Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SHS
Design
to
BS 5950
Part 1
Preface
This brochure has been produced to assist Structural Engineers and Designers who use Hot finished
Structural Hollow Sections whose section properties comply with BS 4848 : Part 2 (Ref 1) and
whose Steel qualities comply with EN 102 10-l (Ref 2) to design using the Limit State basis as
covered by BS 5950 : Part 1 (Ref 3).
It is important for designers to recognise that hollow sections, unlike their rolled open section
counterparts, can be produced by a hot or cold forming process. The process of cold forming
produces different mechanical properties in the section to that of hot forming and a reduction in the
sectional properties used in design.
Designers wishing to use cold formed hollow sections should design in accordance with the
appropriate cold formed standard and with the sectional properties as given in BS 6363 (Ref 4).
Further guidance is given in British Steels Tubes & Pipes publication TD369 - Cold Formed Hollow Sections.
In addition to the information contained in this publication, further assistance and design guidance is
given in companion British Steel Tubes & Pipes publications (references 16 to 21) and the Steel
Construction Institute (references 8 to 15) publications as given in Appendix A.
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION
Extracts from British Standards are reproduced by permission of the British Standards Institution,
2 Park Street, London, W1 A 2BS from whom complete copies can be obtained.
The information given is not intended in any way to replace that given in the Standards themselves
to which reference should always be made. Where reference is made to specific clauses and tables
throughout the text, these refer to BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990 plus amendment No. 1.
Disclaimer
Care has been taken to ensure that the contents of this publication are accurate, but British Steel plc and its subsidiary
companies do not accept responsibility for errors or for information which is found to be misleading. Suggestions for or
descriptions of the end use or application of products or methods of working are for information only and British Steel
plc and its subsidiaries accept no liability in respect thereof. Before using products supplied or manufactured by British
Steel plc the customer should satisfy himself of their suitability. If further assistance is required, British Steel plc within
the operational limits of its research facilities may often be able to help.
Page
Contents
L
.
1.0
INTRODUCTION
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2
2
2
2
3
4
5
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
MEMBER DESIGN
Members in tension
Members in compression
Members in bending
8
8
10
14
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
17
17
18
19
5.0
MEMBERS IN TORSION
20
6.0
21
7.0
7.1
7.2
COLUMN BASES
Empirical rules
Effective area
22
22
22
8.0
24
9.0
COMPOSITION CONSTRUCTION
24
10.0
FIRE RESISTANCE
24
APPENDIX A
REFERENCES
25
APPENDIX B
26
APPENDIX C
DESIGN EXAMPLES
29
BS 5950
Part 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Limit State Design
2.0
The Limit State design approach for buildings and structures is based on BS 5950 : Part 1 code
of practice for design in simple and continuous construction : hot rolled sections, and relates to
the use of hot rolled steel sections and plates and hot finished Structural hollow sections.
1.1
Whilst the standard requires that all relevant limit states of strength, stability and serviceability
should be considered this publication relates primarily to the limit state of strength. When
considering the limit states of stability and serviceability due regard must be taken of the differing
load factors and combinations that may apply.
2.4
2.5
2.2
Product Grade
Tensile Strength
N/mm2
(3mm 5 t 5 65)
3.1
2.4.4
2.4.4.3
BS 5950
Part 1
BS 5950
Design Grade
Current
EN 10 210-l
Product Grade
Previous
BS 4360 : 1990
Product Grade
43c
43D
43EE
S 275 JOH
S 275 J2H
S 275 NLH
43c
43D
43EE
5oc
50D
50EE
S 355 JOH
S 355 J2H
S 355 NLH
5oc
50D
50EE
55c
55EE
55F
S 460 NLH
55c
55EE
55F
Note: The Standard production grades for Tubes & Pipes SHS is S275J2H and S355J2H,
previously BS 4360 Grade 43D and 50D respectively.
BS 5950
Part 1
2.5 Design Strength py
Throughout the design procedures the two factors of Design Strength (py) and Section
Classification repeatedly occur. One or both will be required to be known in order to complete
the design procedure.
3.1.1
The design strength pY is taken as equal to the specified minimum yield strength but not more
than 0.84 of the minimum ultimate tensile strength from EN 10210-l.
Based upon EN 10210-l the design strengths for different design grades of steel are given in
BS 5950 Table 6 which for the range of SHS thicknesses are:
Table 6
(part)
Design strength py
Thickness (mm)
Design strength
Py Nmm2)
43
5 16
> 16 540
275
265
50
1.16
> 16 1 4 0
355
345
55 *
5 16
> 16 1 2 5
460
440
Design Grade
Values have been shown for steel in grade 55 but the designer is
advised to check availability before proceeding with its use.
