io n is t
io n is t
Der
ek
Re c e pt
100
ek
io n is t
Re c e pt
io n is t
De
r ek
Re c e pt
Der
Re c e pt
Der
cut off
hold on
get back to
look into
get through
put through
go ahead
sort out
Tasks
ak i n g : l i st en
an d r ep eat
T r an sl at e
1 %
of dir ect ors. Anot her would give them a chance to voice
likely m ore com panies will move to split the roles of chief
to f am iliar products.
FT website
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n al i z ed
p r act i ce
3 Com plete t h e sentences w it h a phrasal ver b f rom section A on page 98 and you r o w n ideas,
You w ill need t o begin w it h a preposit ion + object.
^ ^
^
can<t
Qf the deal now. They would never do business with us again
2 I'm going to be busy all morning. I need to carry on
3 Korean car manufacturers like Hyundai are trying hard to catch up
4 In the current economic climate we're going to have to cut back .
5 He's a genius, but he's not really a team player. I don't think he'll fit in
6 I go to the main annual conference in my field. I like to keep up
7 That's all I have to say about trends in the market. Now I'd like to move on
Our Marketing Director is away all this week, but I'm standing in
4 Cont in ue as before, using a phrasal verb f rom section B on page 98 and yo u r o w n ideas.
9 Their share price has fallen dramatically and the CEO has come i n - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10 He's in a state of denial. Sooner or later he'll have to face up
11 If her ideas for becoming self- employed don't work, she can always fall back
12 I need to look into this to see what's happening. I'll get back
13 It's taken a long time, but this week I've finally got around
14 I don't think it's the right decision, but I'm going to go along
(NOT to work)
102
24 The -ing f or m
Exercises
Sect i o n s B, C
2 4 .1
2 4 .2
For each sentence in ex ercise 24.1 ab ove, decid e if t he w o r d 'm an u f act u r in g ' is a noun or
an adject ive.
Noun: l
Sect i o n C
______
Adjective: i l .
______
______
______
2 4 . 3 Com plete t h e sentences w it h adject ives f orm ed f rom t he -ing f orm of t h e verb s in
t h e box.
confuse
cut
last
meet
sell
tife
wear
welcome
1 I'm going to take a long bath - it's been a very tirin g day.
2 There's a _____________ point in front of the ticket office. I'll see you there at six.
3 Her presentation was a lit tle_____________at times.
4 This carpet is very hard- _____________ , and so it will be very long- - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 The new reception area should b e__ :__________ , not cold and formal like before.
6 One of the strongest_____________ points of this machine is it s______________- edge technology. We
have a patent on it and you won't find it anywhere else.
Sect i o n D
Exercises
Sec t i o n D
Com plete t h e sentences by choosing a preposit ion f rom list A f o llo w ed by an -ing f orm
f rom list B.
A: aftef
before
by
instead of
B: being
going
Icoving
raising
of
without
using
taking over
on, I'd like you to look at one more thing on this slide.
Sect i o n s D, E, F
2 4 . 7 Rew r it e t h e underlined p art of each sent ence using an -ing form . Not e t h at in som e
ex am ples t here m ay be a n eg at ive f orm or a perf ect f orm .
1 I got to the airport at ten because I expected the flight to arrive on time.
I got to the airport at ten, ex pecting the flight to arrive on time.
2 I wasn't used to the company culture so I found it hard to fit in.
104
24 The -ing f or m
Tasks
k i n g : l i st en
an d r ep eat
T r an sl at e
1 $
coming into a com pany every day. Int egrat ing t hat
BN ET website
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n al i z ed
p r act i ce
Eurobusiness website
3 Look again at page 102, and t h en com p let e t h e f o llo w in g sentences, beginnin g w it h an -ing
f orm used in t h e w ay sh o w n in brackets.
1 (- ing form as a noun or part of a noun phrase)
Ad vertising on b illb oard s and pub lic transport seems to work well in my business.
2 (- ing form as a noun or part of a noun phrase)
is a very important part of my job.
3 (- ing form as a noun or part of a noun phrase)
is a very difficult part of my job.
(- ing clause giving information about a noun, like a defining relative clause)
will
(- ing clause giving information about a noun, like a defining relative clause)
Many of the people_______________________________________ are on temporary contracts.
10 (- ing clause giving the reason for an action)
I put on my smartest clothes,
11 (- ing clause giving the reason for an action)
N o t _____________________________________
A make & do
There are many common expressions using make and do. A
very approximate guideline is that make is used for a result
and do for an activity.
You can make ...
an appointment with sb, an arrangement with sb, sb angry/
sad/ etc., an attempt to do sth, sth better/ lighter (comparative
adjectives), a bid for sth, a call to sb, sth clear, a complaint
against sb, contact, a decision, a difference to sth, an exception,
an effort, inquiries, an excuse, a good/ poor impression on sb,
an investment, a loss, a mess, a mistake, money, a noise, a note
of sth, an offer, a plan, sth possible, a profit, a promise, progress,
sense of sth, a start, a suggestion, sure, yourself understood
C get
1 obtain/receive/be given
Her husband got a new job.
I got an email from Frank yesterday.
You'll get the chance to travel abroad.
2 buy sth
I got this shirt from Harrods.
3 become
It's getting late - 1 have to go.
4 bring sth (fetch)
Will you get me a glass of water?
5 get sth done/fixed/finished, etc.
I can get the report finished today.
Joran managed to get my email working again.
B have
We use the verb have either like 'possess' or as an action
(= do something).
I have aflat in the city centre.
We have a meeting every morning.
(possess)
(action)
6 make sb do sth/persuade
I'l l get Estera to give you a call.
We tried to get them to agree, but they refused.
7 move
I saw him get out of the taxi.
I got into marketing many years ago.
8 arrive at a place
I get to work at nine.
9 make progress
I'm not getting anywhere with this report.
12 travel by/catch
I got a taxi from the airport.
Exercises
Sect i o n A
2 5 .1
Com plete t h e sentences w it h make or do. You m ay h ave t o use a past sim ple or present
At my previous company, w e _______ business in the Ukraine for three years before we
profit.
10 W e ________some quality tests last week and I think w e'r e________ progress.
11
12
Sec t i o n B
Sect i o n C
[j
g) move
b) buy
c) become
d) bring sth (fetch)
h) arrive at
i) make progress
j) fit sth in a place
k) understand
f) make sb do sth
Exercises
Sect i o n B
day off
holiday
difficulty
discussion
look
meeting
time
word
2 5 .5
Ian:
2
promoted?
E v a : N o , its just that I havent been 3____________ this job very long and I really want
to 4........................ a good impression. In the last place I worked they laid off a lot of
people, including me.
I a n : Really, why was that?
E v a : Well, the company just wasnt 5____________ very well. Basically they 6_____________
into difficulties by expanding too quickly. They 7____________ a big investment
in L atin America but they hadnt 8____________ their market research properly
beforehand. They ju st couldnt 9____________ money. So they had to cut back.
I a n : So what did you 10____________ after you lost your job?
E v a : The first thing 1 11______ _____ _ was put my CV on the web. 1 12____________ quite
a few replies. I contacted the companies who were interested, and thats how I
13____________ an interview here. They 14_____________ me an offer the next day and
I accepted it straightaway.
I a n : Being able to do a job search and things like that online 15____________ a big
difference. You dont even have to leave the house! I m using the Internet for
everything now. I couldnt 16____________ without it. I even use it to 17.........................
my main weekly shopping.
E v a : I know what you mean. A friend of mine 18____________ married last week and I
was so busy at work that I didnt have time to go to the shops. So I looked on the
Internet and 19____________ her a really nice bag. Its 20_____________ by Prada.
108
Tasks
ak i n g : l i st en
an d r ep eat
Tr an sl at e
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n al i z ed
p r act i ce
Look again at section C on page 106 and ex ercise 25.3. Wr i t e a sentence using g et w it h t he
m eaning in brackets.
1 (obtain/ receive) 1 g et so much spam in m y inbox. Does anyone really rep ly to this ju n k ?
2 (b u y)________________________________________________________________________________________
3 (becom e)____________________________________________________________________________________
4 (bring/ fetch)_________________________________________________________________________________
5 (get sth d on e)_______________________________________________________________________________
6 (make sb do st h )_____________________________________________________________________________
7 (m ove)_______________________________________________________________________________________
8 (arrive a t )____________________________________________________________________________________
9 (make progress)______________________________________________________________________________
10 (fit sth in a place)____________________________________________________________________________
11 (understand)_________________________________________________________________________________
12 (travel b y)___________________________________________________________________________________
Reh ear sal f o r
4 Look again at t h e list of ex pressions using make and do in sect ion A on page 106. No w use
t h e r eal w o r l d
I have no doubt th at w e'll all be w orking beyond the p resent retirem en t age o f 65.
M y English is q uite good, b ut I have troub le understanding n ative speakers w ith a strong
reg io n al accent.
If you are w o r k in g in class, choose som e sentences t o read aloud. Ask and an sw er questions.
3 Reported speech 1
A Report ed speech
C No t ense change
(actual words): ' I 'l l get the third quarter sales numbers and bring
w as a great success.
This unit uses said as the reporting verb. Other verbs are
given in unit 27.
merger.'
110
he/she
me
his/her
my
PLACE
here
TIMES
now
today
this afternoon
yesterday
last week
tomorrow
next week
a few days ago
THINGS
this project
the project
26 Rep o r t ed sp eech 1
Exercises
Se c t i o n B
2 6 .1 Wr i t e t h e act ual w or d s t h at each person says. Use cont ract ions w h er e possible.
1 Anna said she had already finished the three tasks.
(Anna's actual words) ' / Ve already finished the three tasks /
2 Claudia said she would be back after lunch.
(Claudia's actual w o r d s)' ________________________________________________________
3 He said Paula was going to contact the printers.
(His actual w o r d s)' _____________________________________________________________
4 Bill said he wanted to call Head Office.
(Bill's actual wo r d s)' ____________________________________________________________ .'
5 She said she was meeting the bank manager at 11 am.
(Her actual w o r d s)' _____________________________________________________________
6 Pierre said he had found out about the problem a long time ago.
(Pierre's actual wo r d s)' __________________________________________________________
7 David said he had to be back in the office by 3.30.
(David's actual wo r d s)' ___________________________________________________________'
Sect i o n D
Sect i o n s B, D
Exercises
Se c t i o n s B, C
[j
A f ew d ays ago you w en t t o you r ad vert ising ag ency t o h ave a m eet ing. The person you
m et t h er e spok e t h e w o r d s on t h e left. This m ornin g you t ell a colleag u e ab ou t t h e discussion.
Und er line t h e correct w or d s on t h e right.
The ad vert ising person's words:
112
26 Rep o r t ed sp eech 1
Tasks
Sp eak i n g : l i st en
an d r ep eat
T r an sl at e
1 %
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n al i z ed
3 You w en t t o an int ernal com p any present at io n yest er d ay w h er e t h e CEO spoke t o all t he
em p loyees. On e of yo u r colleagues m issed t h e p resent at ion. An sw er you r colleague's questions
using report ed speech and yo u r o w n ideas.
1 'Wh at did he say about the performance of the company last year?'
He said we had missed most o f our sales targets
2 'Did he give a reason?'
He said w e _______ :- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 'So what changes does he want ?'
He told us h e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 'They must have a plan for that. How are they going to implement the changes?'
He said - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 'What about in our department specifically?'
He said w e ______________________________________________________________________
6 'Are they going to monitor the process to see how the changes are working?'
He said t h ey- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 'And do they have any plans for developing the business? New products? New markets?'
He told u s- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 'So how did he finish? Was he optimistic or pessimistic?'
He said _________________________________________________________________________
Rehearsal fo r
the real w orld
4 Think of a real m eet in g t h at you r ecent ly had. It could be a large, f orm al m eet ing; a sm aller
m eet ing w i t h colleagues; or a one- to- one m eet ing w it h a custom er, supplier or business partner.
No w w r i t e an em ail t o yo u r boss, w h er e you report on w h at w as said.
If you are w o r k in g in class, put all t h e em ails on t h e desks or on t h e walls. Go round t h e room
and read t h e em ails. Ret urn t o yo u r seat s and say w h ich em ail you liked best, and why.
Report ed speech 2
A Say o r t el l ?
C It w as a g r eed t hat
suggested, be thought
114
27 Rep o r t ed sp eech 2
Exercises
Se c t i o n A
6 'Look,' I told to/said to her, 'please tell me/say me what really happened.'
Sect i o n B
j)
6 'Wh y have you turned off the air conditioning?' Dana asked me.
Dana asked m e__________________________________________________________________
7 'Do you speak Germ an?' they asked me at the interview.
They asked me at the interview___________________________________________________
8 'How much did you pay for your car?' I asked Jitka.
I asked Jit k a_____________________________________________________________________
Exercises
Se c t i o n C
2 7 . 4 Read t he f o llo w in g ex t ract f rom a m eet ing, chaired by Tessa. Then und erline t h e m ost
ap p rop riat e report ing verb s in t h e w r it t en sum m ary below.
Tessa :
Nig
el
I d like to hear your views on the talks w ere having w ith BCP about the possible
merger. Do you th in k we should go ahead w ith the talks?
N o , I d o n t t h i n k so . O u r co m p an y c u l t u r es ar e t o t a l l y d i f f er en t , an d I c a n t see
m an y o p p o r t u n i t i es t o cu t co st s i n a co m b i n ed o p er at i o n . I m ag ai n st i t .
T ony:
Tessa :
T ony:
N ig
el
Tessa :
To
n y:
B ut Nigel, cant you see th a t w ere too small to stand alone in the global economy?
Theres going to be consolidation in our m arket and now is the right tim e to act.
How long do you th in k it w ould take to integrate the two companies?
Probably about six m onths, maybe more.
T hats six m onths of chaos and falling investor confidence. Its just too risky.
I dont th in k we have enough inform ation at the moment. Perhaps we could set
up a task force to look into the whole issue in more detail? Tony - w ould you be
w illing to chair it?
OK, Ill chair a task force, b u t Ill need representatives from every departm ent.
And itll involve a lot of m anagem ent time.
Tessa :
W h en d o y o u t h i n k y o u l l b e ab l e t o g et t h e r ep o r t d o n e?
To
n y:
Tessa :
Sect i o n s A, B, D
2 7 . 5 Nigel (f rom ex ercise 27.4 ab o ve) is t alk in g t o a colleague ab ou t t h e sam e m eet in g lat er in
t h e w eek . Und er line t h e correct words.
Tessa asked 1 that we give/ us to give our opinions about the merger talks. I 2 told them/told to
them that I thought the whole thing was a bad idea, but they refused 3 to listen/listening. Of course
Tony disagreed, as usual. He 4 told/ said we were too small for the global market. Then Tessa asked
how long 5 would it/it would take to integrate the two com panies, and Tony claimed it would take
six months. I 6 reminded them that/reminded that it would be six months of chaos. Well, Tessa
suggested 7 setting up/to set up a task force to look into the whole thing. I decided 8 not saying/not
to say anything. Guess what? Tony offered 9 to chair/that he would chair the task force. No surprises
there. Anyway, we decided 10 to meet/ meeting again at the end of July.
116
27 Rep o r t ed sp eech 2
Tasks
aking: listen
and repeat
Translate
1 %
Writing:
personalized
practice
Look again at sect ion B on page 114. Com plete t h e sentences w it h t he verb s in brackets.
1 There was a job vacancy at a competitor's company and I ...
(encourage) encouraged her to apply for i t .
2 The discussion in the meeting was going round and round in circles, so I ...
(suggest)________________________________________________________________________
3 Our Communications Director called a press conference to ...
(announce)______________________________________________________________________
4 I was worried about the forthcoming departmental reorganization but he ...
(reassure)______________________________________________________________________ _
5 I've just spoken to our suppliers on the phone and they've ...
(prom ise)______________________________________________________________________ _
6 Our lawyers have now looked at the contract in detail and they've ...
(advise)________________________________________________________________________ _
7 They said that the warranty was no longer valid and they ...
(refuse)_________________________________________________________________________
8 I went out for a drink with Melanie after work yesterday and she ...
(t ell)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Rehearsal fo r
the real w orld
We can leave out who, which, that (but not whose) in a defining
relative clause if they are followed immediately by a noun or
pronoun. This is usual in spoken English.
who, that and which that define or describe people and things.
much appreciated.
KL453.
The words who, which, that and whose can begin a relative
clause. They are called relative pronouns.
For people, both who and that are used, but who is more
common.
The sales assistant who I spoke to on the phone said you had
this model in stock.
For things or ideas, both which and that are used, but that is
more common, especially in speech.
I have your order on my screen. The items that you wanted were
shipped yesterday.
the project.
quite slowly.
The relative pronoun whom is formal and rare in modern
English. It can be used where who is the object of the sentence.
The candidate w ho/w hom we chose has an MBA in management
accounting.
118
Exercises
Se c t i o n A
Sect i o n B
[j
2 8 . 3 Put a bracket around t h e relat ive pronoun if you can leave it out. Put a tick (/ ) at t h e end
if you m ust keep t he relat ive pronoun.
The book (that) you lent me about influencing skills is really interesting.
The company that is our main competitor is Apollo. /
The name which they chose for the new model is Prima.
The meeting room, which wasn't very large, became hot and stuffy.
In the end, the sales campaign was the best that we'd ever had.
These are the people whose names appear on the database.
The people who attended the presentation found it very useful.
The supplier who we visited last week
had better quality than this one.
Richard Branson, who started with almost
nothing, is a typical entrepreneur.
10 Newsweek is the English- language
Exercises
Rew r it e each f orm al sentence as a sentence f rom ever yd ay speech. Rem em b er t h at in
Se c t i o n s C, E
spoken English w e usually leave out t h e r elat ive p ronoun if it is possible t o do so.
1 These are the colleagues with whom I went to the conference.
These are the colleagues 1 went to the conference with
2 Here is the latest edition of the catalogue from which we order.
Here's the latest edition of the cat alogue__________________________________________
I will give you an overview of the area for which I am responsible.
I'll give you an overview of the area___________________________
This is the breakthrough for which we've been waiting.
This is the breakthrough____________________________
That is the hotel at which I stayed.
That's the h ot el_________________
When I call the accountants, Richard is the person with whom I usually deal.
When I call the accountants, Richard is the person________________________
Sec t i o n E
1 (from)
2 (on)
3 (about) It's a question I've been thinking since our last conversation.
4 (to)
The presentation I most enjoyed listening was the one about nanotechnology.
LO
(for)
We got the contract! It's the news we've been hoping all year.
6 (on)
00
7 (in)
Sect i o n s
A, B, C, D
(from)
The sales force needs to push the product lines we get the most profits.
Read t his n ew sp ap er ex t ract ab ou t int erest rates, w h ich includes f ou r r elat ive clauses a- d.
Then decid e w h et h er each st at em en t b elo w is True or False b y circling T or F b elo w ab ou t each
relat ive clause.
\ T0
For The D
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
T/ F
Tasks
Sp eak i n g : l i st en
an d r ep eat
T r an sl at e
1 m
2 Translate t hese short tex ts t ak en f rom t he In t er n et into you r o w n language. Rem em ber not t o
t ran slat e w o r d f or w or d , but r at her t o m ake it sound nat ural.
perf orm ance m easures are sales, profit margins, and return
l<nowledge@Wharton website
BusinessWeek website
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n al i z ed
p r act i ce
1 I work for a company t/ iat makes parts for the automobile industry
2 I have a boss.
3 I have a colleague called
I am working on a project
Our company operates in a market
In my job I deal with a lot of people .
I have a nightmare custom er______
I have a salary____________________
9 There are many things about my job
10 In an ideal world, I would like a job
4 Com plete t h e sentences w it h a non- defining relat ive clause b et w een t h e com m as. See t he
f ir st ex am ple.
!t
Basketball (name 0f sport)# which is 171ore popular in the US than Europe # js my favourite sport.
12 ________________________________________(name of film),
is my favourite film.
. (name of actor),
is my favourite actor.
. (name of singer/ musician),
is my favourite singer/ musician.
___ (name of company),
is the market leader in my field.
Reh ear sal f o r
t h e r eal w o r l d
4 Wr i t e a paragrap h or t w o f rom yo u r com pany's (or u niversit y's) An nu al Rep ort using relat ive
clauses. See t h e ex am ple.
Our company, which has been in the market for over twenty years, had an outstanding year.
The figures that show this most clearly are turnover and market share - the former rising by
8% year-on-year and the latter by 3%.
clause.
The hotel I stayed in was quite cheap. V
The hotel that I stayed in was quite cheap. /
The hotel where I stayed ivas quite cheap. S
Example a) above:
NOT I'm taking a flight that it goes via Frankfurt.
Example b) above:
NOT The flight that I'm taking it goes via Frankfurt.
The people making the real decisions are all at Head Office.
The products attracting the most interest were the smaller,
B Use of w h a t
lighter models.
Passengers seated in rows J to P can now board the aircraft.
Food sold in supermarkets needs a clearly labelled shelf- life.
that.
I didn't understand what she said.
C Use of w h er e, w h en and w h y
We can use the relative adverbs where, when and why with
their normal meanings to identify which thing we are talking
about.
This is the site where the new shopping centre w ill be built.
I'l l email you as soon as I know the time when we're meeting.
It is difficult to understand the reason why they're reducing
Exercises
Se c t i o n A
2 9 .1
1 Last year we introduced a new line. It is aimed at the youth market, (that)
The new line hat we introduced last year js aimed at the youth market.
2 I'd like you to meet a colleague. He could be a useful contact for you. (who)
I'd like you to meet a colleague________________________________________________ _
3 A candidate's CV is on your desk. She deserves an interview, (whose)
The candidat e_____________________________________________ deserves an interview.
4 A visitor is coming next week. She's from our Paris office, (who)
The visitor________________________________________________is from our Paris office.
5 Tom took me to a restaurant. It was called 'Noodle Heaven', (that)
The restaurant_______________________________________was called 'Noodle Heaven'.
2 9 . 2 If t he sent ence is correct , put a tick (/ ) at t h e end. If t h e sent ence has a w o r d which
should not be t here, cross it out.
1 The woman who I asked didn't know the way. /
2 The firm whose their stand was at the back of the hall had very few visitors.
3 That was the longest meeting I've ever been in.
4 The train which it goes to Brussels leaves from here.
5 The products which sell best they are those with nice packaging.
6 This model, which it was launched last year, is selling very well.
7 Everyone that I spoke to advised me to try again.
8 The company where I used to work it was called Interlink.
Sect i o n s C, D,
u n i t 28
2 9 .3
Und er line t h e correct wor d s. This ex ercise includes som e revision of unit 28.
1 Everyone who/ which was at the meeting will receive a copy of the minutes.
2 She's from the company which/ whose products we distribute.
3 Notice. To whom/ who it may concern: Please do not leave dirty coffee cups here.
4 There were some interesting ideas at the meeting that/what I went to.
5 That/What I like best about my job is the contact with people.
Exercises
Sect i o n s B, C
Sect i o n A
2 9 .5
Com plete t h e art icle by w r it in g r elat ive clauses based on t h e not es b elow. Begin each
t im e w it h eit h er w h o or w hich.
GUCCI
opportunity.
He
bought
t he
shares
in Gucci 6____________________________
to
give him
of
Francois
Pinault,
5______________
1 There was a battle in t he luxury goods sector. It has becom e a standard case study in business schools
across t he world.
2 LVMH f ought with Gucci. Gucci was run by Dom enico De Sole.
3 This was going t o be a battle. It would decide t he future of the industry.
4 A wh it e knight arrived. Gucci had been looking f or one.
5 Pinault was the wh it e knight. He was the head of a retail group called PPR.
6 Pinault bought shares in Gucci. LVMH owned them .
124
Tasks
Sp eak i n g : l i st en
an d r ep eat
Tr an sl at e
1 #
Wh a t is t he reason w h y cu st o m er s ar e so in d ecisive?
by t he ar o m a.
BN ET website
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n al i z ed
p r act i ce
About website
We can use numbers: one bank, fou r banks, one person, ten people.
Some nouns only have one form and only take a plural verb.
Examples are:
clothes, contents, earnings, expenses, feelings, goods,
headquarters, means (of transport), police, premises,
refreshments, remains, surroundings, trousers
substances, materials
abstract ideas
life, fu n , freedom, progress, health, time, trouble, supply,
demand, experience, power, influence, ownership, productivity
activities
human qualities/feelings
honesty, patience, hope, respect, courage, love
Examples are:
arm y, audience, board, committee, company, data, fam ily,
government, group, management, media, press, public, staff,
team, union
126
30 Co u n t ab l e an d u n co u n t ab l e
Exercises
Se c t i o n s
A , B, C, D
3 0 .1
8 They're a start- up company and they don't have much/many sales yet.
9 We don't have much/many time before we get serious cashflow problems.
10 We'r e making a little/a few progress, but not many/much.
11 We'r e making a little/a f ew sales, but not many/much.
12 We have a lot of demand/many demands for our services.
Sect i o n s A, D
3 0 .2
Exercises
Se c t i o n B
30.4
5 A pint of
9 A barrel of
2 A glass of
6 A litre of
3 A bottle of
7 A sheet of
4 A kilo of
8 A tonne of
10 A packet of
11 A tin of
12 A slice of
1 A cup of
3 0 .5
An
g el a
Ja
n g el a
Ja
A
c k
c k
c k
g el a
Ja
An
An
c k
n g el a
Ja
g el a
Jack, there Hs/ are 2an / som e im portant work that w e need to do.
Really?
Y es. 3So m e p iece o f/ A p iece o f em pty land has come onto the market on the
other side of town. And, as you know, w e dont have 4m an y/ m u ch space at our
present site.
Thats true.
Well, w e think it s an ideal opportunity to expand. Were thinking about
building com pletely new offices over there. Wed like you to do 5a/ som e research
on the w hole thing and then w rite 6a/ som e report on w hether to go ahead or not.
Are you interested?
Well, I dont have 7m an y/ m u ch 8ex p erien ce/ ex p erien ces of this kind of thing.
And I have very 9lit t le/ f ew spare tim e at the mom ent - Im doing 10a/ som e
training and I have to read a lot of background m aterial for it.
I know youre busy, but youre one of the few people w e have w ith some
n k n o w led g e/ k n o w led g es of costing and evaluating large projects. We need to
make 12a p ro g ress/ p ro g ress on this as quickly as possible.
OK, but there 13is/ are u m an y/ a lo t o f 15in f o r m at io n / in f o r m at io n s to collect. Will
I get any help?
