Table of Contents

Chapter 1:

Basics of Fluids ..........................................................................................1

Basic Flow Analysis Techniques ...........................................................................................................1

Computational .............................................................................................................................1
Experimental ................................................................................................................................1
Continuity Equation (Mass Conservation) ...................................................................................1
Types of Fluid flow .........................................................................................................................12
Substantial Derivative ....................................................................................................................14
Streamline, Streakline, Pathline ....................................................................................................15
Streamline ..................................................................................................................................15
Pathline .......................................................................................................................................15
Streakline ....................................................................................................................................15
Newtons Law of viscosity..............................................................................................................19
Shear Stresses in Non-Newtonian Fluids ......................................................................................20
Time Independent Fluids ...........................................................................................................20
Time dependent Fluids...............................................................................................................21
Visco Elastic Fluids .....................................................................................................................21
Conservation of Momentum Equation(Differential form) ..........................................................21
Circulation .......................................................................................................................................25
Kelvin Theorem ...............................................................................................................................27
Bernoullis Equation .......................................................................................................................30
Case 1: Steady irrotational flow...............................................................................................30
Case 2: Steady but rotational flow:- .........................................................................................31
Helmholtz Theorem ........................................................................................................................36
Biot Savarts Law .........................................................................................................................41
Energy Equation .............................................................................................................................49
Simitude ..........................................................................................................................................52
Laws of Similarities ........................................................................................................................52
Geometric Similarity ..................................................................................................................52
Kinematic Similarity ...................................................................................................................52
Dynamic Similarity .....................................................................................................................53
Force ratios Dimensionless Numbers.........................................................................................54
The inertial Force ratio ..............................................................................................................54
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The inertia - Viscous Force ratio Reynolds Number ............................................................54

The Inertia - Gravity Force ratio Froude Number .................................................................55
The Inertia Pressure Force ratio Euler Number .................................................................55
The Inertia Elasticity Force ratio Mach Number ................................................................55
The Inertia Surface Tension Force ratio Weber Number ..................................................56
Concept of Dynamic Similarity ......................................................................................................56
Reynolds Model Law ..................................................................................................................56
Froude Model Law .....................................................................................................................57
Euler Model Law ........................................................................................................................57
Mach Model Law .......................................................................................................................57
Weber Model Law ......................................................................................................................57
Exercise Questions .........................................................................................................................60
Chapter 2:

Airfoil Nomenclature ......................................................................................65

NACA Airfoils Nomenclature .........................................................................................................66

Four-digit series..........................................................................................................................66
Five-digit series ..........................................................................................................................66
Modified 4 Digit and 5 Digit Series ...........................................................................................67
1-series........................................................................................................................................67
6-series........................................................................................................................................67
7-series........................................................................................................................................68
8-series........................................................................................................................................68
Objective Questions ...................................................................................................................69
Chapter 3:

Potential Function .......................................................................................78

Stream function()........................................................................................................................78
Potential Function .......................................................................................................................79
Types of flows .................................................................................................................................81
Uniform Flow ..............................................................................................................................81
Uniform Flow inclined at an angle ........................................................................................81
Point Source(+) or Sink(-) ...........................................................................................................82
Vortex Flow.................................................................................................................................84
Combination of Elementary flows.................................................................................................85
Half Rankine Oval ......................................................................................................................85
Full Rankine Oval.......................................................................................................................89
Source Sink Doublet ................................................................................................................90
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Vortex Doublet ..........................................................................................................................92

Stationary or Non-rotating Cylinder (Uniform flow + Source-sink Doublet ...........................94
Rotating Cylinder (Uniform flow + Source-sink Doublet + Vortex) .........................................99
Corner Flows ............................................................................................................................ 110
Spiral Flows.............................................................................................................................. 113
Von Karman Vortex Street ..................................................................................................... 114
Blasius Theorem .......................................................................................................................... 115
Lift and Drag on Stationary cylinder .......................................................................................... 118
Lift and Drag on Rotating cylinder ............................................................................................. 119
Relation between Acceleration and Velocity potential ............................................................ 123
Method of Images ....................................................................................................................... 124
For Plane Boundaries .............................................................................................................. 124
For Spherical and Curvilinear Boundaries ............................................................................ 129
Transformation and Mapping .................................................................................................... 132
Kutta Zhukovsky Transformation ............................................................................................ 133
To transform a circle into a straight line ............................................................................... 134
To transform a circle into an elliptical airfoil ........................................................................ 134
To transform a circle into a symmetrical airfoil profile........................................................ 136
To transform a circle into a cambered airfoil profile ........................................................... 137
To transform a circle into a circular arc ................................................................................ 139
Modified Kutta Zhukovsky Transformation........................................................................... 141
Exercise Questions ...................................................................................................................... 144
Chapter 4 :

Laminar Viscous Flows .................................................................................... 157

Internal Viscous Flows ............................................................................................................... 159

