Mechanical Ventilation

Where air-conditioning system is provided in lieu of mechanical ventilation

system during emergency, all the requirements specified in this Code for the
mechanical ventilation system shall apply to the air-conditioning system.
Ducts for air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation systems shall be
constructed in compliance with the following requirements:
(i)

All air-conditioning or other ventilation ducts including framing thereof,

shall be constructed of steel, aluminium, glass-fibre batt or mineralwool batt or other approved material.
(ii)
(ii) All air-conditioning or other ventilation ducts shall be adequately
supported.
(iii)
(iii) Duct covering and lining should be non-combustible. However, if it
is necessary to use combustible material, it shall: when tested in accordance with methods specified in this Code, have a
surface flame spread rating of not lower than Class 1, but in areas of
building where Class 0 flame spreading rating is required for the ceiling
construction under this Code, a Class 0 rating for the covering and lining
materials shall be required;
when involved in fire generate a minimum amount of smoke and toxic
gases; and
be at least 1.0m away from a fire damper.
(iv)
Materials and installation of all flexible joints and connections shall be
in accordance

Car park ventilation

(1) It is required to ventilate the car parking areas in a building in
order to remove carbon monoxide and other combustion products from
the areas.
(2) Except where natural ventilation is available, a mechanical
ventilation system incorporating a supply part and an exhaust part,
and capable of providing six air changes per hour is required for car
parking areas in a building.
(3) The mechanical ventilation system in commercial car parks may be
operated at a lower rate at times of low occupancy subject to the
condition that the carbon monoxide concentration is maintained below
the permitted level of approximately 25 ppm averaged over an hour
period.
(4) The mechanical ventilation system in residential car parking areas
may be switched off if the carbon monoxide concentration is below 25
ppm averaged over an hour period.
(5) For the exhaust part of the ventilation system, at least 50% of the
exhaust air shall be extracted at low level not exceeding 650 mm
above the finished floor, as measured from the top of the grille to the
finished floor.
(6) The supply air shall be drawn directly from the exterior and its
intake shall not be less than 5m from any exhaust discharge openings.
Outlets for the supply air shall be adequately distributed over the car
park area.
(7) The discharge points of the exhaust ventilation system:
(a) Shall be arranged to discharge directly to the exterior and shall not
be less than 5m
away from any intake openings, doorways or apertures to prevent the
re-entry of objection able odours or flammable vapour into the
premises.
(b) Shall not face or discharge in the direction of any adjacent
residential building.

2.2.4 Basement car park ventilation

(1) For basement car park, the mechanical ventilation system shall be
designed in such a way that the quality of replacement air shall not
exceed that of the exhaust air. This requirement is necessary so that
the car park can be maintained under negative pressure at all times to
prevent the spread of noxious gases into adjacent occupied areas. In
addition, the system shall be so designed that it can be operated in
two or more section conforming to the following requirements:
(a) The capacity of each section shall be such that in the event of
breakdown the remaining sections should at least be able to provide
half of the total required air for the storey;
(b) The sections may operate through a common duct work;
(c) Each section of the ventilation system shall be so controlled that in
the event of failure of one section, the other shall continue to operate;
(d) The exhaust and supply parts of each section shall be electrically
interlocked such that failure of any section of the exhaust part shall
automatically shut-down the
corresponding section of the supply part;
(e) The exhaust and supply parts shall be such that they can continue
to run automatically in the event of a failure in the principal source of
electrical supply.
(2) For basement car park exceeding one level, the supply and exhaust
parts shall be designed in such a way as to minimize intermixing of air
between the different levels.

(3) For car park located on the first basement level where some degree
of natural ventilation is available, the mechanical ventilation
requirements as specified in clause
modified as follows:
(a) Where natural ventilation opening equivalent to not less than 2% of
the mechanically ventilated area is provided; the supply part may be
omitted;
(b) Where the natural ventilation opening provided is not less than
15% of the car parks are served, a reduced mechanical ventilation
system in the form of fume extract.

TYPES OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION

NATURAL INLET & MECHANICAL EXTRACT
This is the most common type of system and is used for kitchens,
workshops, laboratories, internal sanitary apartments, garages and
assembly halls. The fan creates negative pressure on its inlet side,
and this causes the air inside the room to move towards the fan, and
the room air is displaced by the fresh air from outside the room.

MECHANICAL INLET & NATURAL EXTRACT

It is essential with this system that the air is heated before it is forced
into the building. The system may be used for boiler rooms, offices
and certain types of factories. The air may be heated in a central plant
and ducted to the various rooms, or a unit fan convector may be used.
MECHANICAL INLET & EXTRACT
This provides the best possible system of ventilation, but it is also the
most expensive and is used for many types of buildings including
cinemas, theatres, offices, lecture theatres, dance halls, restaurants,
departmental stores and sports centres. The system is essential for
operating theatres and sterilizing rooms.