There are some people who w e can reassign from other projects to help you for
16a lit t le / a f ew hours each week. Its n o t 17m u ch / m an y help, but its something.
Oh, I forgot to say - w e d also pay you more to take account of the extra
lsw o r k / w o r k s.
Ja
c k
Really? Well, yes, it does sound like an interesting challenge. Ill do it.
30 Co u n t ab l e an d u n co u n t ab l e n o u n s
Tasks
ak i n g : l i st en
an d r ep eat
T r an sl at e
newmediaage website
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n al i z ed
p r act i ce
machinery which
7 In the factory there's
machine which _
In
the
factory
there's
8
. trouble with _
9 I'm having___
10 I'm having___
11
I discovered__
problem w i t h .
. very interesting f act _______
12 I discovered__
__ suggestion ab o u t _______
__ advice ab ou t ____________
6 Travel__
7 Sleep ___
8 Tim e___
9 Football _
10 Business
If yo u ar e w o r k i n g in class, ch o o se so m e sen t en ces t o r ead alo u d . Discuss t h em .
Pronouns
A In d ef in it e p ro n o uns: anyt hi ng, et c.
C ever y- / no-
Time:
sometime, anytim e
wouldn't be long.
When I got back to the hotel, I washed and changed before going
QUESTIONS
Any- is used in questions.
Does anyone understand this new software?
Some- is used with offers and requests.
Can I give you a lift somewhere/ anywhere?
(a normal offer)
Is there anything I can do to help?
I m yself haven't seen the new design, but I believe it's very good.
(without help)
I travelled to the conference by myself.
(alone/on my own)
Be careful with themselves.
Steve and Melinda emailed themselves.
31 Pr o n o u n s
Exercises
Se c t i o n s A , B, C
31.1
anyone
anything
no one
nothing
anything
someone
everyone
everything
something
something
31
3 1 . 3 Com plete t h e sentences w it h a w o r d f rom t h e box in an ap p rop riat e f orm + a r ef lex ive
pronoun.
ask
blame
enjoy
hurt
introduce
make
prepare
teach
Exercises
Se c t i o n s
A , B, C, D
2 I felt myself/felt quite nervous at the start of the presentation, but after a f ew minutes I
relaxed myself/relaxed.
3 The figures in this spreadsheet don't correspond to the ones on the invoices. We'r e going to have to
check everyone/every one.
4 Everyone has/have to meet in the lobby at nine o'clock to collect his/their conference registration forms.
5 Rome isn't somewhere/ anywhere near Milan.
6 Rome isn't somewhere/ anywhere I'd like to go in August. It's too hot.
7 Your two colleagues introduced themselves/each other to me yesterday. First I met Peter, then after
lunch I met Susan.
8 I met Peter and Susan and they introduced themselves/each other to me. Peter told me a little about
what Susan does, and Susan told me about Peter.
Sect i o n s B, C
3 1 .5
anyone
anything
everywhere
Dav
id
anywhere
someone
everyone
something
everything
somewhere
Rit
Dav
id
T h i s i s d r i v i n g m e cr az y .
Rit
Sect i o n D
3 1 . 6 Vick y and her husband Charles are st ayin g in a hot el. Com plete w h at Vick y says by using
t h e verb s in brackets w it h or w i t h o u t a ref lex ive pronoun.
Charles, come on, try to 1 enjoy yourself
(enjoy). 2 Remember
(remember) youre
on holiday. Look, why dont you 3________________ (help) to another drink, go on. Oh, look theres Daniel Westlake over there. What on earth is he doing in Marrak ech? Have you two
4________________ (met) before? You know youd have a lot in common with Daniel. Why dont you
go over there and 5________________ (introduce) to him? While you do that Ill go back to the room
and 6________________ (change) in time for dinner. I dont know. Sometimes I 7- - - - - - - - - - - - - - (ask) whether you can ever 8________________ (relax) when youre away from the office.
31 Pr o n o u n s
Tasks
Sp eak i n g : l i st en
an d r ep eat
T r an sl at e
1 ^
com plet e wit h crew, have t h eir account s and com puter
Fortune website
Telegraph website
W riting:
practice
-.......
4 (h u r t )___________ ________________________________________________________________
5 (introduce)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
6 (m ak e)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 (prepare)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
(NOT docsr/t
ito additives)
some/ any, no/ none, much/ many, a little/ a few, each/ every,
both/ either/ neither.
To emphasize the idea of none we can use None at all, Not one
or Not a.
A:
B:
B al l / m any / m uch I a f ew I a l i t t l e, et c.
Note the structures for plural nouns:
A ll/m ost/m an y/som e/a few workers
A ll/m ost/m an y/som e/a few of the workers
A ll/m o st/m a n y /so m e/ a few o f our workers
All the workers (But NOT M eet-the-workers, etc.)
With uncountable nouns we use much in place of many and a
little in place of a few. See unit 30D.
With singular nouns we do not use the words above, except
for a few special expressions: all day, all night.
(all = everything)
(all = the only thing)
sentence.
F b ot h , ei t her , n ei t h er
We use both, either and neither to refer to two things.
Both means 'the one and the other'. Note the structures:
important.
The emails are both important.
I've read them both.
Either means 'the one or the other'. Neither means 'not the
D no, n on e
E each, ev er y
days is convenient.
We say either ...o r and neither ... nor.
I can meet you either Monday or Tuesday.
32 D et er m i n er s
Exercises
Se c t i o n s A , B
3 2 .1
Put t h e phrases in t h e box into ord er f rom 0 % (#1) t o 1 0 0 % (#6). Two h ave been done
f or you.
none of thorn
most of them
many of them
some of them
a f ew of them
all of them
1 none o f them
4 ____________________
5 ________ ____________
6 a/ / of them
3
Sect i o n s
B, C, D, E, F
3 2 .2
any
no
every (x2)
not one
both
none
either (x2)
neither
Exercises
Sect io n s
B, C, D, E, F
3 2 . 4 Rew r it e each sent ence so it has a sim ilar m eaning and cont ains t h e w o r d in brackets.
1 This idea won't work, and the other one also won't work, (neither)
Neither idea w ill work.
2 We only have a week left, (all)
_____________________________________________________ a week.
3 All the participants will be sent an agenda, (every)
will be sent an agenda.
4 At the end of my talk nobody at all asked a question, (single person)
asked a question.
3 2 . 5 Com plete t his art icle by choosing t h e correct alt er n at ive A, B or C below.
C neither company
B all peoples
C every person
6 A each
B each one
7 A nothing
B something
C both of them
C anything
32 D et er m i n er s
Tasks
Sp eak i n g : l i st en
an d r ep eat
<|
32
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n al i z ed
p r act i ce
M o st Qf o u r e m p | 0y e e s
4 Look again at ex ercise 32.5. No w w r it e a short t ex t w h er e you com pare t w o sim ilar
com panies wor k in g in t h e sam e m ark et.
choice of (flights)
error of (judgm ent)
piece of (advice)
range of (colours)
before a noun.
This was your suggestion.
Mine/ yours/ hers/ his/ ours/ theirs are pronouns, and we use
number of (factors)
waste of (time)
(= She's my colleague.)
B 's (ap o st ro p he s)
We use's to show that something belongs to a person or
organization. Many other languages use 'of' in these cases.
We add's even if the name ends in s.
The CEO 's office Charles's email address
(= Helen's idea)
A special use of's is to refer to someone's home or a
workplace.
I'l l be at Jack's this evening.
(Jack's house)
I must go to the acountant's.
D Co m p ound no uns
A compound noun is two nouns together. Compound nouns
are common in English, especially in business language:
sales report
research results
exchange rate
stock m arket
management decision
manufacturing productivity
insurance document
customer service
lack o f confidence
the price o f success
freedom o f choice
the cost o f progress
C using o f
time of arrival
arrival time
rate of inflation
inflation rate
138
database
network
timescale
workshop
businessman
motorcycle
33 Po ssessives an d co m p o u n d
Exercises
Se c t i o n A
3 3 .1
flood of
piece of
range of
lack of
level of
stroke of
method of
success of
waste-ef
1 I went there, but they were closed. It was a complete w g s* !Lg t time.
2 The product launch is a disaster. There's a com plet e______________ interest.
3 You shouldn't have told them about that. It was a n ______________ judgment.
4 Our hotel offers a w i d e______________ facilities for the business traveler.
5 We have a relatively l o w ______________ unemployment in our country.
company profits
------------------
-------------
____________________
_______________
____________________
____________________
_______________
_____________________
_____________________
_______________
_____________________
_______________
_____________________
------------------
_______________
_____________________
_______________
Exercises
Se c t i o n s A , B
6 Look at those t wo Mercedes. Ones our directors and the others a visitors.
Sect i o n s
A, B, C, D
8 This graph shows the figures for sales for last year.
This g r ap h __________________________ figures for last year.
forecast/figures/ trade/target
forces/sector/check/share
3 price offer/list/range/rise
4 brand image/leader/loyalty/process
5 t ax relief/benefits/ output/ allowance
1 sales
2 m ark et
manager/range/features/share
slogan/line/campaign/agency
market/line/capacity/target
9 com p any car/policy/accounts/trade
10 stock option/decision/market/exchange
6 product
7 ad vert ising
8 production
33 Po ssessives an d co m p o u n d n o u n s
Tasks
Sp eak i n g : i i st en
an d r ep eat
T r an sl at e
^ ^
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n al i z ed
3 Look again at sect ion C on page 138 and ex ercise 33.2. The phrases t h at yo u see are
com m on f ix ed ex pressions (e.g. erro r o f ju d g m en t ). Wr it e a sentence of you r o w n
using t h e w or d s in brackets in a f ix ed ex pression.
1 (error of) We shouldn't have outsourced our recruitment process. It was an
error of judgement.
2 (flood o f )_____________________________________________________________________
3 (lack of)
4 (level of)
5 (method of)
6 (piece of)
7 (range of)
8 (stroke of)
9 (waste of)
Look again at ex ercise 33.6. Choose one com pound noun f rom each group 1- 10 and use it t o
Our sales targets are very ambitious, and I'll be very surprised i f we can achieve them. If we don't
manage to get enough sales, I probably won't get my annual bonus - and that means no skiing
in Austria this year.
If yo u ar e w o r k i n g in class, ch o o se so m e sen t en ces t o r ead alo u d . Ask an d an sw er q u est io n s.
19 Art icles 1
A A r t icles
A / an is called the indefinite article, and we use it to
(speaking generally)
B a Ia n
E No ar t icle
twice a /p e r month
uncountable nouns.
Can you give me some information?
(NOT an information)
C a o r an ?
We use a in front of a consonant sound and an in front of a
vowel sound,
consonant sounds
a manager, a job, a university, a one- way street, a European law
vowel sounds
an idea, an employer, an hour, an M BA
D t he
We use the for old information. It is clear which person or
thing we are talking about.
142
(emails in general)
Study this example for an uncountable noun:
Information is power.
(information and power in general)
A common mistake is to use the with plural nouns and
uncountable nouns used in a general way.
Time is money.
(NOT The time is the money)
For me, football is like life.
34 A r t i cl es 1
Exercises
Se c t i o n s A , B, D
34.1
Un d er l in e t h e co r r ect w o r d s.
3 4 .3
11
, / \A !p
romnrd fm i
i-ho ncronrM
Exercises
Se c t i o n s
A , B, C, D, E
3 4 . 4 Com plete t his in t er vi ew b et w een a j ou r n alist and t h e CEO of Biot ek , a b iot echn olog y
com pany. Use eit h er a/ an, the or a dash (~) t o sh o w no article.
Jo u r n a l i s t :
Ce o :
Jo
u r n a l i st
Ceo :
Sect i o n s
A, B, C, D, E
34.
Com plete t his art icle w it h a/ an, the or a dash (~) t o sh o w no art icle.
34 A r t i cl es 1
Tasks
Sp eak i n g : l i st en
an d r ep eat
T r an sl at e
1 &
Because wit hout it, you just have a website, and what
the tex t you see on the page. The search engine's job
is to provide the m ost relevant cont ent available on
Advisor website
Newsweek website
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n al i z ed
p r act i ce
the ag en d a?
2 I like the idea V u Pu t f o rw ar d in the m eetin g yesterday. Perhaps w e cou ld talk
ab o u t it o ver lunch one d ay this w eek ?
3 We'r e developing a product- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 Have I shown you the product
5 I work as a/ an
Art icles 2
Unit 34 gives some basic rules for articles. This unit gives
additional points.
Europe
M alta
Budapest
Times Square
Koln Cathedral
China
Mount Everest
Hyde Park
Elysee Palace
M ilan Station
California
Lake Lucerne
Church Street
Windsor Castle
Orly Airp ort
in /to
hospital / prison/ bed/ class/ court
I spent two days in hospital.
I went to hospital fo r a check- up.
a t/to
work/ school/ university
I was at work yesterday u n til 8 pm.
Usually I go to work by bus.
Note how we use 'home':
C Sp ecial u ses o f t he
We use the with:
International institutions: The EU, The United Nations,
The IM F, The WTO
35 A r t i cl es 2
Exercises
Se c t i o n s
A . B, C, D
3 5 .1
1 I went to Pisa/the Pisa by car/the car and saw Leaning Tower/the Leaning Tower.
2 They wouldn't pay, so we took them to court/to the court.
6 We flew over Alps/ the Alps and saw Mont Blanc/the Mont Blanc.
7 On our trip to UK/the UK we visited Canterbury Cathedral/the Canterbury Cathedral.
8 In past/ the past people telephoned from cabins in the street. Can you believe it !?!
9 I'm tired! Thank goodness it's time to go home/go to home.
10 I used to work for Deutsche Bank/the Deutsche Bank.
11 My daughter wants to go to university/the university after her exams.
12 I bought this suit from Fifth Avenue/ the Fifth Avenue when I was in States/the States.
13 Do you know Lake Windermere/the Lake Windermere? It's in Lake District/the Lake District, in north
3 5 . 2 In each pair of sentences, f ill in one space w it h the and t h e ot h er space w it h a dash (~) t o
sh o w no art icle.
8 a)
b)
time is money.
... . time it takes to do the job properly is well worth it.
Exercises
Se c t i o n s C, D
Com plete t h e second sent ence so it has a sim ilar m eaning t o t he f irst sentence.
21____ Polish could be heard everywhere from 22____ biggest cities to 23_____ most
remote areas of Scotland and Wales. Then,
just as suddenly, they all went back. 24
pound was weakening against 25_
zioty,
and26......... opportunities in the UK and Ireland
in general were becoming fewer and fewer as
27
economy slowed.
No one knows what will happen in 28_........
future, but Poland does have a tradition of
29____ migration and an adaptable and
skilled workforce. If there is a strong economy
somewhere in Europe, and 30
jobs that
need doing, Poles are likely to be there.
35 A r t i cl es 2
Tasks
Speaking: listen
and repeat
Translate
% 35
Asia-Inc website
Fortune website
W riting:
personalized
practice
3 Look again at sections A- D on page 146. Wr it e a sentence on t h e t opic in brackets using you r
o w n ideas.
^ , con^jnen^ in the 21st century Asia is likely to become the most important
6 (a famous building)
7 (a part of the day without 't h e').
(a meal, talking generally)
9 (a place, where the purpose is more important than the actual place itself).
4 Com plete t h e sentences w it h yo u r o w n ideas.
10 People
11 The people
12 Life
13 The life
boiling
hot, warm, cool, cold
freezing
excellent/fantastic
good, bad
terrible/awful
enormous
large/big, small
tiny/minute
B Form o f ad verb s
Many 'how' adverbs are formed by adding - ly to an
adjective. A few add - y, - ally, or - ily, depending on the
spelling of the original adjective.
slow - slow ly
dramatic - d ram atically
f u ll - f u lly
steady - steadily
D Ord er o f ad ject iv es
When we have more than one adjective, we use this order:
Opinion: wonderful, lovely, nice, difficult, im portant, well- made
Size: large, small, long, short
Other qualities: cheap, clean, quiet, fast
Age: new, old, second- hand
Shape/pattern: circular, rectangular, short- sleeved, striped
Colour: white, red and blue
Origin/nationality: German, French
Material: metal, plastic, steel, cotton
Type (what kind?): company (policy), mobile (device),
cash (payment)
This is a fa st machine.
This machine goes very fast,
It 's a hard decision.
He's working very hard.
(adj.)
(adv.)
(adj.)
(adv.)
E i n t er est i n g I i n t er est ed
Adjectives ending - ing describe what we are reacting to
(outside us).
Adjectives ending - ed describe our feelings (inside us).
I found her comments quite surprising.
I was surprised by her comments.
Exercises
Sect io n s A, B
3 6 .1 Com plete t h e second sent ence so it has a sim ilar m eaning t o t h e f irst sentence.
1 There was a slight fall in profits in April.
In April profits fel1 slightly .
2 We saw a dramatic improvement in our share price last month.
Last month our share price__________________________________
3 There has been a significant drop in demand for oil over the last few months.
Demand for oil h as_________________________________ over the last few months.
4 There was a slow recovery in consumer confidence last year.
Consumer conf idence..................... _
.... ..last year.
5 There has been a gradual rise in unemployment.
Unem ploym ent _________________________________ _
completely
B: delayed
designed
easily
helpful
extremely
illegal
heavily
late
quite
made
unexpectedly
promoted
recognizable
1 This suitcase is very veil made . It will last for years and years.
. . You see the posters everywhere.
2 The new product is b eing....... . ________
3 This website is v e r y ................
..
4 You've been
weH
Exercises
Se c t i o n D
__________________________ _____________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Sect i o n A, B
well
fast
fast
hard
hard
hardly
late
late
monthly
__
____ .
_____
____
___
____
____
Read t his art icle ab ou t hom e n et work s. Und er line t h e correct ad j ect ive or ad verb
each tim e.
All Your
Home Content
Tasks
Sp e a k i n g : l i s t e n
an d r e p eat
Tr an sl at e
1 %
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n al i z ed
p r act i ce
2 (significantly/ in our domestic m ark et)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 (late, adj.)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 (late, adv.)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 (right, adj.)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 (right, ac/v/.)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 (relatively successful)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
8 (reasonably good)
9 (absolutely awful)
10 (well- made, reliable, German)
11 (beautifully- designed, expensive, French).
4 Wr it e a paragraph describing each of t h e f o llo w in g . Give details using a good var iet y
Qf adjectives.
Com paring 1
A Co m p ar at ives and su p er lat ives
We use the comparative form of an adjective to compare two
separate things, situations, people, etc.
good
better
the best
bad
worse
the worst
f ar
farther / further
B Form
Adjective
Comparative
Superlative
cheaper
nicer
th e cheapest
th e nicest
One syllable
cheap
nice
bigger
hotter
th e biggest
th e hottest
risk ier
easier
th e risk iest
the easiest
m o re modern
less modern
m o re expensive
less expensive
th e
th e
th e
th e
m o st modern
least modern
m o st expensive
least expensive
powerful.
The present perfect with ever is often used with superlatives.
This is the most fuel-efficient car we have ever produced.
This is one of the w orst years we have ever had.
D as ... as ...
We can compare two equal things with (just) as ... as.
The C60i is (just) as powerful as the C60.
We say that two things are not equal with not as ... as.
E Co m p aring act io n s
tired.
common
commoner
th e commonest
OR
common
m o re common
(NOT
Note that long adjectives have a less/ least form that short
adjectives do not have. To make this meaning with short
adjectives we just use another word.
54
37 Co m p ar i n g 1
Exercises
Se c t i o n s
A , B, C, D
Un d er l i n e t h e co r r ect w o r d s.
1 Hopefully the new line will be so profitable as/as profitable as the old one.
2 This handset is the most profitable/ the more profitable we've ever made.
3 This version of the software is the most recent/ the most recenter.
4 The guarantee is a year longer than/that with our older models.
5 Nothing is worse/worst than missing a flight because of traffic.
Com p let e t h e sentences w it h a com p ar at ive or sup erlat ive f orm of t h e ad j ect ive in
2 This keyboard is quite difficult to use. It 's________________ (small) the one I'm used to.
3 The conference was a little disappointing. It w as________________ (interesting) I expected.
4 Yesterday was one of
5 I think this suggestion is
6 It's impossible to choose between these t wo products. One is j u st ________________ (good) the other.
7 The first round of negotiations was easy. The next will b e ________________ (difficult).
8 We'r e only a small company. We're n o t ________________ (large) some of the other players in our sector.
9 Unfortunately our sales figure are
10 This is
Sect i o n s
A, B, C, D, E
_ _ Ti n a_________
He is one of the
as ex pensive.
10 This restaurant attracts more students than the other one. It's
. the other.
as expensive.
tmt v^vtl
B u r I T M P rK ts j
~X&i
Exercises
Se c t i o n s
A, B, C, D
37 Co m p ar i n g 1
Tasks
Sp eak i n g : l i st en
an d r ep eat
T r an sl at e
1 %
BusinessWeek website
GoDirectCruises website
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n al i z ed
p r act i ce
1 (pasta, pizza, risotto)A ready-made pizza is the easiest to cook, but a better
option is perhaps to buy a pizza base and add your own topping. Pasta is just
as easy to cook i f you buy a sauce in a jar, but, again, making your own sauce
is healthier and nicer. Risotto is the most difficult to prepare - you have to add
the water bit by bit and get the timing right. It can also be more expensive if
you use ingredients like asparagus or porcini mushrooms.
2 (Johnny Depp, Brad Pitt, George Clooney)________________________________________
Com paring 2
A Sm all and larg e d if f er en ces
D Co m p aring ad verb s
One syllable
hard, harder, the hardest
Two syllables ending -y
early, earlier, th e earliest
Two or more syllables
effectively, more effectively, the m ost effectively
The quicker we can sign the deal, the sooner we can start
B Ot her st r u ct u r es w it h co m p ar at ives
production.
world.
This product is more attractively designed and more solidly
The bigger the company and the larger its costs, the greater is
built.
C Ph rases w i t h su p er lat iv es
The phrases below are common with superlatives.
One o f the
largest retailers in the US ...
By fa r the/E asily the
largest retailer in the US ...
The second/third/fourth largest retailer in the US ...
158
E Co m p aring no uns
We compare nouns using the words below.
Countable nouns (products, people, banks)
more, the most, fewer, the fewest, (not) as many ...as
We have few er people working fo r us now than two years ago.
There aren 't as many products on the market now as there used
to be.
less money.
I d o n 't have nearly as much time fo r reading as 1 would like.
38 Co m p ar in g 2
Exercises
Se c t i o n s
A , B, C, D, E
3 8 .1
6 This model might be better for you. It's slightly less/quite less expensive.
7 This is by far our faster/ fastest selling product.
3 8 .2
Mat ch a w o r d or phrase f rom list A w it h one f rom list B t h at has t h e sam e m eaning.
1 They're similar in many ways. They're roughly/ more or less the same.
2 They're very similar. They'r e............... .
the same.
........ _ .................... .
..cheap.
3 8 . 3 Rew r it e each sentence using a sup erlat ive w it h a present part icip le (doing) or a past
part icip le (done).
1 Few credit cards are accepted as widely as Visa.
Visa is probably t he most widely accepted credit card.
2 No market is growing as fast as China.
China i s_________________________________ market.
3 Few watches on the market are designed as cleverly as the new Seiko.
The new Seiko is one o f _________________________________ watches on the market.
4 Few of our products are selling as well as this.
This is one of o u r _________________________________ products.
5 Few facts about Amazon are less known than this.
This is one of _
Exercises
Se c t i o n s
A , B, C, E
3 8 . 4 A com p any w an t s t o m ove t h e location o f its of fices and t here are several opt ions. Read
t he det ails in t h e t ab le and t h en com p let e t h e sentences b elo w w it h t h e phrases in t h e box.
L ocation
size
(m 2)
slightly
not nearly
slightly less
considerably less
re n t
(p e r m 2)
ru n n in g costs
p e r year
d istan c e to city
c e n tre (km )
500
350
200
120,000
125,000
105,000
3
5
15
as much
as many
1 The locations all have a similar size, but Greenfield is s ^'9M1Y. larger.
2 There's alm ost _____________ square metres at Docklands as at City View.
3 There's alm ost _____________space at Docklands as at City View.
4 The rent at Greenfield i s____ :________ than at the other two places.
5 The rent at Docklands i s_____________ the rent at Greenfield.
6 The running costs at Docklands and City View ar e- - - - - - - - - - - 7 The running costs at Greenfield ar e_____________than at the other two locations.
3 8 . 5 St u d y t h e t ab le, w h ich shows f inancial in f orm at ion f or t hr ee large oil com panies in
m illions of US dollars.
C om pany
Exxon Mobil
BP
Total
Total
Revenues
% change
y-o-y
O perating
P rofit
% change
y-o-y
477,000
361,000
205,000
32
29
17
82,000
32,000
30,000
34
30
16
Mak e phrases b y m atching an item from colum n A w it h an item f rom colum n B. Then use t he
phrases t o com p let e t h e report ex tract .
by
- comparison with
in
more
considerably
much as
the fastest
roughly
growing
half as
the same
38 Co m p ar in g 2
Tasks
Sp eak i n g : l i st en
an d r ep eat
T r an sl at e
1 %
Wr i t i n g ;
p er so n al i z ed
3 Look again at t his unit and not ice h o w t h e lan g uag e used f o r com paring is m ore varied t han
t h e sim ple com parisons of unit 37.
No w t urn t o ex ercise 38.4 and cover ever yt h in g ex cept f or t h e in f orm at ion t ab le at t he t op.
Wr i t e t w o or t h r ee sentences o f yo u r o w n com paring t h e t hr ee locations, using t h e topics
below. You can also ref er t o yo u r p resent location (im ag in ary).
1 (sjze) Docklands has the least space, but, to be honest, the size at all three
locations is virtually the same . All the locations offer considerably more space
than we have now, which is good as the company is growing bigger and
bigger every year.
2 (rent )__________________________________________________________________________
3 (running costs)
a Adverbs of degree
A In t en sif yin g ad verb s
C Ot her st r u ct u r es w i t h t oo and en ou g h
See unit 36C for the rules with gradable and non-gradable
adjectives.
B t oo, en ou g h , n o t en ou g h
n ,
..
, ............. |.........................
,:
162
E f ai rl y, qui t e, r a t h er and p r et t y
Fair ly suggests a moderate degree.
I speak French fa irly well - around intermediate level.
Quite (mainly British English) suggests a higher degree than
f airly. It often suggests surprise in a positive way.