Note that currently rectangular hollow sections are limited to 20mm thick and circular hollow
sections to 50mm thick.
Thus in practice for sections up to and including 16mm thick, py = 275 N/mm2 (Design Grade 43)
or 355 N/mm2 (Design Grade 50). For sections over 16mm and up to 40mm thick py = 265 and
345 respectively for Design Grades 43 and 50. However, this design strength will be reduced
when, due to their size and thickness, sections are classified as slender (see section classification).
BS 5950
Part 1
2.6 Section Classification
3.5
3.5.2
CLASS 1
PLASTIC
(Can form plastic hinge with
rotation capacity required
for plastic design)
CLASS 2
COMPACT
(Can develop full plastic
moment but with limited
rotation capacity)
CLASS 3
SEMI-COMPACT
(Stress in extreme fibres can
reach yield)
CLASS 4
SLENDER
(Design strength pY must be
reduced to prevent local
buckling)
3.6
Table 7
BS 5950
Part 1
Class 1
Plastic:
Sections in which under bending a plastic hinge can form with sufficient rotation capacity to
allow redistribution of moment within the structure. Stress will reach the full design strength
pY in a rectangular stress block configuration which will be retained during rotation with no
significant deformation of the cross section.
Class 2
Compact:
Sections in which under bending the full plastic moment can be developed but local buckling
may prevent the development of a plastic hinge with sufficient rotation capacity to permit
redistribution of moment. In this case elastic analysis of the frame should be used.
Class 3
Class 2
Semi-compact:
Sections in which under bending the stress at the extreme fibres can reach the design strength
pY in a triangular stress block configuration but local buckling will prevent the development of
the full plastic moment, and the moment capacity is therefore based upon the elastic modulus.
Class 4
Class 1
Class 3
Slender:
Sections in which local buckling will prevent the stress in the section from reaching the design
strength pi and consequently a reduced value of design strength pyr must be used in calculating
the bending capacity, which is based upon the elastic modulus, and the compression resistance.
Class 4
The classification of a section is determined by comparing the width to thickness ratio of each
element of the section, or diameter to thickness ratio for a HFCHS, with the appropriate limiting
values given in BS 5950 Table 7. These limiting values are scheduled for each classification
and type of element and include a factor E (defined as (275/~y)O.~) which takes account of the
steel grade of the section.
Table 7
The limiting values that apply to structural hollow sections are given in Table 7, part of which
is reproduced on page 7. Elements that exceed the semi-compact limits of 39s for HFRHS or
80~~ for HFCHS are classified as slender.
Table 7
BS 5950
Part 1
Limiting width to thickness ratio for SHS
Class of section
Type of element
1. Plastic
b
2. Compact
b
I 26~
I 32~
3. Semi-compact
b
I 39&
Internal element of
compression flange
d I 79&
Web, generally
d<
79&
t- 0.4 + 0.60~
d<9&
t - OL
d
I 39&
t
d
I 39&
t
d
5 39s
t
D
I 80E2
t
0.5
and
I 40&2
I 98&
I 57E2
Table 7
d I 120&
a = 2y,
Notes to
Table 7
Note that for HFRHS the element width is taken as the side wall length less 3 times the
thickness as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 3
HFRHS
b=B-3t
d=D-3t
When members are subject to bending about one axis only the classification may be read
directly from Steelwork Design Guide to BS 5950 : Part 1 (Ref 10);
3.0
BS 5950
Part 1
MEMBER DESIGN
Design examples of members to BS 5950 : Part 1 can be found in reference 11 and Appendix C.
3.1
MEMBERS IN TENSION
2.4.4
When steel is subject to lower temperatures the charpy impact performance at the minimum
service temperature should not be less than:
2.4.4.3
Table 4
y,t
710 K
where K is determined from table 3 of BS 5950: Part 1.
Table 3
4.6
4.6.1
where A, is the effective area of the section as determined from Clause 3.3.3.
Eccentric connections
When members are connected eccentric to the axis of the member the resulting moment
has to be allowed for in accordance with Clause 4.8.2 (See Section 4.0, axially loaded
members with moment).
4.6.2
3.3.3
BS 5950
Part 1
- 76.1 x 5 HFCHS
with 2 holes 18mm diameter
Figure 3
The 76.1 x 5 circular hollow section (design Grade 43) member in Figure 3 has a gross cross
section area of 11.2 cm (from Dimensions and Properties tables).