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

Air conditioning is the process of altering the properties of air to more
favourable conditions. The control of these conditions may be
desirable to maintain the health and comfort of the occupants.
Principles for air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation systems are:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

(iv)

All air-conditioning or other ventilation ducts including framing thereof,

shall be constructed of steel, aluminium, glass-fibre batt or mineral-wool
batt or other approved material.
All air-conditioning or other ventilation ducts shall be adequately
supported.
Duct covering and lining should be non-combustible. However, if it is
necessary to use combustible material, it shall: when tested in accordance with methods specified in this Code,
have a surface flame spread rating of not lower than Class 1, but in
areas of building where Class 0 flame spreading rating is required
for the ceiling construction under this Code, a Class 0 rating for the
covering and lining materials shall be required;
When involved in fire generate a minimum amount of smoke and
toxic gases and be at least 1.0m away from a fire damper.
Materials and installation of all flexible joints and connections shall be in
accordance with SS CP 13 Code of Practice for Mechanical Ventilation and
Air-conditioning in Buildings.
Insulation for pipework associated with the air-conditioning and
mechanical ventilation systems shall comply with the following
requirements:

(i)

Insulation material for pipework together with vapour barrier lining and
adhesives shall when tested in accordance with the methods specified in
this Code, have a surface flame spread of not lower than Class 1 but in
areas of buildings where Class 0 flame spread is required for the ceiling
construction under this Code, a Class 0 rating for the insulation material
shall be required.

(ii)

Notwithstanding the requirements of sub-clause (c)(i), the use of plastic

and foam rubber insulation materials of a lower classification may be
permissible if:
the material is the self-extinguishing type to the satisfaction of the
Relevant Authority;
The insulation material is covered by or encased in a metal sheath
or hybrid plaster or other non-combustible cladding materials
acceptable to the Relevant Authority.
Provided that any opening in the element of structure or other part of a
building penetrated by the pipework shall be effectively fire-stopped by
replacement of the insulation material at the junction of penetration with
fire resistant material having equal fire rating. Fire rated proprietary
pipework system may be used if it is tested in the manner acceptable to
the Relevant Authority.
Advantages:

Increased comfort level.

In extreme heat, air-conditioning can be a life saver.
Most air conditioners also reduce the humidity level, which helps
both comfort.
Less noise as the windows will be closed
Prevents the dust entering the room as the windows will be
closed
Gives constant temperature
Attractive design
Simple control
Easy maintenance
Easy installation

Disadvantage

Most air conditioners use a substantial amount of energy

High cost money contributing to pollution from power plants.
Older models contain chemicals that can damage the
environment if they escape.
Encourages laziness, Habitant spending time indoors instead of
out
Habitants have less contact with nature.
Too cool temperatures will lead to improper blood circulation
Effects the environment by releasing the cfc's.

TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

CENTRAL AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

The central air conditioning plants or the systems are used when large
buildings, hotels, theatres, airports, shopping malls etc. are to be air
conditioned completely. The window and split air conditioners are
used for single rooms or small office spaces. Further, these small units
cannot satisfactorily cool the large halls, auditoriums, receptions areas
etc.
DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEM CHILLED BEAM SYSTEM
District Cooling System the Objectives: To centralized production of
chilled water by using district cooling plant. The generated chilled
water will then be channelled to various building blocks pre-insulated
seamless underground pipes.
THE ADVANTAGES
1. Improve energy efficiency
2. Protect environment
3. Save spaces
4. Improve urban view
5. Reduce manpower for operation and maintenance
CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

Central air conditioning is used for cooling big buildings, houses, offices,
entire hotels, gyms, movie theatres, factories etc.
If the whole building is to be air conditioned, HVAC engineers find that
putting individual units in each of the rooms is very expensive making this
a better option.
A central air conditioning system is comprised of a huge compressor that
has the capacity to produce hundreds of tons of air conditioning.
Cooling big halls, malls, huge spaces, galleries etc. is usually only feasible
with central conditioning units central air conditioner unit is an energy
moving or converted machines that are designed to cool or heat the
entire house.
It does not create heat or cool. It just removes heat from one area, where
it is undesirable, to an area where it is less significant.
Central air conditions has a centralize duct system. It uses Ac refrigerant
(we may know it as Freon) as a substance to absorb the heat from indoor
evaporator coils and rejects that heat to outdoor condenser coils or vice
versa.

CHILLED WATER CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING

The chilled water types of central air conditioning plants are installed in
the place where whole large buildings, shopping mall, airport, hotel, etc.
comprising of several floors are to be air conditioned.
While in the direct expansion type of central air conditioning plants,
refrigerant is directly used to cool the room air; in the chilled water plants
the refrigerant first chills the water, which in turn chills the room air.

In chilled water plants, the ordinary water or brine solution is chilled to

very low temperatures of about 6 to 8 degree Celsius by the refrigeration
plant. This chilled water is pumped to various floors of the building and its
different parts.
In each of these parts the air handling units are installed, which comprise
of the cooling coil, blower and the ducts. The chilled water flows through
the cooling coil. The blower absorbs return air from the air conditioned
rooms that are to be cooled via the ducts.
ADVANTAGES

Simple to design and control

Less mechanical space
Less maintenance
Increase comfort

DISADVANTAGES

Not well known in our industry

Higher construction cost
Many engineers arent familiar with this technology.

ASHISH K BHOIR
4TH YR BARCH
ROLL NO -09

SERVICES REPORT

ASHISH K BHOIR
4TH YR BARCH
ROLL NO-09
IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE