Chapter Objectives

Navigate between rectilinear co-ordinate system for strain

components
Determine principal strains and maximum in-plane shear strain
Determine the absolute maximum shear strain in 2D and 3D cases
Know ways of measuring strains
Define stress-strain relationship
Predict failure of material

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APPLICATIONS

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EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRAIN
TRANSFORMATION

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EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRAIN
TRANSFORMATION (cont)

Note: Plane-stress case plane-strain case

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EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRAIN
TRANSFORMATION (cont)

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EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRAIN
TRANSFORMATION (cont)

x'
y'

x y
2
x y
2

x y
2
x y
2

cos 2
cos 2

xy
2

xy
2

sin 2
sin 2

x' y'

xy
x y
sin 2

cos 2
2
2
2

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EXAMPLE 1
A differential element of material at a point is subjected to a
state of plane strain x 500106 , y 300106 , xy 200106
which tends to distort the element as shown in Fig. 105a.
Determine the equivalent strains acting on an element of the
material oriented at the point, clockwise 30 from the
original position.

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EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
Since is positive counter-clockwise,
x'

x y

x y

cos 2

xy

sin 2

2
2
2
200 10 6
500 300 6 500 300 6

10
10 cos 2 30
2
2
2

x ' 213 10 6

(Ans)

x' y'

xy
x y
sin 2

cos 2
2
2
2

200 10 6
500 300 6

10 sin 2 30

2
2

x ' y ' 793 10 6

cos2 30

(Ans)

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sin2 30

EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
By replacement,
y'

x y

x y

cos 2

xy

sin 2

2
2
2
200 10 6
500 300 6 500 300 6

10
10 cos 260
2
2
2

x ' 13.4 10 6

(Ans)

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sin260

PRINCIPLE AND MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR

STRAIN

Similar to the deviations for principal stresses and the

maximum in-plane shear stress, we have
xy
tan 2 p
x y

1, 2

x y
2

x y xy

2 2
2

And,
x y

tan 2 S

xy

max in -plane
2

x y xy

2 2
2

, avg

x y

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PRINCIPLE AND MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR

STRAIN (cont)

When the state of strain is represented by the principal

strains, no shear strain will act on the element.

The state of strain at a point can also be represented in

terms of the maximum in-plane shear strain. In this case
an average normal strain will also act on the element.

The element representing the maximum in-plane shear

strain and its associated average normal strain is 45
from the element representing the principal strains.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 2
A differential element of material at a point is subjected to a
state of plane strain defined by x 350106 , y 200106 , xy 80106
which tends to distort the element as shown in Fig. 107a.
Determine the maximum in-plane shear strain at the point
and the associated orientation of the element.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
Looking at the orientation of the element,

x y
350 200

tan 2 s

80

xy
s 40.9 and 131
For maximum in-plane shear strain,

max in plane
2

x y

xy

max in plane 556 10 6

(Ans)

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Tutorial

MOHRS CIRCLE FOR PLANE STRAIN

A geometrical representation of Equations 10-5 and 106; i.e.

x' y'

2
2

R
x'
avg
2

where

avg

x y
2

x y

and R

xy

Sign convention: is positive to the right, and /2 is

positive downwards.

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MOHRS CIRCLE FOR PLANE STRAIN (cont)

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EXAMPLE 3
The state of plane strain at a point is represented by the
components:

x 250106 , y 150106 , xy 120106

Determine the principal strains and the orientation of the

element.

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EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
From the coordinates of point E, we have

x ' y ' max in plane

x' y'

208.8 10 6

5010

418
10
max in plane

avg

To orient the element, we can determine

the clockwise angle.

2 s1 90 28.35

s 36.7 (Ans)
1

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Tutorial
Solve problem 10.4 using Mohr circle

MEASUREMENT OF STRAINS BY STRAIN

ROSETTES

Ways of arranging 3 electrical-resistance strain gauges

In general case (a):

a x cos 2 a y sin 2 a xy sin a cos a
b x cos 2 b y sin 2 b xy sin b cos b
c x cos 2 c y sin 2 c xy sin c cos c
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MEASUREMENT OF STRAINS BY STRAIN

ROSETTES (cont)

In 45 strain rosette [case (b)],

x a
y c

xy 2 b a c

In 60 strain rosette [case (c)],

x a
1
2 b 2 c a
2
2
b c

y
xy

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EXAMPLE 5
The state of strain at point A on the bracket in Fig. 1017a is
measured using the strain rosette shown in Fig. 1017b. Due
to the loadings, the readings from the gauges give
a 60106 , b 135106 , c 264106

Determine the in-plane principal strains at the point and the

directions in which they act.

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EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Solutions
Measuring the angles counter-clockwise,
a 0, b 60 and c 120

By substituting the values into the 3 strain-transformation equations, we

have

x 60106 , y 246106 , xy 149106

Using Mohrs circle, we have A(60(10-6), 60(10-6)) and center C (153(10-6),

0).

R 153 60 74.52 10 6 119.1 10 6

1 272 10 6 ,
2

33.910

6
1
,
p2 19.3 (Ans)

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Tutorial

Answer 10.25

Answer 10.25

Answer 10.25