In accordance with clauses 3.3.2 and 3.3.3 the effective area at the connection may be
taken as K, times the net area, but not more than the gross area, where K, = 1.2 for design
grade 43 steel.
The effective area, 4, is therefore as follows:-
&
=
=
=
=
=
Select trial section and determine the value of the design strength py.
(2)
Determine whether or not the section is slender. For slender sections in order to prevent
local buckling reduce the design strength as follows.
For HFCHS obtain the reduced design strength pyr from the semi-compact limit of the circular
tube in table 7. Thus from d/t s = 80 &2 and E = (275/~,)O.~ pyr = 80 x (275/ (d/t))
For HFRHS reduce the design strength py by the stress reduction factor for the internal element ot
31
compression flange in table 8:
b -8
TE
(3)
(4)
(5)
Select the relevant strut curve according to the section-shape and the axis of buckling.
For hot rolled structural hollow sections strut curve a is always used.
(6)
Obtain the compressive strength pc from strut table 27a for the appropriate values of
design strength py (or pyr) and slenderness h (= L/r)
(7)
10
BS 5950
Part 1
.!
2.0
Figure 4
Nominal effective length, L, for a strut.
7.2.4
Effective
length, L
Restrained in direction
at both ends
0.7L
Partially restrained in
direction at both ends
0.85L
Restrained in direction
at one end
OML
l.OL
One end
Other end
Effectively
held in
position and
restrained
in direction
Not held
in
position
Effectively
restrained
in direction
1.2L
Partially
restrained
in direction
1.5L
NOT restrained
in direction
2.OL
Table 24
11
BS 5950
Part 1
3.2.4 Lateral restraint
Lateral restraint to compression members should have sufficient strength and stiffness
to inhibit movement of the restrained point in position and direction as appropriate.
4.7.1.2
Compression chord members forming part of a lattice beam, girder or roof truss may require
one or more lateral restraint within the span, these intermediate lateral restraints should be
capable of resisting a total force of not less than 2.5% of the maximum factored force in the
compression chord, divided between the intermediate lateral restraints in proportion to their
spacing.
All intermediate lateral restraints should be either connected to an appropriate system of
bracing capable of transferring the restraint forces to the beam, girder or trusses, effective points
of support, or else connected to an independent robust part of the structure capable of fulfilling
a similar function.
Where two or more parallel members require lateral restraint at intervals, it is not adequate
merely to connect the members together such that they become mutually dependent.
Where three or more intermediate lateral restraints are provided, each intermediate lateral
restraint should be capable of resisting a force of not less than 1% of the maximum factored force
in the compression chord.
4.3.2.2
In this case, the bracing system should be capable of resisting the greater of the effects of:
(a) the 1% restraint force considered as acting at only one point at a time;
(b) the restraint forces described in 4.3.2.1
Where more than three parallel members share the same system of restraints, the combined
lateral restraint force should be taken as the sum of the three largest lateral restraint forces
required for each individual restrained member, as determined in accordance with 4.3.2:1 and
4.3.2.2.
4.3.2.3
4.7.3.2
60
180
09
250
@I
I
I
Members whose slenderness exceeds 180 should be checked for self weight deflection. If this
exceeds length/1000 the effect of bending should be taken into account in design.
12
BS 5950
Part 1
3.3 MEMBERS IN BENDING
3.3.1 General conditions
All members in bending should be checked to take account of the following:
4.2
a)
At critical points the combination of maximum moment and co-existent shear and
the combination of maximum shear and co-existent moment.
4.2.1.3
e)
3.3.2 Shear
Shear force F, should not exceed the shear capacity P, which is given by: P, = 0.6 pyA,.
4.2.3
For rectangular hollow sections with the applied load parallel to the web the shear
area A, is:
A, = (D/D+B)) x A
For circular hollow sections, A, = 0.6 A
A further check is given in the Code for shear buckling of thin webs (where d/t ratio
exceeds 63&), but since the sizes in the current BS 4848: Part 2 range do not exceed
this limit the check is not applicable.
4.3
4.2.2
Hollow sections possess a high degree of torsional stiffness and do not generally suffer
from lateral torsional buckling.
It can be seen from Appendix B that for square and circular hollow sections
(where I, = IY) the factory will always be equal to zero. It follows that the buckling
index @t., and the equivalent slenderness h LT will also be equal to zero, indicating that
lateral torsional buckling does not occur with square or circular hollow sections.
