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. .. .. . x
Form the Team 10.0
Evaluate Measurement Effect
System 9.8 Lower Control Limit
C4 C5 C6 y=f(x1,x2,..) 9.6
1 5 10 15 20
Phase Review Phase Review Phase Review Phase Review Phase Review
Introduction to ANOVA
• Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a technique that
separates variation into individual components
• These components of variation can then be interpreted to
determine their importance
• In Six Sigma, Analysis of Variance will be used to
interpret:
• Results from Gauge R&R Studies
• Data from Designed Experiments
• Results from Regression Analysis
• Data from Response Surface Methodology
Additivity of Variance
Cavity Number
1 2 3 4 5
49.6 48.3 48.6 49.3 51.8
49.4 48.5 51.2 49.6 51.6
•The data opposite represents
51.1 51.5 49.5 51.1 49.5 the dimension of an injection
51.6 51.8 50.5 48.7 50.2 moulded component, with a
49.1 49.2 48.9 48.5 51.2 nominal dimension of 50mm.
48.9 50.2 48.4 50.0 51.8
50.1 50.2 49.4 50.6 52.3 •10 samples have been taken
50.9 50.2 50.4 50.4 50.9 from each of 5 mould
50.0 51.0 48.4 52.0 51.2 cavities.
49.7 49.5 48.2 50.5 50.0
Data-Dimension
Summary for data
A nderson-Darling N ormality Test
A -S quared 0.41
P -V alue 0.323
M ean 50.110
S tDev 1.126
V ariance 1.268
S kew ness 0.05595
Kurtosis -1.00052
N 50
M inimum 48.200
1st Q uartile 49.275
M edian 50.150
3rd Q uartile 51.100
48 49 50 51 52 M aximum 52.300
95% C onfidence Interv al for M ean
49.790 50.430
95% C onfidence Interv al for M edian
49.567 50.500
95% C onfidence Interv al for S tD ev
95% Confidence Intervals
0.941 1.403
Mean
Median
(∑ y ) 2
∑ ( y − y)
2
∑y 2
−
n
s2 = =
n−1 n−1
Where:
Σy = The sum of the individual observations
Σy2 = The sum of squares of the individual observations
n = the number of observations
Total Variance Calculation
1 2 3 4 5
49.6 48.3 48.6 49.3 51.8
49.4 48.5 51.2 49.6 51.6
51.1 51.5 49.5 51.1 49.5
51.6 51.8 50.5 48.7 50.2
49.1 49.2 48.9 48.5 51.2
48.9 50.2 48.4 50.0 51.8
50.1 50.2 49.4 50.6 52.3
50.9 50.2 50.4 50.4 50.9
50.0 51.0 48.4 52.0 51.2
49.7 49.5 48.2 50.5 50.0
2 (Σy )
2
Σy −
σ n2−1 = s 2 = n
n−1
125612.73 −
(2505.5 )
2
σ 2 2
=s = 50 = 1.268
n −1
49
The total variance of our 50 observations is 1.268
The square root of the variance, the standard deviation, is 1.126
(These calculations can be performed simply in Minitab!)
One-Way ANOVA
( ) =∑y
2 (∑ y )2
SS Total = ∑ y − y 2
−
−
n
Strictly speaking the sum of squares is the sum of
squares around the mean, known as the corrected sum
of squares. We always use the corrected sum of
squares when estimating variation.
(∑ y ) 2
(2505.5)
2
SS Total = ∑ y 2 −
− = 125612.73 − = 62.12
n 50
2. Calculation of the Sum of Squares
The sum of squares due to cavities is calculated as follows:
(C ) + (C ) + (C ) + (C ) + (C ) (∑ y )
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 5
SS BetweenCavity = −
np n
SS BetweenCavity =
(500.4) + (500.4) + (493.5) + (500.7) 2 + (510.5) 2 (2505.5)
2 2 2
−
2
10 50
C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 are the Sums for each Cavity (i.e the Sum
of the 10 parts made on each cavity).
np is the number of parts made within each cavity
2. Calculation of the Sum of Squares
Total 62.12
3. Degrees of Freedom
Person 1 v Person 2
Tallest v Person 3
Degrees
of
Source of Variation Sum of Squares Freedom
Total 62.12 49
4. Calculation of the Mean Square
Total 62.12 49
5. Calculation of the F-Ratio
Total 62.12 49
• Our value of 3.49 is greater than 2.61 so we can assume that the
between cavity variation is statistically significant.
Select: ‘1’-’5’
Analysis of Variance - Minitab
Factor B:-
Operator 1 Operator 2 Operator 3 Operator 4
Operator
. .. .. . x
Form the Team 10.0
Evaluate Measurement Effect
System 9.8 Lower Control Limit
C4 C5 C6 y=f(x1,x2,..) 9.6
1 5 10 15 20
Phase Review Phase Review Phase Review Phase Review Phase Review