The film was quite good - 1 enjoyed it.
Rather is stronger than quite. It often suggests surprise in a
negative way.
It 's rather late to do anything about it now.
Pretty is similar to rather but is more informal.
It's pretty strange - don't you think?
39 A d ver b s o f d eg r ee
Exercises
Se c t i o n s A , B, E
3 9 .1
5 It's so fast.
f) I want it to be slower.
3 9 .2
3 9 .3
6 The price of their shares i s________high to buy any more right now.
7 We'r e m aking________good progress
that we should finish a week early.
hyp
n u i +p hi cr h nvi H 1i p I - u m i am i u n u h m i p H t t lp
Exercises
Se c t i o n D
Look at t h e t ab le. Sent ences a) and b) can be com bined w it h t h e sentence on t h e right
using eit h er so ... t h at or such ... that. Wr i t e t he t w o possible com bined sentences below.
1 a) There was a big drop in their share price.
.
b) The drop in their share price was very big.
a) There was such a big drop in their share price that investors became very nervous.
b) The drop in their share price was 50 big that investors became very nervous.
........................ .
+ Theres a risk it will have to close down,
a) Our order fulfilment system wor k s__________________most goods are dispatched within 48 hours.
b) We h ave__________________________________________most goods are dispatched within 48 hours.
Sect i o n s B, D
Com plete t he second sent ence so it has a sim ilar m eaning t o t h e f irst sentence and
cont ains t h e w o r d in brackets.
1 I didn't buy that laptop because the screen was too small, (enough)
I didn't buy that laptop because the screen wasn't large enough
2 The problem was so difficult that I referred it to my line manager, (such)
It _________________________________ that I referred it to my line manager.
3 There weren't enough copies of the agenda, (few)
There_________________________________ of the agenda.
4 There's not enough space on this spreadsheet for all the results, (little)
There's........ ...... ...................................... on this spreadsheet for all the results.
5 It was such a good presentation that we easily won the contract, (so)
Th e_________________________________ that we easily won the contract.
164
39 A d ver b s o f d eg r ee
Tasks
Sp eak i n g : l i st en
an d r ep eat
T r an sl at e
BN ET website
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n al i z ed
p r act i ce
Time adverbs
A in, on, at, no preposit ion
in
on
at
no
this morning/yesterday afternoon / tonight/
preposition last night/the day before yesterday/
a few days ago/last week/tomorrow morning/
the day after tomorrow/next week
The word night has some special forms.
I woke up three times in the night.
(= during the night)
It happened on Friday night.
(= one particular night)
The hotel is quite noisy at night.
(= in general when it is night)
We can use in for the time it takes to complete something.
The line can assemble 80 vehicles in a day.
We can also use in to talk about 'future time from now'. In
this case we sometimes add the word 'time' at the end.
The new offices will be ready in two months (time).
(NOT after two months)
B on t ime or in t ime?
On time means 'at the right time'. In time means 'with enough
time in advance'.
The plane took off exactly on time.
(not late and not early)
We arrived at the airport in time to have a meal.
(early enough to do something before the flight)
D during or w hile?
During is a preposition and comes before a noun phrase.
While is a linking word and comes before a clause
(subject + verb).
I moved into marketing during my time at Bacardi.
I moved into marketing while I was working at Bacardi.
E by or unt il?
By means 'on or before'. Until means 'up to'.
I need your report by Friday.
(on or before Friday - perhaps Thursday)
He'll be away until Friday.
(all the time up to Friday)
Afterwards means 'at a later time' and can come at the end of
a sentence.
It was a long meeting and (afterwards) we went fo r a drink
(afterwards).
G Calendar references
In the UK people say the tenth o f June or June the tenth and
write Day/Month/Year: 1 0 /6 /0 9 .
In the USA people say June ten and write M onth/D ay/
Year: 6 /1 0 /0 9 .
40 Tim e ad verb s
Exercises
Sect i o n A
40.
1
9 _ ___+ years
Ramadan)
(my birthday)
(the nineteenth century)
... + clock times (four thirty)
_____ + day + part of day (Monday morning)
_____ + seasons (the winter)
11
May)
___+ months (August)
___the weekend
___the moment
that day
___the end of the year
13
14 _
7
8
Sect io n A
_ - + days (Monday)
12 _
(2008)
10
15
16 _
.. .. + dates (5
4 0 . 2 It is now Wednesday af ternoon. Put these phrases into order, wit h 1 as the most distant
Sect io n s
A, B, C, D, E, F
NOW
a) a f ew days ago
b) tonight
i)
this evening
j)
this m orning
d) in a fortnight
e) in an hour
f) last night
m) yesterday morning
g) last week
.... 11
12
13 ___1 4 ____
Exercises
Sect i o n C
4 0 . 4 Mak e questions using H o w lo n g and the present perfect. Make answers using
f o r or since.
1 Q (How long/ you/ work here?)
(a long t im e)___________________
A (I was b or n )___________________
Sect io n s C, D, F
Complete this extract from a job int erview by wit h for, since, d uring, w h ile, ago, b efo re,
af t er or aft erw ard s.
40.
In t
e r v ie w e r
Perhaps you could begin by telling us a little bit about your career history?
w ell move on to your current job.
Al
essan d r o
_____________
consultancy firm.
In t
e r v ie w e r
Did you m anage to find a job easily 5 _____________ you left university?
Al
essan d r o
In t
e r v ie w e r
Al
essan d r o
In t
e r v ie w e r
l essan d r o
l essan d r o
I decided to take a risk and move to London - th at was about two years
In t
A
13
12
14
168
40 Tim e ad ver b s
Tasks
Sp eak i n g : l i st en
an d r ep eat
T r an sl at e
1 f t
2 Translate these short texts taken from the Internet into your own language. Remember not to
translate word for word, but rather t o make it sound natural.
Ko r ean au t o m ak er Hyu n d ai is of f er in g t o
w h o le because it co n st r i ct s g r o w t h ; it in d icat es t h at
prices.
t er m s w o r sen nex t t im e.
BusinessWeek website
PayOnTime website
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n al i z ed
p r act i ce
Linking words 1
A Linking w ords
170
41 Lin k in g w o r d s 1
Exercises
Sect i o n s
C, D, E, F
41.
1 I didn't have much time, but/whereas I managed to visit the whole factory.
8 I drive a Peugeot, but/whereas my wife drives a VW.
9 The product launch was way over budget, but we did it still/anyway.
10 Although/In spite of the delay, we still arrived on time.
11 I didn't manage to close the deal, although/whereas I really tried.
12 Although/Whereas their share price is falling at the moment, the company is still a good long- term
investment.
Sect io n B
4 1 .2
Rew r it e each sent ence using t h e word/ s in brack ets so t h at it em phasizes t h e f act t h at
Sect io n s
C, D, E, F
4 1 . 3 Com plete t he sentences w it h alth o u g h , an yw ay, b ut, in sp ite of, still, thoug h or w hereas.
1 Carol didn't recognize Mark Lamer, although she hacj met hjm before.
2 I don't like karaoke bars,_____________ I went with my Japanese clients anyway.
3 I offered my best price, but t h ey_____________ didn't seem interested.
4 I think we'll have to change our suppliers. It's a pity,
5
Exercises
Sect i o n s
C, D, E, F
4 1 . 4 Join each pair of sentences using the words given. There are t w o ways each time.
1 It was snowing. The flight left on time.
a) Alt h ou g h 't was snowing, the flight left on time
b) Despite t he snow, the flight left on time
2 I had a headache. I still went to the meeting.
a) In spite o f ____________________________________________________________________
b )
, b u t ________________________________________
3 Some analysts think that stocks will fall in value. Others disagree.
a )
, whereas__________________________________ _
b) Alt h oug h___________________________________________________________________ _
4 There were difficulties in the negotiations. We won the contract.
a) Despite_____________________________________________________________________ _
b) Even t houg h________________________________________________________________ _
5 Oil prices rose slightly last year. This year they have gone down.
a) Wh er eas______________________________ _______________________________________
b )
, although_________________________________ _
, y et ________________________________________
b) Despite_____________________________________________________________________ _
Sect io n s
, C. D, E, F
4 1 . 5 Complete this article about the use of phones to track peoples' m ovem ents wit h the
as well as
both
despite
even t hough
whereas
yet
Geo-Tracking:
less
buildings.
41 Lin k in g w o r d s 1
Tasks
Sp eak in g : list en
an d r ep eat
Tran slat e
1 #
2 Translate these short texts taken from the Internet into your own language. Remember not to
translate word for word, but rather to make it sound natural.
Wr it in g :
personalized
pract ice
Rehearsal f o r
t he real w orld
your company
Unking words 2
A Reason: because, as, because of, due to
We use because, as and since when we want to explain the
reason for something. As and since are a little more formal.
I'm calling to complain because the goods are damaged.
I am returning the goods inside this package, as/since they were
damaged on arrival.
As and since can come at the beginning of the sentence.
Because is not common in this position.
B Result : so
We use so to express a result. Note the relation between
because and so:
If the subject of the first part of the sentence and the subject
of the purpose clause are the same, we use to. If not, we use
so (that).
I'm calling to talk about the sales conference.
region.
We use this room as a storage area.
(= to have a meeting)
Shall we go out fo r some lunch?
(= to have some lunch)
D Purpose: so t hat
We can use so (that) to express purpose. After so (that) we use
subject + verb.
We have to be more flexible so (that) we can respond to changing
customer expectations.
174
42 Link ing w o r d s 2
Exercises
Sect i o n s A, B
4 2 .1 Complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first and contains the
word in brackets.
1 I sent Karen a copy of the minutes because she missed the meeting, (so)
Karen missed the meeting, so I sent her a copy of the minutes .
2 She doesn't know, so I'll ask someone else, (since)
Sin ce- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 I'll call you back. I have to go now because I have a meeting, (so)
I'll call you back. I have a m eeting,_________________________________________________
4 I had a lot of paperwork to do, so I finished work late, (because)
I finished work lat e_____________________________________________________________ _
5 I had to do all the paperwork, so I finished work late, (because of)
I finished work lat e___________________________________________________ I had to do.
Sect io n s C, D
Sect io n s C, D
4 2 .3
1 I went to Barcelona to
2 I went to Barcelona for
I'm here to
Exercises
Sect ions C,
4 2 .4
Wr i t e /
Sect io n E
4 2 . 5 Complete the sentences wit h as or like, or put as/ like if both are possible.
1 While I was at university, I sometimes worked
as
Sect io n s
A, B C, D, E
4 2 .6
Pa
mel a
Ive just seen the last set of sales figures, and it looks 1 as if/as w ell make a loss
this quarter. Things are getting serious, and the CEO is talking about laying
people o ff,2 like/as our com petitors. We need to look for some imaginative
Ja
c k
would be good to reassure people th at their jobs are safe, 4 not to/so as not to
w orry them unnecessarily.
Pa
mel a
T hats right, and 5 since/so that I work 6 like/as the D irector of Human
Resources its my responsibility to come up w ith some ideas.
Ja
c k
Pa
mel a
:
:
Ja
c k
Pa
mel a
work hours.
Well, 8 since that/as the situation is serious I think people might be prepared to
:
:
accep t that.
Theyll have to accep t it. Its a c ris is ,9 so/because crisis measures are necessary.
And people will have to do a greater variety of jobs as well. Well train staff
10 that/so they can move from one departm ent to another w ith ease.
176
Ja
c k
Pa
mel a
42 Lin k in g w o r d s 2
Tasks
Speaking: list en
and repeat
Tr an slat e
1 #
2 Translate these short texts taken from the Int ernet into your own language. Remember not to
translate word for word, but rather t o make it sound natural.
BusinessWeek website
BNET website
Wr it in g :
p er so n aliz ed
p r act ice
4 Answer these questions using a 'reason/ purpose' word or phrase from page 174 and ideas of
y Qur
Answer these questions using a 'manner' word or phrase from page 174 and ideas of your own.
Writ e a complete paragraph each time.
5 How does your boss treat you? How do you treat your boss?
6 How do you treat your boss's boss?
7 How do you use the largest room in your workplace? How could you use it?
8 How did you feel when your first child/ nephew/ niece was born?
If yo u ar e w o r k i n g in class, ch o o se so m e p ar ag r ap h s t o read al o u d . Ask an d an sw er q u est io n s.
Developing an argument 1
A Linking across sent ences
(surprising)
I thought we had some in stock, but actually we dont.
(different)
Either we could cancel the launch, or we could sim ply postpone it.
This new process produces less waste, and as a result it's much
better fo r the environment.
here today.
Ou r costs have gone up. For instance, the cost of steel has nearly
doubled.
Ou r costs have gone up. The cost of steel, fo r example, has nearly
doubled.
up and In summary.
43 D evel o p i n g an ar g u m en t 1
Exercises
Sect ions
A, C, D, E, F, G
43.
1 If you don't want the Canon, what about this Panasonic instead/instead of?
2 The fall in share prices has made investors nervous. On the other side/hand, it could be an excellent
buying opportunity.
3 As a rule/As a whole, I don't normally have a big lunch, but I'll come with you to the restaurant today.
4 All commodity prices rose last week, apart/except soybeans and wheat.
5 We can either/or wait for a train, or go by taxi.
6 I know Madrid very well. As a matter of fact/On the whole, I worked there for a short time many years
ago.
7 For instance/On the whole I am a supporter of the green movement. However, I think that they are
wrong to oppose nuclear energy.
8 I like to drive to work because I can go door- to- door. On the other hand/Besides, the train would
probably be quicker.
9 I like to drive to work because I can go door- to- door. On the other hand/Besides, the company pays
for my petrol.
10 Investment in areas for example/such as biotechnology can be risky.
11 Investment in some areas, for example/such as biotechnology, can be risky.
12 The resumes are all very strong, except for/instead of these two here.
Sect io n s
A, C, D, E, F, G
moreover
instead
nevertheless
either
except
so
such as
in general
therefore
1 People think it's expensive, but actually over the long term it isn't.
2 The restaurant is open every d ay_____________ Monday.
3 She is out of the country an d _____________ unable to attend the meeting.
4 I was going on Tuesday, but now I'm going
on Mo n d ay_____________ _
5
Sect io n s A, C, G
43.
Exercises
Sections A, B, C,
D, E, F, G, H
Read this article about traf fic in city centres. Complete the article by choosing the best
alt ernative from A, B, C or D below.
1 A As well
B First of all
C In fact
D As a result
2 A Besides
3 A for example
4 A either
B Also
C For example
D Except
B however
C instead
D finally
B both
C as a result
D instead of
5 A However
B Therefore
C So
D In conclusion
6 A To sum up
B In addition
C Actually
D For example
7 A on the whole
8 A such as
B in addition
C actually
D for example
B as well as
B in conclusion
C instead of
D except
C instead
D also
9 A thirdly
Sect i o n s
, bicycle use
Complete this speech made by the leader of a Korean trade delegation in Slovakia wit h
the words and phrases in the box.
4
as a rule
f-if st-e-f-alt
in conclusion
in fact
however
instead of
in addition
therefore
Could I just say a few words? Thank you. Well, 1 r/ rsf of all i^ |j|<e t0 thank everyone here at
the Bratislava Cham ber of Comm erce for organizing our short tour of Slovakia. We have enjoyed
looking round all the factories and meeting the employees. 2_____________ , I would like to thank
the Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, who made the whole trip possible. As you know,
we see the European market as very important for our company. 3__________ __ , it is central to
our future plans. 4_____________ I look forward to a close cooperation between our two countries
in the future. 5_____________ I think its better to keep the ceremonies short on occasions like this.
6____________, I would just like to take this opportunity to leave you with something to remember our
visit. I have great pleasure in presenting this book with photographs of Korea to Mr Telensky, who
took such good care of us. 7...... .
, I hope that we may have the pleasure of welcoming
some of you to our country in the near future. Perhaps the next time we meet it will be in Seoul
8
Bratislava! Once again, thank you all very much.
180
43 Developing an argument 1
Tasks
Speaking: listen
and repeat
Tr an sl at e
grew by 8 %.
norm al weight.
Reuters website
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n al i z ed
....-............ -
................... -
...........
And finally I'l l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - If you have any questions, please feel free to interrupt.
2 As you can see, our products offer excellent value for money. As well as this,
3 Our costs have gone up significantly this year. For instance,
4 Some delays are beyond our control, such as
5 We have a lot of experience in this market. In fact,
6 I thought that working in a cross- cultural team would present some challenges,
but act ually- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 At the rate we're working we're not going to meet the project deadline. The way
I see it we have t wo options. Either w e __________ ___
_ _ - - - - - - - - - - -_ _
____
_______________________________________________________ ?
9 The planning for the conference is all complete, except f o r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10 In general I think t h at ______________________
although- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11 Yes, I listened to everything she said. Basically,
12 So, to sum up, the main message that I want you to take away from this
presentation i s______________________________________________________
i t ! Developing an argument 2
A Ot her linking w ords and phrases
Study this list of common linking words and phrases.
It extends the list given in unit 43.
Emphasizing something important
Especially, Particu larly, In particular, Above all, Specifically
Correcting yourself
I mean, Or rather
The phrases at the end, in the end and at last do not have the
same meaning.
Preparing to finish
An yw ay
We need to keep our costs down, especially in the current
economic climate.
We need to keep our costs down, especially as /because the
company is not doing so well.
By the way, how is Claudia? I haven't seen her fo r ages.
And that's the situation in Europe. As fa r as Latin Am erica is
B Personal comment
There are many words and short phrases that come at the
beginning of a sentence and help us to make a personal
comment.
Giving your own ideas (often to disagree)
I think, From m y point of view, In my opinion, In m y view,
Personally, I am convinced that
has ended
I f we don't pay the invoice now, they'll cut our credit line.
Unless we pay the invoice now, they'll cut our credit line.
We should pay the invoice now, otherwise they'll cut our credit
line.
Good/bad luck
44 Develo p in g an ar g u m en t 2
Exercises
Sect i o n s
A, B, C, D, E
Sect io n s A, B
4 4 .2 Complete the replies to the comments in speech marks by f ollowing the instructions in
brackets and using the words and phrases in the box.
above all
frankly
anyway
of course
apparently
or rather
by the way
personally
unfortunately
3 'I've got two spare tickets for the opera tonight. Are you interested?'
-
(you would like to go but can 't )_____________ , I've got a previous commitment.
4 'So, I had lunch with Magda and Viktor, and then I had a meeting with the auditors.'
(change the t op ic)_____________ , what did Magda say about Paris?
5 'The joint venture with Optika is running into all sorts of problems.'
-
(be honest)_____________ , we should never have entered into it in the first place.
(prepare to f inish)_____________ , we can sort out the hotels nearer the time.
Exercises
Sect i o n s
A, B, C. u n i t 43
Underline the correct words in this presentation about robotics. This exercise includes
some revision of unit 43.
Today Im going to be talking about robotics, and 1anyway/in particular the commercial exploitation
of robots. 2Especially/ Clearly theres a huge interest in the subject, as can be seen by the number
of people in the audience today. And this is not surprising, as we predict that over the next decade
robotics is going to be one of the worlds fastest growing industries. Tens of millions of dollars are
being invested in the development of personal robots, and 3instead/as a result progress has been
rapid. Scientists now understand the technology necessary for complex actions like walking on
two feet without falling over. AOn the other hand/At the end, it's clear that the development of robo
sapiens - with something that approximates human intelligence - will take longer,
5especially/or rather a lot longer.
Lets take one example where robotics is making a big impact now: health care. Robots are doing
a whole range of tasks: reminding patients to take medicines, interacting with patients who show
cognitive decline, collecting data and monitoring patients, and assisting people with limited mobility.
6Specifically/ ln fact, theyll soon be doing almost everything 7except for/instead of peeling the
grapes!
Who is taking the lead in developing robotics worldwide? 8Nevertheless/In general its the Jap anese,
9although/apart from the Americans are trying hard to catch up. But the market is big enough for
everyone. Small com panies across Europe are developing and selling robots in areas
:osuch as/for example automated manufacturing, materials handling in dangerous or
dirty environments, and security and military applications.
However, 11as far as start-up companies are concerned/ concerning start-up companies, home
entertainment is perhaps a safer area to launch the robot revolution. Com pared to the other areas,
singing and dancing robots dont do anything essential, and so its OK if they make a mistake
sometimes. 12Especially/ Furthermore, home entertainment is likely to be the biggest market
13in the end/at last, with some households having two or three robots, just like they have computers
today.
So, 14/n fact/to sum up, Ive tried to show you how I believe were entering a new age, the age of
the robot, and its an age thats full of business opportunities.
Sect io n s A, B, C
Check the answers to exercise 44.3 before you do this exercise. Then find words and
phrases from the answers to 44.3 t hat are similar to the expressions below.
1 on the whole
2 apart from
3 because of this
8 however
9 in short
....... _.... -
4 as a matter of fact
5 with regard to
11 above all
..
184
10 eventually
12 I mean
.. .
..... _....
13 like
14 obviously
44 Develo p in g an ar g u m en t 2
Tasks
Sp eak in g : list en
an d r ep eat
Tran slat e
Wr it in g :
'
p r act ice
9 At last _______________
10 Adm it tedly___________
11 Senior managers, i.e.
4 Look again at the longer texts in units 43 and 44 t hat use several linking words and phrases
(exercises 43.4, 43.5 and 44.3). Now writ e a f ew paragraphs on one of t he following topics:
The script for a guided tour of my factory/ offices/ campus
The script for a guided tour of my city/ town
Marketing successes and failures in my business
The impact of new technology on my business
Money- making ideas from my favourite hobby
Developing an argument 3
A Emphasizing: preparat ory it
We can emphasize information by using It plus a form of
be at the beginning of the sentence. Compare a) and b) each
time:
a) Magda really does all the work in that team.
b) It's Magda who really does all the work in that team.
(not anybody else)
a) I spoke to you on the phone last week.
b) It was me who spoke to you on the phone last week.
(not somebody else)
a) They were discussing my suggestion.
b) It was my suggestion that they were discussing.
(not anybody else's)
a) We should move our production to Morocco.
b) It's Morocco that we should move our production to.
(not somewhere else)
Not only did we lose our money, but we seriously damaged our
reputation as well.
Only then did I realize that I was speaking to their CEO , not just
a regular middle manager.
thing is.
The answer is
The point is
The solution is
The fact is
The problem is
The trouble is
The idea is
The question is
The truth is
little.
whole situation.
I did make a back- up copy, just like you suggested. It 's on my USB
stick.
escalating.
What happened was (that) the road was closed and I had to
186
45 Develo p in g an ar g u m en t 3
Exercises
Sec t i o n A
4 5 .1
Rewrit e each sentence using It + a form of be so that you emphasize the underlined word.
Sect io n s B, C
Complete the sentences wit h the phrases in the box. Several answers are possible but
only one solution uses each phrase in the most appropriate way.
4 5 .2
The answer is
The idca- is
The question is
The trouble is
The truth is j
1 Leyla told us about Head Office's plans for next year. T'he idea is to launch a new line of bathtime
products for babies - body washes, shampoos, towels made from organic cotton, that sort of thing.
2 Sales are falling and several of our best managers have left. What, then, should we do?
____________________we need to replace our CEO with one who has the commitment and vision to
turn the company around.
3 We've trained him, coached him and given him every chance. But it doesn't seem to make much
difference_____________________, the job is just too big for him.
4 Our products are not differentiated in the market. They appeal to everyone and no one.
, who exactly do we want to target?
5 Customers like our products, but they complain they can't find them in the shops.
____________________our distributors carry products from many different companies, and we don't
get the focus we need.
Continue as before.
__________
Wh at we can't do is
Wh at happened was
Wh at worries me is
6
8
9
10
S '/ t il
/TAZ/o 11
T s l n n ' t - m n Is f t f - l i
Exercises
Sect ion D
The first f ew words in the sentences below are in the wrong order. Wr it e the sentences
again wit h a capital letter and the correct word order.
1 before never I have seen such incompetence.
5 only not they did offer me a promotion, they're also upgrading my car to a Lexus.
Sect io n E
Move three time expressions to a new position in this paragraph about the early history
of SAP. The n ew version should emphasize the time frame. The first has been done for you.
Five former IBM employees launched a company i'm 1973^ to develop some software for
processing real-time business information. The first component was complete one year
later: a financial accounting package. 50 of the 100 largest German companies were SAP
customers by the middle of the 1980s, and revenues had reached around $50 million.
Sect io n F
4 5 .f
Rewrit e these sentences using do/ did to emphasize the underlined verb.
Sect io n G
4 From a ________ __ ____ _point of view, the new turbine was very expensive to develop.
5
6 From a _....... ................ .... point of view, the new turbine will have a limited market.
45 Develo p in g an ar g u m en t 3
Tasks
Sp eak in g : list en
an d r ep eat
Tr an slat e
1 %
2 Translate these short texts taken from the Internet into your own language. Remember not to
translat e word for word, but rather t o make it sound natural.
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n aliz ed
p r act ice
_____ ___________
_______________________________________________________________ ?
6 They're one of our biggest customers. What we can't do i s- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 I apologize once again for what has happened. What I'm going to do is
8 If everything goes as planned, the new service should attract a lot of new clients.
What worries me is_________________________________________________________
9 Never before have I seen ____________________________________________________
10 Under no circumstances can we
11 Not only did w e ______________________
but we also__________________________
12 That's not really true. In fact we do have
13 From a financial point of view.
14 Technically speaking,
4 Think of a problem or difficult issue you are facing in your business, professional or personal
life. Choose an issue where there are several possible solutions/ outcomes. Wr it e a short
presentation where you explain the situation and w h at might happen.
a n Prepositions of place
A at or in i
We use at to talk about the position of something, or about
the place where something happens. A t shows a general
location.
(position)
I'l l see you at the meeting.
object.
'across'.
at thefront/ back
at the top/ bottom
at the beginning/ end
in the middle
in a book/ magazine
in the corner
in the photo/ picture
in my hand
in the country
in a queue (Br E)
in hospital/ prison
in line (Am E)
in a row/ colum n
in the chair (= in charge of the meeting)
Note these fixed expressions with on:
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
thef ir st floor
the M 6 (motorways and roads)
the plane/ bus/ train (but in a car/taxi, because you are
more formal.
Miguel should sit next to/beside Irene in the restaurant tonight.
Near (to) means 'close to'. By means 'at the side of'.
The metro station is very near (to) our offices.
Can we have a table b y the window?