B.2.5
14
BS 5950
Part 1
The Code (Appendix B.2.6.1. Table 38) gives a limiting slenderness ratio below which box
sections of uniform wall thickness (including RHS) need not be checked for lateral torsional
buckling effects. In practice, where normal deflection limits apply, this limit of slenderness is
unlikely to be exceeded, and consequently hollow sections in bending may generally be
considered as beams with full lateral restraint.
B.2.6.1
By applying the limits as given in Table 38 to the current range of Rectangular Hollow Sections
sizes in Design grades 43 and 50 the following limiting values of h are obtained:
Table 38
-_
D/B
1
2
infinity
350
infinity
271
-_
01
B !
i - i
----------m-------B-------~~~~~~--_------I
AL
AL
LC = 14.7m
sl
This length (14.7m) is termed the limiting length L, and is tabulated on pages 147, 148, 321 and
322 of the Steelwork Design Guide Volume 1 (Reference 9).
Square and circular hollow sections have a limiting length of infinity and, as indicated
previously need not be checked for Lateral Torsional Buckling.
15
BS 5950
Part 1
3.3.4 Moment capacity M,
The Code gives two sets of expressions for determining M, moment capacity in the absence of
axial load, the first for members with low shear load (where F, 5 = 0.6 Pv) and the second,
giving reduced moment capacity, for members with high shear load (where Fv > 0.6 P,).
4.2.5
4.2.6
Since RHS beam members have two vertical webs it is unlikely that the shear load will exceed
0.6 of the shear capacity and therefore the moment capacity can usually be taken as follows:
Class 1 + 2
Class 3
Class 4
4.2.5
* This restriction is to ensure that plasticity does not occur at working load. For most I-sections
the shape factor S/Z is less than 1.2. Only for hollow sections is S/Z greater than 1.2 and in
such cases the constant 1.2 may be replaced by the average load factor (i.e. the ratio of the
factored load to the un-factored load).
Note that in the Steelwork Design Guide - Volume 1 (Reference 9) most of the tabulated
values of M, for hollow sections are governed by M, 5 = 1.2 pYZ. Since in most design cases
the average load factor is greater than 1.2 it generally follows that M, can be taken as the
higher value derived from M, = pYS.
1)
B.2.6.1
2)
Table 6
3)
Table 7
4)
3.6.4
5)
4.2.3
6)
4.2.5
4.2.6
7)
4.5.2.1
8)
4.5.3
16
BS 5950
Part 1
4.0
4.1
TENSION MEMBERS
Tension members with moments should be checked for the following two effects:
4.8.2
4.3
and 2) check for capacity under the combined effects of axial load and moment at the points of
greatest bending moments and axial loads, usually at the ends.
The following relationship should be satisfied:
F
Mx
Ae Py
MC,
MY
-
Il.0
MC,
where
F
PY
WC
MC,
is the moment capacity about the major axis in the absence of axial load;
MY
MC,
is the moment capacity about the minor axis in the absence of axial load
(3.3.3)
(4.2.5
and 4.2.6)
(4.2.5
and 4.2.6)
Alternatively for greater economy in plastic or compact cross sections only the following
relationship should be satisfied.
where
Mr x* and Mr y * are the reduced moment capacities about the major and minor
axis respectively in the presence of axial load obtained from the published tables
(see Ref 10).
andzl = Z2
are
2.0
513
)ierx and Mr Y are the reduced moment capacities which are calculated by using a
reduced plastic modulus. The published tables (ref. 9) are for the case where the plastic neutral
axis lies within the area bounded by the walls of a rectangular section or the internal radius of a
circular section. When the plastic neutral axis lies within the wall thickness of rectangular sections
the modified reduced plastic modulus is given in Appendix B of this publication.
17
BS 5950
Part 1
1)
4.8.3.2
4.8.3.3
1) local capacity
2) overall buckling
4.8.3.2
Local capacity
a)
Mx
-
MC,
Ai? PY
or
b)
MY
Il.0
MC,
Il.0
(My) Z2
+
0% YJ
(Mr y>
4.8.3.3
2)
Overall buckling
a>
4.8.3.3.1
Simplified approach
F
+
mMx
-
Mb*
A, PC
&Y
Il.0
PY ZY
b)
Max
Where
Max
May
MC,
Ma,
4.8.3.3.2
(I- $3
(1+&q
CY
(l-e)
(1+y)
where
M,x
MC,
P cx
P CY
( 4.2.5
4.;: )
The simplified approach for overall buckling assumes that lateral / torsional buckling controls.
