Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fundamentals of equilibrium
Force and moment equilibrium
Failure theories
Max. strength criterion for brittle materials
Max. shear stress criterion (Tresca)
Max. distortion energy criterion (Von Mises)
Sectional properties
(Polar) Second moment of area of various sections and parallel axial theorom
Product of second moment of area of various sections
Approximation of thin-walled structures
Contents of topic 4
Review of Torsion
Development of theory for thin-walled closed
section
Sudden banking
Asymmetric loads
Shear stresses in the skin of the fuselage.
Non-Circular Section
Circular Section
Constrained end
develops axial stresses
DEFORMATION
T
B
g
dz
g dz rdq
dq
g r
dz
dq
Gg Gr
dz
dq
C
dF
r
O
T
dF
r
dF
dA
dF dA
dT rdF r dA
T r dA r 2G
G
dF
dq
dA
dz
dq 2
dq
r dA GJ
dz
dz
dz
thin tube
r
2
4
o
ri 4
J 2 rm3t
The corresponding shear stress in the thin tube can be expressed as:
Trm
T
2 rm3t 2 Aot
Shear stress is constant over the thickness in the wall of the tube of constant t.
10
1t1dz 2t 2 dz
1t1 2t 2 q constant
The symbol q is defined as the shear
flow in the tube wall.
z dz
s ds
11
Bredt-Batho Theory
In the cross-section of the tube, the shear force acting on the element ds is q ds.
The applied torque T is resisted by shear force q ds times distance r about the twist center :
q ds r q r ds
T 2 Ao q
ds
r
O
T
2 Ao
q ds
zs
q
T
t 2 Ao t
12
dV
U g V
2G
2
vol
2
dz
T
T2
ds 2
2
8 Ao G
8 Ao Gt
dz
t
ds
t
ds
dV=tds dz
The external work done per unit length of the tube is Tf/2,
Hence equating this work to the internal strain energy yields :
dq
T
dz 4 Ao2G
ds
t
or f
1
2 Ao
q
ds
Gt
4 Ao2
Equating this to the torsion formula f=T/JG, J can be defined as : J
ds t
For thin-walled circular tube of constant t,
4 r 2 t
J
2r 3t
2r
2
13
zs
q
T
t 2 Aot
dq
T
ds
t
where
500000 2000
102.4
2
4 4460 27000
0.0476 rad 2.73o
ds 25
50
2
2 102.4
t
3
2
14
400 mm
3.5 mm
500 mm
375 mm
3.5 mm
250 mm
125 mm
25 kNm/m
3 mm
6 mm
4.5 mm
15
25 kNm/m
TR
T(z) Nm
T z
The shear flow q is : q
2 Ao
T(z)
0,
TR 25 6 150 kNm
max
max
25 kNm/m
qmax
T
max
tmin 2 Aotmin
150 103
N/m2
2 Ao 0.003
TR
T(z)
0,
T z 150 25 z kNm
z
16
395.09 mm
375 mm
250 mm
250 375
A1 395.09
123443.75 mm 2
Ao 244473.75 mm 2
125 mm
125 375
A2 484.12
121030 mm 2
0.2445 m 2
max
150 103
17
dq
q
ds
dz 2 Ao G t
ds 250 125
ds
ds
2
t 3.5 3.5 1 t 2 t
250 mm
3.5mm
3.5mm
t1
dt
ds
125 mm
3.0mm
t2
6.0mm
4.5mm
ds
ds dt ds t2 dt
t dt t dt t1 t
ds ds
ln t2 ln t1
t dt
ds 0 400
1 t 6.0 4.5 ln 4.5 ln 6.0 76.72
ds 0 500
2 t 4.5 3.0 ln 3.0 ln 4.5 135.16
ds 250 125
t 3.5 3.5 276.72 2135.16 530.90
18
dq
q
ds
dz 2 Ao G t
q
ds
dz
2 Ao G t
1
ds
4 Ao2G t
therefore
T z
q
2 Ao
T z dz
L
530.90 6
150 25 z dz
q
2
0
4 Ao G
6
530.9
z2
150 z 25
2
6
4 0.2445 28.5 10
2 0
7.7902 105 150 6 12.5 62
0.03506 rad
=2.01o
19
q1
q2
2
Cell 1
Cell 2
q2
q1
T2
T1
q3
T2
T1
T3
20
q1
C
A1
Cell 1
qw
Aw
qw
L
Cell 2
q1 L q2 L qW L 0
q1
q2
A2
qW q1 q2 q12
q r ds
OBCA 1
OADB
q2 r ds
OAB
qwr ds
2 A1 Aw q1 2 A2 Aw q2 2 Aw qw 2 A1q1 2 A2 q2
With an additional cell, there exists an additional independent shear flow associated
with this cell, which cannot be determined by statics.