We stayed in a hotel near the sea.
inside/ outside
backwards/ forwards
on top of / underneath
46 Pr ep o sit io n s o f place
Exercises
Sect ions 4 6 .1 Underline the correct words.
A, B, C, D, E
1 Look in the Appendix at/by the end of the report.
2 When I got in/on the train, I found out there was a Wi- Fi connection.
3 Wh at a fantastic view! The sky above/over and the sea below/under.
4 Next week I'll be at/in Hungary for a f ew days.
5 Turn into Western Avenue and you'll see our offices on/at your left.
6 I bought this tie on/at Madison Avenue in New York.
7 She'll be here in a f ew minutes - she's just at/on the phone.
8 The power socket is over there, by/at the door.
9 This graph isn't labeled. You need to write the units by/next to the X axis.
10 Put a sheet above/over the machine to stop it getting dusty.
11 Siena is near/by Florence.
12 I'll see you tomorrow at ten thirty, at/by the office.
13 It's a large block. Our offices are at/on the fifteenth floor.
14 The customs officer asked me to take everything out/out of my suitcase.
15 The waiter took us to a table by/near the window, (close to the window)
16 The waiter took us to a table by/near the window, (next to the window)
17 I'll meet you at/in the front of the building in ten minutes.
18 I'll meet you at/in front of the building in ten minutes.
Sect io n s A, B
Exercises
Sect i o n s
A, B, C, D, E
Com plete this em ail, wh ich gives directions t o som eone's of fice, w it h t he wor d s in t he box.
across
at (x2)
next t o
on (x2)
backwards
past
in front of
toward s
f ieaf ;
underneath
Hi Jan. As promised, here are the directions for how to get to our offices by car.
fj
The place where voure staving the previous night is actually quite 1 n ear to us - about 40 km away
Leave the city 2..
the A3 motorway heading east 3..................... Metroville. Come off
the motorway 4
exit 19 and just carry on for a few minutes. Youll go 5
a
large car showroom 6
_ your left, and just after that youll come to some traffic lights. Go
7... _
this first set of lights, and then 8 _.... _ _
the next lights turn right. Youre now in
Victoria Road. Follow the road to the end and youll see our offices right9
you. You cant
miss them.
The car park is actually down a ram p, 10
the building. Theres a little cabin
11
the ramp where the security guard sits - youll see it. When you get down into the
parking area, theres not much room to manoeuvre, so you might have to go 12
and
forwards a few times before you can fit in the space! Were all used to it.
Just go to reception when you arrive and ask for me - Ill be right down.
Looking forward to seeing you next week
Hendrik
Sect io n s
A, B, C, D
Complete this email about magazine ar twork by putting one suitable word in each space.
Sue
Thanks for sending me the artwork for the magazine advert. I have a few comments about the
layout 1 on the page. The photograph 2
the top looks good, but instead of being
3 .
. - .....the middle I think it should be 4
the left, 5
to the main
block of text. Also, I think we should have the company logo6
_... __ _ . the bottom right corner.
Did you know theres going to be an article about our company 7
the same magazine? I
hope it will be on the page directly 8... ....... .... .... our advert, but of course that isnt 9
my hands.
Can you also send the artwork to Steve for his comments? He should be back 10
Monday.
Thanks
Tony
work on
46 Pr ep o sit io n s o f place
Tasks
Speaking: list en
and repeat
Tran slat e
Wr it in g :
p er so n aliz ed
p r act ice
2 Translate these short texts taken from the Int ernet into your own language. Remember not to
translate word for word, but rather to make it sound natural.
__in my country
10
below
20 I saw with horror that there was only one chair available for me to sit down.
It was next t o ____________________and directly opposite__________________
21 A palindrome is a word or a line that can be read the same forwards and backwards.
Some examples are: level, radar an d ____________________________________________ _
22
m Verb + preposition
A Verb + preposit ion
involve sb in sth
account for
consist of
object to
allow fo r
apply fo r
approve of
base on
believe in
belong to
cooperate with
coordinate with
count on
pay fo r
plan on
prepare fo r
qualify for
recover from
decide on
depend on
focus on
graduate from
benefit from
comment on
hopefo r
insist on
know about
compete with
comply with
concentrate on
lead to
liaise with
listen to
budget for
cater for
refer to
rely on
specialize in
suffer from
take care of
welcome to
worry about
wait for
Do I qualify fo r a discount?
I've decided.
I hope/ insist.
It belongs to me.
194
invite sb to sth
prevent sbfrom sth
protect sb against sth
congratulate sb on sth
divide sth into sth
exchange sth fo r sth
explain sth to sb
inform sb about/ of sth
insure sth against sth
Exercises
Sect ion A
Sect io n B
4 7 .2
8 This safety feature prevents the operator against/from/with being hurt or injured.
9 This year we'll be investing more than 4m on/in/to plant and equipment.
10 This year we'll be spending more than 4m on/in/to plant and equipment.
Complete the sentences wit h prepositions. Choose from: about, at, for, from, in,
Sect io n C
I must apologize______ not contacting you earlier, but I've been very busy.
8 I com plained______ the m anager ......... _ the food and he gave us a free drink.
9 Make sure you look _____ the small print before you sign anything.
10 Unless their quality improves, we'll have to look ______ a new supplier.
Exercises
Sect ions A, B, C
4 7 .4 Complete the sentences with a word from list A and a word from list B.
A: agreed
B: about
apologized
f ef
for
apply
for
in
insist
on
involve
on
on
listen
to
pay
rely
remind
wasted
with
Sect io n s A, B, C
4 7 . 5 Complete the sequence of emails wit h the correct prepositions. The number in brackets
_____
_________ ________________________________ .
Thank you 8________(3) your recent email. Here is the information you requested.
a) You can rely 9________(2) the fact that our interest rates are very competitive, but I cannot give exact
figures, as it depends 10________(2) the amount you want to borrow and changes in line with base
rates. I invite you 11________(2) check the table on our website for the current rates. You can click on
the link below.
b) Yes, as soon as you inform us 12_______ (2) any possible fraud associated with your card we take
care 13________(2) everything. We investigate the issue and refund any money that you have lost. We
have invested heavily 14_______ (2) IT security over recent years and we do everything necessary to
prevent hackers 15________(4) entering the system.
I hope this answers your questions. Please do not hesitate to contact us again if you think
16________(2) anything else.
196
47 Verb + p r ep o sit io n
Tasks
Sp eak in g : list en
an d r ep eat
Tran slat e
CNBC website
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n aliz ed
p r act ice
3 Complete the sentences wit h your own ideas. The first word you will need is a preposition
12
with
Adjective + preposition
A Adject ive + preposit ion
Some adjectives can have a preposition after them. The
preposition may be followed by a noun or noun phrase.
We're all disappointed with the results.
It's compatible with your existing IT system.
interested in
keen on
nervous of
optimistic about
pessim istic about
pleased with
serious about
shocked at/ b y
surprised at/ by
suspicious of
excited about
fascinated by
popular with
used to
experienced in
famous for
prepared for
ready fo r
useful fo r
wrong about
bored with
disappointed with
doubtful about
enthusiastic about
suitable fo r
sure of
typical of
B Feelings
proud of
satisfied with
married to
opposed to
fed up with
fond of
lim ited to
compatible with
covered in
dependent on
Our company is famous all over the world fo r the quality of its
engineering.
She was full of enthusiasm when I explained our idea.
We're used to (= accustomed to) delays on the metro. They
afraid of
amazed at/ by
certain about
tired of
worried about
happy for sb
responsible to sb
accustomed to
answerable to
attached to
aware of
based on
capable of
198
f u ll of
g u ilty of
im portant fo r
involved in
lacking in
late fo r
related to
relevant to
rich in
right about
safefrom
sim ilar to
Exercises
Sect i o n s B, C, D
48.1
M at ch t h e b eg in n i n g o f each sen t en ce 1- 10 w i t h an en d in g a- j.
h) as last time.
10 I could be wrong
Sect io n s B, C
4 8 . 2 Complete the sentences wit h a word from list A and a word from list B.
1 This fund is very popular with investors looking for long- term growth.
2 Our security infrastructure makes your IT net work _____________ _
3 For further details, see the copy of the cont ract ________________
4 The starting salary i s ______ _- ............
malware.
this letter.
previous experience.
5 Some time ago he mentioned the possibility of a permanent contract, but I don't think he's
it.
6 We 'r e .... ........... ............... . every stage of the process, from design right through to production.
7 I need a change. I'm _____________________doing the same thing every day.
8 Hedge funds are very risky. They're n o t ____________________ most investors.
Sect io n D
4 8 .3
1 I'm annoyed about/with all this confusion with the wrong invoices.
2 I'm annoyed about/with them for sending the wrong invoices.
3 I've spoken to Mahm ut and I'm happy with/for all the arrangements.
4 Maggie deserved to get promoted - I'm really happy with/for her.
5 I'm sorry about/for arriving so late - I got delayed in traffic.
6 Low inflation is good at/for/with every sector of the economy.
7 She'd be excellent in Human Resources she's really good at/for/with people.
8 Richard, can you help us with this translation?
You're good at/for/with French.
9 If you need to refer the decision upwards,
who are you responsible for/ to?
10 As Sales Director, how many staff
are you responsible for/to?
Exercises
Sect ions B, C, D
4 8 .4 Com plete t h e second sent ence so it has a sim ilar m eaning t o t h e first.
1 Consumers find the old models a bit boring.
Consumers are a bit bored w/ fh the old models
2 Julia is Adrian's wife.
Julia is m arried__________________________________________________________________
3 Driving on the left is still strange to me.
I'm not used____________________________________________________________________
4 Do you find archaeology interesting?
Are yo u ________________________________________________________________________?
5 Mathematics was always my best subject.
I was always very g o o d ___________________________________________________________
6 The advertising campaign was a disaster. You said it would be.
You were right___________________________________________________ It was a disaster.
7 There were lots of people in the conference hall.
The conference hall was f u l l ______________________________________________________
8 I don't really like her idea.
I'm not really very k een __________________________________________________________
Sect io n s B, C, D
4 8 .5
aware
attached
involved
lacking
capable
late
compatible
opposed
covered
prepared
right
dependent
similar
useful
David - are you 1 aware 0f the artic le about Customer Relationship Management (CRM) in the latest
Marketing Monthly? Ive scanned it and 2________________ it to this email.
Basically, it says that in the future B2B companies like ours shouldn't be too 3________________ on
their brand name, and that we have to be 4________________ for a situation where customers show
less and less brand loyalty. To retain customers, it says were going to need CRM software that is
5________________ of managing all our customer information. Basically, CRM software integrates data
from the sales force, the call center and the website. That information also becomes 6- - - - - - - - - - - - - for marketing - things like understanding buying behaviour and so on.
I remember you saying something 7________________ to this in a meeting last year, and as you are
8________________ in IT purchasing decisions I thought you should see the article.
Madeleine
Thanks for the email and the article. Youre absolutely 9________________ about the importance of
CRM, and if you remember I proposed at that meeting that we invest in new CRM software. Most
people were 10________________ to the idea, partly because of the difficulty in finding software
11________________ with our other IT systems. I thought at the time they were 12_________________in
vision, but its not too 13________________ for us to start. I'll put together a short report based on the
ideas 14
__________ in the article and circulate it.
Thanks again for sending it and thinking about this issue.
David
200
Tasks
Sp eak in g : list en
an d r ep eat
Tran slat e
1 ^
2 Translate these short texts taken from the Int ernet into your own language. Remember not to
in private consumption.
FT website
Wr i t i n g :
p er so n aliz ed
p r act ice
3 Complete the sentences wit h your own ideas. The first word you will need is a preposition
I think the new product is overpriced. I'm doubtful about its sales potentia:
2 I have a 90- minute commute twice a day - I'm really fed u p _________________
3 I'd prefer not to go to an Indian restaurant. I'm not very k een ________________
4 Spring is in the air and I'm feeling quite optim istic- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 Looking back over my life's work, I'm p roud________________________________
10
12
20
i V l Noun + preposition
A Noun + preposit ion
ab ility in
example of
price of
advantage of
advice on
alternative to
experience of/ in
hope of
knowledge of
reason fo r
reply to
solution to
lack of
matter with
method of
opinion of
substitute for
success at/ in
tax on
trouble with
awareness of
certainty about
doubt about
excitement about
interest in
involvement in
opposition to
optimism about
fear of
pessimism about
preparation for
satisfaction with
sim ilarity to
suitability fo r
worry about
refers to an amount.
decision about
invitation to
agreement about
approval of
decision on
objection to
payment for
preparation fo r
protection against
reference to
responsibility fo r
spending on
belief in
budget for
comparison with
complaint about
compliance with
202
division into
focus on
information about
insistence on
insurance against
investment in
up to date, up to you
I apologise fo r calling this meeting at such short notice.
The concert is cancelled due to circumstances beyond our control.
We met in the street by chance.
We need 2 5 % of the total price in advance.
We don't have that colour in stock, but we do have more on order.
The economy is on track f o r recovery.
Your software is quite out o f date.
You should always keep your antivirus software up to date.
It 's up to you - 1 don't mind which restaurant we go to.
Exercises
Sect i o n A
between
for
for
in
in
of
of
te
to
with
with
|_________________________________________________________________________ U.____________________________I
___the problem.
Sect io n s A, B, C
49.
Complete the sentences wit h a word from box A and a word from box B.
Sect io n D
49.
1 At/In first sight it looks like a good deal, but we need more details at/in a hurry.
2 A: Shall we go to a Thai restaurant by/for a change?
B: It's up to/over to you.
3 Are you paying by/in cash or by/in card?
4 The house next door is for/at sale. It's been on/in the market for ages.
5 Very f ew Board members are at/in favour of the acquisition.
6 We need to keep in/on touch with the situation as it develops.
7 Are you here on/for business or on/for pleasure?
8 A: Did you do it by/on purpose?
B: No, of course not, I did it by/on mistake.
9 By/In financial terms they're not doing well. They're $10m in/with debt.
10 A: It's Niels Jensen from Tyco at/on the phone.
B: Can you put him at/on hold while I look for his file? OK, I've found it - I'll take it at/on the
other line.
Exercises
Sec t i o n D
You can often guess the meaning of a prepositional phrase from the context. Match each
phrase a- j wit h its meaning 1- 10 below.
49
a) I'm sorry, I think we were talking at cross purposes. Let me make myself clear.
b) For the time being I think we should wait. We can make a decision later.
c) It's to our advantage to work together on this. We'r e all in the same boat.
d) It was fantastic news. And it came completely out of the blue.
e) There are two new products in the pipeline. They'll be launched later this year.
f) You have to be really on the ball in this job. The situation changes all the time.
g) I'm speaking off the record of course, but the company is in serious difficulties.
h) In a nutshell, we're behind schedule and over budget. It's a disaster.
i) I'm afraid the new CEO is out of his depth with this latest crisis.
j) In the Iona run stocks are generally a better investment than bonds.
1 about different things without realizing
2 quick- thinking and quick- acting
3 being planned and happening soon
4 in the same unpleasant situation
5 in a situation that is too difficult for him
Sect i o n s A, B, D
6 unexpectedly
7 saying it briefly and clearly
8 over a long time period
9 for a short period of time
10 unofficially
Complete the sequence of emails wit h the correct prepositions. The number in brackets
af ter t he space shows the number of letters in the word.
4!
Erika
The interviews for the post of IT manager are happening next week, and HR have just sent me
information 1_3bout _ (5) a\\ t^e candidates. I thought we should get together to discuss the CVs
before the interviews.
Here are my thoughts. 2________(2) my opinion there is a need 3________ (3) someone with a good
knowledge 4- - - - - - (2) integrating different applications. The problem 5________ (4) our current IT
system is that all the parts work separately - our website, the back- office, our supply chain, etc. We
need someone who has shown su ccess6________(2) dealing with all these areas - although HR have
warned me that theres a lack 7_______ (2) really strong candidates.
Also, a lot of our IT infrastructure is quite 8________(3) of date and well have to make a big investment
9- - - - - - (2) new hardware soon. We need someone whos 10________ (2) touch with what's available
11
- - - (2) the market and can take responsibility 12________ (3) the whole purchasing process.
Pete
Yes, we should have a meeting. It will be good to discuss these things 13________(2) advance
14- - - - - - (3) a change. Usually the job interviews are arranged 15________ (2) very short notice and
we dont get a chance to really look at the CVs in detail.
Are you free on Friday morning to do this? I could make any time betwen 9 and 11. And can I have a
quick look 16________(2) the CVs beforehand?
Erika
204
49 Noun + p r ep o sit io n
Tasks
Sp eak in g : list en
an d r ep eat
Tran slat e
Wr i t in g :
p er so n aliz ed
p r act ice
2 Translate these short texts taken from the Int ernet into your own language. Remember not to
translate word for word, but rather to make it sound natural.
10
11
12
chance
a change.
. from you
_ writing.
. our expense.
______ date?
17 Please w r i t e___________
________full.
_____a profit is if we
19 They w en t ____________
business because of
_ a regular basis.
isn't mine
_____the pipeline.
22 We h ave______________
23 I didn't do i t __
. first sight
24
but
purpose - I was j u st .
closer inspection
it 's________loan.
. our control
Upward movement
Downward movement
go down, decrease, fall, drop, decline
Change in size
grow, expand, shrink, contract
Speed
Sales grew ... quickly, rapidly, gradually, steadily, slowly
Amount
Sales grew ... significantly, considerably, moderately,
States
Individual points
Note also:
206
Exercises
Sect ions A, B, C
5 0 .1
Sect io n E
5 0 .2 Writ e in words how you would say the numbers in brackets, using British English. Look at
one
thousand
two hundredthree
and thirty
twelve
thousand
1 (1 ,230)
2 (1 2,300)
3 (1 2,030)
4 (1 20,300)
5 (1 23,000)
6 (1 23,330)
7 (1 ,230,000)
Sect io n F
hundred
twelve thousand
and hundret
thirty twenty thousand
one
one
hundred
twenty three
three
hundred
one
hundred twenty three thousand three
thousand
hundred
thirty
one million
and two hundred
thirty thousand
5 0 .3 Complete the sentences wit h the words or phrases in the box. Look carefully at the
punctuation to see if the words join parts of sentences or link across sentences.
because
because of
so
although
in spite of
in addit ion
Althou
_ , market share is down 2 %.
gh
spite
3 Sales are up 5 %, ________________
market share is down 2 %.
howev
of
4 Sales are up 5 %_________________
a drop in market share of 2 %
er
s
5 Sales are up 5 %. ..... ... ..... ....... , we
o
should get a bonus at the end of the year.
theref
6 Sales are up 5 %_________________ we'll
ore
all get a bonus at the end of the year.
because
7 Sales are up 5 % ________________ the
of
new advertising campaign.
becau
____________ the
8 Sales are up 5 % ____________
se
new advertising campaign has started.
in _ _
2 Sales are up 5 %. ___
however
therefore
Exercises
Sect i o n E
d
a
f
e
d
Sect io n E
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
5 0 .5 In many situations w e do not give an exact figure, just an approx imate one. Wr it e the
40%
48%
48- 52%
5 0%
5 2%
60%
Sect io n s
A, B, C, D, E, F
around
a little over
about
exactly
precisely
almost
almo
a little
arou
st
under
3 _______
5 0 % / ...............
....... _.......................... 5 0 %
precis
exact
ut
nd
a
4 _________________________________ 5 0 % / __________________________________5
0%
ely
slightly
ely
little
5 _________________________________ 5 0 % / __________________________________5 0 %
more than
considerably
over
6 _________________________________ 5 0 %
more than
2 _________________________________ 5 0 % / __________________________________5
0%
abo
50.
Complete the conversation between a bank manager, Andrew Cutting (AC), and a
business owner, Chris Wood (CW), by underlining the correct words.
AC:
16
15
14
CW:
SALES
13
12
11
10
9
J
CW:
Well it was a difficult trading period for us - our main com petitor n cu t / f ell their
prices aggressively. l2H o w ever / In sp it e of, in the second n h alf / h alve of the year
things started to improve. We launched a series of new products onto the m arket,
and youll see th at sales u rised / ro se 15sig n if ican t / sig n if ican t ly over the autumn
period. In fact the figure went l6t o / u n t il a little 11u n d er / o ver fifteen million by the
end of the year. We were very happy with those results. And we expect the increase
18of/ in sales to continue this year. Our sales forecasts are looking very good.
AC:
50 Trends, grap hs an d f ig u r es
Tasks
Sp eak in g : list en
an d r ep eat
Tran slat e
ng:
1 ft
2 Translate these short texts taken from the Internet into your own language. Remember not to
translate word for word, but rather to make it sound natural.
6 In my country,
....... __
7 In my country,______________ ___ _______
8 In my country,..................................... ....... .
now relatively stable.
9 In my lif e,________ _ ___ _
10 In my life, -................ .
___________ ___ __
.........
-__
___
4 Choose t w o related trends from your area of work or from your personal life where you
can draw graphs covering several months/ quarters/ years on the horizontal axis. Wr it e a short
presentation describing the trends (this unit) and analyzing them (language from units 41- 44).
See the ex ample topics below.
total sales and sales of your most popular product over two years
production volumes for two different products over six months
seasonal patterns of spending for two different budget areas
time spent doing gardening and time spent doing sports over the last year
your motivation during a language course and your motivation while on a diet
If you are w o r k in g in class, choose som e p resent at io ns t o read aloud. Dr aw t h e graphs on t he
board b ef ore you start. Ask and an sw er questions.
Complete the sentences by putting each verb into the present simple or present continuous.
Use contractions (I'm instead of I am , d o n t instead of do n ot, etc.) where possible.
1 A: Wh at do you do (you/ do)?
B: I'm an engineer.
2 A: What are you doing (you/ d0)?
B: I'm looking for the document I saved.
3 Can you help m e? I ________________ (not understand) Spanish.
4 Can I call you back? I ________________ (talk) with a client.
5 This product ________________ (not sell) - we'll have to put it on special offer.
6 I'll get in touch with you as soon as I ________________ (know) the results.
7 W e ________________ (stay) at the Marriott Hotel. We'll be there until Friday.
8 You'll have to be quick if you want to talk to Darina. Sh e- - - - - - - - - - - - - - (just/ leave).
9 Our com pany________________ (make) parts for the automobile industry.
10 Wh e n ________________ (you/ usually/ get) to work in the morning?
11 Wh en ________________ (the auditors/ come)? This week or next week?
12 Klaus________________ (come) from Munich, in the south of Germany.
Test 1.2
Decide if uses a- h are usually associated wit h the present simple (PS) or present continuous (PC).
a) facts and permanent situations
b) actions and events in progress now
[PS]
|___j
F j
g) fixed timetables
[__]
[__I
[F]
Test 1.3
Put the time expressions in the box into t w o categories: those most of ten used wit h the present
simple, and those most often used wit h the present continuous. Wr it e the expression in the
correct column below.
aftef
always
as soon as
never
sometimes
at the moment
next time
these days
before
normally
currently
nowadays
twice a year
until
Present simple
Present continuous
after
at the moment
every day
occasionally
usually
when
hardly ever
often
Test 1
Test 1.4
Test 1.5
Put the words into the correct order. The first word is given each time.
1 I at about 1 o'clock have usually lunch.
Lunch- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
I----------------------------- -
I----------------------------- -
I-----------------------------I------------------------------
I----------------------------- -
I------------------------------
Some of the following sentences are right and some are wrong. Put a tick (/ ) next t o the right
ones, and correct the wrong ones.
rL.
________________
__ ______________
_____
Test 1.6
Complete the sentences by putting each verb into a form of the present simple or present
continuous. Use contractions where possible. The verbs in each sentence may or may not have
dif ferent tenses.
1 Every time inflation goes up (g0 Up)_ people
2 Inflat ion________________ (fall) quite quickly right now, w h i ch _________________ (mean) that central
banks all over the world can keep interest rates low.
3
(you/ wait) for Victoria Wilkinson? I _________________ (not/ think) she'll be long.
(your chicken/ taste) OK? The food here is usually very good, but of course it all
________________ (depend) on which particular ch ef _________________ (work) in the kitchen on
that day.
9 Our suppliers________________ (not/ be) very flexible at the moment - I _________________ (imagine)
that t h ey________________ (have) a lot of orders and t h ey______________ ___(have) problems with the
production capacity of their plant.
10 I ________________ (agree) - we
.........
break
4 bring
5 buy
Test 2.2
6 choose
11
grow
16 rise_______
7 e a t .. .... ......
8 'all
9 find
12
13
keep
17 sen d ______
lead _
18 sh u t ______
14
lend _
19 sp end _____
15
meet
20 understand
10 f or g et _________
Test 2.3
Complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first sentence and contains the
word in brackets. This exercise practises the past perfect and used to.
1 Michael made some notes and started writing, (had)
After
;
some notes, he started writing.
2 This Internet connection is slower than before, (didn't)
This Internet connection_______________________be so slow.
3 I was sure I had my passport with me. (forgotten)
I was sure I _______________________ my passport.
4 In the past, the factory produced 4,000 units a month, (used)
The fact ory_______________________ 4,000 units a month.
5 I thought the article seemed familiar, (had)
I t hought _______________________ the article before.
6 Aisha left before I arrived, (already)
By the time I arrived, Aish a_______________________ _
7 When I was younger I went skiing a lot. (used)
I _______________________ a lot when I was younger.
8 I left the window open, but I only remembered at the airport, (had)
When I got to the airport, I remembered t h at _______________________ open.
Test 2
Te st 2 A
Oomptete
at
on
in
when
while/ when
the ECB raised interest rates last month, the euro rose against the dollar.
Test 2.5
Com plete t h e sentences b y put t ing one ver b in t h e past sim ple and one in t h e past perfect .
1 When the DVD started, I _________(realize) I
Test 2.6
Com plete t h e sentences by put t ing t h e ver b in brack ets into eit h er t h e past p erf ect or past
perf ect cont inuous.
1 By last Christmas I
:~ v
' ' (decide) it was time to change my job.
2 I
~
________ _ (think) about changing my job for some time before I finally decided.
3 I ____________________(wait) for over an hour by the time he arrived.
4 Actually, I ____________________(already hear) the news before she told me.
5 Their share price____________________(rise) steadily on rumours that they were a takeover target.
6 I couldn't give him a lift because I ____________________(not finish) work.
7 You would think they'd known each other for ages, but in fact t h ey____________________(never
meet) until this year.
8 My eyes were hurting because I ____________________(look) at the screen all day.
9 After I ____________________(see) the new design I realized it was going to be a great success.
10 They closed down the factory because i t ____________________(lose) money for years.
Test 3.2
Cross out the mistake in each sentence and writ e the correction at the end.