General 2d flow , between two infinite parallel plates ............................................................ 159
Couettes Flow ............................................................................................................................. 162
Plane - Poiseuilles Flow ............................................................................................................. 167
Different Boundary condition on plates.................................................................................... 169
Axisymmetric - Poisueillis Flow ................................................................................................. 171
Velocity profile of fluid between two drums moving in tangential direction ......................... 175
Exercise Questions ...................................................................................................................... 184
Chapter 5 :

Boundary Layer .................................................................................... 192

Boundary layer thickness ............................................................................................................ 194

Displacement Thickness .............................................................................................................. 194
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Momentum Thickness ................................................................................................................. 196

Von Karmanns Momentum Integral Equation ......................................................................... 199
For Boundary layer over a flat plate ...................................................................................... 202
Turbulent Boundary Layer .......................................................................................................... 209
Commonly used boundary layer control method to prevent separation ................................ 212
Cricket Ball Dynamics .................................................................................................................. 212
Tennis Ball Dynamics .................................................................................................................. 214
Baseball Dynamics ...................................................................................................................... 215
Exercise Questions ...................................................................................................................... 216
Chapter 6:

Gas Dynamics ................................................................................. 226

Laws of Thermodynamics ........................................................................................................... 227

0th Law ......................................................................................................................... 227
1st Law ......................................................................................................................... 227
2nd Law ........................................................................................................................ 227
3rd Law ......................................................................................................................... 228
Compressibility() ....................................................................................................................... 230
Speed of Sound ............................................................................................................................ 230
Energy Conservation ................................................................................................................... 231
Shocks........................................................................................................................................... 235
Static Normal Shock .................................................................................................................... 236
Moving Normal Shocks ............................................................................................................... 243
Oblique Shocks ............................................................................................................................ 245
Multiple Shock Waves ................................................................................................................. 253
The Detached Shock Wave ......................................................................................................... 256
Expansion Waves ........................................................................................................................ 256
Nozzles and Nozzle Flows ........................................................................................................... 258
Chocked Flow .......................................................................................................................... 260
Nozzle performance Characteristics .......................................................................................... 266
Nozzle Coefficients .................................................................................................................. 266
Velocity Coefficient ................................................................................................................. 267
Angularity Coefficient ............................................................................................................. 267
Diffusers ....................................................................................................................................... 268
Exercise Questions ...................................................................................................................... 275
Chapter 7: ..................................................................................................................................... 279
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Thin Airfoil & Finite Wing Theory ................................................................................................... 279

Starting Vortex ............................................................................................................................ 279
Kuttas Condition ......................................................................................................................... 280
Thin Airfoil Theory ....................................................................................................................... 281
Thin Cambered Airfoil ................................................................................................................. 286
Prandtls Finite Wing Theory ..................................................................................................... 296
Special Case : Elliptical Lift distribution over finite wing .......................................................... 298
Effect of Aspect Ratio.................................................................................................................. 303
High Lift Devices .......................................................................................................................... 309
Flight of Birds............................................................................................................................... 313
Locomotion of Fish ...................................................................................................................... 313
Exercise Questions ...................................................................................................................... 314
Chapter 8:

Linearized Theory..................................................................................... 317

Linearized Velocity Potential Equation ...................................................................................... 320

Linearized pressure coefficient ................................................................................................... 321
Prandtl Glauert Compressibility Correction............................................................................ 323
Subsonic flow over a Wavy Wall ................................................................................................ 326
Linearized Supersonic Pressure Coefficient ............................................................................... 328
Supersonic flow over Diamond Airfoil ....................................................................................... 333
Case 1 ( = 0 ) ....................................................................................................................... 333
Case 2 ( < ) ....................................................................................................................... 334
Case 3 ( = ) ....................................................................................................................... 336
Case 4 ( > ) ....................................................................................................................... 338
Linearized Pressure Coefficient from oblique shock relation ................................................ 339
Exercise Questions ...................................................................................................................... 341
Chapter 9:

Wind Tunnel Testing ................................................................................... 343

Pressure Measuement ................................................................................................................ 343

Pitot Tube ................................................................................................................................ 345
Flow Rate Measurement ............................................................................................................ 347
Venturi meter .......................................................................................................................... 348
Orifice meter ........................................................................................................................... 349
Temperature Measurement ....................................................................................................... 351
Velocity Measurement ................................................................................................................ 354
Dot Matrix. .............................................................................................................................. 355
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Hot Wire Anemometry ........................................................................................................... 355

Laser Doppler Velocimetry ..................................................................................................... 357
Particle Image Velocimetry .................................................................................................... 358
Density Measurement................................................................................................................. 359
Schlieren Method .................................................................................................................... 363
Shadowgraph Technique ........................................................................................................ 365
The Interferometer.................................................................................................................. 367
Exercise Questions ...................................................................................................................... 370
Questions for Practice .................................................................................................................... 380
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................... 392
Appendix A: Glauert Integral Derivation ....................................................................................... 394
Appendix B: Prandtl Meyer Function ............................................................................................ 397
Appendix C: Airfoil Integrals ........................................................................................................... 400

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