The degree of indeterminacy of a tube having n cells is (n-1).
21
T 2 Ar qr
r 1
dq
1 q
ds
dz 2 Ai G t i
22
q1q
q
q2q
O
O
23
Find the rate of twist of the section and shear stresses in the walls of the 3-cell
section shown. Given that the T=2kNm, G=70GPa and dimensions shown in the
figure.
4mm
q2
2Gf
q1
2
35
5mm
1
4mm
3mm
3 45
q3
4mm
40mm
40mm
1 q
1 40 80 40
45
35
ds
q12
1
13
Ai t i 40 80
4
3
3
2Gf
1 40 35
40
35
q2 q23 q21
40(35) 4
5
3
3
1 45 40
45
40
2Gf
q32
31
3
40(45) 5
4
3
3
T 2 Ar qr
2 106 2Gf 40(80)(165) 40(35)(168.3) 40(45)(175.76)
f 13.2 106 rad / mm
q21 q2 q1
q12 q1 q2
q2 168.3Gf
q3 175.76Gf
Knowing f, qi can be obtained
and hence the shear stresses
in the wall.
24
Axial Stresses,
sz
Shear Stresses, zx
25
Shear Stresses, zx
Shear Stresses, zy
26
~b
2h
dT
dh
27
Ao 2bh
T
dT
2 Aot 4bh dh
2h
dh
dT
T
ds
2b
dT
f 2
2
4 Ao G t
42bh G dh 8bh 2G dh
dT
f
8bh 2G
Combining the two eqns yields:
2Ghf
4bh dh
4bh
28
0
4bh dh
3
T
f
GJ R
The maximum shear stress occurs at h=+t/2 and h=-t/2 :
2Ghf
2Th
JR
max
Tt
JR
t2
t3
1 3 3
J R bi ti
3 i 1
b3
JR = ?
t1
b1
29
zx
zy
30
3
2 R c t 2
GJ R 2 R c t
3
GJ
6 R3
3 2 R t
0.001
(a) closed
GJ G
4 R2
GJ R
bt
3
2 R c t 3
G
3
open/closed
GJ R G
2 R t
G 2 R 3t
0.0008
(b) open
4 Ao2
GJ G
ds t
c=0.1t
0.0006
0.0004
0.0002
0
0
50
100
R/t
150
200
31
T
GJ
4 A02 1 N 3
J
bi ti
ds
t 3 i 1
Ao
bi
Ao
ti
q
ds 2 A0 q
f
2 A0 G t
GJ
i q ti
Open portion
max
Tt
GTt
J
GJ
32
(a) Find the angle of twist per unit length in the wing whose cross-section is as
shown in the figure when it is subjected to a torque of 10 kNm.
(b) Find also the maximum shear stress in the section.
G=25000 N/mm2. Wall 12 (outer)=900 mm. Nose cell area=20000mm2.
2 mm
300 mm
1.5 mm
2
600 mm
33
2 mm
300 mm
1.5 mm
2 mm
4 A02G G N 3
GJ
bi ti
ds
t 3 i1
4 20000 25000
2
25000 900 2
4
600 mm
dq
T
10 10 6
0.0002 rad/mm
dz GJ 5006 10 7
dq
q
ds 2 A0 q
dz 2 A0 G t
GJ
Open portion
max
Tt
GTt
J
GJ
m ax 10 N/mm 2
34