1 She is sending emails all week but hasn't placed an order yet.
_____________
---------------------
-----------
-----------
6 Paula has been organized the press conference for Friday at nine.
7 Sales have been rising since three months.
-----------
-----------
-----------
Test 3.3
-----------
----------- .
-----------
Complete the sentences wit h the tim e expressions in the box. Several answers may be possible
but one solution uses each expression in the most appropriate way.
yet
for
smce
often
ever
never
already
so far
just
always
Test 3
T e st 3 .4
Com plete t h e second sent ence so it has a sim ilar m eaning t o t h e f irst sentence. You m ay need a
n ew verb , or a t im e ex pression like t hose in Test 3.3. Use cont ract ions w h er e possible.
1 Jan doesn't work at this company now.
Jan has left this company.
2 This is the first time I've been to the United States.
I _________________________________ to the United States before.
3 That's strange! My copy of Business Grammar Builder isn't here!
That's strange! My co p y_________________________________ disappeared.
4 I saw a friend of yours a few moments ago.
I _________________________________ a friend of yours.
5 I'm still writing this report.
I _________________________________ this report yet.
6 We started working here three years ago.
We've b een _________________________________ three years.
7 Is this your first visit to Serbia?
Have yo u _____ ____________________________ before?
8 It's a long time since I spoke to Goran.
I _________________________________ to Goran for a long time.
9 Is Anna still out of the office?
Has_________________________________ back yet?
10 I'm sorry, but Rachel Dawson isn't here.
I'm sorry, but Rachel Dawson h as_________________________________ out.
11 I last saw David in 2008.
I _________________________________ since 2008.
12 I came to live here three months ago.
I've b een ....... ................... .............. .......... three months.
13 How stupid of me! My laptop is still in the car. I hope it's still there!
How stupid of me! I _________________________________ my laptop in the car. I hope it's still there!
14 I'm still reading this report.
I _________________________________ reading this report yet.
15 Ronan left the building a moment ago.
Ronan h as_________________________________ the building.
16 Have you been to Scandinavia at any time?
Have yo u _________________________________ to Scandinavia?
17 I've had English lessons at my company since January.
I've b een _________________________________ English at my company since January.
18 It's ages since we last had an order from CWP.
W e _________________________________ an order from CWP for ages.
19 This is the first time I've eaten reindeer steak.
I've_________________________________ reindeer steak before.
20 I started playing tennis about six months ago.
I've b een _________________________________ about six months.
21 I don't remember Helen's phone number.
I've_________________________________ Helen's phone number.
22 The last time I saw Marguerite was Monday.
I haven't _________________________________ Monday.
Test 4.2
Test 4.3
Correct these sentences by either crossing out or adding words. Wr it e the correction at the end.
1 I go to get an accurate valuation of all our properties.
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
Decide if uses a- h are most often associated wit h w ill, be g o in g to, the present continuous (Im
d oin g ), the future continuous (I'l l b e d o in g ) or the future perfect (I'l l h ave d on e).
a) future facts
b) fixed future arrangements
__________________________
c) instant decisions
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
216
[j
Test 4
Test 4.4
Complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. The answers
include these forms: '/ / , w o n 't , sh all, present simple (/ d o), present continuous (I'm d o in g ) and
fut ure continuous [Ill b e d oing ).
1 I promise to call you when I get back.
When I get back, 1 c
you.
Test 4.5
Rewrit e each sentence choosing from ll/ w o n t, sh all or g oin g to. Use the main verb underlined.
1 Sarah doesn't plan to get married yet.
_____ _______ married yet.
2 How about having a game of tennis at the weekend?
_________________________________ a game of tennis at the weekend?
3 I've decided to study Arabic in Qatar.
_________________________________ Arabic in Qatar.
4 I promise to be back before midday.
_________________________________ before midday.
5 I have an appointment to see the doctor, so I can't come.
_________________________________ the doctor, so I can't come.
6 I promise not to foraet.
7 I plan to do my MBA at Insead in France.
____________ _____________________ my MBA in France.
8 Would you like me to help you with those bags?
with those bags?
9 We're willing to come back later if you like.
_________________________________ back later if you like.
10 I intend to ask my boss about opportunities for promotion.
my boss about opportunities for promotion.
11 I want to have the salmon.
_________________________________ the salmon, please.
12 I've decided to have the salmon. What about you?
the salmon. What about you?
Cross out the mistake in each sentence and writ e the correction at the end.
1 Lucas has been offer a new job in Brazil.
2 Your parcel was been posted yesterday.
3 A new industrial site is be developed outside the town.
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
Test 5.2
__________________
Rewrit e each sentence wit h a passive verb, wit hout mentioning who did the action.
1 The authorities have closed the casino.
Test 5.3
Complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first sentence and contains
the word in brackets.
1 They have just serviced all our machines, (had)
We have just had all our machines serviced
2 They are coming to clean the carpet tomorrow, (having)
W e _________________________________________________;___________________________
3 They printed some business cards with the new logo, (had)
W e _____________________________________________________________________________
4 Tomorrow they are repairing my car. (getting)
Tomorrow I ____________________________________________________________________ _
5 They have just refused my request for credit, (had)
I___________________________________________________________________
6 They just fined me for illegal parking, (got)
Test 5
Test 5.4
young workers.
So solutions will have 12to find/ to be found. Increasing
root cause of the problem and try to boost birth rates. Tax
Test 5.5
Complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Do not mention
w h o did the action.
1 Someone checked these figures for me last week.
I
- figures checi> ed |ast week.
2 They grow much less coffee in Columbia these days.
These d ays- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 Someone delivered this package this morning.
This pack age- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 The city council is redeveloping the old docklands area.
The old docklands ar ea_____________________________
5 They've put up interest rates again.
Interest rat es____________________________________________________________again.
6 We'll discuss your idea in the meeting tomorrow.
Your id ea___________________________________________________________ tomorrow.
7 The technician installed some new software on the network yesterday.
Yesterday w e __________________________________________________ on the network.
8 Tokyo is my place of birth.
I ____________________________________________________________________ in Tokyo.
9 When is your date of birth?
When ex actly____________________________________________________________born?
10 Someone stole Peter's car last week.
Pet er_________________________________________________________ stolen last week.
11 Did anyone tell Alex about the meeting?
Was________________________________________________________about the meeting?
11
Test 6.
Test 6.
had to
mustn't
must have
don't -have to
didn't have to
might have
should
must
could
1 We're trying a new dress code. We don : nave to wear formal clothes on Fridays.
2 Yo u ___________________ touch that red button! The whole production line will stop!
3 I'm not sure, but I think I ____________________made a mistake.
4 Before we agree, w e 'l l ____________________ study the contract in more detail.
5 Is that the time? I really____________________go now.
6 If you needed the goods urgently, w e ____________________speed up the order.
7 Sorry I'm late, but I ____________________talk to a contractor about some maintenance work.
8 It ____________________been embarrassing for you to forget his name.
9 I think w e ____________________accept their offer. It's the best we'll get.
10 Luckily, w e ____________________ borrow too much money for the mortgage on our house.
Test 6
c) polite request
d) invitation
i) past refusal
j) past habit
220
[j
Test 6
Test 6.4
Com p let e t h e second sent ence so it has a sim ilar m eaning t o t h e f irst sentence. Use a w o r d or
phrase f rom t h e box.
can 't
m ight
can 't be
should
m ight be
have t o
must be
d on 't have to
ought to
should be
.houid
10 At this point it's better that I disclose a personal interest in the matter.
At this point I ______________disclose a personal interest in the matter.
Test 6.5
Com plete t h e second sentence so it has a sim ilar m eaning t o t h e f irst sentence. Use a w o r d or
phrase f rom t h e box.
m ig h t h ave
can't have
could have
shouldn't have
should have (x 2)
must have
The Economist.
The Economist.
Test 7.2
H ave
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
he time is
Could I ask
4 Wh at time does the bank open?
Do you k now
7 Is this t he w ay to the station?
Test 7.3
. .....................
a) closing the w in d o w ?
b) closed the w in d o w ?
c) close the w in d o w ?
8 Please do.
9 Wh y ? I think it's cold in here.
222
Test 7
Test 7.4
Wr i t e short answers f o r each question, b eginnin g as sh o wn . Use cont ract ions (don't inst ead of
do not ) w h er e possible.
1 Do you like Brazil?
2
Yes, '
No,
Yes,- - - - - - - - - - N o , - - - - - - - - - - Yes,- - - - - - - - - - - - - N o , - - - - - - -
Yes,- - - - - - - - - - - - - N o , - - - - - - -
Yes,- - - - - - - - - - - N o , - - - - - - - - - - -
Yes,____________ N o , - - - - - - - - - - -
Yes,- - - - - - - - - - - - - - N o , - - - - - - -
Yes,- - - - - - - - - - - No, - - - - - - - -
Yes,- - - - - - - - - - - N o , - - - - - - - - - - -
Yes,- - - - - - - - - - - - - - N o , - - - - - - -
11
Yes,- - - - - - - - - - - N o , - - - - - - - - - - -
Yes,- - - - - - - - - - - N o , - - - - - - - - - - -
You ^av'
'
'Yes, of course.'
'You had the same thing for lunch yest erday,_____ ___________ ?'
Test 7.6
dr.
Test 7.5
do
2 please I can see the m e n u ?- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 excuse me here anyone is sit t in g ?- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 from which country do com e y o u ?- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 by which route you did c o m e?- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
8 a little more specific you could b e ?- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9 w h at tim e t he next train to Brussels i s ?- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10 you can tell me w h at t ime is the next train to Br u ssels?- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
11 do need you any help with your su it case?________=- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12 this BlackBerry to w h o does b el o n g ?- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 13 I could ask something y o u ?- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14 do think you could I ask you so m et h in g ?- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15 the station where i s ?- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16 you could me tell the station where i s ?- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
lower.
2 If t hey
3
If you
If
5 If
6 If
7 If
8 If
your payment.
9 If you enter the dat e in t he wrong form at, the com puter
recognize the
inform ation.
we'd been/we were more careful, w e wo u ld n 't have lost so much money.
I'd become/l'd've become rich by now.
If your second interview goes/will go well, I'm sure they'll off er you the job.
If you would have backed up/backed up your files more often, you wouldn't risk/didn't risk losing
10 If
11
12
13
all
your work.
14 If you
quickly,
big trouble.
15 They're asking a lot of detailed questions about t he contract. I wish I have/had it with me.
16 I wish it
Test 8.2
is/was Friday!
Com plete each sent ence w it h t h e ver b in brackets in one of t hese form s: will do, would do,
would have done. Use cont ract ions t yp ical o f speech w h er e possible ('II do, 'd do, d've done).
1 If w e got a virus on t he network , w e ci ir -'e (lose) all our data.
2 W e _________________ (be) in Paris by six if the train isn't late.
3 If you'd given a handout for your talk, I think t h e y _________________ (ask) more questions.
4
8 W e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (sort out) the problem much sooner if w e'd had the manual.
9 If you were in his situation, w h a t _________________ (you/ do)?
10 If you'd been in his situation, w h a t _________________ (you/ do)?
11
12 W e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (not get) t he contract if w e hadn't shown t hem these testimonials from our
clients.
Test 8.3
Test 8
Test 8.4
Com plete t h e / '/ sentence t h at com m ent s on each sit uat io n. The / / sent ence im agines t he
op p osit e t o w h at r eally happened.
1 Situation: Em ma didn't leave early, and so she missed her flight.
If Em m a b ad left early t she wouldn't have missed her flight.
2 Situation: He didn't m ake more copies, so w e didn't have enough handouts f or everyone.
If h e ____________________________ , w e _____________________________enough handouts for everyone.
3 Situation: I forgot to bring your map, so I w en t to the wrong building.
If I ____________________________, I _____________________________to the wrong building.
4 Situation: They didn't invest in new technology, so they didn't survive the recession.
If t h ey ____________________________ , t h e y _____________________________the recession.
5 Situation: You didn't wait, so this has happened.
If y o u _________________ ___________ , t h i s.......................... .....................
6 Situation: I didn't realize you were so busy wh en I asked you to help me.
If I ____________________________, I ____________ ________ _________ to help me.
7 Situation: The Governm ent didn't collapse, so there wasn 't a crisis.
If t he Go ver n m en t ____________________________ , t h er e_____________________________a crisis.
8 Situation: They didn't bring out their new model on time, so they lost m arket share.
If t h ey ____________________________ , t h ey _____________________________market share.
Test 8.5
3 Our offices are in the city center and the rent is very high,
a) I wish w e were outside the center.
4 They gave the job to an external candidate, but now t hey regret it.
a) They wish they hadn't done it.
6 There are too m any similar models on the m arket right now.
a) If only w e launched our version earlier.
7 I'm worried about the m eeting next Friday. We need to get agreement,
a) I wish w e succeed.
b) I hope w e succeed.
8 My presentation is going from bad to worse! People are actually leaving the room!
a) I wish I could start again.
Test 8.6
Com plete t h e sentences w it h a f orm of t h e verb in brackets. Use cont ract ions w h er e possible.
1 We'r e not the market leader, but I wish w e w er e (be).
2 He m ade a mess of all my photocopying. I wish I ______________(do) it myself.
3 I told t hem all our product developm ent ideas. If only I ______________(not say) so much.
4 I can't understand anything Marie says. I wish I ______________(can speak) French.
5 Your dessert looks good. I wish I ______________(order) that too.
6 I'm hopeless at choosing clothes for my wife. If only I ______________(have) our daughter here.
7 They're meeting at t he m om ent. I wish I ______________(can be) a fly on the wall.
8 This information is im portant. I wish y o u ______________(give) it to me before the meeting.
9 .1
Do you w an t
in a similar
environment.
to get/getting the outcom e w e were looking for, but it wasn 't easy.
to interrupt/interrupting all the time. It's so rude.
15 Wh er e do you f ancy to go/going for lunch t od ay?
16 I've arranged to meet/meeting them at their hotel.
17 We guarantee to deliver/delivering the goods by the end of June.
18 Im agine to win/winning the lottery!
19 The m anager refused to see/seeing me.
20 I realized I had f orgotten to pack/packing my phone recharger.
21 If I miss my connection, it m eans to arrive/arriving in Frankfurt aft er midnight.
22 I tried to lift/lifting it, but it was t oo heavy.
23 I enjoy to get away/getting away to t he coast at the weekend.
24 I'd love to get away/getting away to t he coast this weekend.
25 I tried to persuade him, but he refused to listen/listening t o me.
26 I adm it to be/being a little careless last time, but I w o n 't do it again.
27 We need t o t ake drastic action, because w e risk to lose/losing everything.
28 It's not wort h to think/thinking about using the profits for reinvestment, because w e
13 We m anaged
29 They've decided to
30
Test 9.2
He offered to
this time.
Com plete t h e sentences w it h t h e verb s in t h e box . Choose eit h er t he - ing f orm or to + inf in it ive.
be
cause
com e
com promise
get
get through
give
m ak e
rise
unpack
wait
3 We'r e all going out for a drink aft er work. Do you fancy
4
I can't m anage
with us?
_ an engaged tone.
5 Do you mind _
6 They agreed
t he damage.
the goods, and there was no dam age visible at the time,
self- employed for a while, but my income was quite insecure.
custom er accounts.
d) wit h ou t him on t he negotiating team .
Kate looks
5 I hope John gets better soon. We can 't do
f)
sector.
8 Bef ore you switch off t he PC, m ake sure you back
i)
keep
I)
Rew r it e each sent ence b y replacing t h e underlined w or d s w it h a phrasal ver b f rom t h e box in
t h e correct f orm .
com e across
pick up
deal with
put back t o
get through
run out of
go over
sort out
lo o k f o r w ard-t o
t ake up
10 We'll have t o continue the m eeting tom orrow. We have no more tim e left.
We'll have t o continue t he m eeting tom orrow. We h ave_________________________________
Test 10
Test 10.3
back
1L a
by
down
into
off
over
out
through
up
2 Clare will t ak e ________ my job wh en I'm given my n ew assignm ent next month.
3 I hate it when t hey put you on hold and you can 't g e t ________ _
4 The total bill f or f our nights w o r k s________ at 460.
5 The factory will clo se________ next year. They're m oving production to Viet nam .
Test 10.4
cut down on
get around t o
f ace up to
faU- bak- ef
m ove on to
run out of
get back to
sit in on
1 There have been a num ber of unex pected developm ents. It's lucky w e have a contingency plan to
fall back on
2
He's a very easy- going kind of guy - he c a n _________________ just about anyone.
3 The quality report says w e c a n _________________ a lot of wast e in the factory by reducing defects and
scrap.
4 We've tried everything and, basically, w e've co m p let ely_________________ new ideas.
5 Sorry it's taken so long t o _________________ answering your email.
6 Are you going t o t he restaurant n o w ? I have a f ew things t o do here in t he office, but I'll
____________you later.
7 Estera has just started work ing with us and I thought it would be useful if she co u l d - - - - - - - - - - - - - t he meeting.
8 It's not going to be easy, but you have t o _________________ your responsibilities.
9
Now I'd like t o _________________ this next slide, which shows our sales by region.
10 I need some tim e to look into this. Can I _________________ you later?
Test 10.5
c)
5 Are you work ing late? Please make sure you turn
f)
228
a) it back to Friday?
you of f ?
g) you up?
h) off wh en 1entered a tunnel.
i) in here?
j) on for a m om ent ?
k) it up in an online dictionary?
1) down as t he recession deepens.
doing
at the week en d ?
Test 11.2
Mat ch t h e uses of g et in sentences 1- 8 w it h t h eir d ict ion ary d ef in it ion s a- h (sth = som ething,
sb = som eb od y).
1 I didn't get hom e until eight last night.
b) buy
d) arrive at a place
e) bring sth/ fetch
f)
becom e
understand
Rew r it e each question in report ed speech. Use cont ract ions w h er e possible.
1 'Are you going out for lu nch?' Rahul asked me.
Rahul asked me if (whether) I was going out f or |unch.
2
'Ho w many interviews have you done t o d ay?' Patricia asked me.
Patricia asked m e __________________________________________ that day.
6 'Wh o did you talk to at the conf erence?' Yanm ei asked me.
Yanm ei asked m e __________________________________________ at the conference.
7 The technician asked me, 'Will you be here tom orr ow?'.
The technician asked m e __________________________________________ there the next day.
Test 12.2
Rem em ber t h at in report ed speech t here are ot h er changes as w ell as t h e verb change. Rewr it e
each sentence b elo w in report ed speech, changing all t h e underlined words.
1 Tony said to me, 'I'M see you here t om or r ow'.
He said ____________________________________________________________________________ _
2 'We received vour email update about this issue last w eek .' t hey said.
They said ____________________________________________________________________________
Test 12.3
Rew r it e each sent ence in report ed speech, using a ver b f rom t h e box.
advised
apologized for
congratulated on
invited
offered
prem ised
refused
suggested
Com p let e t h e sentences w it h w h o , w h o se, w h ich or th at. Som et im es t w o an swers are possible.
1 The stationery
that/ which
y0U
2 The sp eak er _________________ presentation I heard before lunch was very good.
3 The speak er,_________________ was an academ ic from an Am erican business school, gave an overview
of green business opportunities.
4
5 This p r o d u ct ,_________________ features are described in the leaflet, sells very well.
8 The in f orm at ion ,_________________ is strictly confidential, com es from a very good source.
9 The p er so n _________________ book this is want s it back.
10 The p er son ,_________________ had been seen earlier by t he security guard, tried t o run off with my
handbag.
11 The p er so n _________________ lent me this book want s it back.
12 The p er so n _________________ I borrowed this book from want s it back.
Test 13.2
Look back at t h e previous ex ercise and decide if you can miss o u t t h e r elat ive p ronoun {w h o ,
w hose, w hich, t h at ). If you can, put a brack et around t h e word/ s. If you can't , w r i t e a t ick (/ ) at
t h e end. See t h e ex am ples:
Test 13.3
1 The stationery
2 The speaker
Test 13.4
who or that ?
which or that ?
6 This is a gift. The Japanese visitors w h o cam e yesterday gave it to me. (that)
This is the g i f t _____________________________________________________gave me.
7 An administrator runs our office. She's getting married tom orrow, (who)
The ad m inist rat or_____________________________________________________getting married tom orrow.
aa
Test 14.1
some time
__________________
__________________
__________________
5 Wr it e down the full product code all t he tim e you sell something.
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
9 We all tried to get the m achine work ing but no one of us could do it.
__________________
___________ _
11
__________________
Test 14.2
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
21
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
25
__________________
__________________
___________________
__________________
__________________
30
Please com e back tom orrow. There isn't no one t o see you today.
__________________
31
Please put the m anual back in it's proper place wh en you finish.
__________________
32
__________________
Each pair of w or d s cont ains one cou n t ab le noun and on e u ncount ab le noun. Wr i t e t h e w o r d s in
t h e correct colum n b elo w and w r i t e a/ an or some b ef ore t h e w or d .
accom m odation/ apartm ent
chance/ luck
wine/ litre
advice/ suggestion
idea/ brainstorming
Count ab le nouns
an
232
apartment
desk/ furniture
bag/ luggage
equipment/ m achine
hour/ time
training/ course
work/ job
dollar/ money
travel/ trip
trouble/ problem
email/ correspondence
law/ legislation
policy/ insurance
Uncoun t ab le nouns
some accommodation
fact/ information
Test 14
T e s t 1 4 .3
21
22 The report did not contain the inform ation I want ed, (in)
The inform ation I w an t ed ____________________________ ________ ____ __________ ______ the report.
23 This copy belongs t o t he customer, (copy)
This i s ______________________________________________________________________________________
24 There's nothing in the post this morning, (anything)
___ ________________________________________________________________ in the post this morning.
1 5 .1
____________
Peter has been work ing very hardly on the C- Plan project.
____________
____________
_____ _______
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
11 There is t oo much new inform ation that I'm still a little confused.
____________
____________
____________
14 I don't have time enough to do it now - can it w ait until next w eek ?
____________
................
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
21 I have to go out to mail this package until the post office closes.
____________
........ ........
24 Last week's m eeting was very productive, but this one was little useful.
25
26 I'll w ait here by six, then I'll assume you're not com ing.
Test 15.2
................
____________
Com plete t h e sentences w it h a t im e ad verb or preposition. Choose from : in, on, at, for, since,
time.
(two answers)
Test 15
T e s t 1 5 .3
Co m p let e t h e secon d sen t en ce so it has a sim ilar m ean in g t o Ih e 't i r s t sen t en ce an a corttaTns^ 'rrre
w o r d / s in b rack et s.
1 Your speech was really excellent, (spoke)
You spo/ ce really well
2 We started work ing on the project in January, (working/ since)
W e ________________________________________________________________________________
3 Retail banking isn't as profitable as investment banking, (more)
Investment b an k in g _______________________________________________________________ _
4
......... .......................................................................................................... .
21
&L the
airport.
2 Can you call me back ? I ' m ..... ....... the middle of a meeting.
3 The taxi dropped m e o f f ________ my h o t el _______ __ t he city centre.
4 We f l e w ________ t he new sports stadium as w e were landing.
5 He had a su it case________ one hand, and his golf clu b s_________t he other.
8 She w asn 't feeling well and t he doctor sent her ............hospital.
9 She's sp eak in g ..........__ t he phone right now - can I ask her to call you back?
10 He had a portrait of himself h an g in g ________ t he wall.
11 The author's nam e i s ________ t he bottom of the page.
12 In t he old days, before the tunnel was built, you had to d r ive________ the Alps.
13 I have six junior managers w o r k i n g ________ me.
14 I'll be w o r k i n g ________ hom e f or most of tom orrow.
15 Hello. This is Ulrike speaking. I' m ________ Par is,_________ t he Hotel Versailles.
16 Susanna's just rung. Sh e's________ t he restaurant having a drink.
17 Susanna's just rung. Sh e's________ t he bus stop.
18 Jim gave me a l i f t ________ t he st at io n _________his car.
19 I m et Kat i ________ the bus yesterday.
20 Stratford i s ________ the river Thames.
21
Test 16.2
against
for (x3)
from (x2)
in (x2)
into
of (x2)
on (x3)
to (x3)
with (x2)
6 The whole package consist s______________t he main unit plus these four accessories.
7
Test 16
Test 16.3
Und er line t h e correct w o r d in t hese ad j ect ive + preposit ion com binations.
1 Are you certain
to/about/from t h at ?
Test 16.4
Com plete t h e sentences w it h a noun f rom list A and a preposit ion f rom list B.
A: advantage
pessimism
B: about
advice
com pliance
p4ee
for
for
reason
reply
in
ef
in
price of
increase
investm ent
solution
of
of
lack
m atter
substitute
trouble
to
with
on
to
with
with
2 Can you tell me t h e _________________ t he delay? We've been wait ing a long time.
3 The m ai n _________________ proposal B is t hat it's much cheaper.
4 T h e_________________ proposal A is t hat it's very expensive.
5 What 's t h e _________________ Jill? She looks rather upset.
I'm sure w e can find a _________________ this problem, but it may t ake som e time.
Test 16.5
at (x3)
down
inside
near
next to
off
on (x3)
opposite
to
Liz left early t o go t o her job interview. She g o t 12H t he bus, paid her fare to the driver and w en t
2______________
She sat d own 3______________a friendly- looking wo m an and started chatting. They
discovered t hey were both going 4______________the same stop. 'I've got an interview 5______________
a place called Park House,' said Liz. 'Is i t 6______________t he stop where w e get o f f ?' 'Yes, it's not far.
You walk 7______________the park, 8______________ Forbes Road, and it's 9_______________t he right,
10______________t he end of t he road,' t he wo m an replied. 'In fact, I live 11______________ t he ot her side of
t he road, j u s t 1
t hey g o t 14______________together.
Question:
Negative:
Present continuous (u n it 1)
Affirm ative:
Question:
Negative:
I'm n ot helping. You/ we/ they ar en 't helping. She/ he/ it isn't helping.
Past simple (u n it 3)
Affirm ative:
Question:
Negative:
Question:
Negative:
l/ she/ he/ it w asn 't helping. You/ we/ they w er en 't helping.
Past perfect (u n it 4)
Affirmative:
Question:
Negative:
u sed t o (u n it 4)
Affirmative:
Question:
Negative:
Present perfect (u n it 5)
Affirm ative:
l/ you/ we/ they h ave look ed. She/ he/ it has looked.