This is not true for circular or square hollow sections and only true for rectangular hollow
sections with long unrestrained lengths. It is therefore recommended that the more exact
approach be generally used.
18
BS 5950
Part 1
4.3
The basic expression for web checks are given in Clause 4.5.2.1 (buckling) and
Clause 4.5.3. (bearing) as follows:
buckling resistance P, = (bl + nl) tpc
4.5.2.1
4.53
19
The beam buckling factor Cl allows for dispersion of load in two directions and applies
to a member which is continuous over bearing or an end bearing member with a
continuously welded sealing plate (see Figure 9).
Figure 9
2)
There are two sets of values given for factor Cl, C2 and C3: the first (larger
values) are for welded flange plates, and the second (smaller values) for
non-welded flange plates.
When loads or reactions are applied through non-welded flange plates the
additional effects of moment in the web due to eccentric loading have to be taken
into account, resulting in lower buckling values (see Figure 10).
t 07
iJ
B
t-l
LT
MY
MY
Iz) =
WhereTg
z
G
J
TsZ
GJ
=
=
=
=
BS 5950
Part 1
BS 5950
Part 1
and the pure torsional shear stress is given by:
Tq
Tt
=-
C
where C = Torsional Modulus Constant
Torsional constants for circular, square and rectangular hollow sections plus basic theory
and worked examples for members subject to torsion loading including combined bending
and torsion, are given in the SC1 publication (Ref 11).
6.0
4.12
Purlins and side rails may be designed on the assumption that the cladding provides lateral
restraint to the face against which it is connected. The type of cladding and its fixings
should be such that it is capable of acting in this manner.
Deflection should be limited to suit the characteristics of the particular cladding system.
Wind loading, excluding local pressure effects, should be determined from CP3 Chapter V : part 2.
4.12.4
Alternatively, in the case of roof slopes not exceeding 30 from horizontal or wall cladding
not exceeding 15 from vertical, purlins and side rails may be designed using empirical rules.
For purlins a minimum substantially uniform loading of 0.75 N/mm2 should be used and the
modulus (Z) and section depth (D) and width (B) for spans not exceeding 6.5m found by:
Purlins Section
Z (min)
CHS
WPL
L/65
Table
29
2000
RHS
L/70
WPL
L/150
1800
Where Wp is the total unfactored load on one span of the purlin (in kN), L is the l.ength centre to
centre of the main supports (in mm).
Side rails should generally be designed for wind loads and self weight of the cladding. The
minimum values of the elastic modulus (Zl) about the axis parallel to the plane of cladding and the
section depth (D) measured perpendicular to the cladding, and the corresponding elastic modulus
(22) and section width (B) are found by:-
Side Rail
Zl (min)
22 (min)
CHS
WlL
W2L
L/65
2000
1350
WJ
W2L
1800
1200
RHS
Table
30
L/70
L/l00
Where W1 and W2 are total unfactored loads on one span of the side rail acting perpendicular to and
parallel to the plane of the cladding respectively, (in kN), L is the span of the rail (in mm) for a) Zl
andDandb)Z2andB.
21
BS 5950
Part 1
4.13
BS5950 provides empirical rules for determining the thickness of concentrically loaded rectangular
base plates but also allows other rational means to be used.
The minimum thickness in mm for rectangular base plates carrying concentrically loaded
RHS member is:
2.5
w (a* - 0.3b2)
t =
PYP
and for circular or square base plates for solid rounds or CHS members the minimum
thickness in mm is given by the following expression which was based on requirements for
solid columns and may give unacceptably large thickness for CHS members. Reference to the
effective area method is recommended for CHS baseplates.
3
t =
Dp (Dp - 0.9D)
2.4 Pyp
where
If the bearing pressure beneath the base plate is not uniform, calculations should be made to
determine the bending moments in the plate which should not exceed 1.2 pypZ where
pyp I 270 N/mm* and Z is the elastic modulus of the base plate.
Caution must be exercised in use of the above formulae as they assume uniform loading is present at
the underside of the base plate and the maximum moment occurs at the external corner of the RHS.
Resultant base sizes may not produce this condition particularly when dimension D is large in
relation to dimension B. As an alternative the effective area method may be used.
7.2
Note that when K is greater than ( B - 2t) /2 then the internal outstands overlap and the
effective area becomes Areq = ( D + 2K ) ( B + 2K )
22
8.0
BS 5950
Part 1
9.0
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION
4.14
BS 5950 : Part 1 gives guidance for the design of cased beam or column sections but no
reference is made to hollow sections as this will be covered in Part 3, Code of practice
for design in composite construction. A separate design manual for limit state design of
concrete filled hollow sections based on BS 5400 : Part 5 (Ref 6), is available
from British Steel Welded Tubes (Ref 20).
24
Appendix A
REFERENCES
1.
BS 4848 : Part 2 - Specification for hot-rolled Structural Steel Sections. Part 2 - Hollow Sections.
2.
EN 10210-l : Hot finished structural Hollow Sections in non alloy and fine grain Structural Steels - Part 1 :
Technical delivery conditions.
3.
BS 5950 : Part 1 - Code of practice for design in simple and continuous construction. Hot rolled sections.
4.
BS 6363 - Specification for Welded Cold formed Steel Structural Hollow sections.
5.
BS 5 135 - Specification for Arc welding of carbon and carbon manganese steels.
6.
7.
References 1 to 7 are available from the British Standards Institution, 2 Park Street, London, WlA 2BS
8.
9.
Steelwork Design Guide to BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990, Vol 1. Section properties member capacities, 3rd Edition.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
References 8 to 15 are available from The Steel Construction Institute, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN.
16.
TD 167
17.
TD 364
18.
TD 338
19.
TD 328
SHS Welding
20.
TD 296
21.
TD 325
SHS Jointing
References 16 to 21 are available from British Steel Tubes & Pipes, SHS Technical Sales.
25
Appendix C
C 1 Design Examples
l
2.1
Ref.
EXAMPLE 2
CONTINUOUS MULTI-STOREY COLUMN
(SIMPLE CONSTRUCTION)
Factored Loading
50
80
40
170 kN
40
3.0m
100
+I#140
85
3.5m
Pinned Base
100
140
85
325 kN
Self Weight
TOTAL FACTORED LOAD F,
500 kN
Generally, for axially loaded compression members with moments, cl. 4.8.3,
separate checks are required for local capacity cl. 4.8.3.2., and overall buckling
cl. 4.8.3.3. The requirements for overall buckling may be satisfied by either the
Simplified approach cl. 4.8.3.3.1, or the More exact approach using
cl. 4.8.3.3.2.
However for columns of the type in this example a further option is available by
reference to cl. 4.7.7, Columns in simple multi-storey construction subject to
compliance with the qualifying conditions. This clause dispenses with the need
for a separate local capacity check, and it is only necessary to apply the rules
defined in the Simplified approach.
4.7.7
Simplified Approach
F
A,p,
Where
mM,
mM
+-+---ql.O
Mb
Pyz,
4.8.3.3.1
4.5
Ref.
Using STEELWORK DESIGN GUIDE to BS5950
Volume 1 (3rd Edition), Section properties, Member capacities
RECTANGULAR HOLLOW SECTION 250 x 150 x 8 Design grade 50
Section is PLASTIC for bending about X-X
Web Shear
Shear force F, (max) = 82.5 kN
Shear capacity P, = 814 kN
Check shear F, (at max. bending) = 60 kN < O-6 P, = 488 kN
:. Shear force is low, and M, need not be reduced.
Moment Capacity
Applied moment M, = 178 kNm
Moment capacity M, = 176 kNm*
*governedbyM,=1.2pYZ=176kNm
Higher value may be used since S, = 1.22 Z, > 1.2 Z,
and constant 1 - 2 may be replaced by 1 - 5 (average load factor).
M,=p,S,<+5p,Z
=355x505x10~3~1~5x355x413x10-3
= 179 kNm < 220 kNm
O.K.
:. M,= 179 kNm > M, = 178 kNm
Limiting length L, = 16 - 7 m
Since span 5.0 m < L, = 16.7 m LATERAL TORSIONAL
BUCKLING need not be checked.
Web Bearing
Bearing load = 82 - 5 kN
Beam factor (end) Cl = 114 kN
Stiff bearing factor (end) = 5 - 68 kN/mm = C2
322
El
I330
]
4.2.5
322
Note
47
0
322
I
330
I
Web Buckling
Buckling load = 82.5 kN
Beam factor (end) Cl = 798 kN
Stiff bearing factor (end) C2 = 3 - 19 kN/mm
Buckling resistance = Cl + (b, x C2) + (tP x C3)
=798+(75x3*19)+(0x3.19)
= 1037 kN
O.K.
330
cl
APPENDIX C=2
TD 365/5E/94