Question:
Negative:
l/ you/ we/ they h aven 't looked. She/ he/ it hasn't looked.
l/ you/ we/ they h ave been w ait in g . She/ he/ it has been w ait in g .
Question:
Have l/ you/ we/ they been w ait in g ? Has she/ he/ it been w ait in g ?
Negative:
l/ you/ we/ they h aven 't been w ait in g . She/ he/ it hasn't been w ait in g .
w i l l (u n it 7)
Affirm ative:
Question:
Negative:
be going t o (u n it 7)
Affirm ative:
Question:
Am I/ Are you/ ls she/ ls he/ ls it/ Are we/ Are they going t o
Negative:
Fu t u r e p e r f e c t (u n i t 8 )
Affirmative:
Question:
Negative:
Pa s s i v e (u n it 9)
Act ive
Passive
She helps.
She is helped.
She is helping.
She helped.
She w as helped
Re p o r t e d s p e e c h (u n i t 26)
Rep ort
Infinit ives
Present passive:
t o like
t o be liked
Perfect:
t o h ave liked
Perfect passive:
Present:
240
Verb
Verb
arise
arose
arisen
go
w en t
gone
be
was, were
been
grind
ground
ground
bear
bore
born(e)
grow
grew
grown
beat
beat
beaten
hang
hung
hung
becom e
becam e
becom e
have
had
had
begin
began
begun
hear
heard
heard
bend
bent
bent
hide
hid
hidden
bet
bet
bet/ betted
hit
hit
hit
bind
bound
bound
hold
held
held
bite
bit
bitten/ bit
hurt
hurt
hurt
bleed
bled
bled
keep
kept
kept
blow
blew
blown
kneel
knelt
knelt
break
broke
broken
k now
k new
known
breed
bred
bred
lay
laid
laid
bring
brought
brought
lead
led
led
broadcast
broadcast
broadcast
lean
leant/ leaned
leant/ leaned
build
built
built
leap
leapt/ leaped
leapt/ leaped
burn
burnt/ burned
burnt/ burned
learn
learnt/ learned
learnt/ learned
burst
burst
burst
leave
left
left
buy
bought
bought
lend
lent
lent
catch
caught
caught
let
let
let
choose
chose
chosen
lie
lay
lain
com e
cam e
com e
light
lit/ lighted
lit/ lighted
cost
cost
cost
lose
lost
lost
creep
crept
crept
make
made
made
cut
cut
cut
mean
m eant
m eant
deal
dealt
dealt
meet
met
met
dig
dug
dug
pay
paid
paid
do
did
done
put
put
put
draw
drew
drawn
read
read
read
dream
dreamt/ dreamed
dreamt/ dreamed
ride
rode
ridden
drink
drank
drunk
ring
rang
rung
drive
drove
driven
rise
rose
risen
eat
ate
eaten
run
ran
run
fall
fell
fallen
say
said
said
feed
fed
fed
see
saw
seen
feel
felt
felt
seek
sought
sought
fight
f ought
f ought
sell
sold
sold
find
found
found
send
sent
sent
flee
fled
fled
set
set
set
fly
f lew
flown
sew
sewed
sewn/ sewed
forbid
forbade
forbidden
shake
shook
shaken
f orget
forgot
forgotten
shine
shone
shone
forgive
forgave
forgiven
shoot
shot
shot
freeze
froze
frozen
show
showed
shown
get
got
got/ gotten
shrink
shrank
shrunk
give
gave
given
shut
shut
shut
Ap p en d ix 2
Verb
Verb
sing
sang
sung
sting
stung
stung
sit
sat
sat
strike
struck
struck
sleep
slept
slept
swear
swore
sworn
slide
slid
slid
sweep
swept
swep t
smell
smelt/ smelled
smelt/ smelled
swim
swam
swum
speak
spoke
spoken
swing
swung
swung
speed
sped/ speeded
sped/ speeded
take
took
t aken
spell
spelt/ spelled
spelt/ spelled
teach
t aught
t aught
spend
spent
spent
t ear
tore
torn
spill
spilt/ spilled
spilt/ spilled
tell
told
told
spin
span
spun
think
thought
thought
spit
spat
spat
t hrow
t hrew
t hrown
split
split
split
understand
understood
understood
spoil
spoilt/ spoiled
spoilt/ spoiled
wak e
wo k e
wok en
spread
spread
spread
wear
wore
worn
spring
sprang
sprung
weep
wep t
wep t
stand
stood
stood
win
won
won
steal
stole
stolen
wind
wound
wound
stuck
write
wrot e
writt en
stick
stuck
Note: Wh er e t w o alternative forms are given, t he second form is used in Am erican English.
will
in thisjob for three years), and the second showing the present result of a
(I've finished the report). In both cases t he m eaning of lo ok in g back from t he present' is
retained.
The fourth row shows the three p erf ect cont inuous tenses, which all have t he m eaning of 'looking
back at an action in progress'. Note from the diagram h o w this is a com bination of t he meanings of the
previous t w o lines: 'looking back' + 'action in progress'.
Units 1- 8 of t he book have a much fuller ex planation of all these verb tenses.
There are some uses of English verbs t hat a diagram cannot show. Man y of these ot her uses can be
explained by one simple idea: a past form in English can refer t o
well as t he more obvious m eaning of
distance in time.
So:
could ...?
would is imaginary,
whereas
understand w h y
I was wondering if I
to understand w h y
if I could, I
Past
Past sim ple
Looking back at an
Looking back
Looking forward
action in progress
Future
Present
w ill f ut ur e
- - - - - - - - - - Pr esent si m p l e- - - -
at the moment.
next year.
We'd b een sellin g the same product for I've b een w r it in g this report all
years before we changed the design.
morning.
w as g oin g to
b e g o in g to f ut ur e
BRITISH ENGLISH
AMERICAN ENGLISH
Am E have is more com m on. But both countries use both forms.
writing.
get.
com m on in Am E.
Question t ags
Question tags are much less com m on in Am E.
Adverbs
In informal Am E the
-ly ending
mustn't
is also used.
Ap p en d ix 4
Preposit ions
Note the f ollowing differences in the use of prepositions.
Am erican English
Go and ...
In Am E t he word
and is left
be used as well as
The
Note these differences for musical instruments and the word
hospital.
Numbers
In Am E there is no
and aft er
On the t elephone
Hello, is t h at Paul?
Hello, is th is Paul?
The differences above are typical of informal, spoken English. Am ongst educated speakers, and in
formal wr it t en English, t he differences are fewer. For example, t he present perfect is com m on in
Am erican newspapers and magazines. Oft en there are greater regional differences within a
country t han there are bet ween countries.
Note t hat Canadian English, Australian English, Irish English, etc. are often a mixture of British and
Am erican forms. Other varieties of English like Indian English or Philippines English show influences
of past historical connections and also have m any features of their own.
___ I
^
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
^
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
After she'd made a few notes, she started writing the report.
I called my husband because the meeting still hadn't finished.
I hadn't seen the figures, so it put me at a disadvantage.
The rain had stopped by the time I arrived.
They'd been producing generators for over ten years.
I hadn't been sleeping well.
I used to work in marketing.
I didn't use to spend so much time on reports.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
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8
1
2
3
4
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2
3
4
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8
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3
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5
6
7
8
246
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
f t
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
f t
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
f t
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
f t
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
f t
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
ft
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
f t
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
f t
1
2
3
4
5
248
f t
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
f t
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
f t
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
f t
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
f t
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
f t
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
5
6
7
8
^
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
^
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
^
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
^
1
2
3
4
5
6
wer key
Unit 1 Present t im e 1
1.1
Unit 4 Past t im e 2
2c
3d
4b
5a
1.3
1b
2a
3b
4a
5a
1.4
1 Do you know
2 works
3 'm
4 do you do
5 work
6 involves
7 don't make
8 supplies
9 're
10 do you often come
11 come
12 doesn't take
1.5
1 is booming
2 are looking
3 are trying
4 is happening
5 are investing
6 are increasing
7 is becoming
8 is moving
Unit 2 Present t im e 2
2.1
1 do you do
2 are you doing
3 are you working
4 do you work
5 I come
6 I'm coming
7 I'm dealing with
8 I deal with
9 are you going
10 do you usually go
2.2
1 'm looking at
2 look at
3 doesn't work
4 isn't working
5 think
6 'm thinking
7 take
8 're taking
9 aren't/ 're not
10 aren't being/ 're not being
2.3
1 /
2 do you prefer
6 I know
7 contains
2.4
1 'm calling
2 's working
6 're expecting
7 believe
11 need
12 's dealing
2.5
1 are growing
4 are spending
3 think
8 offer
4 /
5 /
4 work
5 understand
9 depends on
10 want
2 brings
3 are having to (or have to)
5 is focusing
6 realize
Unit 3 Past t im e 1
3.1
1 get/ did
2 did you feel/ told you
4 didn't see/ got
3.2
1 made
2 didn't take
6 didn't have
7 was
4.2
1 had made/ started
2 was sure/ had set
3 called/ still hadn't finished
4 hadn't seen/ put
5 had given/ felt
6 became/ had already been
7 had stopped/ arrived
8 was/ had already signed
4.3
I had graduated
2 was just sitting
3 had nearly given up
4 hadn't decided
5 thought
6 was looking
7 told
8 had already taken
9 completed
10 interviewed
I I was working
12 hadn't had
13 started
14 were really exploiting me
15 had become
16 resigned
17 didn't have
18 had
19 had put
20 had always wanted (or always wanted)
4.4
1 had been producing
4 had already chosen
4.5
1 used to/ would
2 used to
4 used to
2a
5.3
1 already
8 ever
5.4
1c
2 a
3a
2 just
4b
3 for
5a
6b
4 never
7b
8a
5 yet
9b
6 always
10 a
7 since
3 b
5.5
1 B (since)
2 D (been)
3 A (for)
6 D (yet)
7 B (gone)
8 A (so far)
3 tell/ did
3 sold
4 weren't
8 bought
4.1
1 was looking for/ had left
2 used to/ was
3 had bought/ started
4 used to have/ changed
5 said/ hadn't arrived
6 had turned off/ was
7 used to be/ used to walk
8 found/ had already done
9 knew/ had met
10 was having/ saw/ had grown
4 C (just)
5 B (already)
9 C (ever)
10 D (never)
3.3
1 were marketing/ went
2 was working
3 just went
4 called/ said
5 were repairing/ was moving
3.4
1 supplied
2 grew
3 expanded
4 began
5 built
6 took
7 won
8 made
9 became
10 sold off
11 cut
12 changed
13 transformed
14 was
15 were
16 resigned
17 announced
18 went
19 paid off
20 bought
3.5
1 ate/ went
2 was negotiating/ decided
3 happened/ called
4 was explaining/ interrupted
5 were investigating/ resigned
6 saw/ put
7 was waiting/ called
8 was repairing/ dropped
9 found/ was looking
10 arrived/ told
6.1
1 I phoned
2 I have worked
3 I work
4 I have made
5 I saw
6 We went
7 has been
8 was
9 left
10 has left
6.2
1 went up/ have gone up
2 operate/ have set up
3 Have you seen/ left
4 doesn't look/ have come
5 have never spoken/ spoke
6 have worked/ want/ Have you heard
6.3
1 've been looking at/ 've noticed
2 've been calling/ 's gone
3 Have you seen/ 've been looking forward
4 have you been producing/ 've invested
6.4
1 haven't seen
2 haven't been
3 left
4 talked
5 's been
6 've never done
7 imagined
8 Have you ever been
9 've often thought
10 has it been
11 had
12 've known
13 've already done
14 put
15 finished
16 've had
6.5
1 have watched
2 began
3 have crashed
4 announced
5 has peaked
6 fell
7 was
8 released
9 have risen
10 has become
11 has also led
12 has improved
2c
3a
4f
5b
7.3
1 is going to buy
2 am meeting
3 'II get
4 is going to be
5 will be
6 is going to have
7 will probably replace
8 are going to test (or are testing)
9 won't be
10 is going to rain
3 are going to be
4 're going to restructure
to offer
7 will the new job involve
9 'II be
10 'II have
11 will be
13 'II have to
14 'II talk
7.5
1 're leaving
2 'II arrive
3 will be
4 're meeting
5 'II probably take
6 aren't doing/ 're not doing
7 'II have
8 're staying
9 'II ask
10 'II have
8.2
1c
2d
3a
4b
5e
6f
7 h
8.4
1 C (would like to)
2 B (expect)
3 D (will fall)
4 B (will probably)
5 A (about to)
6 C (is due to)
7 A (will have begun)
8 B (will be fighting)
9 D (is planning to)
10 C (happens)
8.5
1 is
2 was going to be
3 'II have collected
4 'II be discussing
5 'II have agreed
6 happens
8 'II be talking
9 have
7 meet
Unit 9 Passive 1
9.1
1 were damaged
2 is seen
3 will not be finished
4 have been closed
5 are being reviewed
6 cannot be shipped
3 /
9.5
1 has been arranged
2 will be needed
4 is being ordered
5 have been offered
4 is printed out
3 should be finished
6 might be needed
4 by a technician
10.1
1 b
2a
3b
4a
10.2
1 repaired
2 to grow
3 was born
4 cleaned
5 to have demanded
6 assembled
7 were you born
8 to be looking.
10.3
1 I was lent
2 I was given
3 We were promised
4 This fabric was made
5 We were sent
6 The flight was booked
10.4
1 has been transformed
2 has happened
4 have also invested
5 has been brought
7 have been solved
10.5
1 was made
4 is attached
3 has privatized
6 has been encouraged
3 will be delivered
6 are guaranteed
10.6
1 is known to have made
2 is said to be
3 is reported to have replied
4 is believed to be trying
3 I couldn't come
4 can we do
7 I managed to speak
11.2
8g
8.3
1 will have passed
2 leaves/ arrives
3 see
4 'II be seeing
5 will have finished
6 'II be doing
7 hear
8 will have started
9 will you have learned
10 Will you be using
9.2
1 by-people
2 /
6 by someone
3 is completed
7 is outsourced
Unit 10 Passive 2
6 e
7.2
1 I'm having
2 We're going to open
3 it'll probably do well
4 I'll see you
5 what are you going to do
6 Are you doing anything
7.4
1 'II have
2 'II tell
5 will be
6 're going
8 're going to expand
12 're going to move
9.4
1 are designed
2 are put
5 is offered
6 is analyzed
5 /
9.3
1 A promising new drug has been discovered by our R&D department
2 X
3 This line was created by one of our best young designers.
4 I'm sorry, that can't be done
5 X
6 This payment may not be authorized by the Accounts Department.
7 X
1 can't
2 be able to
3 couldn't
4 could
5 can/ be able to
6 can/ can't
7 can't/ be able to
8 couldn't
9 could
11.3
1b
2 h
3 f
4c
5 e
6a
7 g
8 d
11.4
1 Could I speak to someone
2 I'll put you through
3 I'll just go and have a look
4 Could you repeat that, please
5 I'll be on this number
6 I'll get back to you
11.5
1 d
11k
2c
3b
4a
5f
12 i
13 o
14 p
6e
15 m
7 h
16 n
8g
91
10 j
7e
8g
91
10 k
2d
12 i
3b
4a
5 h
6f
12.2
1 must
2 have to
3 must
12.3
1 S 2 S 3 S 4 D
10 S
11 S
12 D
12.4
1 don't have to
6 can
2 can't
5 S
4 have to
6 S
3 have to
7 S
8D
4 should
12.5
1 should have
2 had to
3 couldn't
4 had to
6 should have
7 shouldn't have
8 didn't have to
9 shouldn't have
10 didn't have to
9S
5 shouldn't
5 couldn't
Unit 13 M odals, et c. 3
13.1
1 might
2 can't be
3 must be
4 may not be
5 can't be
6 must be
7 should be
8 might be
9 could be
10 must be
13.2
1c
2d
3b
4a
13.3
1 should
2 might
7 can't
8 must
13.4
1 d
2a
3d
5 f
3 can't
4c
5c
6g
7e
4 must
6b
5 might
7a
13.5
1 is likely to
2 will definitely
3 might
5 are unlikely to
6 definitely won't
13.6
1 must
2 might have
6 must have
3 can't have
6 should
4 might
5 can't
2 c
5 May I
9 Could I
3 a
2 f+i
3 b+vi
4 a+ii
5 c+v
6 e+iv
14.4
1 Would you like
2 I don't mind
3 Do you mind
4 Of course not
5 Would you like me to
6 Thanks, that sounds great
7 shall we
8 Would you mind
9 Would you like to
10 Of course
14.5
Line 1 May I have your name, please?
Line 3 Could you spell that for me, please?
Line 5 Would you mind leaving your passport?
Line 6 Do you think I could have an early morning call?
Line 8 Would you mind if I left a message for a colleague?
Line 9 Would you like me to lend you a pen?
Line 13 I don't think you ought to do that
252
AN SWER KEY
16.1
1 what your terms of payment are
2 where the marketing seminar is
5 whether you could
3 how we can
16.2
1 aren't we
2 don't you
3 didn't you
4 have you
5 has she
6 will you
7 is he
8 didn't we
9 aren't I
10 shall we
14.1
1 giving
2 talking
3 Shall I 4 Would you
6 you should
7 could you
8 Would you like
10 we could
11 I give
12 I gave
14.3
1 d+iii
15.6
1 What kind of
2 How many
3 how much
4 How far
5 How long
6 Whose
7 Which (limited number of models)
8 what (large number of colours)
8 d
Unit 14 M odals, et c. 4
14.2
1b
15.5
1 Are you here on business? 2 What do you do?
3 How long have you been doing that?
4 What did you do before?
5 Does your job involve much traveling?
6 Is this your first visit to Lyon?
7 When did you arrive?
8 How long are you staying for?
9 Where are you staying?
10 What's it like?
16.3
1b
2b
3a
4b
5a
6b
16.4
1 Where are you going to?
2 Where did you get the information from?
3 Which funds do you invest in?
4 What does it depend on?
5 Where are you traveling to on Friday?
6 Who did you go on the sales trip with?
7 What is this piece of equipment for?
8 What was the weather like in Sweden?
16.5
1 didn't send the invoice, did you?
2 sent the invoice, didn't you?
3 isn't Mr Peters, is it?
4 is Mr Peters, isn't it?
5 have canceled their order, haven't they?
6 haven't canceled their order, have they?
16.6
1 wasn't it
5 should it
2 doesn't it
6 shall we
3 shouldn't we
4 do you
2 b/ c
3 b/ d
4 a/ b
17.4
1 will
2 won't
3 don't
4 will
5 is
6 unless
7 is going to be
8 be
9 Unless
10 won't
11 would
12 wouldn't
13 didn't
14 would
17.5
1 work/ get
2 do/ 'll give
4 would happen/ reoccurred
3 worked/ wouldn't be
5 miss/ don't seem
6 fancy/ give
18.2
1 when
6 in case
2 in case
7 when
3 as long as
8 unless
4 unless
5 as long as
18.3
1 hadn't drunk
2 had
3 could stay
6 didn't interrupt
7 had
8 could do
10 hadn't bought
4 knew
9 have
18.4
1 if
2 as long as
3 'd have
4 'd
7 've
8 incase
9 Unless
10 'II
5 wouldn't've
18.5
1b
2a
3d
4c
5 g
6 h
7 e
5 had taken
6 'd
8f
2 persuade him to
5 encouraged me to
8 invite you to
20.2
2b
3d
2 being
4c
5e
3 to be
6f
4 to be
5 being
6 being
20.4
1 to speak
2 to book
3 to start
4 to go
5 missing
6 to give
7 working
8 to have
9 working
10 to get (or getting)
11 missing out
12 to have
13 being
14 taking
15 to finish
20.5
1 to trade in
2 doing
3 losing
4 to accept
5 to bring
6 thinking
7 doing
8 to go back
9 to move
10 to do
2 /
11 /
6 /
3 X
4 / 5 X
14 /
12 X
1 X
21.2
1 it
2 /
3 it
21.3
1 /
10 X
2 /
11 /
7 /
15 X
8 X
16 /
5 it
6 /
7 it
8 /
3 X
4 X 5 /
12 X
1 /
6 /
14
7 X
15 X
8 /
16 X
4 /
2 to/ for
7 to/ for
3 for/ to
8 to/ for
4 to/ for
5 for/ to
2 B
3D
4 A
5 B
6D
7C
8A
2 hold/ hang
3 look
4 fill
8 head
9 look
10 take
5 deal
6 give
22.3
1 deal with this/ deal with it
2 look up the information/ look the information up/ look it up
3 keep down our costs/ keep our costs down/ keep them down
4 do without my BlackBerry/ do without it
22.4
1 pick up
2 drop off
3 checking in
4 turn up
5 sort out
6 draw up
7 looking through
8 call on
9 bring out
10 holdup
11 call off
12 get into
22.5
1 off
Unit
2 down
23
3 in
4 on
Phrasal verbs 2
23.1
1 in with
2 along with
3 out of
4 back on
5 up with
6 in for
7 back to
8 up to
9 along with
10 down on
11 up with
12 through to
23.2
1 e
2c
23.3
1 down
3a
2 up
4b
3 on
5 f
6 d
4 behind
5 back
23.4
1 put through
2 get through
3 hold on
5 look into
6 get back to
7 breaking up
9 sort out
10 go over
6 in
4 go ahead
8 cut off
21.6
1 to/ for
6 to/ for
1 find
7 take
19.5
1 to interview
2 talking
3 to pay
4 worrying
5 pretending
6 using
7 to be
8 to show
9 to take
10 receiving
1a
21.5
1 I lent my Macmillan dictionary to Louisa from marketing.
2 I lent Louisa from marketing my Macmillan dictionary.
3 I sent them an email yesterday.
4 I sent an email to their customer services yesterday.
5 I reported the fault to the technician.
6 I reported the fault to him.
7 I sold him the display model that's been in the showroom.
8 I sold the display model to a man who came in this morning.
22.2
3 remind me to
6 forced us to
19.4
1 to meet
2 wondering
3 to be
4 asking
5 to raise
6 to wait
7 to use
8 trying
9 to use
10 losing
11 to crash
12 to take
13 to persuade
14 to send
20.3
1 being
21.4
1 lent me
2 suggest to them
3 promised me
4 announce the news to the journalists
5 explained to them
6 causing us problems
7 the fish to me
8 the whole situation to them
9 cost us
10 the fault to the technician
9 X
9 /
24.1
1c
2a
3b
4 e
5f
6 d
24.2
Noun: 1c, 4e, 6d
Adjective: 2a, 3b, 5f
24.3
1 tiring
2 meeting
3 confusing
5 welcoming
6 selling/ cutting
24.4
1 meet
2 meeting
3 take
4 wearing/ lasting
4 taking
5 work
6 working
24.5
1 After leaving
2 of being
3 by taking over
5 instead of using
6 without raising
24.6
1 whic-h- ara
6 who are
2 W-hiia-i-was
3 who- is
4 Before going
4 that is
5 As I was
24.7
1 expecting
2 Not being used to
3 hoping
4 Not being
5 Assuming
6 not knowing
7 reviewing/ having reviewed
8 Having lost
9 starting
10 Having heard
2X
25.3
1b
II j
2d
3a
12 g
3 X
4 /
4f
5c
6e
7h
8k
9 I
10 i
25.4
1 meeting
2 holiday
3 chance/ look
4 time
5 discussion/ break
6 appointment
7 the fish
8 doubt
9 difficulty
10 fever/ day off
11 word
12 go
25.5
1 doing
7 made
13 got
19 got
2
8
14
20
get
3 doing
4 make
5 doing
6 got
done
9 make
10 do
11 did
12 got
made
15 makes
16 do
17 do
18 got
made
2 there/ me
26.3
1 he wouldn't put it in the January Sales, because it was selling very
well
2 (that) she'd read the report and (that) she didn't understand section
four
3 he finished his presentation he was going to have a drink
4 (that) she was preparing the figures but (that) she wouldn't be long
5 (that) he liked tennis but (that) he didn't play very often
6 (that) she was going to visit their Polish subsidiary but (that) she
wasn't sure when
26.4
1 /
2 /
26.5
1 hoped
7 there
12 that
3 *
2 his
8 was
4 /
5 /
6 A
7 /
3 he'd sent
4 the day before
5 the
6 me
9 before
10 had gone
11 was meeting
254
A N SWER KEY
3 say
4 tell
5 told/ said
27.2
I f
II i
2d
3b
12 g
4a
5e
6c
7 j
8k
9h
10 1
27.3
1 if/ whether I was on holiday for the whole of August
2 what the letters 'URL' meant
3 if/ whether I had prepared the figures
4 when her talk was
5 if/ whether he had remembered (or he remembered) to back up the
file
6 why I had turned off the air conditioning
7 if/ whether I spoke German
8 how much she had paid (or she paid) for her car
27.4
1 estimated
2 suggested
3 agreed
4 decided
27.5
1 us to give
2 told them
3 to listen
4 said
5 it would
6 reminded them that
7 setting up
8 not to say
9 to chair
10 to meet
2 a
3 c
4 d
28.2
1 whose
2 that
7 that
8 whose
28.3
1 (that)
8 (who)
2 /
9 /
3 which
3 (which)
10 (that)
4 who
4 /
5 whose
5 (that)
6 /
6 who
28.4
1 I went to the conference with
2 we order from
3 I'm responsible for
4 we've been waiting for
5 I stayed at
6 I usually deal with
28.5
1 we received the complaint from
2 we're depending on
3 I've been thinking about
4 I most enjoyed listening to
5 we've been hoping for
6 we need to focus on
7 I'm interested in
8 we get the most profits from
28.6
1a T
2a T
3a T
1b F
2b F
3b F
1c T
2c T
3c F
1d F
2d F
3d F
2 theif
3 /
29.3
1 who
2 whose
7 where
8 that
29.4
1 /
2 what
8 which
9 /
4 it
3 whom
5 they
4 that
6 it
7 /
5 What
3 /
4 who
5 what
6 which
10 What
11 /
12 what
8 it
6 that
7 /
29.5
1 which has become a standard case study in business schools all over
the world
2 which was run by Domenico De Sole
3 which would decide the future of the industry
4 which Gucci had been looking for
5 who was the head of a retail group called PPR
6 which LVMH owned
30.1
1 Is/ much
2 Are/ many
3 How much
4 some advice/ was
5 equipment
6 machines
7 a piece of equipment
8 many
9 much
10 a little/ much
11 a few/ many
12 a lot of demand
33.1
1 My
2 her
3 its
7 ourselves
8 yours
30.2
1 a
2 some
3 much
4 many
5 an
8 much
9 much
10 many
11 many
30.3
1a G
1b S
2a G
30.4
1j
2b
3 g
111
12 h
2b S
4a
5c
3a S
3b G
6 d
7k
6 some
12 much
4a S
8 f
7 many
4b G
9 i
10 e
30.5
1 is 2 some
3 A piece of
4 much
5 some
6 a
7 much
8 experience
9 little
10 some
11 knowledge
12 progress
13 is
14 a lot of
15 information
16 a few
17 much
18 work
Unit 31 Pronouns
31.1
1 something
6 someone
10 nothing
2 no one
7 everyone
3 anything
8 anything
4 anyone
5 everything
9 something
31.2
1 nothing
2 anything
3 anyone
4 Someone
5 anywhere
6 something
7 someone
8 anything
9 anything
31.3
1 asking myself
2 blame yourself
3 taught himself
4 hurt yourself
5 enjoyed ourselves
6 prepare yourself
7 introduce myself
8 make yourselves
31.4
1 anytime, anywhere
2 felt/ relaxed
3 every one
4 has/ their
5 anywhere
6 somewhere
7 themselves
8 each other
31.5
1 everywhere
2 somewhere
3 anywhere
4 someone
5 Everyone
6 Anyone
7 something
8 everything
9 anything
31.6
1 enjoy yourself
2 Remember
5 introduce yourself
6 change
3 help yourself
4 met
7 ask myself
8 relax
2 a few of them
5 most of them
3 some of them
6 all of them
32.2
1 no
2 Not one
3 Some
4 either
5 Our clients each
6 both days
7 All of
8 any
9 Everything
10 a mobile phone each
11 Every option has been
12 everything
32.3
1 not one
2 no/ either
3 neither
4 All
5 every/ ail
6 each
7 every
8 none
9 any
10 both
11 either
12 each
32.4
1 Neither idea
2 All we have left is
3 Every participant
4 not a single person
5 Some of the audience didn't
6 None of my colleagues speak
7 The only thing we want is
8 weren't any documents
9 Neither hotel was
10 at all
32.5
1 B (Both of them have)
2 C (neither company)
3 A (all its revenue)
4 C (Both are famous)
5 C (every person)
6 A (each)
7 C (anything)
4 your
33.2
1 waste of
2 lack of
6 piece of
7 stroke of
10 success of
5 yours
6 our own
3 error of
4 range of
5 level of
8 flood of
9 method of
33.3
I company profits/ training course
2 staff meeting/ sales forecast
3 credit card/ department store
4 Internet access/ summer sale
5 inflation figures/ price range
6 market survey/ rush hour
7 information technology/ car keys
8 shop assistant/ power failure
9 shopfloor worker/ working lunch
10 insurance contract/ bank loan
I I product features/ production costs
12 market leader/ marketing budget
13 profit margin/ capital expenditure
14 quality control/ balance sheet
33.4
1 Ingrid knows that it's Mary's area of work, not hers.
2 When it's Christmas, all our competitors' sales go up more than ours.
3 Alice's friend's called Bill. He's one of Morgan Stanley's top analysts.
4 My boss's PA reads all the customers' emails
5 I went to my doctor's and he's computerized all the patients' records
6 Look at those two Mercedes. One's our director's and the other's a
visitor's.
33.5
1 in the meeting
2 my pen
3 mine
4 James's documents
5 colleague of hers
6 's your boss's
7 expert in company
8 shows the sales
9 customer of ours
10 a management training
33.6
1 tfade
2 check
7 Hne
8 marke-t
3 sffef
9 twde
4 process
5 output
10 decision
6 shape
5 a/ -
6 ~
6 The/ a
11 the
7 a/ a
34.3
1 The/ a/ ~
2 ~/ a
3 a/ ~/ the
4 - / the
5 ~/ the/ a
6 ~
7 a/ the
8 the/ a/ the
9 -/10 A/ an/ a
11 - / the
12 34.4
1a
1017 25 34.5
1 the
9 the
16 the
2 the
1118 a
2 the
10 an
3 4 an
5 6 7 12 an
13 the
141519 the
20 21 a
22 a
3 4 5 a
11 the
12 the
6 a
13-
8 the
9 a
16 the
23 the
24 the
7 8 the
14 a
15-
35.2
1a 1b The
2a The
4b the
5a The
5b 8a 8b The
35.3
1 at
2 in
3 at
7 the/ at
8 to/ by
35.4
1 2
9 the
16 the
23 the
3 10 11
17 the
24 The
4 station on
5 still at
4a 7b The
6 at
38.2
1 roughly/ more or less
2 virtually/ nearly
3 exactly/ just
4 a bit/ a little
5 much/ far
6 comparatively/ relatively
4 the
5 the
6 the
7 the
8 the
the
12 the
13 the
14 15 the
18 the
19 20 21 22 the
25 the
26 29
27 the
28 the
30 ~
2 bored
8 freezing
3 boring
4 exciting
5 big
6 enormous
36.4
1 an amazing new software package
2 a large old- fashioned cutting machine
3 two square wooden cartons
4 a difficult three- month transition period
5 high- quality Taiwanese computer chips
6 a well- planned investment strategy
7 a revolutionary new handheld device
8 awful cheap plastic souvenirs
36.5
1 monthly - adj.
2 late - adv.
5 good - adj.
6 hardly- adv.
9 fast - adv.
10 fast - adj.
2 large
7 easy
38.4
1 slightly
2 as many
3 as much
4 considerably less
5 more than twice
6 roughly the same
7 slightly less
8 not nearly
38.5
1 in comparison with
4 the fastest growing
39.1
1b
39.3
1 too
7 such
3 late - adj.
7 hard - ad j.
4 well - adv.
8 hard- adv.
3 properly
4 good
5 regularly
8 quickly
9 right
10 well
2a
3d
4c
5 g
6 f
7 h
2 so much
8 enough
37.4
1 as good an analyst as
2 more sections of the report than me (or than I have)
3 as long as I
4 bigger than ours
5 most important presentation I've ever given
6 as interesting as
7 the best communication skills
8 the most interesting people I have ever met
37.5
I safest
2 lower
3 best
6 more attractive
7 riskiest
I I nearer
12 most sensible
ANSWER KEY
4 cheaper
8 greater
5 better
9 worst
10 larger
6 too
39.5
1 the screen wasn't large enough
2 was such a difficult problem
3 were too f ew copies
4 too little space
5 presentation was so good
6 didn't sell enough units
7 so many brochures that
8 too little time
37.1
1 as profitable as
2 the most profitable
3 the most recent
4 than
5 worse
6 the best
7 not as bad as
8 worse
9 longer than
10 further
3 than/ does
4 least
5 best
8 as/ as
9 just/ as
10 not
5 so few
12 such
39.4
1a such a big drop in their share price that
1b so big that
2a such large debts that
2b so large that
3a so well that
3b such a good order fulfilment system that
4a so successful that
4b such a success that
2 smaller than
3 less interesting than
5 better than
6 as good as
7 more difficult
9 worse than (or as bad as)
10 the worst
8 e
3 so many
4 so little
9 so
10 too
11 so
40.1
1 in
2 at
3 at
4 on
5 in
6 at
10 on
11 on
12 in
13 at
14 at
37.3
1 than/ the
2 as/ as
6 most
7 than/ had
3 considerably more
6 half as much as
39.2
I so f ew
2 too much
3 such a
4 so
5 too high
6 so much
7 so many
8 so little
9 too good
10 too short
I I tall enough
12 enough money
37.2
1 the biggest
4 the hottest
8 as large as
256
38.3
1 the most widely accepted
3 the most cleverly designed
6 the most rapidly changing
36.3
1 well made
2 heavily promoted
3 badly designed
4 extremely helpful
5 easily recognizable
6 unexpectedly delayed
7 completely illegal
8 quite late
36.6
1 strange
6 invisibly
38.1
1 considerably
2 as
3 the better
4 more and more
5 the second largest
6 slightly less
7 fastest
8 more carefully
9 more careful
10 much better
11 the same as
12 the best-
40.2
1 g
11 n
2a
3k
4m
5 f
12 h
13 d
14 c
6 j
7e
7 on
15 on
8 i
8 in
9 in
16 at
9b
10 1
40.3
1 this morning
2 the day after tomorrow
3 at night
4 on time
5 in time
6 for
7 during
8 two years ago
9 before
10 During
11 While
12 while
13 during
14 by
15 until
16 then
17 afterwards
18 After lunch
40.4
1 How long have you worked here?/ For about six months.
2 How long have you had a subsidiary in Poland?/ Since 2009.
3 How long has Peter Middelhoff been CEO?/ Since the start of last
year.
4 How long has your company had the same logo?/ For about twenty
years.
5 How long have you known Lei Huang?/ For a long time.
6 How long have you had this particular job?/ Since the company was
restructured.
7 How long have you been interested in antiques?/ For ages and ages.
8 How long have you lived in this town?/ Since I was born.
Unit 43 Develo p in g an ar gu m en t 1
40.5
1 Afterwards
7 for
8 for
13 afterwards
2 ago
3 for
4 during
5 after
6 before
9 while
10 since
11 ago
12 while
14 after
2 but
3 still
7 anyway
4 though
5 In spite of
41.4
1a Although it was snowing, the flight left on time.
1b Despite the snow, the flight left on time.
2a In spite of my headache, I still went to the meeting.
2b I had a headache, but I still went to the meeting.
3a Some analysts think that stocks will fall in value, whereas others
disagree.
3b Although some analysts think that stocks will fall in value, others
disagree.
4a Despite the difficulties in the negotiations, we won the contract.
4b Even though there were difficulties in the negotiations, we won the
contract.
5a Whereas oil prices rose slightly last year, this year they have gone
down.
5b Oil prices rose slightly last year, although this year they have gone
down.
6a They've never been successful, yet they keep on trying.
6b Despite never being successful, they keep on trying.
41.5
1 as well
2 Even though
6 both
7 yet
3 as well as
4 Whereas
5 despite
42.2
1 to make
2 so
3 so that
4 in order to
7 could
8 wouldn't
9 won't
10 to see
42.4
1 /
10 /
2a
3a
4b
11a
12 b
2 X
3 /
42.5
1 as
2 as/ like
8 like
42.6
1 as if
7 like
4 X
3 as/ like
5a
6b
5 /
7b
6X
4 like
7 /
5 for
8a
6 can
9b
8 /
5 as/ like
2 like
3 so
4 so as not to
8 as
9 so
10 so
11 like
43.2
1 actually
6 such as
2 except
7 Either
3 therefore
8 Moreover
4 instead
5 In general
9 Nevertheless
10 So
43.3
In general, taking an MBA is a good idea for an ambitious young
professional. However, you do have to make some sacrifices. You miss
out on two years' valuable experience at work, for example, and it can
be very expensive.
43.4
1 B (First of all)
2 A (Besides)
3 D (finally)
4 C (as a result)
5 A (However)
6 B (In addition)
7 D (for example)
8 A (such as)
9 B (in conclusion)
43.5
1 first of all
6 However
2 In addition
3 In fact
4 Therefore
7 In conclusion
8 instead of
5 As a rule
3 Unfortunately
4 By the way
7 Anyway
8 Above all
44.3
1 in particular
2 Clearly
3 as a result
4 On the other hand
5 or rather
6 In fact
7 except for
8 In general
9 although
10 such as
11 as far as start- up companies are concerned
12 Furthermore
13 in the end
14 to sum up
44.4
I in general
2 except for
3 as a result
4 In fact
5 as far a s ... is/ are concerned
6 although
7 furthermore
8 on the other hand
9 to sum up
10 in the end
I I in particular
12 or rather
13 such as
14 clearly
42.1
1 so I sent her a copy of the minutes
2 she doesn't know, I'll ask someone else
3 so I have to go now
4 because I had a lot of paperwork to do
5 because of all the paperwork
42.3
1b
10 a
43.1
1 instead
2 hand
3 As a rule
4 except
5 either
6 As a matter of fact
7 On the whole
8 On the other hand
9 Besides
10 such as
11 for example
12 except for
5 since
12 to
9/
6 like
6 as
7 as
45.1
1 It's dollars that we get paid in, not euros.
2 It's brand image that really differentiates products.
3 It was Nouriel Roubini who gave the best analysis of the recession in
2008.
4 It was my ideas that they implemented.
5 It's emerging markets that we should invest in, not our domestic
market.
6 It was me who negotiated that deal.
45.2
1 The idea is
2 The answer is
3 The truth is 4 The question is
5 The trouble is
6 What worries me is
7 What we can't do is
8 What happened was
9 What we need is
10 What I'm going to do is
45.3
1 Never before have I seen such incompetence.
2 Under no circumstances will he sell his shares in the company.
3 On no account must you talk to the press about this.
4 At no time did I authorize this payment.
5 Not only did they offer me a promotion, they're also upgrading my
car to a Lexus.
45.4
48.5
I aware
2 attached
3 dependent
4 prepared
5 capable
6 useful
7 similar
8 involved
9 right
10 opposed
I I compatible
12 lacking
13 late
14 covered
45.5
1 Yes, I do understand what you're saying
2 I did order the spare parts
3 Do have a seat
4 I did do everything I could, but it just wasn't enough.
45.6
1 technical
2 Technically
3 Financially
5 Commercially
6 commercial
49.2
1 trouble with
5 payment for
8 suitability for
4 financial
49.3
1 At/ in
7 on/ for
2 on
3 on
4 in
5 on
6 at/ in
7 at
10 on
11 in
12 At
13 in
14 in/ on
17 at
18 in
19 at
20 in
8 in
15 in/ at
5 next
6 in
7 in
3 of
10 on
4 about
5 for
6 into
47.3
1 to/ about
2 from
3 of
4 with/ about
7 for
8 to/ about
9 at
10 for
47.4
1 pay for
2 wasted on
3 listen to
5 apply for
6 involve in
7 rely on
9 remind about
10 insist on
47.5
1 at
2 with
3 from
4 for
8 for
9 on
10 on
11 to
15 from
16 of
7 on
5 from
6 for
13 of
6 in
2 h
3d
48.2
1 popular with
5 serious about
4b
5 j
6a
7 i
7 against
14 in
4 for
5 for
9 f
10 e
6 for
7 with
48.4
1 with the old models
2 to Adrian
3 to driving on the left
4 interested in archaeology
5 at mathematics
6 about the advertising campaign
7 of people
8 on her idea
258
A N SWER KEY
2 f
3 e
4c
5 i
49.5
1 about
2 In
3 for
4 of
8 out
9 in
10 in
11 on
16 at
6 d
7 h
5 with
12 for
8 j
6 in
9b
10 g
6 at (or in)
7 of
13 in
14 for
15 at
50.1
1 slight
2 increased
3 in
4 by
5 improved
6 hit/ low/ recovered/ at
7 peaked
8 slowly/ by
9 slow/ of
10 to
11 rose/ fell
12 raised/ cut
50.2
1 one thousand two hundred and thirty
2 twelve thousand three hundred
3 twelve thousand and thirty
4 one hundred and twenty thousand, three hundred
5 one hundred and twenty- three thousand
6 one hundred and twenty- three thousand, three hundred and thirty
7 one million, two hundred and thirty thousand
50.4
1 c
2 f
2 However
3 although
4 in spite of
6 so
7 because of
8 because
3a
4b
5e
6d
50.6
1 graph
2 figures
3 flat
4 although
5 because
6 recovery
7 up
8 by
9 million
10 euros
11 cut
12 However
13 half
14 rose
15 significantly
16 to
17 over
18 in
Test 1
8c
2 safe from
3 attached to
4 dependent on
6 involved in
7 tired of
8 suitable for
48.3
1 about
2 with
3 with
8 at
9 to
10 for
2 price of
3 advantage of
4 division into
6 objection to
7 involvement in
50.5
1 much less than
2 almost/ a little under
3 around/ about
4 exactly/ precisely
5 a little over/ slightly more than
6 considerably more than
6 in/ of
2 for/ up to
3 in/ by
4 for/ on
5 in
8 on/ by
9 In/ in
10 on/ on/ on
50.3
1 In addition
5 Therefore
4 agreed with
8 apologized for
5 in
12 of
49.4
1a
5 with
46.3
1 near
2 on
3 towards
4 at
5 past
6 on
7 across
8 at
9 in front of
10 underneath
11 next to
12 backwards
46.4
1 on
2 at
3 in
4 on
8 opposite
9 in
10 at
49.1
1 to
2 for
3 between
4 with
7 between
8 to
9 in/ of
10 for
Test 1.1
1 do you do
2 are you doing
3 don't understand
4 'm talking
5 isn't selling
6 know
7 're staying
8 's just leaving
9 makes
10 do you usually get
11 are the auditors coming
12 comes
Test 1.2
a PS
1b
b PC
c PC
d PS e PS
2 f
3a
4 e
5 h
6 d
f PC
7c
g PS
8g
h PC
Test 1.3
Present simple: after, always, as soon as, before, every day,
hardly ever, most of the time, never, next time, normally, occasionally,
often, sometimes, twice a year, until, usually, when
Present continuous: at the moment, currently, nowadays, right now,
these days
Test 1.4
1 I usually have lunch at about 1 o'clock.
2 Lunch is often just a sandwich.
3 I visit Head Office in Paris from time to time.
4 I am hardly ever late in the morning.
5 I hardly ever take the train to work.
6 I prepare a sales report once a month.
7 I never miss a Board meeting.
8 I am never late for a Board meeting.
Test 1.5
1 /
2 I agree
7 I know
8 /
3 contain
9 it seems
4 /
10/
Test 3.3
1 since
2 always
3 already
4 ever
7 for
8 never
9 often
10 So far
5 /
6 We own
11/
12 we have
Test 1.6
1 goes up/ demand
2 is falling/ means
3 Are you waiting/ don't think
4 do our customers want/ seems
5 hope/ knows/ 's doing
6 do you mean/ don't understand
7 are you saying/ Do you want
8 Does your chicken taste/ depends/ is working
9 aren't being/ imagine/ have/ 're having
10 agree/ 're wasting
Test 4.2
1 I'm going to get
2 will be here
3 will probably get
4 is going to lend me
5 I'll see you
6 I won't be (or I can't be)
7 What exactly are you going
8 will probably
Test 2.2
1 got/ heard
2 used to claim
3 went down/ was printing out
4 was/ used to dream
5 was descending/ started
6 wanted/ chose
7 used to have/ combined
8 arrived/ was waiting
9 knocked/ went
10 lost/ were discussing
11 was/ visited
12 was feeling/ decided
Test 2.3
1 Michael had made
2 didn't use to
3 hadn't forgotten
4 used to produce
5 I had read (or seen)
6 had already left
7 used to go skiing
8 I had left the window
6 When
12 in
Test 2.5
1 realized/ had seen
2 got/ had stopped
3 did you find out/ had got
4 joined/ had worked
5 sent/ had already spoken
6 had always suspected/ wasn't
7 left/ had gained
8 was/ had known
Test 2.6
1 had decided
2 had been thinking
3 had been waiting
4 had already heard
5 had been rising
6 hadn't finished
7 had never met
8 had been looking
9 had seen
10 had been losing
Test 3
Test 3.1
1 I've been waiting
2 I'm waiting
3 had
4 have had
5 I've left
6 I left
7 have you been working
8 are you working
9 haven't paid
10 didn't pay
11 did you last see
12 Have you seen
Test 3.2
1 has been
2 have started started
4 have you arrived did you arrive
Test 3.4
1 has left
2 've never been
3 of Business Grammar Builder has
4 've just seen
5 haven't finished
6 working here for
7 (ever) been to Serbia
8 haven't spoken
9 Anna come
10 gone
11 haven't seen David
12 living here for
13 've left
14 haven't finished
15 just left
16 ever been
17 learning (or studying)
18 haven't had
19 never eaten
20 playing tennis for
21 forgotten
22 seen Marguerite since
Test 4.1
1 I'll be
2 recovers
3 Shall I
4 will be
5 It's going to fall
6 I'll do
7 come back
8 She'll be working
9 we're going to
10 They'll probably
Test 2.1
1 became
2 began
3 broke
4 brought
5 bought
6 chose
7 ate
8 fell
9 found
10 forgot
11 grew
12 kept
13 led
14 lent
15 met
16 rose
17 sent
18 shut
19 spent
20 understood
5 on
11 at
6 yet
Test 4
Test 2
Test 2.4
1 while/ when 2 When
3 at
4 in
7 While/ When 8 in
9 at
10 when
13 while/ when 14 when
5 just
3 written writing
Test 4.3
a will
b present continuous
d be going to
e be going to
h future continuous
1 d
2c
3f
4 e
5b
7a
8 g
Test 4.4
1 I'll call
2 Shall I
3 conference ends (or finishes)
4 will you be
5 won't
6 you doing
7 I'll
8 'II be
9 Shall
10 will be launching
Test 4.5
1 Sarah isn't going to get
2 Shall we have
3 I'm going to study
4 I'll be back
5 I'm going to see
6 I won't forget
7 I'm going to do
8 Shall I help you
9 We'll come
10 I'm going to ask
11 I'll have
12 I'm going to have
Test 5
Test 5.1
1 e# ef offered
2 was been posted was posted
3 -be being (or to be)
4 ate eaten
5 produce produced
6 being be
7 g iving being given
8 is has
9 wfitm written
10 losiftg lost (or being lost)
Test 5.2
1 The casino has been closed.
2 Our house was broken into last week.
3 Nowadays English is spoken everywhere.
4 The new motorway has finally been opened (or has finally opened).
5 This bag was left in reception.
6 All traffic will be banned from the city center.
7 The liquid is left for 24 hours after adding the ingredients.
8 The meeting is being postponed.
Test 5.3
1 have just had all our machines serviced
2 are having the carpet cleaned tomorrow
3 had some business cards printed with the new logo
4 am getting my car repaired
5 have just had my request for credit refused
6 just got fined for illegal parking
Test 5.4
1 starting
2 mean
3 be taken
4 will bring
5 was addressed
6 highlighted
7 be ignored
8 is considered
9 is expected
10 will start
11 will be funded
12 to be found
13 to be done
Test 5.5
1 had these figures checked
2 much less coffee is grown in Columbia
3 was delivered this morning
4 is being redeveloped
5 have been put up
6 will be discussed in the meeting
7 had some new software installed
8 was born
9 were you
10 had his car
11 Alex told
12 a backup copy of this file been
4 must have
9 can't have
5 we'd better
10 have to
Test 6.2
1 don't have to
2 mustn't
3 might have
4 have to
5 must
6 could
7 had to
8 must have
9 should
10 didn't have to
Test 6.3
1c
2 e
3b
4 d
Test 6.4
1 should
2 don't have to
5 should be
6 might be
10 ought to
5a
6 i
7 f
8 j
9g
10 h
3 can't be
4 must be
7 can't
8 might
9 have to
Test 7
Test 7.1
1 Have you finished yet?
2 Will I see you tomorrow?
3 Did you have a nice holiday?
4 Do you know what I mean?
5 Are you coming out for a drink later?
6 Have you been waiting long?
7 Are you enjoying yourself?
8 Have you heard the latest?
4 /
5/
6 /
Test 8.3
1 unless
2 if
3 Unless
7 otherwise
8 unless
4 Otherwise
3a
4a
5b
6b
Test 8.6
1 were
2 had done
3 hadn't said
5 had ordered
6 had
7 could be
5 If
6 if
7b
8a
4 could speak
8 had given
Test 9
7 /
8 /
9/
10/
Test 7.4
1 I do/ l don't
2 she does/ she doesn't
3 they do/ they don't
4 I have/ l haven't
5 she has/ she hasn't
6 I am/ l'm not
7 she is/ she isn't
8 I can/ l can't
9 I will/ l won't
10 I did/ l didn't
11 it is/ it isn't
12 it is/ it isn't
Test 7.5
1 You have got
2 won't they
3 aren't leaving
4 haven't they
5 can't you
6 do you
7 didn't you
8 didn't forget
9 couldn't give
10 weren't
11 shall we
12 aren't I
Test 7.6
1 Do you take Visa?
2 Can I see the menu, please?
3 Excuse me, is anyone sitting here?
4 Which country do you come from?
5 Which route did you come by?
6 Who were you talking to just now?
7 What exactly do you mean by that?
8 Could you be a little more specific?
9 What time is the next train to Brussels?
10 Can you tell me what time the next train to Brussels is?
11 Do you need any help with your suitcase?
AN SWER KEY
6 had
Test 8.2
1 'd lose
2 'II be
3 'd've asked
4 'II get
5 'd get
6 'd've missed
7 'II leave
8 'd've sorted out
9 would you do
10 would you have done
11 wouldn't see
12 wouldn't've got
Test 8.5
1b
2b
Test 7.2
1 what the time is
2 what this means
3 how much this costs
4 what time the bank opens
5 I'm in the right seat
6 where the Opera House is
7 this is the way to the station
8 who the speaker at the next session is (or who the speaker is at the
next session)
3a
Test 8
Test 8.4
1 had left early/ wouldn't have missed
2 had made more copies/ would have had
3 had brought your map/ wouldn't have gone
4 had invested in new technology/ would have survived
5 had waited/ wouldn't have happened
6 had realized you were so busy/ wouldn't have asked you
7 had collapsed/ would have been
8 had brought out their new model on time/ wouldn't have lost
Test 6.5
1 might have
2 must have
3 can't have
4 should have
5 might not have
6 should have
7 shouldn't have
8 could have
Test 7.3
1c
2b
Test 8.1
1 would be
2 promote
3 had left
4 stay
5 I'd call
7 breaks down
8 could phone
9 doesn't recognize
10 we'd been
11 I'd've become
12 goes
13 backed up/ wouldn't risk
14 hadn't acted/ we'd be
15 had
16 was
Test 6
Test 6.1
1 can't
2 must
3 need to
6 might
7 should
8 must
11 don't need to
12 can't
12
13
14
15
16
Test 9.1
1 to eat
2 coming
3 to come
4 giving
5 making
6 Remind
7 visiting
8 to be
9 to be
10 trying
11 to recruit
12 to believe
13 to get
14 interrupting
15 going
16 to meet
17 to deliver
18 winning
19 to see
20 to pack
21 arriving
22 to lift
23 getting away
24 to get away
25 to listen
26 being
27 losing
28 thinking
29 to order
30 to meet
Test 9.2
1 making
2 to rise
3 coming
5 waiting
6 to give
7 causing
9 unpacking
10 being
Test 10
Test 10.1
1c
2 g
3 I
11b
12 f
4a
5 d
7 h
8e
Test 10.2
1 I'm looking forward to
2 takes up
3 to put back the meeting to
4 to deal with
6 pick me up
7 to go over
8 get through
9 you come across it
10 run out of time
Test 10.3
1 on
2 over
3 through
4 out
8 off
9 into/ back
10 away
Test 10.4
1 fall back on
2 get along with
5 get around to
6 catch up with
9 move on to
10 get back to
5 down
9 i
10 k
5 to sort it out
6 by
7 up
3 cut down on
4 run out of
7 sit in on
8 face up to
Test 10.5
1c
2 g
3 f
11 h
12 e
Test 14
4 i
5 d
6b
7a
8k
9 I
10 j
Test 11
Test 11.1
1 doing
2 having
3 make
4 do
5 make/ have/ do
6 do/ make
7 made/ doing
8 makes/ do
9 having/ making
10 Have/ make
11 made/ do/ do
12 doing/ make/ having
13 have/ have/ make
14 doing/ have
15 doing/ making/ do
16 make
17 doing/ made
18 have/ do/ making
Test 11.2
1 d
2 h
9 f
10 c
3a
4 f
5 g
6c
7b
11a
12 b
13 e
14 d
1 sometime
2 a doctor
3 yours
4 they say that .v- e
5 every time
6 some advice
7 neither one
8 some information
9 none of us (or not one of us)
10 go by taxi
11 was very busy
12 so many
13 .one r =
14 Jane's colleague
15 either
16 too little
17 eacr er e
18 Ministry's
19 enough chairs
20 no spare parts
21 s
22 at the end of the report
23 both
24 everyone (or esc* d o e
25 hers
26 some information
27 anything
28 b o f
29 there wasn't a single question
30 isn't anyone
31 its
32 the boss's son
Test 14.2
8 e
Test 12
Test 12.1
1 if (whether) I was going out
2 what I did (or had done)
3 if (whether) we often went to Germany
4 how many interviews I'd done
5 if (whether) she was going to change jobs
6 who I talked to (or had talked to)
7 if (whether) I would be
8 where our new offices were
9 if (whether) I had seen Anton
10 if (whether) I'd be seeing Masumi
Test 14.3
Test 12.2
1 he'd see me there the next day (or the day after or the following
day)
2 they received (or they'd received) our email update about the issue
the previous week (or the week before)
Test 12.3
1 promised to meet Ekaterina
2 invited Jean to come to
3 advised Todd not to sign
4 suggested getting
5 apologized for arriving
6 offered to give
7 congratulated/ on winning
8 refused to accept
1 There's something in
2 some advice
3 by train
4 Something is worrying
5 on foot
6 one of my boss's friends
7 a tax advisor
8 Nobody knows this business
9 got nothing to
10 Everybody here drinks
11 someone/ somebody driving
12 The unemployed need
13 redesigning
14 is nothing we can
15 How much did
16 isn't much
17 an accountant
18 Everybody was late
19 couldn't do anything
20 Not a single person
21 There is no
22 was not in
23 the customer's copy
24 There isn't anything
Test 15
Test 15.1
1 interested
2 by the end
3 very hard
4 lovely blue
5 so friendly
6 extremely good
7 very well
8 tired
9 We never give
10 interested
11 so much
12 such a risky project
13 not experienced enough
14 enough time
15 larger than
16 as large as
17 the best price
18 for three months
19 so tense
20 When I get back
21 before
22 than they do
23 too high
24 less useful
24 as swimming
25 until six
Test 13
Test 15.2
Test 13.1
1 that/ which
2 whose
3 who
6 which
7 that/ which
8 which
11 who/ that
12 who/ that
Test 13.2
1 (that/ which)
7 (that/ which)
Test 14.1
2 /
8 /
3 /
9 /
4 who/ that
9 whose
4 (who/ that)
10 /
11
Test 13.3
1 who
2 that
Test 13.4
1 showed me a magazine article which was
2 that we went to yesterday was
3 presentation yesterday that was
4 whose laptop I borrowed wants it
5 who came yesterday gave me
6 that the Japanese visitors who came yesterday
7 who runs our office is
8 a woman whose sister works for
9 who is waiting in reception wants to
5 whose
10 who
5 /
6 /
12 (who/ that)
5 on/ at/ in
6 in
7 on
1 on
2 ago
3 for 4 since
12 at
13 at
8 afterwards
9 then 10 After
11 for
18 In/ During
14 for
15 since
16 During
17 While
Test 15.3
1 spoke really well
2 've been working on this project since January
3 is more profitable than retail banking
4 works very carefully
5 the worst service I have ever seen
6 stayed in Paris until
7 you interested in opera
8 finished positively
9 worked hard
10 plays golf badly
11 plays golf well
12 talk more slowly
13 is not as big as the Chinese market
14 just as many products as Thierry
15 is the least experienced member of the team
16 During the interview
17 've been doing this job since 2008
18 away on holiday until
19 on time
20 in time to save the negotiations
21 your report by
22 in the end we gave up
23 started building this prototype four months ago
24 for two
Test 16
Test 16.1
1 at
2 in
3 at/ in
4 over
5 in/ in
6 on
7 at
8 to
9 on
10 on
11 at
12 over
13 under
14 at
15 in/ at
16 in
17 at
18 to/ in
19 on
20 on
21 in/ at
22 on
Test 16.2
1 for
2 to
3 to
4 against
5 on/ for
6 of
7 into
8 from
9 for
10 with
11 in
12 about
13 on
14 of
15 about
16 with
17 to
18 on
19 in
20 from
Test 16.3
1 about
2 on
3 with
4 in
5 in
6 of
8 with/ for
9 to
10 from
11 for
12 for
14for
15 for
16 to
7 in
13 at
Test 16.4
1 price of
2 reason for
3 advantage of
4 trouble with
5 matter with
6 reply to
7 lack of
8 solution to
9 substitute for
10 investment in
11 advice on
12 pessimism about
13 compliance with
14 increase in
Test 16.5
1 on
2 inside
8 down
9 on
262
ANSWER KEY
3 next to
4 to
5 at
6 near
7 across
10 at
11 on
12 opposite
13 at
14 off
263
a u34
a/ an with singular countable nouns p126D, p142A
a or an ? p142C
determiner p134A
indefinite article u34
abbreviations (i.e., e.g., etc.) p182E
able to/ unable to p50B
about
be about t o (referring to future) p38F
preposition p198D
above p190C
absolutely
before non- gradable adjectives p150C
active u9, u10
person or organization who does action p42
actually
refusing requests p62C
(true but surprising) p178D
in add ition p178A, B
adjectives u36, u37, u48
+ preposition u48
adjectives and adverbs p150A
adjectives and adverbs with same form p150B
comparatives u37
ending in - ed p150E
ending in - ing p 150E
gradable and non- gradable p150C
irregular adjectives p154B
order of adjectives p150D
possessive adjectives p138A
superlatives u37
adverb phrases
with present simple plOC
adverbs u36, u38, u39, u40
+ verb p150A
adverb endings (- ally, - ily, - y) p150B, Appendix 4 p244
adverbs and adjectives p150A
comparatives u38
comparing adverbs p158D
frequency adverbs p10C, p26C, p150A
intensifying adverbs p162A
order of adverbs p150A, p186E
time adverbs u40
af t er
af t er t h at (showing a sequence) p42C
in time expressions p166F
with past simple or past perfect p22B
af t erward s p166F
ago p166C
agree
in passive as reporting verb p114C
all p134B, C
allowed to/ not be allo wed to
permission/ prohibition p54B
alr eady
with past perfect p22C
with past simple in AmE Appendix 4 p244
with present perfect p26C
also p170B
264
B
basically p178H
be (irregular verb)
as state verb and action verb p14D
in past continuous p18D
in past simple p18A
in present perfect continuous p30C
because p170A, 174A
because o f p174A
been t o and gone to p26D
before
with past simple or past perfect p22B
with present simple or present perfect p38A
being + past participle (as passive form) p102F
believe
in passive as reporting verb p46C
b elo w p190C
beside p190D
besides (this) p178A, B
(to be) born
always in passive p46F
both pi34F
British and American English Appendix 4 pp244- 5
but
as linking word p170A, C
by
+ myself/ yourself, etc. p130D
by or until? p166E
preposition of place p190D
with passive p42D
with past perfect p22C
by t he tim e
with present simple/ present perfect p38A
c
can (modal verb) u 11, u 12, u14
ability p50B
offers p62E
permission p54B
requests p62B
can 't ul 1, u12, u13
ability p50B
can't and m ustn't AmE/ BrE differences Appendix 4 p244
certainty and deduction p58B
permission p54B
can't have
deduction p58E
(be) certain to p58A, B
com e + - ing (sports/ outdoor activities) p82A
comma
in figures p206E
comparatives and superlatives u37, u38
adjectives p154B
adverbs p158D
common structures with comparatives p158B
comparing u37, u38
comparing actions p154E
comparing equal things p154D
comparing nouns p158E
compound nouns p138D
conditionals u17, u18
+ modal verbs p74F, p78E
with as long as, on condit ion that , providing, providing
t hat, so long as p78C
with im agine and supposing p78C
with unless p74E
with I wish p78D
consequently p178A
D
dates p166G
decimal point
in figures p206E
defining relative clauses p118A, C
definite article (the) u34, u35
before place names p146B
special uses of t he p146C
with specific meaning p146E
d ef in it ely
position with w ill and w o n 't p58B
despite/ in spite of p170D
determiners (a, the, this, etc.) u32
did
for emphasis p186F
with past simple p18A
with questions p66A
with question tags p70D, E, F
do/ does (auxiliary verb)
for emphasis p186F
with present simple p10A
with questions p66A
with question tags p70D, E, F
do (ordinary verb)
common expressions with do p106A
do and m ake p106A
(be) due to
referring to future p38F
as linking phrase p174A
during p166C
during or w h ile? p166D
E
each p134E
each and ever y p134E
- ed form
adjective ending p150E
in past simple p18A
participle ending in relative clauses p122D
eit her p134F
e i t h e r ... or p178E
emphasizing u45
end
at t he end or in t he end ? p182C
enough p162B, C
even
in comparisons p158A
even th ough and alt hough p170C
ever
with past simple in AmE Appendix 4 p244
with present perfect p26C
B
basically p178H
be (irregular verb)
as state verb and action verb p14D
in past continuous p18D
in past simple p18A
in present perfect continuous p30C
because p170A, 174A
because o f p174A
been t o and gone t o p26D
before
with past simple or past perfect p22B
with present simple or present perfect p38A
being + past participle (as passive form) p102F
believe
in passive as reporting verb p46C
b elo w p190C
beside p190D
besides (t his) p178A, B
(to be) born
always in passive p46F
both p134F
British and American English Appendix 4 pp244- 5
but
as linking word p170A, C
by
+ myself/ yourself, etc. p130D
by or until? p166E
preposition of place p190D
with passive p42D
with past perfect p22C
by the tim e
with present simple/ present perfect p38A
c
can (modal verb) u 11, u 12, u 14
ability p50B
offers p62E
permission p54B
requests p62B
can't u11, u12, u13
ability p50B
can't and m ustn't AmE/ BrE differences Appendix 4 p244
certainty and deduction p58B
permission p54B
can't have
deduction p58E
(be) certain to p58A, B
com e + - ing (sports/ outdoor activities) p82A
comma
in figures p206E
comparatives and superlatives u37, u38
adjectives p154B
adverbs p158D
common structures with comparatives p158B
comparing u37, u38
comparing actions p154E
comparing equal things p154D
comparing nouns p158E
compound nouns p138D
conditionals u17, u18
+ modal verbs p74F, p78E
with as long as, on condition that, providing, providing
that, so long as p78C
with im agine and supposing p78C
with unless p74E
with I wish p78D
consequently p178A
D
dates p166G
decimal point
in figures p206E
defining relative clauses p118A, C
definite article (the) u34, u35
before place names p146B
special uses of t he p146C
with specific meaning p146E
def in it ely
position with w ill and w o n 't p58B
despite/ in spite of p170D
determiners (a, the, this, etc.) u32
did
for emphasis p186F
with past simple p18A
with questions p66A
with question tags p70D, E, F
do/ does (auxiliary verb)
for emphasis p186F
with present simple p10A
with questions p66A
with question tags p70D, E, F
do (ordinary verb)
common expressions with do p106A
do and m ak e p106A
(be) due to
referring to future p38F
as linking phrase p174A
during p166C
during or w h ile? p166D
E
each p134E
each and ever y p134E
- ed form
adjective ending p150E
in past simple p18A
participle ending in relative clauses p122D
eit her p134F
e i t h e r ... or p178E
emphasizing u45
end
at t he end or in t he end ? p182C
enough p162B, C
even
in comparisons pi 58A
even th oug h and alt hough p170C
ever
with past simple in AmE Appendix 4 p244
with present perfect p26C
ia m + U r i
tr\r
C//"
F
in f act p178D
f air ly p162A, E
feel
+ object + - ing p86B
+ object + infinitive p86B
f ew
a f ew p126D
a f ew (of ) p134B
f ew p126D
f ew er p158E
t h e f ew est p158E
figures p206E
comma in figures p206E
decimal point in figures p206E
fin ally p42C, p178B
first conditional p74C
first o f all/ firstly p42C, p178B
for
+ noun (expressing purpose/ reason) p174C
f o r and since p26C, p166C
with present perfect p26B,C, p166C
fo r ex am ple/ for instance p178C
fo rget
+ - ing p86A
+ t o + infinitive p86A
frequency adverbs u1
position in sentence p10C, p150A
with present perfect p26C
with present simple p10C
furt her m ore p178A
future u7, u8
future continuous u8
an activity in progress in the future p38C
something that will definitely happen p38C
future perfect u8
looking back from a point in the future to an
earlier event/ period of time p38D
future perfect continuous
looking back from a point in the future to an
activity in progress p38D
G
in general p178G
get
basic meanings p106C
go and ...
Appendix 4 p245
go + - ing (sports/ outdoor activities) p82A
go on
+ - ing p86A
+ to + infinitive p86A
(be) going t o (referring to future) u7
be going t o or present continuous? p 34E
be going t o or w ill ? p34D
plans and intentions p34B, D
predictions using evidence in present situation p34B, D
referring to near or distant time in future p34B
gone to and been t o p26D
266
INDEX
H
had
+ past participle p22A
with questions p66A
had been
with past perfect continuous p22D
had bett er
strong opinions p54D
had to/ didnt h ave t o
necessary/ not necessary p54C
hard ly ever
with present simple p10C
hate
+ - ing p86C
+ t o + infinitive p86C
have (auxiliary verb)
have/ has + past participle p26A
have something done p46E
with questions p66A
with question tags p70D, E, F
have (state verb and action verb) p14D, p106B
common expressions with have p106B
have/ have got p106B; AmE/ BrE differences Appendix 4 p244
meaning "possess" p106B
not in continuous tenses as a state verb p106B
have to/ don't have to
necessary/ not necessary p54A, B
having + past participle p102F
hear
+ object + - ing p86B
+ object + infinitive p86B
her/ hers p138A
herself/ him self p130D
his (possessive adjective and pronoun) p138A
hope
+ infinitive (referring to future) p38F
Ho w ? (question word) u15
Ho w a b o u t ...? p62F
h o w ever p178A
I
if
clauses u17, u18
imaginary future events p74D, p182D
likely future events p74C
things that are always or generally true p74B
im agine
with conditionals p78C
in
in, at and on p190B
in or at ? p190A
in time expressions p18C, p166A
in tim e or on t im e? p166B
position/ location p190A, B
in case
with present perfect/ present simple p38A
indefinite article (a/ an) u34
indefinite pronouns p130A, B, C
indirect questions p70A
indirect speech (see reported speech)
infinitive
after let and m ak e p82D
with present simple p10A
J
just
with past perfect p22C
with past simple in AmE Appendix 4 p244
with present perfect p26C
K
k now
in passive as reporting verb p46C
with past perfect p22B
L
at last p182C
later (showing a sequence) p42C
let + infinitive without t o p82D
Let me ... (offers) p62E
Let's ... (suggestions) p62F
like (linking word "in the way that'') p174E
like
+ - ing p86C
+ t o + infinitive p86C
be likely to
expectation p58C
linking words u41, u42, u43, u44
listen to
+ object + - ing p86B
+ object + infinitive p86B
little
a litt le (of) p134B, p162A
little/ a lit tle p126D
a lot of p126D
love
+ - ing p86C
+ to + infinitive p86C
M
m ake
+ infinitive without to p82D
common expressions with m ake p106A
m ake and do p106A
m any
with countable nouns p126D, p134B
m ay (modal verb) u11, u13
uncertainty p58A, D
m ay not u 11, u13
uncertainty p58A, D
mean
+ - ing p86A
+ t o + infinitive p86A
m ight (modal verb) u11, u13
in reported speech p110B
uncertainty p58A, D
m ight not u1 1, u13
uncertainty p58A, D
m ight not have (uncertainty) p58E
mind
+ - ing p62C
permission p62D
requests p62C
m ine (possessive pronoun) p138A
modal verbs u11, u!2, u13, u14
ability u11
advice u12
certainty u13
deduction u13
expectation u13
necessity u12
offers/ requests u11
opinions u12
permission u12
probability u13
prohibition u 12
uncertainty u13
with conditionals p74F, p78E
with questions p66A
with question tags p70D
more
+ adjective p154A, B
+ noun p158E
m ore ... than (in comparisons) p158A
m oreover p174A
most
+ adjective p154A, B
determiner p134B
t he m ost + noun p158E
much
with uncountable nouns p126D, p134B
m ust (modal verb) u1 1, u12, u13
deduction p58B
in reported speech p110B
obligation/ necessity p54A
m ust have (deduction) p58E
m ustn't
m ustn 't and can't AmE/ BrE differences Appendix 4 p244
prohibition p54B
m ustn't or d o n 't have to p54B
m y (possessive adjective) p138A
m yself p130D
N
near p190D
need to/ don't need to
d o n 't need t o and n eed n 't p54A
necessary/ not necessary p54A
negative questions p66E
negatives
with anyb ody, nobody, etc. p130B
with modal verbs p50A
with past continuous p18D
with past perfect p22A
with past perfect continuous p22D
with past simple p18A
with present continuous p10D
with present perfect p26A
with present perfect continuous p30C
with present simple p10A
neit her p134F
never
with past perfect p22C
with past simple in AmE Appendix 4 p244
with present perfect p26C
with present simple p10C
nevert heless p178A
nex t (showing a sequence) p42C
nex t t o p190D
no (in negatives) p134D
no one/ nobody p130A, B
nobody/ no one p130A, B
non- defining relative clauses p118D
none p134D
none o f p134D
nothing p130A
notice
+ object + - ing p86B
+ object + infinitive p86B
noun phrases
with at p202D
with by p202D
with f o r p202D
with in p202D
with on p202D
with o u t o f p202D
with under p202D
with up t o p202D
nouns u30, u33, u35, u49
+ preposition u49
+ singular or plural verb? p126C
compound nouns p138D
countable nouns p126A, C, D, E
general and specific meanings pi 26E, p146E
plural nouns p126C
uncountable nouns p126B, D, E
n owh er e p130A
or no place (AmE) Appendix 4 p245
numbers (see figures)
o
object
in passive sentences p42A
position in active and passive sentences p42A
position with phrasal verbs p94B, C
verbs with two objects p46D, p90D, E, F
with transitive verbs u21
of
common/ fixed phrases with of p138C, D
instead o f 's p138C
possession p138C
268
INDEX
on
in time expressions p18C, p166A
on, at and in p166A
on tim e or in t im e? p166B
position/ location p190B
once
with past perfect p22C
opposite p190D
in or der t o p174C
on t h e ot her hand p178A
ot herwise p182D
ought to/ ought n't t o
advice p54D
expectation p58C
ought/ ought n't to have
criticism of past actions p54E
our/ ours p138A
ourselves p130D
over p190C
overall p178B
owin g t o p174A
P
particles
with phrasal verbs u22, u23
passive u9, u10
formation of p42A
focus on important information p42B
formal and impersonal writing p46B
systems, processes and procedures p42C
+ by p42D
+ infinitive p46C, p86D
+ - ing p86D
+ t o be + past participle p86D
with being + past participle p86D
with transitive verbs only p42E
with verbs with two objects p46D
past and present u5, u6
past continuous u3
a situation in progress in the past p18E
information about a background situation p18E
with time expressions as, w h en and w h ile p18F
past participle
with had p22A
with have/ has p26A
with w ill h ave p38D
past perfect u4
with after/ before p22B
with time expressions p22C
with verbs of thinking p22B
past perfect and past perfect continuous p22E
past perfect and past simple p22B
past perfect continuous u4
past perfect continuous and past perfect p22E
past simple u3
for completed period of time p18B
for habitual actions in the past p18B
for specific events p26C
with after/ before p22B
with time expressions p18C
with w h en p18F
past simple or past continuous? p18G
past simple or present perfect? p26C, p30A
differences in AmE/ BrE usage Appendix 4 p244
past time u3, u4
phrasal verbs u22, u23
+ preposition + object p98A
inseparable p94C
particle meanings in phrasal verbs p98C
separable p94B
with two particles p98B
place names
no article in front of p142E, p146A
preceded by t he p146B
plan
+ infinitive (referring to future) p38F
plural nouns p126C
possessive
w i t h 's p138B, C
with o f p138C
possessive adjectives/ pronouns p138A
possessives and compound nouns u33
possible
It's possible ... p58F
pr ef er
+ - ing p86C
+ to + infinitive p86C
prepositions u46, u47, u48
after nouns p202A, B, C
after verbs u47
and phrasal verbs u22, u23
before nouns p202D
differences in AmE/ BrE usage Appendix 4 p245
position in relative clauses p118E
position in questions p70B
prepositions of place u46
present continuous u1, u2, u7
for current trends p10E
for future arrangements p14C
for temporary actions or situations p10E
with alw ays p14C
present continuous or be going t o ? p34E
present continuous or present perfect continuous p14B
present perfect u5
use of instead of w ill p38A
with f or and since p26C
with frequency adverbs p26C
with h o w long? p26C
with j ust p26C
with time expressions ever, never, alr ead y and yet p26C
present perfect or past simple? p26C, p30A
differences in AmE/ BrE usage Appendix 4 p244
present perfect or present perfect continuous? p30F
present perfect or present simple? p30B
present perfect continuous u6
for actions or situations in progress p30D
for emphasising length of time p30D
for repeated actions p30D
present perfect continuous or present perfect? p30F
present simple u1, u2
for actions and situations that are generally true p1 OB
for actions that are repeated regularly p10B
for permanent facts p10B
for states p14D
for stories and journalism p14C
for timetables and schedules p14C
use of instead of w ill p38A
with frequency adverbs p10C
with time expressions p10C
with time expression that refer to the future p10C
present simple or present continuous? p14A
present simple or present perfect? p30B
present tenses u1, u2
present time u1, u2
p r et t y (adverb) p162A, E
probability
h ow t o express using will, must, should, may, etc. p38G, u13
probably
position with w ill and w o n 't p34A, p58B
pronouns u31
indefinite pronouns p130A, B, C
reflexive pronouns p130D
provided that/ providing
with conditionals p78C
R
rather p162A, E
reflexive pronouns p130D
regret
+ - ing p86A
+ to + infinitive p86A
regular verbs Appendix 1 pp238- 9
relative adverbs (when, wher e, w h y) p122C
relative clauses u28, u29
in combining sentences p122A
with a participle (- ing, - ed) p122D
relative pronouns (that, which, wh o, etc.) u28
and prepositions p118E
omission in a defining relative clause p118C
rem em ber
+ - ing p86A
+ t o + infinitive p86A
remind
+ object + about p194B
+ object + of p194B
reply questions p70G
report
in passive as reporting verb p46C
reported speech u26, u27
reporting commands and requests p114E
reporting questions p114D
reporting verbs u26, u27
as a result p178A
270
say
tell
INDEX
u
uncountable nouns u30
+ singular verb p126C
phrases with uncountable nouns p126B
types of uncountable noun p126B
with general meanings p126E
und er p190C
understand
in passive as reporting verb p46C
unless
in conditionals p74E, p182D
with present perfect/ present simple p38A
be unlik ely t o
expectation p58C
until
until or b y? p166E
use to
in negatives and questions p22F
used t o + infinitive p22F
habits, states, repeated actions p22F
used to or use t o ? p22F
used t o or w o u ld ? p22F
V
verbs
+ - ing or infinitive u19, u20
+ object + preposition p194B
+ object + to + infinitive p82C
+ preposition u47
+ t o + infinitive p82C
+ t h at clause p82E
+ two objects p46D, p90D, E
+ two objects using f o r p90F
intransitive p42E, p90B
irregular verbs Appendix 2 pp240- 41
of perception p86B
regular verbs Appendix 1 pp238- 9
reporting verbs u26, u27
singular/ plural verb following singular noun p126C
transitive p42E, p90A
transitive and intransitive p90C
verbs and objects u21
ver y
before gradable adjectives p150C
w
w an t
+ infinitive (referring to future) p38F
was/ were going to p38E
wat ch
+ object + - ing p86B
+ object + infinitive p86B
well
w ell and good p150B
w h at (relative pronoun) p122B
Wh at ? (question word) p66B, C
W h a t ...? or Which ...? p66C
Wh at a b o u t ...? p62F
w h en (relative adverb) p122C
w h en ... clauses expressing a condition p74B
with present perfect/ present simple p38A
Wh en ? (question word) p66B
w h er e (relative adverb) p122C
Wh er e? (question word) p66B
whereas p170E
wh er eas or alt hough or w h ile? p170F
which (relative pronoun) u28
which, t h at or w h o ? p118B, C
Wh ich ? (question word) p66B, C
Which ...? or W h a t ...? p66C
w h ile
w h ile or alt hough or wher eas p170F
w h ile or durin g? p166D
w h o (relative pronoun) u28
who, which or t h at ? p118B, C
w h o or w h o m ? p118E
on the w h o le p178G
w h om (relative pronoun) p118B, E
Wh o ? (question word) p66B, D
w h ose (relative pronoun) u28
Wh o se? (question word) p66B
w h y (relative adverb) p122C
Wh y ? (question word) p66B
w ill (modal verb) u11, u14
Y
yet
with past simple in AmE Appendix 4 p244
with present perfect p26C
yet and but p170C
your/ yours p138A
yourself / yourselves p130D
z
zero conditional p74B
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